snappy 3.1.1__cp38-cp38-win_amd64.whl → 3.2__cp38-cp38-win_amd64.whl

snappy/verify/cuspCrossSection.py

@@ -1,1422 +0,0 @@
-# Original source:
-#          Asymmetric hyperbolic L-spaces, Heegaard genus, and Dehn filling
-#          Nathan M. Dunfield, Neil R. Hoffman, Joan E. Licata
-#          http://arxiv.org/abs/1407.7827
-# This code is copyrighted by Nathan Dunfield, Neil Hoffman, and Joan Licata
-# and released under the GNU GPL version 2 or (at your option) any later
-# version.
-#
-# 02/22/15 Major rewrite and checked into SnapPy repository:
-#                    handle any number of cusps,
-#                    agnostic of type of numbers for shape,
-#                    support non-orientable manifolds,
-#                    refactoring and cleanup
-# - Matthias Goerner
-#
-# 01/15/16 Split CuspCrossSectionClass into a base class and
-#                    two subclasses for computing real and
-#                    complex edge lengths. Added methods to ensure a cusp
-#                    neighborhood is disjoint and methods to compute the
-#                    complex edge length.
-#
-# 01/28/18 Fix an important bug: do not use built-in min for intervals.
-
-from ..sage_helper import _within_sage
-
-import math
-
-if _within_sage:
-    # python's log and sqrt only work for floats
-    # They would fail or convert to float losing precision
-    from sage.functions.log import log
-    from sage.functions.other import sqrt
-else:
-    # Otherwise, define our own log and sqrt which checks whether
-    # the given type defines a log/sqrt method and fallsback
-    # to python's log and sqrt which has the above drawback of
-    # potentially losing precision.
-    import cmath
-
-    def log(x):
-        if hasattr(x, 'log'):
-            return x.log()
-        return cmath.log(x)
-
-    def sqrt(x):
-        if hasattr(x, 'sqrt'):
-            return x.sqrt()
-        return math.sqrt(x)
-
-from ..snap import t3mlite as t3m
-from ..snap.kernel_structures import *
-from ..snap.mcomplex_base import *
-
-from ..math_basics import correct_min
-from .exceptions import *
-
-__all__ = [
-    'IncompleteCuspError',
-    'RealCuspCrossSection',
-    'ComplexCuspCrossSection']
-
-
-class IncompleteCuspError(RuntimeError):
-    """
-    Exception raised when trying to construct a CuspCrossSection
-    from a Manifold with Dehn-fillings.
-    """
-    def __init__(self, manifold):
-        self.manifold = manifold
-
-    def __str__(self):
-        return (('Cannot construct CuspCrossSection from manifold with '
-                 'Dehn-fillings: %s') % self.manifold)
-
-
-class HoroTriangleBase:
-    @staticmethod
-    def _make_second(sides, x):
-        """
-        Cyclically rotate sides = (a,b,c) so that x is the second entry"
-        """
-        i = (sides.index(x) + 2) % len(sides)
-        return sides[i:]+sides[:i]
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _sides_and_cross_ratios(tet, vertex, side):
-        sides = t3m.simplex.FacesAroundVertexCounterclockwise[vertex]
-        left_side, center_side, right_side = (
-            HoroTriangleBase._make_second(sides, side))
-        z_left = tet.ShapeParameters[left_side & center_side ]
-        z_right = tet.ShapeParameters[center_side & right_side  ]
-        return left_side, center_side, right_side, z_left, z_right
-
-
-class RealHoroTriangle:
-    """
-    A horosphere cross section in the corner of an ideal tetrahedron.
-    The sides of the triangle correspond to faces of the tetrahedron.
-    The lengths stored for the triangle are real.
-    """
-    def __init__(self, tet, vertex, known_side, length_of_side):
-        left_side, center_side, right_side, z_left, z_right = (
-            HoroTriangleBase._sides_and_cross_ratios(tet, vertex, known_side))
-
-        L = length_of_side
-        self.lengths = { center_side : L,
-                         left_side   : abs(z_left) * L,
-                         right_side  : L / abs(z_right) }
-        a, b, c = self.lengths.values()
-        self.area = L * L * z_left.imag() / 2
-
-        # Below is the usual formula for circumradius
-        self.circumradius = a * b * c / (4 * self.area)
-
-    def rescale(self, t):
-        "Rescales the triangle by a Euclidean dilation"
-        for face in self.lengths:
-            self.lengths[face] *= t
-        self.circumradius *= t
-        self.area *= t * t
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def direction_sign():
-        return +1
-
-
-# Given a vertex, cyclically order the three adjacent faces in
-# clockwise fashion. For each face, return the triple (face, edge, next face)
-# where edge is adjacent to both faces.
-_face_edge_face_triples_for_vertex_link = {
-    vertex : [ (faces[i], faces[i] & faces[(i+1) % 3], faces[(i+1) % 3])
-               for i in range(3) ]
-    for vertex, faces in t3m.simplex.FacesAroundVertexCounterclockwise.items()
-}
-
-# For each vertex, return an edge connected to it
-_pick_an_edge_for_vertex = {
-    vertex : [ edge
-               for edge in t3m.simplex.OneSubsimplices
-               if t3m.simplex.is_subset(vertex, edge) ][0]
-    for vertex in t3m.simplex.ZeroSubsimplices
-}
-
-# For each (vertex, face) pair, pick one of the two edges adjacent
-# to both the vertex and face
-_pick_an_edge_for_vertex_and_face = {
-    (vertex, face): [ edge
-                      for edge in t3m.simplex.OneSubsimplices
-                      if (t3m.simplex.is_subset(vertex, edge) and
-                          t3m.simplex.is_subset(edge, face)) ][0]
-    for vertex in t3m.simplex.ZeroSubsimplices
-    for face in t3m.simplex.TwoSubsimplices
-    if t3m.simplex.is_subset(vertex, face)
-}
-
-
-class ComplexHoroTriangle:
-    """
-    A horosphere cross section in the corner of an ideal tetrahedron.
-    The sides of the triangle correspond to faces of the tetrahedron.
-    The lengths stored for the triangle are complex.
-    """
-    def __init__(self, tet, vertex, known_side, length_of_side):
-        left_side, center_side, right_side, z_left, z_right = (
-            HoroTriangleBase._sides_and_cross_ratios(tet, vertex, known_side))
-
-        L = length_of_side
-        self.lengths = { center_side : L,
-                         left_side   : - z_left * L,
-                         right_side  : - L / z_right }
-        absL = abs(L)
-        self.area = absL * absL * z_left.imag() / 2
-
-        self._real_lengths_cache = None
-
-    def get_real_lengths(self):
-        if not self._real_lengths_cache:
-            self._real_lengths_cache = {
-                side : abs(length)
-                for side, length in self.lengths.items() }
-        return self._real_lengths_cache
-
-    def rescale(self, t):
-        "Rescales the triangle by a Euclidean dilation"
-        for face in self.lengths:
-            self.lengths[face] *= t
-        self.area *= t * t
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def direction_sign():
-        return -1
-
-    def add_vertex_positions(self, vertex, edge, position):
-        """
-        Adds a dictionary vertex_positions mapping
-        an edge (such as t3m.simplex.E01) to complex position
-        for the vertex of the horotriangle obtained by
-        intersecting the edge with the horosphere.
-
-        Two of these positions are computed from the one given
-        using the complex edge lengths. The given vertex and
-        edge are t3m-style.
-        """
-
-        self.vertex_positions = {}
-
-        # The three triples
-        # (face, edge adjacent to face and next face, next face)
-        # when going around the vertex counter clockwise
-        vertex_link = _face_edge_face_triples_for_vertex_link[vertex]
-
-        # Find for which of these triples the position is for
-        for i in range(3):
-            if edge == vertex_link[i][1]:
-                break
-
-        # Now go through the triples starting with the one for
-        # which we have given the vertex position
-        for j in range(3):
-            face0, edge, face1 = vertex_link[(i + j) % 3]
-            # Assign vertex position
-            self.vertex_positions[edge] = position
-            # Update vertex position to be for the next
-            # edge using complex edge length
-            position += self.lengths[face1]
-
-    def lift_vertex_positions(self, lifted_position):
-        """
-        Lift the vertex positions of this triangle. lifted_position is
-        used as a guide what branch of the logarithm to use.
-
-        The lifted position is computed as the log of the vertex
-        position where it is assumed that the fixed point of the
-        holonomy is at the origin.  The branch of the logarithm
-        closest to lifted_position is used.
-        """
-
-        NumericalField = lifted_position.parent()
-        twoPi = 2 * NumericalField.pi()
-        I = NumericalField(1j)
-
-        def adjust_log(z):
-            # Compute log and adjust
-            logZ = log(z)
-            # Add multiplies of 2 * pi * I so that it is close
-            # to lifted_position
-            return logZ + ((lifted_position - logZ) / twoPi).imag().round() * twoPi * I
-
-        self.lifted_vertex_positions = {
-            # Take log of vertex position
-            # (assuming fixed point is at origin).
-            edge: adjust_log(position)
-            for edge, position in self.vertex_positions.items()
-        }
-
-
-class CuspCrossSectionBase(McomplexEngine):
-    """
-    Base class for RealCuspCrossSection and ComplexCuspCrossSection.
-    """
-
-    def add_structures(self, one_cocycle=None):
-        self._add_edge_dict()
-        self._add_cusp_cross_sections(one_cocycle)
-
-    def _add_edge_dict(self):
-        """
-        Adds a dictionary that maps a pair of vertices to all edges
-        of the triangulation connecting these vertices.
-        The key is a pair (v0, v1) of integers with v0 < v1 that are the
-        indices of the two vertices.
-        """
-
-        self._edge_dict = {}
-        for edge in self.mcomplex.Edges:
-            vert0, vert1 = edge.Vertices
-            key = tuple(sorted([vert0.Index, vert1.Index]))
-            self._edge_dict.setdefault(key, []).append(edge)
-
-    def _add_cusp_cross_sections(self, one_cocycle):
-        for T in self.mcomplex.Tetrahedra:
-            T.horotriangles = {
-                t3m.simplex.V0 : None,
-                t3m.simplex.V1 : None,
-                t3m.simplex.V2 : None,
-                t3m.simplex.V3 : None
-                }
-        for cusp in self.mcomplex.Vertices:
-            self._add_one_cusp_cross_section(cusp, one_cocycle)
-
-    def _add_one_cusp_cross_section(self, cusp, one_cocycle):
-        """
-        Build a cusp cross section as described in Section 3.6 of the paper
-
-        Asymmetric hyperbolic L-spaces, Heegaard genus, and Dehn filling
-        Nathan M. Dunfield, Neil R. Hoffman, Joan E. Licata
-        http://arxiv.org/abs/1407.7827
-        """
-        corner0 = cusp.Corners[0]
-        tet0, vert0 = corner0.Tetrahedron, corner0.Subsimplex
-        face0 = t3m.simplex.FacesAroundVertexCounterclockwise[vert0][0]
-        tet0.horotriangles[vert0] = self.HoroTriangle(tet0, vert0, face0, 1)
-        active = [(tet0, vert0)]
-        while active:
-            tet0, vert0 = active.pop()
-            for face0 in t3m.simplex.FacesAroundVertexCounterclockwise[vert0]:
-                tet1, face1, vert1 = CuspCrossSectionBase._glued_to(
-                    tet0, face0, vert0)
-                if tet1.horotriangles[vert1] is None:
-                    known_side = (self.HoroTriangle.direction_sign() *
-                                  tet0.horotriangles[vert0].lengths[face0])
-                    if one_cocycle:
-                        known_side *= one_cocycle[tet0.Index, face0, vert0]
-
-                    tet1.horotriangles[vert1] = self.HoroTriangle(
-                        tet1, vert1, face1, known_side)
-                    active.append((tet1, vert1))
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _glued_to(tetrahedron, face, vertex):
-        """
-        Returns (other tet, other face, other vertex).
-        """
-        gluing = tetrahedron.Gluing[face]
-        return tetrahedron.Neighbor[face], gluing.image(face), gluing.image(vertex)
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _cusp_area(cusp):
-        area = 0
-        for corner in cusp.Corners:
-            subsimplex = corner.Subsimplex
-            area += corner.Tetrahedron.horotriangles[subsimplex].area
-        return area
-
-    def cusp_areas(self):
-        """
-        List of all cusp areas.
-        """
-        return [ CuspCrossSectionBase._cusp_area(cusp) for cusp in self.mcomplex.Vertices ]
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _scale_cusp(cusp, scale):
-        for corner in cusp.Corners:
-            subsimplex = corner.Subsimplex
-            corner.Tetrahedron.horotriangles[subsimplex].rescale(scale)
-
-    def scale_cusps(self, scales):
-        """
-        Scale each cusp by Euclidean dilation by values in given array.
-        """
-        for cusp, scale in zip(self.mcomplex.Vertices, scales):
-            CuspCrossSectionBase._scale_cusp(cusp, scale)
-
-    def normalize_cusps(self, areas=None):
-        """
-        Scale cusp so that they have the given target area.
-        Without argument, each cusp is scaled to have area 1.
-        If the argument is a number, scale each cusp to have that area.
-        If the argument is an array, scale each cusp by the respective
-        entry in the array.
-        """
-        current_areas = self.cusp_areas()
-        if not areas:
-            areas = [ 1 for area in current_areas ]
-        elif not isinstance(areas, list):
-            areas = [ areas for area in current_areas ]
-        scales = [ sqrt(area / current_area)
-                   for area, current_area in zip(areas, current_areas) ]
-        self.scale_cusps(scales)
-
-    def check_cusp_development_exactly(self):
-        """
-        Check that all side lengths of horo triangles are consistent.
-        If the logarithmic edge equations are fulfilled, this implices
-        that the all cusps are complete and thus the manifold is complete.
-        """
-
-        for tet0 in self.mcomplex.Tetrahedra:
-            for vert0 in t3m.simplex.ZeroSubsimplices:
-                for face0 in t3m.simplex.FacesAroundVertexCounterclockwise[vert0]:
-                    tet1, face1, vert1 = CuspCrossSectionBase._glued_to(
-                        tet0, face0, vert0)
-                    side0 = tet0.horotriangles[vert0].lengths[face0]
-                    side1 = tet1.horotriangles[vert1].lengths[face1]
-                    if not side0 == side1 * self.HoroTriangle.direction_sign():
-                        raise CuspDevelopmentExactVerifyError(side0, side1)
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _shape_for_edge_embedding(tet, perm):
-        """
-        Given an edge embedding, find the shape assignment for it.
-        If the edge embedding flips orientation, apply conjugate inverse.
-        """
-
-        # Get the shape for this edge embedding
-        subsimplex = perm.image(3)
-
-        # Figure out the orientation of this tetrahedron
-        # with respect to the edge, apply conjugate inverse
-        # if differ
-        if perm.sign():
-            return 1 / tet.ShapeParameters[subsimplex].conjugate()
-        else:
-            return tet.ShapeParameters[subsimplex]
-
-    def check_polynomial_edge_equations_exactly(self):
-        """
-        Check that the polynomial edge equations are fulfilled exactly.
-
-        We use the conjugate inverse to support non-orientable manifolds.
-        """
-
-        # For each edge
-        for edge in self.mcomplex.Edges:
-            # The exact value when evaluating the edge equation
-            val = 1
-
-            # Iterate through edge embeddings
-            for tet, perm in edge.embeddings():
-                # Accumulate shapes of the edge exactly
-                val *= CuspCrossSectionBase._shape_for_edge_embedding(
-                    tet, perm)
-
-            if not val == 1:
-                raise EdgeEquationExactVerifyError(val)
-
-    def check_logarithmic_edge_equations_and_positivity(self, NumericalField):
-        """
-        Check that the shapes have positive imaginary part and that the
-        logarithmic gluing equations have small error.
-
-        The shapes are coerced into the field given as argument before the
-        logarithm is computed. It can be, e.g., a ComplexIntervalField.
-        """
-
-        # For each edge
-        for edge in self.mcomplex.Edges:
-
-            # The complex interval arithmetic value of the logarithmic
-            # version of the edge equation.
-            log_sum = 0
-
-            # Iterate through edge embeddings
-            for tet, perm in edge.embeddings():
-
-                shape = CuspCrossSectionBase._shape_for_edge_embedding(
-                    tet, perm)
-
-                numerical_shape = NumericalField(shape)
-
-                log_shape = log(numerical_shape)
-
-                # Note that this is true for z in R, R < 0 as well,
-                # but then it would fail for 1 - 1/z or 1 / (1-z)
-
-                if not (log_shape.imag() > 0):
-                    raise ShapePositiveImaginaryPartNumericalVerifyError(
-                        numerical_shape)
-
-                # Take logarithm and accumulate
-                log_sum += log_shape
-
-            twoPiI = NumericalField.pi() * NumericalField(2j)
-
-            if not abs(log_sum - twoPiI) < NumericalField(1e-7):
-                raise EdgeEquationLogLiftNumericalVerifyError(log_sum)
-
-    def _testing_check_against_snappea(self, epsilon):
-        # Short-hand
-        ZeroSubs = t3m.simplex.ZeroSubsimplices
-
-        # SnapPea kernel results
-        snappea_tilts, snappea_edges = self.manifold._cusp_cross_section_info()
-
-        # Check edge lengths
-        # Iterate through tet
-        for tet, snappea_tet_edges in zip(self.mcomplex.Tetrahedra, snappea_edges):
-            # Iterate through vertices of tet
-            for v, snappea_triangle_edges in zip(ZeroSubs, snappea_tet_edges):
-                # Iterate through faces touching that vertex
-                for f, snappea_triangle_edge in zip(ZeroSubs,
-                                                    snappea_triangle_edges):
-                    if v != f:
-                        F = t3m.simplex.comp(f)
-                        length = abs(tet.horotriangles[v].lengths[F])
-                        if not abs(length - snappea_triangle_edge) < epsilon:
-                            raise ConsistencyWithSnapPeaNumericalVerifyError(
-                                snappea_triangle_edge, length)
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _lower_bound_max_area_triangle_for_std_form(z):
-        """
-        Imagine an ideal tetrahedron in the upper half space model with
-        vertices at 0, 1, z, and infinity. Pick the lowest (horizontal)
-        horosphere about infinity that intersects the tetrahedron in a
-        triangle, i.e, just touches the face opposite to infinity.
-        This method will return the hyperbolic area of that triangle.
-
-        The result is the same for z, 1/(1-z), and 1 - 1/z.
-        """
-
-        # First, we check whether the center of the circumcenter of the
-        # triangle containing 0, 1, and z is contained within the triangle.
-
-        # If the center is outside of the triangle, the Euclidean height of the
-        # horosphere is that of the highest point of the three arcs between
-        # 0, 1, and z.
-        # The height is half of the length e of the longest edge of the
-        # triangle.
-        # Given that the Euclidean area of the triangle is given by
-        # A = Im(z) / 2, its hyperbolic area is
-        #   A / (e/2)^2 = Im(z) / 2 / (e^2/4) = 2 * Im(z) / e^2
-        #
-        # This is similar to fef_gen.py except that it had a bug in version 1.3
-        # and implemented the last inequality the other way around!
-        #
-        # The center is outside if one of the angles is > pi/2, cover each case
-        #
-
-        # Angle at 0 is > pi/2
-        if z.real() < 0:
-            # So longest edge of the triangle must be opposite of 0
-            return 2 * z.imag() / (abs(z - 1) ** 2)
-        # Angle at 1 is > pi/2
-        if z.real() > 1:
-            # So longest edge of the triangle must be opposite of 1
-            return 2 * z.imag() / (abs(z) ** 2)
-        # Angle at z is > pi/2
-        if abs(2 * z - 1) < 1:
-            # So longest edge of the triangle must be opposite of z
-            return 2 * z.imag()
-
-        # An interval note: the circumcenter might still be in the triangle,
-        # we just were not able to prove it. The area we compute is a lower
-        # bound in any case. Thus, the function is not guaranteed to compute
-        # the maximal area, just a lower bound for it.
-
-        # Now cover the case that the center of the triangle is within the
-        # triangle.
-
-        # The Euclidean area of the above triangle is given by
-        #    A = Im(z) / 2
-        # and its Euclidean side lengths are given by
-        #    a = 1, b = abs(z), and c = abs(z - 1).
-        #
-        # The Euclidean circumradius r of the triangle is given by the usual
-        # formula
-        #   r = a * b * c / (4 * A)
-        #
-        # This is also the Euclidean radius of the circle containing 0, 1, and
-        # z and of the halfsphere above that circle that contains the face
-        # opposite to infinity.
-        # Therefore, r is also the Euclidean height of the above horosphere and
-        # hence, the hyperbolic metric at that height is 1/r.
-        # So the hyperbolic area of the triangle becomes
-        #
-        #    A / r^2 = A / (a * b * c / (4 * A))^2 = 16 * A^3 / (a * b * c)^2
-        #            = 2 * Im(z)^3 / (abs(z) * abs(z-1)) ^ 2
-
-        return 2 * z.imag() ** 3 / (abs(z) * abs(z - 1)) ** 2
-
-    def ensure_std_form(self, allow_scaling_up=False):
-        """
-        Makes sure that the cusp neighborhoods intersect each tetrahedron
-        in standard form by scaling the cusp neighborhoods down if necessary.
-        """
-
-        z = self.mcomplex.Tetrahedra[0].ShapeParameters[t3m.simplex.E01]
-        RF = z.real().parent()
-
-        # For each cusp, save the scaling factors for all triangles so that
-        # we can later take the minimum to scale each cusp.
-        if allow_scaling_up:
-            area_scales = [ [] for v in self.mcomplex.Vertices ]
-        else:
-            # Add 1 so that we never scale the cusp area up, just down.
-            area_scales = [ [RF(1)] for v in self.mcomplex.Vertices ]
-
-        for tet in self.mcomplex.Tetrahedra:
-            # Compute maximal area of a triangle for standard form
-            z = tet.ShapeParameters[t3m.simplex.E01]
-            max_area = ComplexCuspCrossSection._lower_bound_max_area_triangle_for_std_form(z)
-
-            # For all four triangles corresponding to the four vertices of the
-            # tetrahedron
-            for zeroSubsimplex, triangle in tet.horotriangles.items():
-                # Compute the area scaling factor
-                area_scale = max_area / triangle.area
-                # Get the cusp we need to scale
-                vertex = tet.Class[zeroSubsimplex]
-                # Remember it
-                area_scales[vertex.Index].append(area_scale)
-
-        # Compute scale per cusp as sqrt of the minimum of all area scales
-        # of all triangles in that cusp
-        scales = [ sqrt(correct_min(s)) for s in area_scales ]
-
-        self.scale_cusps(scales)
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _exp_distance_edge(edge):
-        """
-        Given an edge, returns the exp of the (hyperbolic) distance of the
-        two cusp neighborhoods at the ends of the edge measured along that
-        edge.
-        """
-
-        # Get one embedding of the edge, tet is adjacent to that edge
-        tet, perm = next(edge.embeddings())
-        # Get a face of the tetrahedron adjacent to that edge
-        face = 15 - (1 << perm[3])
-        # At each end of the edge, this tetrahedron gives us one
-        # triangle of a cusp cross-section and the intersection of the
-        # face with the cusp cross-section gives us one edge of the
-        # triangle.
-        # Multiply the two edge lengths. If these are complex edge
-        # lengths, the result is actually the square of a Ptolemy
-        # coordinate (see C. Zickert, The volume and Chern-Simons
-        # invariant of a representation).
-        ptolemy_sqr = (tet.horotriangles[1 << perm[0]].lengths[face] *
-                       tet.horotriangles[1 << perm[1]].lengths[face])
-        # Take abs value in case we have complex edge lengths.
-        return abs(1 / ptolemy_sqr)
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _exp_distance_of_edges(edges):
-        """
-        Given edges between two (not necessarily distinct) cusps,
-        compute the exp of the smallest (hyperbolic) distance of the
-        two cusp neighborhoods measured along all the given edges.
-        """
-        return correct_min(
-            [ ComplexCuspCrossSection._exp_distance_edge(edge)
-              for edge in edges])
-
-    def ensure_disjoint_on_edges(self):
-        """
-        Scales the cusp neighborhoods down until they are disjoint when
-        intersected with the edges of the triangulations.
-
-        Given an edge of a triangulation, we can easily compute the signed
-        distance between the two cusp neighborhoods at the ends of the edge
-        measured along that edge. Thus, we can easily check that all the
-        distances measured along all the edges are positive and scale the
-        cusps down if necessary.
-
-        Unfortunately, this is not sufficient to ensure that two cusp
-        neighborhoods are disjoint since there might be a geodesic between
-        the two cusps such that the distance between the two cusps measured
-        along the geodesic is shorter than measured along any edge of the
-        triangulation.
-
-        Thus, it is necessary to call ensure_std_form as well:
-        it will make sure that the cusp neighborhoods are small enough so
-        that they intersect the tetrahedra in "standard" form.
-        Here, "standard" form means that the corresponding horoball about a
-        vertex of a tetrahedron intersects the three faces of the tetrahedron
-        adjacent to the vertex but not the one opposite to the vertex.
-
-        For any geometric triangulation, standard form and positive distance
-        measured along all edges of the triangulation is sufficient for
-        disjoint neighborhoods.
-
-        The SnapPea kernel uses the proto-canonical triangulation associated
-        to the cusp neighborhood to get around this when computing the
-        "reach" and the "stoppers" for the cusps.
-
-        **Remark:** This means that the cusp neighborhoods might be scaled down
-        more than necessary. Related open questions are: given maximal disjoint
-        cusp neighborhoods (maximal in the sense that no neighborhood can be
-        expanded without bumping into another or itself), is there always a
-        geometric triangulation intersecting the cusp neighborhoods in standard
-        form? Is there an easy algorithm to find this triangulation, e.g., by
-        applying a 2-3 move whenever we see a non-standard intersection?
-        """
-
-        num_cusps = len(self.mcomplex.Vertices)
-
-        # First check for every cusp that its cusp neighborhood does not bump
-        # into itself - at least when measured along the edges of the
-        # triangulation
-        for i in range(num_cusps):
-            # Get all edges
-            if (i,i) in self._edge_dict:
-                dist = ComplexCuspCrossSection._exp_distance_of_edges(
-                    self._edge_dict[(i,i)])
-                # For verified computations, do not use the seemingly
-                # equivalent dist <= 1. We want to scale down every time
-                # we cannot ensure they are disjoint.
-                if not (dist > 1):
-                    scale = sqrt(dist)
-                    # Scale the one cusp
-                    ComplexCuspCrossSection._scale_cusp(self.mcomplex.Vertices[i],
-                                                        scale)
-
-        # Now check for the pairs of two distinct cusps that the corresponding
-        # neighborhoods do not bump into each other - at least when measured
-        # along the edges of the triangulation
-        for i in range(num_cusps):
-            for j in range(i):
-                # Get all edges
-                if (j,i) in self._edge_dict:
-                    dist = ComplexCuspCrossSection._exp_distance_of_edges(
-                        self._edge_dict[(j,i)])
-                    # Above comment applies
-                    if not (dist > 1):
-                        # Scale the two cusps by the same amount
-                        # We have choices here, for example, we could only
-                        # scale one cusp by dist.
-                        scale = sqrt(dist)
-                        ComplexCuspCrossSection._scale_cusp(self.mcomplex.Vertices[i],
-                                                            scale)
-                        ComplexCuspCrossSection._scale_cusp(self.mcomplex.Vertices[j],
-                                                            scale)
-
-
-class RealCuspCrossSection(CuspCrossSectionBase):
-    """
-    A t3m triangulation with real edge lengths of cusp cross sections built
-    from a cusped (possibly non-orientable) SnapPy manifold M with a hyperbolic
-    structure specified by shapes. It can scale the cusps to areas that can be
-    specified or scale them such that they are disjoint.
-    It can also compute the "tilts" used in the Tilt Theorem, see
-    ``canonize_part_1.c``.
-
-    The computations are agnostic about the type of numbers provided as shapes
-    as long as they provide ``+``, ``-``, ``*``, ``/``, ``conjugate()``,
-    ``im()``, ``abs()``, ``sqrt()``.
-    Shapes can be a numerical type such as ComplexIntervalField or an exact
-    type (supporting sqrt) such as QQbar.
-
-    The resulting edge lengths and tilts will be of the type returned by
-    applying the above operations to the shapes. For example, if the shapes
-    are in ComplexIntervalField, the edge lengths and tilts are elements in
-    RealIntervalField.
-
-    **Remark:** The real edge lengths could also be obtained from the complex
-    edge lengths computed by ``ComplexCuspCrossSection``, but this has two
-    drawbacks. The times at which we apply ``abs`` or ``sqrt`` during the
-    development and rescaling of the cusps would be different. Though this
-    gives the same values, the resulting representation of these values by an
-    exact number type (such as the ones in ``squareExtension.py``) might be
-    prohibitively more complicated. Furthermore, ``ComplexCuspCrossSection``
-    does not work for non-orientable manifolds (it does not implement working
-    in a cusp's double-cover like the SnapPea kernel does).
-    """
-
-    HoroTriangle = RealHoroTriangle
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def fromManifoldAndShapes(manifold, shapes):
-        """
-        **Examples:**
-
-        Initialize from shapes provided from the floats returned by
-        tetrahedra_shapes. The tilts appear to be negative but are not
-        verified by interval arithmetics::
-
-          >>> from snappy import Manifold
-          >>> M = Manifold("m004")
-          >>> M.canonize()
-          >>> shapes = M.tetrahedra_shapes('rect')
-          >>> e = RealCuspCrossSection.fromManifoldAndShapes(M, shapes)
-          >>> e.normalize_cusps()
-          >>> e.compute_tilts()
-          >>> tilts = e.read_tilts()
-          >>> for tilt in tilts:
-          ...     print('%.8f' % tilt)
-          -0.31020162
-          -0.31020162
-          -0.31020162
-          -0.31020162
-          -0.31020162
-          -0.31020162
-          -0.31020162
-          -0.31020162
-
-        Use verified intervals:
-
-        sage: from snappy.verify import *
-        sage: M = Manifold("m004")
-        sage: M.canonize()
-        sage: shapes = M.tetrahedra_shapes('rect', intervals=True)
-
-        Verify that the tetrahedra shapes form a complete manifold:
-
-        sage: check_logarithmic_gluing_equations_and_positively_oriented_tets(M,shapes)
-        sage: e = RealCuspCrossSection.fromManifoldAndShapes(M, shapes)
-        sage: e.normalize_cusps()
-        sage: e.compute_tilts()
-
-
-        Tilts are verified to be negative:
-
-        sage: [tilt < 0 for tilt in e.read_tilts()]
-        [True, True, True, True, True, True, True, True]
-
-        Setup necessary things in Sage:
-
-        sage: from sage.rings.qqbar import QQbar
-        sage: from sage.rings.rational_field import RationalField
-        sage: from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring import polygen
-        sage: from sage.rings.real_mpfi import RealIntervalField
-        sage: from sage.rings.complex_interval_field import ComplexIntervalField
-        sage: x = polygen(RationalField())
-        sage: RIF = RealIntervalField()
-        sage: CIF = ComplexIntervalField()
-
-        sage: M = Manifold("m412")
-        sage: M.canonize()
-
-        Make our own exact shapes using Sage. They are the root of the given
-        polynomial isolated by the given interval.
-
-        sage: r=QQbar.polynomial_root(x**2-x+1,CIF(RIF(0.49,0.51),RIF(0.86,0.87)))
-        sage: shapes = 5 * [r]
-        sage: e=RealCuspCrossSection.fromManifoldAndShapes(M, shapes)
-        sage: e.normalize_cusps()
-
-        The following three lines verify that we have shapes giving a complete
-        hyperbolic structure. The last one uses complex interval arithmetics.
-
-        sage: e.check_polynomial_edge_equations_exactly()
-        sage: e.check_cusp_development_exactly()
-        sage: e.check_logarithmic_edge_equations_and_positivity(CIF)
-
-        Because we use exact types, we can verify that each tilt is either
-        negative or exactly zero.
-
-        sage: e.compute_tilts()
-        sage: [(tilt < 0, tilt == 0) for tilt in e.read_tilts()]
-        [(True, False), (True, False), (False, True), (True, False), (True, False), (True, False), (True, False), (False, True), (True, False), (True, False), (True, False), (False, True), (False, True), (False, True), (False, True), (False, True), (True, False), (True, False), (False, True), (True, False)]
-
-        Some are exactly zero, so the canonical cell decomposition has
-        non-tetrahedral cells. In fact, the one cell is a cube. We can obtain
-        the retriangulation of the canonical cell decomposition as follows:
-
-        sage: e.compute_tilts()
-        sage: opacities = [tilt < 0 for tilt in e.read_tilts()]
-        sage: N = M._canonical_retriangulation()
-        sage: N.num_tetrahedra()
-        12
-
-        The manifold m412 has 8 isometries, the above code certified that using
-        exact arithmetic:
-        sage: len(N.isomorphisms_to(N))
-        8
-        """
-        for cusp_info in manifold.cusp_info():
-            if not cusp_info['complete?']:
-                raise IncompleteCuspError(manifold)
-
-        m = t3m.Mcomplex(manifold)
-
-        t = TransferKernelStructuresEngine(m, manifold)
-        t.reindex_cusps_and_transfer_peripheral_curves()
-        t.add_shapes(shapes)
-
-        c = RealCuspCrossSection(m)
-        c.add_structures()
-
-        # For testing against SnapPea kernel data
-        c.manifold = manifold
-
-        return c
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _tet_tilt(tet, face):
-        "The tilt of the face of the tetrahedron."
-
-        v = t3m.simplex.comp(face)
-
-        ans = 0
-        for w in t3m.simplex.ZeroSubsimplices:
-            if v == w:
-                c_w = 1
-            else:
-                z = tet.ShapeParameters[v | w]
-                c_w = -z.real() / abs(z)
-            R_w = tet.horotriangles[w].circumradius
-            ans += c_w * R_w
-        return ans
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _face_tilt(face):
-        """
-        Tilt of a face in the trinagulation: this is the sum of
-        the two tilts of the two faces of the two tetrahedra that are
-        glued. The argument is a t3m.simplex.Face.
-        """
-
-        return sum([ RealCuspCrossSection._tet_tilt(corner.Tetrahedron,
-                                                    corner.Subsimplex)
-                     for corner in face.Corners ])
-
-    def compute_tilts(self):
-        """
-        Computes all tilts. They are written to the instances of
-        t3m.simplex.Face and can be accessed as
-        [ face.Tilt for face in crossSection.Faces].
-        """
-
-        for face in self.mcomplex.Faces:
-            face.Tilt = RealCuspCrossSection._face_tilt(face)
-
-    def read_tilts(self):
-        """
-        After compute_tilts() has been called, put the tilt values into an
-        array containing the tilt of face 0, 1, 2, 3 of the first tetrahedron,
-        ... of the second tetrahedron, ....
-        """
-
-        def index_of_face_corner(corner):
-            face_index = t3m.simplex.comp(corner.Subsimplex).bit_length() - 1
-            return 4 * corner.Tetrahedron.Index + face_index
-
-        tilts = (4 * len(self.mcomplex.Tetrahedra)) * [ None ]
-
-        # For each face of the triangulation
-        for face in self.mcomplex.Faces:
-            for corner in face.Corners:
-                tilts[index_of_face_corner(corner)] = face.Tilt
-
-        return tilts
-
-    def _testing_check_against_snappea(self, epsilon):
-        """
-        Compare the computed edge lengths and tilts against the one computed by
-        the SnapPea kernel.
-
-        >>> from snappy import Manifold
-
-        Convention of the kernel is to use (3/8) sqrt(3) as area (ensuring that
-        cusp neighborhoods are disjoint).
-
-        >>> cusp_area = 0.649519052838329
-
-        >>> for name in ['m009', 'm015', 't02333']:
-        ...     M = Manifold(name)
-        ...     e = RealCuspCrossSection.fromManifoldAndShapes(M, M.tetrahedra_shapes('rect'))
-        ...     e.normalize_cusps(cusp_area)
-        ...     e._testing_check_against_snappea(1e-10)
-
-        """
-
-        CuspCrossSectionBase._testing_check_against_snappea(self, epsilon)
-
-        # Short-hand
-        TwoSubs = t3m.simplex.TwoSubsimplices
-
-        # SnapPea kernel results
-        snappea_tilts, snappea_edges = self.manifold._cusp_cross_section_info()
-
-        # Check tilts
-        # Iterate through tet
-        for tet, snappea_tet_tilts in zip(self.mcomplex.Tetrahedra, snappea_tilts):
-            # Iterate through vertices of tet
-            for f, snappea_tet_tilt in zip(TwoSubs, snappea_tet_tilts):
-                tilt = RealCuspCrossSection._tet_tilt(tet, f)
-                if not abs(snappea_tet_tilt - tilt) < epsilon:
-                    raise ConsistencyWithSnapPeaNumericalVerifyError(
-                        snappea_tet_tilt, tilt)
-
-
-class ComplexCuspCrossSection(CuspCrossSectionBase):
-    """
-    Similarly to RealCuspCrossSection with the following differences: it
-    computes the complex edge lengths and the cusp translations (instead
-    of the tilts) and it only works for orientable manifolds.
-
-    The same comment applies about the type of the shapes. The resulting
-    edge lengths and translations will be of the same type as the shapes.
-
-    For shapes corresponding to a non-boundary unipotent representation
-    (in other words, a manifold having an incomplete cusp), a cusp can
-    be developed if an appropriate 1-cocycle is given. The 1-cocycle
-    is a cellular cocycle in the dual of the cusp triangulations and
-    represents an element in H^1(boundary M; C^*) that must match the
-    PSL(2,C) boundary holonomy of the representation.
-    It is encoded as dictionary with key (tet index, t3m face, t3m vertex).
-    """
-
-    HoroTriangle = ComplexHoroTriangle
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def fromManifoldAndShapes(manifold, shapes, one_cocycle=None):
-        if not one_cocycle:
-            for cusp_info in manifold.cusp_info():
-                if not cusp_info['complete?']:
-                    raise IncompleteCuspError(manifold)
-
-        if not manifold.is_orientable():
-            raise ValueError("Non-orientable")
-
-        m = t3m.Mcomplex(manifold)
-
-        t = TransferKernelStructuresEngine(m, manifold)
-        t.reindex_cusps_and_transfer_peripheral_curves()
-        t.add_shapes(shapes)
-
-        if one_cocycle == 'develop':
-            resolved_one_cocycle = None
-        else:
-            resolved_one_cocycle = one_cocycle
-
-        c = ComplexCuspCrossSection(m)
-        c.add_structures(resolved_one_cocycle)
-
-        # For testing against SnapPea kernel data
-        c.manifold = manifold
-
-        return c
-
-    def _dummy_for_testing(self):
-        """
-        Compare the computed edge lengths and tilts against the one computed by
-        the SnapPea kernel.
-
-        >>> from snappy import Manifold
-
-        Convention of the kernel is to use (3/8) sqrt(3) as area (ensuring that
-        cusp neighborhoods are disjoint).
-
-        >>> cusp_area = 0.649519052838329
-
-        >>> for name in ['m009', 'm015', 't02333']:
-        ...     M = Manifold(name)
-        ...     e = ComplexCuspCrossSection.fromManifoldAndShapes(M, M.tetrahedra_shapes('rect'))
-        ...     e.normalize_cusps(cusp_area)
-        ...     e._testing_check_against_snappea(1e-10)
-
-        """
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _get_translation(vertex, ml):
-        """
-        Compute the translation corresponding to the meridian (ml = 0) or
-        longitude (ml = 1) of the given cusp.
-        """
-
-        # Accumulate result
-        result = 0
-
-        # For each triangle of this cusp's cross-section
-        for corner in vertex.Corners:
-            # Get the corresponding tetrahedron
-            tet = corner.Tetrahedron
-            # Get the corresponding vertex of this tetrahedron
-            subsimplex = corner.Subsimplex
-            # Get the three faces of the tetrahedron adjacent to that vertex
-            # Each one intersects the cusp cross-section in an edge of
-            # the triangle.
-            faces = t3m.simplex.FacesAroundVertexCounterclockwise[subsimplex]
-            # Get the data for this triangle
-            triangle = tet.horotriangles[subsimplex]
-
-            # Restrict the peripheral curve data to this triangle.
-            # The result consists of four integers, but the one at
-            # subsimplex will always be zero, so effectively, it
-            # is three integers corresponding to the three sides of the
-            # triangle.
-            # Each of these integers tells us how often the peripheral curve
-            # "enters" the triangle from the corresponding side of the
-            # triangle.
-            # Each time the peripheral curve "enters" the triangle through a
-            # side, its contribution to the translation is the vector from the
-            # center of the side to the center of the triangle.
-            curves = tet.PeripheralCurves[ml][0][subsimplex]
-
-            # We know need to compute this contribution to the translation.
-            # Imagine a triangle with complex edge lengths e_0, e_1, e_2 and,
-            # without loss of generality, move it such that its vertices are
-            # at v_0 = 0, v_1 = e_0, v_2 = e_0 + e_1.
-            # The center of the triangle is at
-            #        c = (v_0 + v_1 + v_2) / 3 = 2 * e_0 / 3 + e_1 / 3.
-            # The vector from the center of the side corresponding to e_0
-            # to the center of the triangle is given by
-            #        c - e_0 / 2 = e_0 / 6 + e_1 / 3
-            #
-            # If the peripheral curves enters the side of the triangle
-            # corresponding to e_i n_i-times, then the total contribution
-            # with respect to that triangle is given by
-            #             n_0 * (e_0 / 6 + e_1 / 3)
-            #           + n_1 * (e_1 / 6 + e_2 / 3)
-            #           + n_2 * (e_2 / 6 + e_0 / 3)
-            #       =  (  (n_0 + 2 * n_2) * e_0
-            #           + (n_1 + 2 * n_0) * e_1
-            #           + (n_2 + 2 * n_1) * e_2) / 6
-            #
-            #       = (sum_{i=0,1,2} (n_i + 2 * n_{i+2}) * e_i) / 6
-
-            # Implement this sum
-            for i in range(3):
-                # Find the t3m faces corresponding to two edges of this
-                # triangle
-                this_face = faces[ i       ]
-                prev_face = faces[(i+2) % 3]
-
-                # n_i + 2 * n_{i+2} in above notation
-                f = curves[this_face] + 2 * curves[prev_face]
-
-                # (n_i + 2 * n_{i+2}) * e_i in above notation
-                result += f * triangle.lengths[this_face]
-
-        return result / 6
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _compute_translations(vertex):
-        vertex.Translations = [
-            ComplexCuspCrossSection._get_translation(vertex, i)
-            for i in range(2) ]
-
-    def compute_translations(self):
-        for vertex in self.mcomplex.Vertices:
-            ComplexCuspCrossSection._compute_translations(vertex)
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _get_normalized_translations(vertex):
-        """
-        Compute the translations corresponding to the merdian and longitude of
-        the given cusp.
-        """
-
-        m, l = vertex.Translations
-        return m / l * abs(l), abs(l)
-
-    def all_normalized_translations(self):
-        """
-        Compute the translations corresponding to the meridian and longitude
-        for each cusp.
-        """
-
-        self.compute_translations()
-        return [ ComplexCuspCrossSection._get_normalized_translations(vertex)
-                 for vertex in self.mcomplex.Vertices ]
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _compute_cusp_shape(vertex):
-        m, l = vertex.Translations
-        return (l / m).conjugate()
-
-    def cusp_shapes(self):
-        """
-        Compute the cusp shapes as conjugate of the quotient of the translations
-        corresponding to the longitude and meridian for each cusp (SnapPea
-        kernel convention).
-        """
-        self.compute_translations()
-        return [ ComplexCuspCrossSection._compute_cusp_shape(vertex)
-                 for vertex in self.mcomplex.Vertices ]
-
-    def add_vertex_positions_to_horotriangles(self):
-        """
-        Develops cusp to assign to each horotriangle the positions of its three
-        vertices in the Euclidean plane.
-
-        Note: For a complete cusp, this is defined only up to translating the
-        entire triangle by translations generated by meridian and longitude.
-
-        For an incomplete cusp, this is defined only up to
-        similarities generated by the meridian and longitude. The
-        positions can be moved such that the fixed point of these
-        similarities is at the origin by calling
-        move_fixed_point_to_zero after
-        add_vertex_positions_to_horotriangles.
-
-        Note: This is not working when one_cocycle is passed during the
-        construction of the cusp cross section.
-        """
-        for cusp in self.mcomplex.Vertices:
-            self._add_one_cusp_vertex_positions(cusp)
-
-    def _add_one_cusp_vertex_positions(self, cusp):
-        """
-        Procedure is similar to _add_one_cusp_cross_section
-        """
-
-        corner0 = cusp.Corners[0]
-        tet0, vert0 = corner0.Tetrahedron, corner0.Subsimplex
-        zero = tet0.ShapeParameters[t3m.simplex.E01].parent()(0)
-        tet0.horotriangles[vert0].add_vertex_positions(
-            vert0, _pick_an_edge_for_vertex[vert0], zero)
-
-        active = [(tet0, vert0)]
-
-        # Pairs (tet index, vertex) indicating what has already been
-        # visited
-        visited = set()
-
-        while active:
-            tet0, vert0 = active.pop()
-            for face0 in t3m.simplex.FacesAroundVertexCounterclockwise[vert0]:
-                tet1, face1, vert1 = CuspCrossSectionBase._glued_to(
-                    tet0, face0, vert0)
-                if not (tet1.Index, vert1) in visited:
-                    edge0 = _pick_an_edge_for_vertex_and_face[vert0, face0]
-                    edge1 = tet0.Gluing[face0].image(edge0)
-
-                    tet1.horotriangles[vert1].add_vertex_positions(
-                        vert1,
-                        edge1,
-                        tet0.horotriangles[vert0].vertex_positions[edge0])
-
-                    active.append( (tet1, vert1) )
-                    visited.add((tet1.Index, vert1))
-
-    def _debug_show_horotriangles(self, cusp=0):
-        from sage.all import line, real, imag
-
-        self.add_vertex_positions_to_horotriangles()
-
-        return sum(
-            [ line( [ (real(z0), imag(z0)),
-                      (real(z1), imag(z1)) ] )
-              for tet in self.mcomplex.Tetrahedra
-              for V, h in tet.horotriangles.items()
-              for z0 in h.vertex_positions.values()
-              for z1 in h.vertex_positions.values()
-              if tet.Class[V].Index == cusp ])
-
-    def _debug_show_lifted_horotriangles(self, cusp=0):
-        from sage.all import line, real, imag
-
-        self.add_vertex_positions_to_horotriangles()
-
-        return sum(
-            [ line( [ (real(z0), imag(z0)),
-                      (real(z1), imag(z1)) ] )
-              for tet in self.mcomplex.Tetrahedra
-              for V, h in tet.horotriangles.items()
-              for z0 in h.lifted_vertex_positions.values()
-              for z1 in h.lifted_vertex_positions.values()
-              if tet.Class[V].Index == cusp ])
-
-    def move_fixed_point_to_zero(self):
-        """
-        Determines the fixed point of the holonomies for all
-        incomplete cusps. Then moves the vertex positions of the
-        corresponding cusp triangles so that the fixed point is at the
-        origin.
-
-        It also add the boolean v.is_complete to all vertices of the
-        triangulation to mark whether the corresponding cusp is
-        complete or not.
-        """
-
-        # For each cusp
-        for cusp, cusp_info in zip(self.mcomplex.Vertices,
-                                   self.manifold.cusp_info()):
-
-            cusp.is_complete = cusp_info['complete?']
-            if not cusp.is_complete:
-                # For an incomplete cusp, compute fixed point
-                fixed_pt = self._compute_cusp_fixed_point(cusp)
-                for corner in cusp.Corners:
-                    tet, vert = corner.Tetrahedron, corner.Subsimplex
-                    trig = tet.horotriangles[vert]
-                    # Move all vertex positions so that fixed point
-                    # is at origin
-                    trig.vertex_positions = {
-                        edge : position - fixed_pt
-                        for edge, position in trig.vertex_positions.items() }
-
-    def _compute_cusp_fixed_point(self, cusp):
-        """
-        Compute fixed point for an incomplete cusp.
-        """
-
-        # Given a horotriangle trig0 with a vertex and edge, let
-        # l0 be the complex position of the vertex and p0 the complex
-        # edge length.
-        # Let trig1 be the horotriangle glued to trig0 along the edge
-        # and the l1 and p1 be the corresponding position and edge length
-        # (traversed the opposite direction) in the other horotriangle.
-        #
-        # Then the similarity is described the complex number z = -l1 / l0
-        # which is one or the holonomy of meridian or longitude (depending
-        # on whether the common edge is inside or on the boundary of a
-        # fundamental domain implicitly chosen when developing the cusp).
-        #
-        # Furthermore, we can compute the fixed point p of the similarity
-        # using p1 - p = z * (p0 - p).
-
-        # Compute z, p0, p1 for each horotriangle, vertex and edge and pick
-        # the one where z is furthest away from one.
-        dummy, z, p0, p1 = max(self._compute_cusp_fixed_point_data(cusp),
-                               key=lambda d: d[0])
-
-        # Compute fixed point
-        return (p1 - z * p0) / (1 - z)
-
-    def _compute_cusp_fixed_point_data(self, cusp):
-        """
-        Compute abs(z-1), z, p0, p1 for each horotriangle, vertex and edge
-        as described in _compute_cusp_fixed_point.
-        """
-
-        # For each horotriangle
-        for corner in cusp.Corners:
-            tet0, vert0 = corner.Tetrahedron, corner.Subsimplex
-            vertex_link = _face_edge_face_triples_for_vertex_link[vert0]
-
-            # A flag of a horotriangle corresponds to a face and edge
-            # of the tetrahedron.
-            for face0, edge0, other_face in vertex_link:
-                # How that horotriangle is glued to the neighboring one
-                tet1, face1, vert1 = CuspCrossSectionBase._glued_to(
-                    tet0, face0, vert0)
-                edge1 = tet0.Gluing[face0].image(edge0)
-
-                # Get horotriangle and the complex vertex position and
-                # edge length
-                trig0 = tet0.horotriangles[vert0]
-                l0 = trig0.lengths[face0]
-                p0 = trig0.vertex_positions[edge0]
-
-                # And for neighbor
-                trig1 = tet1.horotriangles[vert1]
-                l1 = trig1.lengths[face1]
-                p1 = trig1.vertex_positions[edge1]
-
-                # Parameter for similarity
-                z = - l1 / l0
-                yield (abs(z - 1), z, p0, p1)
-
-    def lift_vertex_positions_of_horotriangles(self):
-        """
-        After developing an incomplete cusp with
-        add_vertex_positions_to_horotriangles, this function moves the
-        vertex positions first to zero the fixed point (see
-        move_ffixed_point_to_zero) and computes logarithms for all the
-        vertex positions of the horotriangles in the Euclidean plane
-        in a consistent manner. These logarithms are written to a
-        dictionary lifted_vertex_positions on the HoroTriangle's.
-
-        For an incomplete cusp, the respective value in lifted_vertex_positions
-        will be None.
-
-        The three logarithms of the vertex positions of a triangle are only
-        defined up to adding mu Z + lambda Z where mu and lambda are the
-        logarithmic holonomies of the meridian and longitude.
-        """
-
-        self.move_fixed_point_to_zero()
-
-        for cusp in self.mcomplex.Vertices:
-            self._lift_one_cusp_vertex_positions(cusp)
-
-    def _lift_one_cusp_vertex_positions(self, cusp):
-        # Pick first triangle to develop
-        corner0 = cusp.Corners[0]
-        tet0, vert0 = corner0.Tetrahedron, corner0.Subsimplex
-        trig0 = tet0.horotriangles[vert0]
-        edge0 = _pick_an_edge_for_vertex[vert0]
-
-        if cusp.is_complete:
-            # If cusp is complete, we store None for the logarithms
-            for corner in cusp.Corners:
-                tet0, vert0 = corner.Tetrahedron, corner.Subsimplex
-                tet0.horotriangles[vert0].lifted_vertex_positions = {
-                    vert0 | vert1 : None
-                    for vert1 in t3m.ZeroSubsimplices
-                    if vert0 != vert1 }
-            return
-
-        # Lift first triangle, picking main branch of logarithm for
-        # the first vertex
-        trig0.lift_vertex_positions(log(trig0.vertex_positions[edge0]))
-
-        # Procedure similar to _add_one_cusp_cross_section
-        active = [(tet0, vert0)]
-
-        # Pairs (tet index, vertex) indicating what has already been
-        # visited
-        visited = set()
-
-        while active:
-            tet0, vert0 = active.pop()
-            for face0 in t3m.simplex.FacesAroundVertexCounterclockwise[vert0]:
-                tet1, face1, vert1 = CuspCrossSectionBase._glued_to(
-                    tet0, face0, vert0)
-                if not (tet1.Index, vert1) in visited:
-                    edge0 = _pick_an_edge_for_vertex_and_face[vert0, face0]
-
-                    # Lift triangle using lifted vertex position of
-                    # neighboring triangle as guide (when determining what
-                    # branch of logarithm to take).
-                    tet1.horotriangles[vert1].lift_vertex_positions(
-                        tet0.horotriangles[vert0].lifted_vertex_positions[edge0])
-
-                    active.append( (tet1, vert1) )
-                    visited.add( (tet1.Index, vert1) )
-
-    def move_lifted_vertex_positions_to_zero_first(self):
-        """
-        Shift the lifted vertex positions such that the one associated
-        to the first vertex when developing the incomplete cusp is
-        zero. This makes the values we obtain more stable when
-        changing the Dehn-surgery parameters.
-        """
-
-        for cusp in self.mcomplex.Vertices:
-            if not cusp.is_complete:
-                ComplexCuspCrossSection._move_lifted_vertex_positions_cusp(cusp)
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _move_lifted_vertex_positions_cusp(cusp):
-        corner0 = cusp.Corners[0]
-        tet0, vert0 = corner0.Tetrahedron, corner0.Subsimplex
-        trig0 = tet0.horotriangles[vert0]
-        edge0 = _pick_an_edge_for_vertex[vert0]
-
-        log0 = trig0.lifted_vertex_positions[edge0]
-
-        for corner in cusp.Corners:
-            tet, vert = corner.Tetrahedron, corner.Subsimplex
-            trig = tet.horotriangles[vert]
-
-            trig.lifted_vertex_positions = {
-                edge: position - log0
-                for edge, position in trig.lifted_vertex_positions.items()
-            }