relationalai 0.13.0.dev0__py3-none-any.whl → 0.13.2__py3-none-any.whl

relationalai/semantics/reasoners/optimization/solvers_pb.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1414 @@
+"""Solver model implementation supporting protobuf and CSV formats.
+
+This module provides the SolverModelPB class for defining optimization and
+constraint programming problems that are serialized and solved by external
+solver engines. Supports both protobuf (default) and CSV (future) exchange formats.
+
+Note: This protobuf-based implementation will be deprecated in favor of the
+      development version (solvers_dev.py) in future releases.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import textwrap
+import time
+import uuid
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from relationalai.experimental.solvers import Solver
+from relationalai.semantics.internal import internal as b
+from relationalai.semantics.rel.executor import RelExecutor
+from relationalai.tools.constants import DEFAULT_QUERY_TIMEOUT_MINS
+from relationalai.util.timeout import calc_remaining_timeout_minutes
+
+from .common import make_name
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Solver ProtoBuf Format Constants and Helpers
+# =============================================================================
+
+# Variable type codes for the solver protobuf format
+# cont: continuous (real-valued), int: integer, bin: binary (0/1)
+_VARIABLE_TYPE_CODES: dict[str, int] = {
+    "cont": 40,
+    "int": 41,
+    "bin": 42,
+}
+
+# First-order operators: arithmetic and mathematical functions
+_FIRST_ORDER_OPERATOR_CODES: dict[str, int] = {
+    "+": 10,
+    "-": 11,
+    "*": 12,
+    "/": 13,
+    "^": 14,
+    "abs": 20,
+    "exp": 21,
+    "log": 22,
+    "range": 50,
+}
+
+# First-order comparison operators: relational constraints
+_FIRST_ORDER_COMPARISON_CODES: dict[str, int] = {
+    "=": 30,
+    "!=": 31,
+    "<=": 32,
+    ">=": 33,
+    "<": 34,
+    ">": 35,
+    "implies": 62,
+}
+
+# Higher-order operators: aggregation and global constraints
+_HIGHER_ORDER_OPERATOR_CODES: dict[str, int] = {
+    "sum": 80,
+    "min": 82,
+    "max": 83,
+    "count": 84,
+    "all_different": 90,
+}
+
+# Mapping from bound type keywords to comparison operators
+_BOUND_TO_COMPARISON_OPERATOR: dict[str, str] = {
+    "lower": ">=",
+    "upper": "<=",
+    "fixed": "=",
+}
+
+
+def _make_first_order_application_with_result(
+    operator_code: int, *args: Any
+) -> b.Expression:
+    """Create a first-order application with a result variable."""
+    return _make_first_order_application(operator_code, *args, b.String.ref("res"))
+
+
+def _make_first_order_application(operator_code: int, *args: Any) -> b.Expression:
+    """Create a first-order application expression."""
+    if not (2 <= len(args) <= 4):
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"First-order application requires 2-4 arguments, but got {len(args)}."
+        )
+    result_ref = args[-1]
+    if not isinstance(result_ref, b.Ref):
+        raise TypeError(
+            f"Last argument must be a Ref, got {type(result_ref).__name__}."
+        )
+    if result_ref._thing != b.String:
+        result_ref = b.String.ref("res")
+    application_builtin = b.Relationship.builtins["rel_primitive_solverlib_fo_appl"]
+    # Wrap operands in TupleArg for the vararg solverlib_fo_appl primitive:
+    # fo_appl(op, (operands...), result)
+    return b.Expression(
+        application_builtin, operator_code, b.TupleArg(args[:-1]), result_ref
+    )
+
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Main Solver Model Class
+# =============================================================================
+
+
+class SolverModelPB:
+    """Solver model interface using protobuf format for optimization problems."""
+
+    def __init__(self, model: b.Model, num_type: str) -> None:
+        """Initialize solver model.
+
+        Args:
+            model: The RelationalAI model.
+            num_type: Variable type - 'cont' or 'int'.
+        """
+        if num_type not in ["cont", "int"]:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Invalid numerical type '{num_type}'. Must be 'cont' or 'int'."
+            )
+        self._model = model
+        self._num_type = num_type
+        self._id = next(b._global_id)
+        # Maps relationships to their corresponding variable concepts
+        self._variable_relationships: dict[b.Relationship, b.Concept] = {}
+        prefix_uppercase = f"SolverModel_{self._id}_"
+        prefix_lowercase = prefix_uppercase.lower()
+
+        # Create core concepts for model components
+        self.Variable = Variable = model.Concept(prefix_uppercase + "Variable")
+        self.MinObjective = model.Concept(prefix_uppercase + "MinObjective")
+        self.MaxObjective = model.Concept(prefix_uppercase + "MaxObjective")
+        self.Constraint = model.Concept(prefix_uppercase + "Constraint")
+        self._model_info = {
+            "num_variables": Variable,
+            "num_min_objectives": self.MinObjective,
+            "num_max_objectives": self.MaxObjective,
+            "num_constraints": self.Constraint,
+        }
+        # Add printed_expr property to objectives and constraints for human-readable output
+        for concept in [self.MinObjective, self.MaxObjective, self.Constraint]:
+            concept.printed_expr = model.Property(
+                f"{{{concept._name}}} has {{printed_expr:str}}"
+            )
+
+        # Create relationships for result extraction
+        result_type = "int" if num_type == "int" else "float"
+        self.result_info = model.Relationship(
+            "{key:str} has {value:str}", short_name=(prefix_lowercase + "result_info")
+        )
+        # TODO(coey) PyRel is not able to handle "Variable._name" instead of "var" below due
+        # to some internal naming bug; this leads to a "Unresolved Type" warning that we
+        # will have to live with for now
+        self.point = model.Property(
+            f"{{var}} has {{value:{result_type}}}",
+            short_name=(prefix_lowercase + "point"),
+        )
+        self.points = model.Property(
+            f"point {{i:int}} for {{var}} has {{value:{result_type}}}",
+            short_name=(prefix_lowercase + "points"),
+        )
+
+        # Install raw rel to work around lack of support for rel_primitive_solverlib_print_expr
+        install_rel = f"""
+        declare {self.MinObjective._name}
+        declare {self.MaxObjective._name}
+        declare {self.Constraint._name}
+
+        declare {prefix_lowercase}variable_name
+        declare {prefix_lowercase}minobjective_name
+        declare {prefix_lowercase}maxobjective_name
+        declare {prefix_lowercase}constraint_name
+        declare {prefix_lowercase}minobjective_serialized
+        declare {prefix_lowercase}maxobjective_serialized
+        declare {prefix_lowercase}constraint_serialized
+
+        def {prefix_lowercase}minobjective_printed_expr(h, s):
+            rel_primitive_solverlib_print_expr({prefix_lowercase}minobjective_serialized[h], {prefix_lowercase}variable_name, s)
+
+        def {prefix_lowercase}maxobjective_printed_expr(h, s):
+            rel_primitive_solverlib_print_expr({prefix_lowercase}maxobjective_serialized[h], {prefix_lowercase}variable_name, s)
+
+        def {prefix_lowercase}constraint_printed_expr(h, s):
+            rel_primitive_solverlib_print_expr({prefix_lowercase}constraint_serialized[h], {prefix_lowercase}variable_name, s)
+        """
+        b.define(b.RawSource("rel", textwrap.dedent(install_rel)))
+
+
+    # -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Variable Handling
+    # -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def solve_for(
+        self,
+        expr,
+        where: Optional[list[Any]] = None,
+        populate: bool = True,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> b.Concept:
+        """Define decision variables.
+
+        Args:
+            expr: Relationship or expression defining variables.
+            where: Optional grounding conditions.
+            populate: Whether to populate relationship with solver results.
+            **kwargs: Optional properties (name, type, lower, upper, fixed).
+
+        Returns:
+            Variable concept.
+        """
+        if where is None:
+            where = []
+        if isinstance(expr, b.Fragment):
+            # TODO(coey): Remove in future
+            raise ValueError(
+                "The select fragment argument to `solve_for` is deprecated. "
+                "Instead, use the `where = [conditions...]` kwarg to specify optional grounding conditions."
+            )
+        elif isinstance(expr, b.Expression):
+            relationship = expr._op
+            if not isinstance(relationship, b.Relationship):
+                raise TypeError(
+                    f"Expression operator must be a Relationship, got {type(relationship).__name__}."
+                )
+            params = expr._params
+        elif isinstance(expr, b.Relationship):
+            relationship = expr
+            params = [
+                b.field_to_type(self._model, field) for field in relationship._fields
+            ]
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Invalid expression type for solve_for: {type(expr).__name__}. "
+                f"Expected Relationship or Expression."
+            )
+
+        if len(params) != len(relationship._fields):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Parameter count mismatch: Got {len(params)} params "
+                f"but relationship has {len(relationship._fields)} fields."
+            )
+        if relationship in self._variable_relationships:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Variables are already defined for relationship {relationship}."
+            )
+
+        # Create a specialized Variable concept for this relationship
+        # Each decision variable gets its own concept subtype
+        Var = self._model.Concept(
+            f"{self.Variable._name}_{str(relationship).replace('.', '_')}",
+            extends=[self.Variable],
+        )
+        self._variable_relationships[relationship] = Var
+
+        # Build field dict from relationship parameters (excluding the value field)
+        fields = {}
+        for i in range(len(params) - 1):
+            if i == 0 and relationship._parent is not None:
+                concept = relationship._parent
+                if not isinstance(concept, b.Concept):
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        f"Relationship parent must be a Concept, got {type(concept).__name__}."
+                    )
+            else:
+                concept = params[i]
+            field_name = relationship._field_names[i]
+            # Prevent "Implicit Subtype Relationship" warnings by explicitly registering
+            # the relationship on the parent Variable concept before using it on subtypes
+            self.Variable._relationships[field_name] = self.Variable._get_relationship(
+                field_name
+            )
+            fields[field_name] = concept
+        var = Var.new(**fields)
+        b.define(var).where(*where)
+
+        # Handle optional variable properties
+        for key, value in kwargs.items():
+            if key == "name":
+                definition = self.Variable.name(var, make_name(value))
+            elif key == "type":
+                if not isinstance(value, str):
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        f"Variable 'type' must be a string, but got {type(value).__name__}."
+                    )
+                if value not in _VARIABLE_TYPE_CODES:
+                    valid_types = ", ".join(_VARIABLE_TYPE_CODES.keys())
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        f"Invalid variable type '{value}'. Valid types are: {valid_types}."
+                    )
+                serialized_expr = _make_first_order_application_with_result(
+                    _VARIABLE_TYPE_CODES[value], var
+                )
+                definition = self.Constraint.new(serialized=serialized_expr)
+            elif key in ("lower", "upper", "fixed"):
+                if not isinstance(value, (b.Producer, float, int)):
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        f"Variable '{key}' must be a number, but got {type(value).__name__}."
+                    )
+                # Map bound types to comparison operators
+                operator = _BOUND_TO_COMPARISON_OPERATOR[key]
+                serialized_expr = _make_first_order_application_with_result(
+                    _FIRST_ORDER_COMPARISON_CODES[operator], var, value
+                )
+                definition = self.Constraint.new(serialized=serialized_expr)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(f"Invalid keyword argument '{key}' for solve_for.")
+            b.define(definition).where(*where)
+
+        if populate:
+            # Automatically populate the variable relationship with solver results
+            # This defines the original relationship to pull values from self.point after solving
+            value_ref = (b.Integer if self._num_type == "int" else b.Float).ref()
+            b.define(
+                relationship(
+                    *[getattr(Var, field_name) for field_name in fields], value_ref
+                )
+            ).where(self.point(Var, value_ref))
+
+        return Var
+
+    # -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Objective Functions
+    # -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def minimize(
+        self,
+        expr: b.Producer | float | int | b.Fragment,
+        name: Optional[str | list[str]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Add minimization objective.
+
+        Args:
+            expr: Expression to minimize.
+            name: Optional objective name.
+        """
+        return self._add_objective(self.MinObjective, expr, name)
+
+    def maximize(
+        self,
+        expr: b.Producer | float | int | b.Fragment,
+        name: Optional[str | list[str]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Add maximization objective.
+
+        Args:
+            expr: Expression to maximize.
+            name: Optional objective name.
+        """
+        return self._add_objective(self.MaxObjective, expr, name)
+
+    def _add_objective(
+        self,
+        objective_concept: b.Concept,
+        expr: b.Producer | float | int | b.Fragment,
+        name: Optional[str | list[str]],
+    ) -> None:
+        context = SymbolifyContext(self)
+        symbolic_expr = context.rewrite(expr)
+        if not isinstance(symbolic_expr, Symbolic):
+            # Expr is not symbolic (a constant) - wrap it as a trivial expression
+            symbolic_expr = _make_first_order_application_with_result(0, expr)
+        else:
+            # Unwrap the symbolic expression
+            unwrapped_expr = symbolic_expr.expr
+            # Check if it's a bare variable (needs wrapping for protobuf)
+            is_bare_variable = isinstance(unwrapped_expr, b.ConceptMember)
+            is_fragment_with_variable = (
+                isinstance(unwrapped_expr, b.Fragment)
+                and unwrapped_expr._select
+                and isinstance(unwrapped_expr._select[0], b.ConceptMember)
+            )
+            if is_bare_variable or is_fragment_with_variable:
+                # The protobuf format requires all objectives to be expressions, not bare variables
+                symbolic_expr = _make_first_order_application_with_result(
+                    0, unwrapped_expr
+                )
+            else:
+                symbolic_expr = unwrapped_expr
+
+        if isinstance(symbolic_expr, Symbolic):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Internal error. Expression is still Symbolic after unwrapping."
+            )
+
+        objective = objective_concept.new(serialized=symbolic_expr)
+        definitions = [objective]
+        if name is not None:
+            definitions.append(objective.name(make_name(name)))
+        b.define(*definitions)
+
+    def satisfy(
+        self,
+        expr: b.Fragment,
+        check: bool = False,
+        name: Optional[str | list[str]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Add constraints.
+
+        Args:
+            expr: Fragment with require clause.
+            check: Whether to keep require in model validation.
+            name: Optional constraint name.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(expr, b.Fragment):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"The satisfy method expects a Fragment, but got {type(expr).__name__}."
+            )
+        if not expr._require:
+            raise ValueError("Fragment for satisfy must have a require clause.")
+        if expr._select or expr._define:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Fragment for satisfy must not have select or define clauses."
+            )
+        if not check:
+            # Remove the `require` from the model roots so it is not checked as an integrity constraint
+            b._remove_roots([expr])
+        context = SymbolifyContext(self)
+
+        symbolic_where_clauses = context.rewrite_where(*expr._where)
+        definitions = []
+        for requirement in expr._require:
+            symbolic_requirement = context.rewrite(requirement)
+            if not isinstance(symbolic_requirement, Symbolic):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Cannot symbolify requirement {requirement} in satisfy. "
+                    f"The requirement must contain solver variables or expressions."
+                )
+            constraint = self.Constraint.new(serialized=symbolic_requirement.expr)
+            definitions.append(constraint)
+            if name is not None:
+                definitions.append(constraint.name(make_name(name)))
+        b.define(*definitions).where(*symbolic_where_clauses)
+
+    # -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Model Inspection and Display
+    # -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _print_dataframe(df: Any) -> None:
+        """Print dataframe with consistent formatting for long strings."""
+        for row in df.itertuples(index=False):
+            print("    ".join(str(val) for val in row))
+        print()
+
+    def summarize(self) -> None:
+        """Print counts of variables, objectives, and constraints in the model."""
+        counts_df = b.select(
+            *[(b.count(item) | 0) for (_, item) in self._model_info.items()]
+        ).to_df()
+        if counts_df.shape != (1, 4):
+            raise ValueError("Unexpected counts dataframe shape.")
+        num_vars, num_min_objs, num_max_objs, num_constraints = counts_df.iloc[0]
+        print(
+            f"Solver model has {num_vars} variables, {num_min_objs} minimization objectives, {num_max_objs} maximization objectives, and {num_constraints} constraints."
+        )
+
+    def print(self, with_names: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Print model components.
+
+        Args:
+            with_names: Whether to print expression string names (if available).
+        """
+        # Print variables
+        var_df = b.select(self.Variable.name | "_").where(self.Variable).to_df()
+        if var_df.empty:
+            print("No variables defined.")
+            return
+        print("Solver model:")
+        print()
+        print(f"Variables ({var_df.shape[0]}):")
+        self._print_dataframe(var_df)
+
+        # Print components
+        components = [
+            (self.MinObjective, "Min objectives"),
+            (self.MaxObjective, "Max objectives"),
+            (self.Constraint, "Constraints"),
+        ]
+        printed_expr_ref = b.String.ref()
+        for component_concept, component_label in components:
+            selection = (
+                [component_concept.name | "", printed_expr_ref]
+                if with_names
+                else [printed_expr_ref]
+            )
+            component_df = (
+                b.select(*selection)
+                .where(component_concept.printed_expr(printed_expr_ref))
+                .to_df()
+            )
+            if not component_df.empty:
+                print(f"{component_label} ({component_df.shape[0]}):")
+                self._print_dataframe(component_df)
+
+    # -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Solving and Result Handling
+    # -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def _export_model_to_csv(
+        self,
+        model_id: str,
+        executor: RelExecutor,
+        prefix_lowercase: str,
+        query_timeout_mins: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Export model to CSV files in Snowflake stage.
+
+        Args:
+            model_id: Unique model identifier for stage paths.
+            executor: RelExecutor instance.
+            prefix_lowercase: Prefix for relation names.
+            query_timeout_mins: Query timeout in minutes.
+        """
+        stage_base_no_txn = f"snowflake://APP_STATE.RAI_INTERNAL_STAGE/SOLVERS/job_{model_id}"
+
+        # Export all model relations using Rel-native export_csv in a single transaction
+        # Transformations (uuid_string, encode_base64) are done inline in the export query
+        export_rel = textwrap.dedent(f"""
+        // Get transaction ID for folder naming - solver service validates ownership
+        // Use uuid_string to get proper UUID format, then replace hyphens with underscores
+        def txn_id_str {{string_replace[uuid_string[current_transaction_id], "-", "_"]}}
+
+        // Define base path with txn_id in folder name: model_{{txn_id}}/
+        def base_path {{"{stage_base_no_txn}/model"}}
+
+        // Export variable_hash.csv - single column: HASH (UUID string)
+        // Transformation: convert Variable UInt128 to UUID string inline
+        def variable_hash_data(:HASH, v, h):
+            {self.Variable._name}(v) and uuid_string(v, h)
+
+        def export[:variable_hash]: {{export_csv[{{
+            (:path, base_path ++ "/variable_hash_" ++ txn_id_str ++ ".csv");
+            (:data, variable_hash_data);
+            (:compression, "gzip")
+        }}]}}
+
+        // Export variable_name.csv - columns: HASH (UUID string), VALUE (name string)
+        // Transformation: convert Variable UInt128 to UUID string inline
+        def variable_name_data(:HASH, v, h):
+            {prefix_lowercase}variable_name(v, _) and uuid_string(v, h)
+        def variable_name_data(:VALUE, v, name):
+            {prefix_lowercase}variable_name(v, name)
+
+        def export[:variable_name]: {{export_csv[{{
+            (:path, base_path ++ "/variable_name_" ++ txn_id_str ++ ".csv");
+            (:data, variable_name_data);
+            (:compression, "gzip")
+        }}]}}
+
+        // Export constraint.csv - single column: VALUE (base64 encoded constraint)
+        // Transformation: encode_base64 done inline
+        def constraint_data(:VALUE, c, e):
+            exists((s) |
+                {self.Constraint._name}(c) and
+                {prefix_lowercase}constraint_serialized(c, s) and
+                encode_base64(s, e))
+
+        def export[:constraint]: {{export_csv[{{
+            (:path, base_path ++ "/constraint_" ++ txn_id_str ++ ".csv");
+            (:data, constraint_data);
+            (:compression, "gzip")
+        }}]}}
+
+        // Export min_objective.csv - columns: HASH (UUID string), VALUE (base64 encoded)
+        // Transformations: uuid_string and encode_base64 done inline
+        def min_objective_data(:HASH, obj, h):
+            {self.MinObjective._name}(obj) and uuid_string(obj, h)
+        def min_objective_data(:VALUE, obj, e):
+            exists((s) |
+                {self.MinObjective._name}(obj) and
+                {prefix_lowercase}minobjective_serialized(obj, s) and
+                encode_base64(s, e))
+
+        def export[:min_objective]: {{export_csv[{{
+            (:path, base_path ++ "/min_objective_" ++ txn_id_str ++ ".csv");
+            (:data, min_objective_data);
+            (:compression, "gzip")
+        }}]}}
+
+        // Export max_objective.csv - columns: HASH (UUID string), VALUE (base64 encoded)
+        // Transformations: uuid_string and encode_base64 done inline
+        def max_objective_data(:HASH, obj, h):
+            {self.MaxObjective._name}(obj) and uuid_string(obj, h)
+        def max_objective_data(:VALUE, obj, e):
+            exists((s) |
+                {self.MaxObjective._name}(obj) and
+                {prefix_lowercase}maxobjective_serialized(obj, s) and
+                encode_base64(s, e))
+
+        def export[:max_objective]: {{export_csv[{{
+            (:path, base_path ++ "/max_objective_" ++ txn_id_str ++ ".csv");
+            (:data, max_objective_data);
+            (:compression, "gzip")
+        }}]}}
+        """)
+
+        executor.execute_raw(export_rel, readonly=False, query_timeout_mins=query_timeout_mins)
+
+    def _import_solver_results_from_csv(
+        self,
+        model_id: str,
+        executor: RelExecutor,
+        prefix_lowercase: str,
+        query_timeout_mins: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Import solver results from CSV files in Snowflake stage.
+
+        Loads and extracts CSV files in a single transaction to minimize overhead.
+
+        Args:
+            model_id: Unique model identifier for stage paths.
+            executor: RelExecutor instance.
+            prefix_lowercase: Prefix for relation names.
+            query_timeout_mins: Query timeout in minutes.
+        """
+        result_stage_base = f"snowflake://APP_STATE.RAI_INTERNAL_STAGE/SOLVERS/job_{model_id}/results"
+        value_parse_fn = "parse_int" if self._num_type == "int" else "parse_float"
+
+        # Single transaction: Load CSV files and extract/map results
+        # Use inline definitions to avoid needing declared relations
+        load_and_extract_rel = textwrap.dedent(f"""
+        // Define CSV loading inline (no declare needed)
+        // Load ancillary.csv - contains solver metadata (NAME, VALUE columns)
+        def ancillary_config[:path]: "{result_stage_base}/ancillary.csv.gz"
+        def ancillary_config[:syntax, :header_row]: 1
+        def ancillary_config[:schema, :NAME]: "string"
+        def ancillary_config[:schema, :VALUE]: "string"
+        def {prefix_lowercase}solver_ancillary_raw {{load_csv[ancillary_config]}}
+
+        // Load objective_values.csv - contains objective values (SOL_INDEX, VALUE columns)
+        def objective_values_config[:path]: "{result_stage_base}/objective_values.csv.gz"
+        def objective_values_config[:syntax, :header_row]: 1
+        def objective_values_config[:schema, :SOL_INDEX]: "string"
+        def objective_values_config[:schema, :VALUE]: "string"
+        def {prefix_lowercase}solver_objective_values_raw {{load_csv[objective_values_config]}}
+
+        // Load points.csv.gz - contains solution points (SOL_INDEX, VAR_HASH, VALUE columns)
+        def points_config[:path]: "{result_stage_base}/points.csv.gz"
+        def points_config[:syntax, :header_row]: 1
+        def points_config[:schema, :SOL_INDEX]: "string"
+        def points_config[:schema, :VAR_HASH]: "string"
+        def points_config[:schema, :VALUE]: "string"
+        def {prefix_lowercase}solver_points_raw {{load_csv[points_config]}}
+
+        // Clear existing result data
+        def delete[:{self.result_info._name}]: {self.result_info._name}
+        def delete[:{self.point._name}]: {self.point._name}
+        def delete[:{self.points._name}]: {self.points._name}
+
+        // Extract ancillary data (result info) - NAME and VALUE columns
+        def insert(:{self.result_info._name}, key, val): {{
+            exists((row) |
+                {prefix_lowercase}solver_ancillary_raw(:NAME, row, key) and
+                {prefix_lowercase}solver_ancillary_raw(:VALUE, row, val))
+        }}
+
+        // Extract objective value from objective_values CSV (first solution)
+        def insert(:{self.result_info._name}, "objective_value", val): {{
+            exists((row) |
+                {prefix_lowercase}solver_objective_values_raw(:SOL_INDEX, row, "1") and
+                {prefix_lowercase}solver_objective_values_raw(:VALUE, row, val))
+        }}
+
+        // Extract solution points from points.csv.gz into points property
+        // This file has SOL_INDEX, VAR_HASH, VALUE columns
+        // Convert CSV string index to Int128 for points property signature
+        // Convert value to Int128 (for int) or Float64 (for float)
+        def insert(:{self.points._name}, sol_idx_int128, var, val_converted): {{
+            exists((row, sol_idx_str, var_hash_str, val_str, sol_idx_int, val) |
+                {prefix_lowercase}solver_points_raw(:SOL_INDEX, row, sol_idx_str) and
+                {prefix_lowercase}solver_points_raw(:VAR_HASH, row, var_hash_str) and
+                {prefix_lowercase}solver_points_raw(:VALUE, row, val_str) and
+                parse_int(sol_idx_str, sol_idx_int) and
+                parse_uuid(var_hash_str, var) and
+                {value_parse_fn}(val_str, val) and
+                ::std::mirror::convert(std::mirror::typeof[Int128], sol_idx_int, sol_idx_int128) and
+                {'::std::mirror::convert(std::mirror::typeof[Int128], val, val_converted)' if self._num_type == 'int' else '::std::mirror::convert(std::mirror::typeof[Float64], val, val_converted)'})
+        }}
+
+        // Extract first solution into point property (default solution)
+        // Filter to SOL_INDEX = 1
+        def insert(:{self.point._name}, var, val_converted): {{
+            exists((row, var_hash_str, val_str, val) |
+                {prefix_lowercase}solver_points_raw(:SOL_INDEX, row, "1") and
+                {prefix_lowercase}solver_points_raw(:VAR_HASH, row, var_hash_str) and
+                {prefix_lowercase}solver_points_raw(:VALUE, row, val_str) and
+                parse_uuid(var_hash_str, var) and
+                {value_parse_fn}(val_str, val) and
+                {'::std::mirror::convert(std::mirror::typeof[Int128], val, val_converted)' if self._num_type == 'int' else '::std::mirror::convert(std::mirror::typeof[Float64], val, val_converted)'})
+        }}
+        """)
+
+        executor.execute_raw(load_and_extract_rel, readonly=False, query_timeout_mins=query_timeout_mins)
+
+    def _export_model_to_protobuf(
+        self,
+        model_uri: str,
+        executor: RelExecutor,
+        prefix_lowercase: str,
+        query_timeout_mins: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Export model to protobuf format in Snowflake stage.
+
+        Args:
+            model_uri: Snowflake URI for the protobuf file.
+            executor: RelExecutor instance.
+            prefix_lowercase: Prefix for relation names.
+            query_timeout_mins: Query timeout in minutes.
+        """
+        export_rel = f"""
+        // Collect all model components into a relation for serialization
+        def model_relation {{
+            (:variable, {self.Variable._name});
+            (:variable_name, {prefix_lowercase}variable_name);
+            (:min_objective, {prefix_lowercase}minobjective_serialized);
+            (:max_objective, {prefix_lowercase}maxobjective_serialized);
+            (:constraint, {prefix_lowercase}constraint_serialized);
+        }}
+
+        @no_diagnostics(:EXPERIMENTAL)
+        def model_string {{ rel_primitive_solverlib_model_string[model_relation] }}
+
+        ic model_not_empty("Solver model is empty.") requires not empty(model_string)
+
+        def config[:envelope, :content_type]: "application/octet-stream"
+        def config[:envelope, :payload, :data]: model_string
+        def config[:envelope, :payload, :path]: "{model_uri}"
+        def export {{ config }}
+        """
+        executor.execute_raw(
+            textwrap.dedent(export_rel),
+            query_timeout_mins=query_timeout_mins
+        )
+
+    def _import_solver_results_from_protobuf(
+        self,
+        job_id: str,
+        executor: RelExecutor,
+        query_timeout_mins: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Import solver results from protobuf format.
+
+        Args:
+            job_id: Job identifier for result location.
+            executor: RelExecutor instance.
+            query_timeout_mins: Query timeout in minutes.
+        """
+        extract_rel = f"""
+        def raw_result {{
+            load_binary["snowflake://APP_STATE.RAI_INTERNAL_STAGE/job-results/{job_id}/result.binpb"]
+        }}
+
+        ic result_not_empty("Solver result is empty.") requires not empty(raw_result)
+
+        @no_diagnostics(:EXPERIMENTAL)
+        def extracted {{ rel_primitive_solverlib_extract[raw_result] }}
+
+        def delete[:{self.result_info._name}]: {self.result_info._name}
+        def delete[:{self.point._name}]: {self.point._name}
+        def delete[:{self.points._name}]: {self.points._name}
+
+        def insert(:{self.result_info._name}, key, value):
+            exists((original_key) | string(extracted[original_key], value) and ::std::mirror::lower(original_key, key))
+        """
+
+        if self._num_type == "int":
+            insert_points_relation = f"""
+            def insert(:{self.point._name}, variable, value):
+                exists((float_value) | extracted(:point, variable, float_value) and
+                    ::std::mirror::convert(std::mirror::typeof[Int128], float_value, value)
+                )
+            def insert(:{self.points._name}, point_index, variable, value):
+                exists((float_index, float_value) | extracted(:points, variable, float_index, float_value) and
+                    ::std::mirror::convert(std::mirror::typeof[Int128], float_index, point_index) and
+                    ::std::mirror::convert(std::mirror::typeof[Int128], float_value, value)
+                )
+            """
+        else:
+            insert_points_relation = f"""
+            def insert(:{self.point._name}, variable, value): extracted(:point, variable, value)
+            def insert(:{self.points._name}, point_index, variable, value):
+                exists((float_index) | extracted(:points, variable, float_index, value) and
+                    ::std::mirror::convert(std::mirror::typeof[Int128], float_index, point_index)
+                )
+            """
+
+        executor.execute_raw(
+            textwrap.dedent(extract_rel) + textwrap.dedent(insert_points_relation),
+            readonly=False,
+            query_timeout_mins=query_timeout_mins
+        )
+
+    def solve(
+        self, solver: Solver, log_to_console: bool = False, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Solve the model.
+
+        Args:
+            solver: Solver instance.
+            log_to_console: Whether to show solver output.
+            **kwargs: Solver options and parameters.
+        """
+
+        use_csv_store = solver.engine_settings.get("store", {})\
+                                        .get("csv", {})\
+                                        .get("enabled", False)
+
+        print(f"Using {'csv' if use_csv_store else 'protobuf'} store...")
+
+        options = {**kwargs, "version": 1}
+
+        # Validate solver options
+        for option_key, option_value in options.items():
+            if not isinstance(option_key, str):
+                raise TypeError(
+                    f"Solver option keys must be strings, but got {type(option_key).__name__} for key {option_key!r}."
+                )
+            if not isinstance(option_value, (int, float, str, bool)):
+                raise TypeError(
+                    f"Solver option values must be int, float, str, or bool, "
+                    f"but got {type(option_value).__name__} for option {option_key!r}."
+                )
+
+        executor = self._model._to_executor()
+        if not isinstance(executor, RelExecutor):
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected RelExecutor, got {type(executor).__name__}.")
+        prefix_lowercase = f"solvermodel_{self._id}_"
+
+        # Initialize timeout from config
+        query_timeout_mins = kwargs.get("query_timeout_mins", None)
+        config = self._model._config
+        if (
+            query_timeout_mins is None
+            and (
+                timeout_value := config.get(
+                    "query_timeout_mins", DEFAULT_QUERY_TIMEOUT_MINS
+                )
+            )
+            is not None
+        ):
+            query_timeout_mins = int(timeout_value)
+        config_file_path = getattr(config, "file_path", None)
+        start_time = time.monotonic()
+
+        # Force evaluation of Variable concept before export
+        b.select(b.count(self.Variable)).to_df()
+
+        # Prepare payload for solver service
+        payload: dict[str, Any] = {"solver": solver.solver_name.lower(), "options": options}
+
+        if use_csv_store:
+            # CSV format: model and results are exchanged via CSV files
+            model_id = str(uuid.uuid4()).upper().replace('-', '_')
+            payload["model_uri"] = f"snowflake://SOLVERS/job_{model_id}/model"
+
+            print("Exporting model to CSV...")
+            remaining_timeout_minutes = calc_remaining_timeout_minutes(
+                start_time, query_timeout_mins, config_file_path=config_file_path
+            )
+            self._export_model_to_csv(model_id, executor, prefix_lowercase, remaining_timeout_minutes)
+            print("Model CSV export completed")
+
+            print("Execute solver job")
+            remaining_timeout_minutes = calc_remaining_timeout_minutes(
+                start_time, query_timeout_mins, config_file_path=config_file_path
+            )
+            solver._exec_job(payload, log_to_console=log_to_console, query_timeout_mins=remaining_timeout_minutes)
+
+            print("Loading and extracting solver results...")
+            remaining_timeout_minutes = calc_remaining_timeout_minutes(
+                start_time, query_timeout_mins, config_file_path=config_file_path
+            )
+            self._import_solver_results_from_csv(model_id, executor, prefix_lowercase, remaining_timeout_minutes)
+
+        else:  # protobuf format
+            # Protobuf format: model and results are exchanged via binary protobuf
+            input_id = uuid.uuid4()
+            model_uri = f"snowflake://APP_STATE.RAI_INTERNAL_STAGE/job-inputs/solver/{input_id}/model.binpb"
+            sf_input_uri = f"snowflake://job-inputs/solver/{input_id}/model.binpb"
+            payload["model_uri"] = sf_input_uri
+
+            print("Export model...")
+            remaining_timeout_minutes = calc_remaining_timeout_minutes(
+                start_time, query_timeout_mins, config_file_path=config_file_path
+            )
+            self._export_model_to_protobuf(model_uri, executor, prefix_lowercase, remaining_timeout_minutes)
+
+            print("Execute solver job...")
+            remaining_timeout_minutes = calc_remaining_timeout_minutes(
+                start_time, query_timeout_mins, config_file_path=config_file_path
+            )
+            job_id = solver._exec_job(payload, log_to_console=log_to_console, query_timeout_mins=remaining_timeout_minutes)
+
+            print("Extract result...")
+            remaining_timeout_minutes = calc_remaining_timeout_minutes(
+                start_time, query_timeout_mins, config_file_path=config_file_path
+            )
+            self._import_solver_results_from_protobuf(job_id, executor, remaining_timeout_minutes)
+
+        print("Finished solve")
+        print()
+        return None
+
+    def load_point(self, point_index: int) -> None:
+        """Load a solution point.
+
+        Args:
+            point_index: Solution point index (0-based).
+        """
+        if not isinstance(point_index, int):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Point index must be an integer, but got {type(point_index).__name__}."
+            )
+        if point_index < 0:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Point index must be non-negative, but got {point_index}."
+            )
+        executor = self._model._to_executor()
+        if not isinstance(executor, RelExecutor):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Expected RelExecutor, but got {type(executor).__name__}."
+            )
+        load_point_relation = f"""
+        def delete[:{self.point._name}]: {self.point._name}
+        def insert(:{self.point._name}, variable, value): {self.points._name}(int128[{point_index}], variable, value)
+        """
+        executor.execute_raw(textwrap.dedent(load_point_relation), readonly=False)
+
+    def summarize_result(self) -> Any:
+        """Print solver result summary.
+
+        Returns:
+            DataFrame with result information.
+        """
+        info_keys_to_retrieve = [
+            "error",
+            "termination_status",
+            "solve_time_sec",
+            "objective_value",
+            "solver_version",
+            "result_count",
+        ]
+        key, value_ref = b.String.ref(), b.String.ref()
+        result_df = (
+            b.select(key, value_ref)
+            .where(self.result_info(key, value_ref), key.in_(info_keys_to_retrieve))
+            .to_df()
+        )
+        if result_df.empty:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "No result information is available. Has the model been solved?"
+            )
+        print("Solver result:")
+        print(result_df.to_string(index=False, header=False))
+        print()
+        return result_df
+
+    def variable_values(self, multiple: bool = False) -> b.Fragment:
+        """Retrieve variable values.
+
+        Args:
+            multiple: Whether to return all solution points.
+
+        Returns:
+            Fragment for selecting values.
+        """
+        variable_ref = self.Variable.ref()
+        value_ref = (b.Integer if self._num_type == "int" else b.Float).ref()
+        if multiple:
+            point_index = b.Integer.ref()
+            return b.select(point_index, variable_ref.name, value_ref).where(
+                self.points(point_index, variable_ref, value_ref)
+            )
+        return b.select(variable_ref.name, value_ref).where(
+            self.point(variable_ref, value_ref)
+        )
+
+    # Valid result info keys that can be accessed as attributes
+    _RESULT_INFO_KEYS = frozenset(
+        [
+            "error",
+            "termination_status",
+            "solver_version",
+            "printed_model",
+            "solve_time_sec",
+            "objective_value",
+            "result_count",
+        ]
+    )
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Any:
+        """Get result attribute (e.g., num_variables, termination_status, objective_value).
+
+        Args:
+            name: Attribute name.
+
+        Returns:
+            Attribute value or None.
+        """
+        # Try to get dataframe from model info or result info
+        if name in self._model_info:
+            result_df = b.select(b.count(self._model_info[name]) | 0).to_df()
+        elif name in self._RESULT_INFO_KEYS:
+            value_ref = b.String.ref()
+            result_df = (
+                b.select(value_ref).where(self.result_info(name, value_ref)).to_df()
+            )
+        else:
+            return None
+
+        # Extract and convert scalar value
+        if result_df.shape != (1, 1):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Expected exactly one value for attribute '{name}', "
+                f"but got dataframe with shape {result_df.shape}."
+            )
+
+        result_value = result_df.iloc[0, 0]
+        if not isinstance(result_value, str):
+            return result_value
+
+        # Convert string results to appropriate types
+        if name == "solve_time_sec":
+            return float(result_value)
+        if name == "objective_value":
+            return int(result_value) if self._num_type == "int" else float(result_value)
+        if name == "result_count":
+            return int(result_value)
+        return result_value
+
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Symbolic Expression Classes
+# =============================================================================
+
+
+class Symbolic:
+    """Wrapper for symbolified solver expressions."""
+
+    def __init__(self, expr: Any) -> None:
+        if isinstance(expr, Symbolic):
+            raise TypeError("Cannot wrap a Symbolic expression in another Symbolic.")
+        self.expr = expr
+
+
+class SymbolifyContext:
+    """Context for rewriting expressions into solver-compatible symbolic form."""
+
+    def __init__(self, solver_model: SolverModelPB) -> None:
+        self.model = solver_model._model
+        self.solver_model = solver_model
+        # Maps original variables (or refs) to symbolic variables bound in where clauses
+        self.variable_map: dict[Any, Any] = {}
+
+    # -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Public Rewriting Methods
+    # -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def rewrite_where(self, *exprs: Any) -> list[Any]:
+        """Rewrite where clause expressions.
+
+        Args:
+            *exprs: Where clause expressions.
+
+        Returns:
+            Rewritten expressions.
+        """
+        rewritten_expressions: list[Any] = []
+        # Two-pass strategy: first handle variable relationships to populate variable_map,
+        # then rewrite other expressions that may reference those variables
+        # First pass: identify and handle variable relationship expressions
+        for expression in exprs:
+            if (
+                isinstance(expression, b.Expression)
+                and isinstance(expression._op, b.Relationship)
+                and expression._op in self.solver_model._variable_relationships
+            ):
+                rewritten_expressions.append(
+                    self._handle_variable_relationship(expression)
+                )
+            else:
+                rewritten_expressions.append(None)
+        # Second pass: rewrite remaining non-variable expressions
+        for i, expr in enumerate(exprs):
+            if rewritten_expressions[i] is None:
+                rewritten_expressions[i] = (
+                    expr
+                    if expr in self.variable_map
+                    else self._rewrite_nonsymbolic(expr)
+                )
+        return rewritten_expressions
+
+    def rewrite(self, expr: Any) -> Optional[Symbolic | Any]:
+        """Rewrite expressions to symbolify solver variables."""
+        if expr is None:
+            return None
+
+        elif isinstance(expr, (int, float, str)):
+            return None
+
+        elif isinstance(expr, b.ConceptFilter):
+            concept = expr._op
+            assert isinstance(concept, b.Concept)
+            (ident, kwargs) = expr._params
+            assert ident is None
+            assert isinstance(kwargs, dict)
+            new_kwargs = {}
+            values_were_rewritten = False
+            for key, value in kwargs.items():
+                rewritten_value = self.rewrite(value)
+                if isinstance(rewritten_value, Symbolic):
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        f"Cannot symbolify ConceptFilter argument {key} with symbolic value."
+                    )
+                if rewritten_value is not None:
+                    values_were_rewritten = True
+                    new_kwargs[key] = rewritten_value
+                else:
+                    new_kwargs[key] = value
+            if values_were_rewritten:
+                return b.ConceptFilter(concept, ident, new_kwargs)
+            return None
+
+        elif isinstance(expr, (b.DataColumn, b.TypeRef, b.Concept)):
+            return None
+
+        elif isinstance(expr, b.Alias):
+            return self.rewrite(expr._thing)
+
+        elif isinstance(expr, b.Ref):
+            if expr in self.variable_map:
+                return Symbolic(self.variable_map[expr])
+            thing = self.rewrite(expr._thing)
+            if thing is not None:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Internal error. Ref._thing rewrite unexpectedly returned {thing}."
+                )
+            return None
+
+        elif isinstance(expr, b.Relationship):
+            if expr in self.variable_map:
+                return Symbolic(self.variable_map[expr])
+            variable_result = self._get_variable_ref(expr, expr._parent)
+            if variable_result is not None:
+                self.variable_map[expr] = variable_result
+                return Symbolic(variable_result)
+            return None
+
+        elif isinstance(expr, b.RelationshipRef):
+            if expr in self.variable_map:
+                return Symbolic(self.variable_map[expr])
+            relationship = expr._relationship
+            if isinstance(relationship, b.Relationship):
+                variable_result = self._get_variable_ref(relationship, expr._parent)
+                if variable_result is not None:
+                    self.variable_map[expr] = variable_result
+                    return Symbolic(variable_result)
+            rewritten_parent = self.rewrite(expr._parent)
+            if isinstance(rewritten_parent, Symbolic):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Internal error. RelationshipRef parent rewrite returned Symbolic."
+                )
+            if rewritten_parent is not None:
+                return b.RelationshipRef(rewritten_parent, relationship)
+            return None
+
+        elif isinstance(expr, b.RelationshipFieldRef):
+            relationship = expr._relationship
+            if not isinstance(relationship, b.Relationship):
+                # TODO(coey): Handle relationship:RelationshipReading
+                return None
+
+            # Rewrite the relationship reference
+            relationship_expression = (
+                relationship
+                if expr._parent is None
+                else b.RelationshipRef(expr._parent, relationship)
+            )
+            variable_result = self.rewrite(relationship_expression)
+            if variable_result is None:
+                return None
+
+            # Handle symbolic result - return as-is if it's the last field
+            if isinstance(variable_result, Symbolic):
+                if expr._field_ix == len(relationship._fields) - 1:
+                    return variable_result
+                variable_result = variable_result.expr
+
+            return getattr(variable_result, relationship._field_names[expr._field_ix])
+
+        elif isinstance(expr, b.Expression):
+            operator = self.rewrite(expr._op)
+            if isinstance(operator, Symbolic):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Internal error: Expression operator rewrite returned Symbolic."
+                )
+            params_were_rewritten = False
+            has_symbolic_params = False
+            params = []
+            for param in expr._params:
+                rewritten_param = self.rewrite(param)
+                if isinstance(rewritten_param, Symbolic):
+                    has_symbolic_params = True
+                    params_were_rewritten = True
+                    params.append(rewritten_param.expr)
+                elif rewritten_param is not None:
+                    params_were_rewritten = True
+                    params.append(rewritten_param)
+                else:
+                    params.append(param)
+            if operator is not None:
+                if has_symbolic_params:
+                    raise NotImplementedError(
+                        f"Solver rewrites cannot handle expression {expr} "
+                        f"with both a symbolic operator and symbolic parameters."
+                    )
+                return b.Expression(operator, *params)
+            if not has_symbolic_params:
+                return b.Expression(expr._op, *params)
+            if not params_were_rewritten:
+                return None
+
+            # Some arguments involve solver variables, so rewrite into solver protobuf format
+            # This converts operations like x + y into fo_appl(ADD_OP, (x, y), res)
+            if not has_symbolic_params:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Internal error. Expected symbolic parameters but none were found."
+                )
+            if not isinstance(expr._op, b.Relationship):
+                raise NotImplementedError(
+                    f"Solver rewrites cannot handle expression {expr} "
+                    f"with operator type {type(expr._op).__name__}."
+                )
+            operator_name = expr._op._name
+            if not isinstance(operator_name, str):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Internal error. Operator name is {type(operator_name).__name__}, expected str."
+                )
+            if operator_name in _FIRST_ORDER_OPERATOR_CODES:
+                return Symbolic(
+                    _make_first_order_application(
+                        _FIRST_ORDER_OPERATOR_CODES[operator_name], *params
+                    )
+                )
+            elif operator_name in _FIRST_ORDER_COMPARISON_CODES:
+                return Symbolic(
+                    _make_first_order_application_with_result(
+                        _FIRST_ORDER_COMPARISON_CODES[operator_name], *params
+                    )
+                )
+            else:
+                raise NotImplementedError(
+                    f"Solver rewrites cannot handle operator '{operator_name}'."
+                )
+
+        elif isinstance(expr, b.Aggregate):
+            # Only the last argument can be symbolic
+            preceding_args = [self._rewrite_nonsymbolic(arg) for arg in expr._args[:-1]]
+            group = [self._rewrite_nonsymbolic(arg) for arg in expr._group]
+            # TODO(coey): Should this be done with a subcontext (for variable_map)?
+            where = self.rewrite_where(*expr._where._where)
+            rewritten = (
+                preceding_args != expr._args[:-1]
+                or group != expr._group
+                or where != expr._where
+            )
+            symbolic_arg = self.rewrite(expr._args[-1])
+            if symbolic_arg is None and not rewritten:
+                return None
+            if not isinstance(symbolic_arg, Symbolic):
+                if symbolic_arg is None:
+                    symbolic_arg = expr._args[-1]
+                aggregate_expr = b.Aggregate(expr._op, *preceding_args, symbolic_arg)
+                return aggregate_expr.per(*group).where(*where)
+
+            # The last argument is symbolic - convert to higher-order application
+            # Example: sum(x for x in variables) becomes ho_appl(..., x, SUM_OP)
+            operator_name = expr._op._name
+            if not isinstance(operator_name, str):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Internal error. Aggregate operator name is {type(operator_name).__name__}, expected str."
+                )
+            if operator_name not in _HIGHER_ORDER_OPERATOR_CODES:
+                raise NotImplementedError(
+                    f"Solver rewrites cannot handle aggregate operator '{operator_name}'. "
+                    f"Supported operators: {', '.join(_HIGHER_ORDER_OPERATOR_CODES.keys())}"
+                )
+            higher_order_application_builtin = b.Relationship.builtins[
+                "rel_primitive_solverlib_ho_appl"
+            ]
+            aggregate_expr = b.Aggregate(
+                higher_order_application_builtin,
+                *preceding_args,
+                symbolic_arg.expr,
+                _HIGHER_ORDER_OPERATOR_CODES[operator_name],
+            )
+            return Symbolic(aggregate_expr.per(*group).where(*where))
+
+        elif isinstance(expr, b.Union):
+            # Return union of the symbolified expressions, if any are symbolic
+            args_were_rewritten = False
+            has_symbolic_args = False
+            args = []
+            for union_arg in expr._args:
+                rewritten_arg = self.rewrite(union_arg)
+                if isinstance(rewritten_arg, Symbolic):
+                    has_symbolic_args = True
+                    args.append(rewritten_arg.expr)
+                elif rewritten_arg is not None:
+                    args_were_rewritten = True
+                    args.append(rewritten_arg)
+                else:
+                    args.append(union_arg)
+            if has_symbolic_args:
+                return Symbolic(b.union(*args))
+            elif args_were_rewritten:
+                return b.union(*args)
+            return None
+
+        elif isinstance(expr, b.Fragment):
+            # Only support selects with one item
+            if expr._define or expr._require:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Solver rewrites do not support fragments with define or require clauses."
+                )
+            if len(expr._select) != 1:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Solver rewrites require fragments with exactly one select item, "
+                    f"but got {len(expr._select)}."
+                )
+            # TODO(coey): Should this be done with a subcontext (for variable_map)?
+            where = self.rewrite_where(*expr._where)
+            symbolic_select = self.rewrite(expr._select[0])
+            if isinstance(symbolic_select, Symbolic):
+                return Symbolic(b.select(symbolic_select.expr).where(*where))
+            elif symbolic_select is not None:
+                return b.select(symbolic_select).where(*where)
+            return None
+
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            f"Solver rewrites cannot handle {expr} of type {type(expr).__name__}."
+        )
+
+    # -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Private Helper Methods
+    # -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def _handle_variable_relationship(self, expr: b.Expression) -> Any:
+        """Create symbolic reference for variable relationship expression."""
+        relationship = expr._op
+        if not isinstance(relationship, b.Relationship):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Expected Relationship in variable expression, but got {type(relationship).__name__}."
+            )
+        params = expr._params
+        if len(params) != len(relationship._fields):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Parameter count mismatch: Got {len(params)} params "
+                f"but relationship has {len(relationship._fields)} fields."
+            )
+        last_param = params[-1]
+        if isinstance(last_param, b.Alias):
+            last_param = last_param._thing
+        if not isinstance(last_param, (b.Concept, b.Ref)):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Last parameter must be a Concept or Ref, but got {type(last_param).__name__}."
+            )
+        # Extract and rewrite field parameters to build the symbolic variable reference
+        # This maps the relationship fields to their grounding values
+        fields = {}
+        for i in range(len(params) - 1):
+            rewritten_param = self.rewrite(params[i])
+            assert not isinstance(rewritten_param, Symbolic)
+            fields[relationship._field_names[i]] = (
+                rewritten_param if rewritten_param is not None else params[i]
+            )
+        # Create new ref corresponding to the decision variable
+        variable_ref = self.solver_model._variable_relationships[relationship].ref()
+        self.variable_map[last_param] = variable_ref
+        # Return new condition to ground the variable
+        return b.where(
+            *[
+                getattr(variable_ref, field_name) == field_value
+                for field_name, field_value in fields.items()
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def _rewrite_nonsymbolic(self, expr: Any) -> Any:
+        """Rewrite expression ensuring non-symbolic result."""
+        new_expr = self.rewrite(expr)
+        if isinstance(new_expr, Symbolic):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Internal error. Non-symbolic rewrite unexpectedly returned Symbolic for {expr}."
+            )
+        return expr if new_expr is None else new_expr
+
+    def _get_variable_ref(
+        self, relationship: b.Relationship, parent_producer: b.Producer | None
+    ) -> Optional[Any]:
+        """Get variable reference for relationship, or None if not a solver variable."""
+        # Check if this relationship corresponds to a decision variable
+        VariableConcept = self.solver_model._variable_relationships.get(relationship)
+        if VariableConcept is None:
+            return None
+
+        properties = {}
+        if parent_producer is not None:
+            properties[relationship._field_names[0]] = parent_producer
+        return VariableConcept(VariableConcept.ref(), **properties)