tapps-agents 3.6.0__py3-none-any.whl → 3.6.1__py3-none-any.whl

tapps_agents/experts/knowledge/performance/database-performance.md

@@ -1,252 +1,252 @@
-# Database Performance Optimization
-
-## Overview
-
-Database performance is critical for application scalability. This guide covers query optimization, indexing, connection management, and database tuning.
-
-## Query Optimization
-
-### Efficient Queries
-
-**Best Practices:**
-- Select only needed columns
-- Use appropriate JOINs
-- Avoid SELECT *
-- Use LIMIT for pagination
-- Filter early
-
-**Example:**
-```sql
--- Bad: Selects all columns
-SELECT * FROM users WHERE active = true;
-
--- Good: Select only needed columns
-SELECT id, name, email FROM users WHERE active = true LIMIT 100;
-```
-
-### Avoid N+1 Queries
-
-**Problem:**
-```python
-# Bad: N+1 queries
-users = User.objects.all()
-for user in users:
-    posts = Post.objects.filter(user=user)  # N queries
-```
-
-**Solution:**
-```python
-# Good: Single query with JOIN
-users = User.objects.prefetch_related('posts').all()
-```
-
-### Use Indexes
-
-**Effective Indexing:**
-- Index frequently queried columns
-- Index foreign keys
-- Index columns in WHERE clauses
-- Index columns in JOINs
-- Use composite indexes for multi-column queries
-
-**Example:**
-```sql
--- Create index on frequently queried column
-CREATE INDEX idx_user_email ON users(email);
-
--- Composite index for multi-column queries
-CREATE INDEX idx_user_status_created ON users(status, created_at);
-```
-
-## Indexing Strategies
-
-### Index Types
-
-**B-Tree Indexes:**
-- Default index type
-- Good for equality and range queries
-- Most common
-
-**Hash Indexes:**
-- Fast equality lookups
-- Not for range queries
-- Memory-based
-
-**Bitmap Indexes:**
-- Good for low-cardinality columns
-- Space efficient
-- Fast for AND/OR operations
-
-### Index Selection
-
-**When to Index:**
-- Frequently queried columns
-- Foreign keys
-- Columns in WHERE clauses
-- Columns in JOINs
-- Columns in ORDER BY
-
-**When Not to Index:**
-- Rarely queried columns
-- Frequently updated columns
-- Very small tables
-- Low-cardinality columns (unless bitmap)
-
-## Connection Management
-
-### Connection Pooling
-
-**Reuse Connections:**
-- Reduce connection overhead
-- Limit connection count
-- Better resource utilization
-
-**Pool Configuration:**
-```python
-from sqlalchemy import create_engine
-
-engine = create_engine(
-    'postgresql://user:pass@localhost/db',
-    pool_size=10,           # Minimum connections
-    max_overflow=20,        # Maximum connections
-    pool_timeout=30,        # Wait time
-    pool_recycle=3600       # Recycle after 1 hour
-)
-```
-
-### Connection Lifecycle
-
-**Proper Management:**
-- Acquire from pool
-- Use connection
-- Return to pool
-- Handle errors
-
-## Query Execution Plans
-
-### EXPLAIN
-
-**Analyze Queries:**
-```sql
-EXPLAIN ANALYZE
-SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = 'user@example.com';
-```
-
-**Key Metrics:**
-- Execution time
-- Rows scanned
-- Index usage
-- Join algorithms
-
-### Optimizing Execution Plans
-
-**Improve Plans:**
-- Add missing indexes
-- Rewrite queries
-- Update statistics
-- Analyze tables
-
-## Database Tuning
-
-### Configuration Tuning
-
-**Key Parameters:**
-- Memory settings
-- Connection limits
-- Query cache size
-- Buffer pool size
-- Log settings
-
-### Monitoring
-
-**Key Metrics:**
-- Query execution time
-- Connection pool usage
-- Cache hit rate
-- Lock wait time
-- I/O wait time
-
-## Partitioning
-
-### Table Partitioning
-
-**Benefits:**
-- Faster queries (smaller partitions)
-- Easier maintenance
-- Better performance
-
-**Partition Types:**
-- Range partitioning
-- Hash partitioning
-- List partitioning
-
-**Example:**
-```sql
--- Partition by date
-CREATE TABLE orders (
-    id INT,
-    order_date DATE,
-    ...
-) PARTITION BY RANGE (order_date);
-```
-
-## Denormalization
-
-### When to Denormalize
-
-**Trade-offs:**
-- Faster reads
-- Slower writes
-- Data redundancy
-- Consistency challenges
-
-**Use Cases:**
-- Read-heavy workloads
-- Reporting queries
-- Performance critical paths
-
-## Best Practices
-
-1. **Index Strategically**: Index frequently queried columns
-2. **Optimize Queries**: Write efficient queries
-3. **Use Connection Pools**: Reuse connections
-4. **Monitor Performance**: Track query times
-5. **Partition Large Tables**: Improve query performance
-6. **Update Statistics**: Keep statistics current
-7. **Test Queries**: Profile before deploying
-8. **Document Decisions**: Record optimization choices
-
-## Common Issues
-
-### Slow Queries
-
-**Causes:**
-- Missing indexes
-- Inefficient queries
-- Large result sets
-- Lock contention
-
-**Solutions:**
-- Add indexes
-- Optimize queries
-- Use pagination
-- Reduce lock time
-
-### Connection Exhaustion
-
-**Causes:**
-- Too many connections
-- Not returning connections
-- Connection leaks
-
-**Solutions:**
-- Use connection pools
-- Always close connections
-- Monitor connection usage
-- Set appropriate limits
-
-## References
-
-- [Database Performance Tuning](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/performance-tips.html)
-- [MySQL Performance Tuning](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/optimization.html)
-
+# Database Performance Optimization
+
+## Overview
+
+Database performance is critical for application scalability. This guide covers query optimization, indexing, connection management, and database tuning.
+
+## Query Optimization
+
+### Efficient Queries
+
+**Best Practices:**
+- Select only needed columns
+- Use appropriate JOINs
+- Avoid SELECT *
+- Use LIMIT for pagination
+- Filter early
+
+**Example:**
+```sql
+-- Bad: Selects all columns
+SELECT * FROM users WHERE active = true;
+
+-- Good: Select only needed columns
+SELECT id, name, email FROM users WHERE active = true LIMIT 100;
+```
+
+### Avoid N+1 Queries
+
+**Problem:**
+```python
+# Bad: N+1 queries
+users = User.objects.all()
+for user in users:
+    posts = Post.objects.filter(user=user)  # N queries
+```
+
+**Solution:**
+```python
+# Good: Single query with JOIN
+users = User.objects.prefetch_related('posts').all()
+```
+
+### Use Indexes
+
+**Effective Indexing:**
+- Index frequently queried columns
+- Index foreign keys
+- Index columns in WHERE clauses
+- Index columns in JOINs
+- Use composite indexes for multi-column queries
+
+**Example:**
+```sql
+-- Create index on frequently queried column
+CREATE INDEX idx_user_email ON users(email);
+
+-- Composite index for multi-column queries
+CREATE INDEX idx_user_status_created ON users(status, created_at);
+```
+
+## Indexing Strategies
+
+### Index Types
+
+**B-Tree Indexes:**
+- Default index type
+- Good for equality and range queries
+- Most common
+
+**Hash Indexes:**
+- Fast equality lookups
+- Not for range queries
+- Memory-based
+
+**Bitmap Indexes:**
+- Good for low-cardinality columns
+- Space efficient
+- Fast for AND/OR operations
+
+### Index Selection
+
+**When to Index:**
+- Frequently queried columns
+- Foreign keys
+- Columns in WHERE clauses
+- Columns in JOINs
+- Columns in ORDER BY
+
+**When Not to Index:**
+- Rarely queried columns
+- Frequently updated columns
+- Very small tables
+- Low-cardinality columns (unless bitmap)
+
+## Connection Management
+
+### Connection Pooling
+
+**Reuse Connections:**
+- Reduce connection overhead
+- Limit connection count
+- Better resource utilization
+
+**Pool Configuration:**
+```python
+from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+
+engine = create_engine(
+    'postgresql://user:pass@localhost/db',
+    pool_size=10,           # Minimum connections
+    max_overflow=20,        # Maximum connections
+    pool_timeout=30,        # Wait time
+    pool_recycle=3600       # Recycle after 1 hour
+)
+```
+
+### Connection Lifecycle
+
+**Proper Management:**
+- Acquire from pool
+- Use connection
+- Return to pool
+- Handle errors
+
+## Query Execution Plans
+
+### EXPLAIN
+
+**Analyze Queries:**
+```sql
+EXPLAIN ANALYZE
+SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = 'user@example.com';
+```
+
+**Key Metrics:**
+- Execution time
+- Rows scanned
+- Index usage
+- Join algorithms
+
+### Optimizing Execution Plans
+
+**Improve Plans:**
+- Add missing indexes
+- Rewrite queries
+- Update statistics
+- Analyze tables
+
+## Database Tuning
+
+### Configuration Tuning
+
+**Key Parameters:**
+- Memory settings
+- Connection limits
+- Query cache size
+- Buffer pool size
+- Log settings
+
+### Monitoring
+
+**Key Metrics:**
+- Query execution time
+- Connection pool usage
+- Cache hit rate
+- Lock wait time
+- I/O wait time
+
+## Partitioning
+
+### Table Partitioning
+
+**Benefits:**
+- Faster queries (smaller partitions)
+- Easier maintenance
+- Better performance
+
+**Partition Types:**
+- Range partitioning
+- Hash partitioning
+- List partitioning
+
+**Example:**
+```sql
+-- Partition by date
+CREATE TABLE orders (
+    id INT,
+    order_date DATE,
+    ...
+) PARTITION BY RANGE (order_date);
+```
+
+## Denormalization
+
+### When to Denormalize
+
+**Trade-offs:**
+- Faster reads
+- Slower writes
+- Data redundancy
+- Consistency challenges
+
+**Use Cases:**
+- Read-heavy workloads
+- Reporting queries
+- Performance critical paths
+
+## Best Practices
+
+1. **Index Strategically**: Index frequently queried columns
+2. **Optimize Queries**: Write efficient queries
+3. **Use Connection Pools**: Reuse connections
+4. **Monitor Performance**: Track query times
+5. **Partition Large Tables**: Improve query performance
+6. **Update Statistics**: Keep statistics current
+7. **Test Queries**: Profile before deploying
+8. **Document Decisions**: Record optimization choices
+
+## Common Issues
+
+### Slow Queries
+
+**Causes:**
+- Missing indexes
+- Inefficient queries
+- Large result sets
+- Lock contention
+
+**Solutions:**
+- Add indexes
+- Optimize queries
+- Use pagination
+- Reduce lock time
+
+### Connection Exhaustion
+
+**Causes:**
+- Too many connections
+- Not returning connections
+- Connection leaks
+
+**Solutions:**
+- Use connection pools
+- Always close connections
+- Monitor connection usage
+- Set appropriate limits
+
+## References
+
+- [Database Performance Tuning](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/performance-tips.html)
+- [MySQL Performance Tuning](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/optimization.html)
+