qiskit 1.3.0__cp39-abi3-win32.whl

qiskit/circuit/library/n_local/n_local.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1472 @@
+# This code is part of Qiskit.
+#
+# (C) Copyright IBM 2017, 2020.
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE.txt file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
+
+"""The n-local circuit class."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import itertools
+import typing
+from collections.abc import Callable, Mapping, Sequence, Iterable
+
+import numpy
+from qiskit.circuit.gate import Gate
+from qiskit.circuit.quantumcircuit import QuantumCircuit, ParameterValueType
+from qiskit.circuit.parametervector import ParameterVector, ParameterVectorElement
+from qiskit.circuit.quantumregister import QuantumRegister
+from qiskit.circuit import (
+    Instruction,
+    Parameter,
+    ParameterExpression,
+    CircuitInstruction,
+)
+from qiskit.exceptions import QiskitError
+from qiskit.circuit.library.standard_gates import get_standard_gate_name_mapping
+from qiskit.utils.deprecation import deprecate_func
+
+from qiskit._accelerate.circuit_library import (
+    Block,
+    py_n_local,
+    get_entangler_map as fast_entangler_map,
+)
+
+from ..blueprintcircuit import BlueprintCircuit
+
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import qiskit  # pylint: disable=cyclic-import
+
+# entanglement for an individual block, e.g. if the block is CXGate() and we have
+# 3 qubits, this could be [(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 0)]
+BlockEntanglement = typing.Union[str, Iterable[Iterable[int]]]
+
+
+def n_local(
+    num_qubits: int,
+    rotation_blocks: str | Gate | Iterable[str | Gate],
+    entanglement_blocks: str | Gate | Iterable[str | Gate],
+    entanglement: (
+        BlockEntanglement
+        | Iterable[BlockEntanglement]
+        | Callable[[int], BlockEntanglement | Iterable[BlockEntanglement]]
+    ) = "full",
+    reps: int = 3,
+    insert_barriers: bool = False,
+    parameter_prefix: str = "θ",
+    overwrite_block_parameters: bool = True,
+    skip_final_rotation_layer: bool = False,
+    skip_unentangled_qubits: bool = False,
+    name: str | None = "nlocal",
+) -> QuantumCircuit:
+    r"""Construct an n-local variational circuit.
+
+    The structure of the n-local circuit are alternating rotation and entanglement layers.
+    In both layers, parameterized circuit-blocks act on the circuit in a defined way.
+    In the rotation layer, the blocks are applied stacked on top of each other, while in the
+    entanglement layer according to the ``entanglement`` strategy.
+    The circuit blocks can have arbitrary sizes (smaller equal to the number of qubits in the
+    circuit). Each layer is repeated ``reps`` times, and by default a final rotation layer is
+    appended.
+
+    For instance, a rotation block on 2 qubits and an entanglement block on 4 qubits using
+    ``"linear"`` entanglement yields the following circuit.
+
+    .. parsed-literal::
+
+        ┌──────┐ ░ ┌──────┐                      ░ ┌──────┐
+        ┤0     ├─░─┤0     ├──────────────── ... ─░─┤0     ├
+        │  Rot │ ░ │      │┌──────┐              ░ │  Rot │
+        ┤1     ├─░─┤1     ├┤0     ├──────── ... ─░─┤1     ├
+        ├──────┤ ░ │  Ent ││      │┌──────┐      ░ ├──────┤
+        ┤0     ├─░─┤2     ├┤1     ├┤0     ├ ... ─░─┤0     ├
+        │  Rot │ ░ │      ││  Ent ││      │      ░ │  Rot │
+        ┤1     ├─░─┤3     ├┤2     ├┤1     ├ ... ─░─┤1     ├
+        ├──────┤ ░ └──────┘│      ││  Ent │      ░ ├──────┤
+        ┤0     ├─░─────────┤3     ├┤2     ├ ... ─░─┤0     ├
+        │  Rot │ ░         └──────┘│      │      ░ │  Rot │
+        ┤1     ├─░─────────────────┤3     ├ ... ─░─┤1     ├
+        └──────┘ ░                 └──────┘      ░ └──────┘
+
+        |                                 |
+        +---------------------------------+
+               repeated reps times
+
+    Entanglement:
+
+        The entanglement describes the connections of the gates in the entanglement layer.
+        For a two-qubit gate for example, the entanglement contains pairs of qubits on which the
+        gate should acts, e.g. ``[[ctrl0, target0], [ctrl1, target1], ...]``.
+        A set of default entanglement strategies is provided and can be selected by name:
+
+        * ``"full"`` entanglement is each qubit is entangled with all the others.
+        * ``"linear"`` entanglement is qubit :math:`i` entangled with qubit :math:`i + 1`,
+          for all :math:`i \in \{0, 1, ... , n - 2\}`, where :math:`n` is the total number of qubits.
+        * ``"reverse_linear"`` entanglement is qubit :math:`i` entangled with qubit :math:`i + 1`,
+          for all :math:`i \in \{n-2, n-3, ... , 1, 0\}`, where :math:`n` is the total number of qubits.
+          Note that if ``entanglement_blocks=="cx"`` then this option provides the same unitary as
+          ``"full"`` with fewer entangling gates.
+        * ``"pairwise"`` entanglement is one layer where qubit :math:`i` is entangled with qubit
+          :math:`i + 1`, for all even values of :math:`i`, and then a second layer where qubit :math:`i`
+          is entangled with qubit :math:`i + 1`, for all odd values of :math:`i`.
+        * ``"circular"`` entanglement is linear entanglement but with an additional entanglement of the
+          first and last qubit before the linear part.
+        * ``"sca"`` (shifted-circular-alternating) entanglement is a generalized and modified version
+          of the proposed circuit 14 in `Sim et al. <https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.10876>`__.
+          It consists of circular entanglement where the "long" entanglement connecting the first with
+          the last qubit is shifted by one each block.  Furthermore the role of control and target
+          qubits are swapped every block (therefore alternating).
+
+        If an entanglement layer contains multiple blocks, then the entanglement should be
+        given as list of entanglements for each block. For example::
+
+            entanglement_blocks = ["rxx", "ryy"]
+            entanglement = ["full", "linear"]  # full for rxx and linear for ryy
+
+        or::
+
+            structure_rxx = [[0, 1], [2, 3]]
+            structure_ryy = [[0, 2]]
+            entanglement = [structure_rxx, structure_ryy]
+
+        Finally, the entanglement can vary in each repetition of the circuit. For this, we
+        support passing a callable that takes as input the layer index and returns the entanglement
+        for the layer in the above format. See the examples below for a concrete example.
+
+    Examples:
+
+        The rotation and entanglement gates can be specified via single strings, if they
+        are made up of a single block per layer:
+
+        .. plot::
+            :include-source:
+            :context:
+
+            from qiskit.circuit.library import n_local
+
+            circuit = n_local(3, "ry", "cx", "linear", reps=2, insert_barriers=True)
+            circuit.draw("mpl")
+
+        Multiple gates per layer can be set by passing a list. Here, for example, we use
+        Pauli-Y and Pauli-Z rotations in the rotation layer:
+
+        .. plot::
+            :include-source:
+            :context:
+
+            circuit = n_local(3, ["ry", "rz"], "cz", "full", reps=1, insert_barriers=True)
+            circuit.draw("mpl")
+
+        To omit rotation or entanglement layers, the block can be set to an empty list:
+
+        .. plot::
+            :include-source:
+            :context:
+
+            circuit = n_local(4, [], "cry", reps=2)
+            circuit.draw("mpl")
+
+        The entanglement can be set explicitly via the ``entanglement`` argument:
+
+        .. plot::
+            :include-source:
+            :context:
+
+            entangler_map = [[0, 1], [2, 0]]
+            circuit = n_local(3, "x", "crx", entangler_map, reps=2)
+            circuit.draw("mpl")
+
+        We can set different entanglements per layer, by specifing a callable that takes
+        as input the current layer index, and returns the entanglement structure. For example,
+        the following uses different entanglements for odd and even layers:
+
+        .. plot:
+            :include-source:
+            :context:
+
+            def entanglement(layer_index):
+                if layer_index % 2 == 0:
+                    return [[0, 1], [0, 2]]
+                return [[1, 2]]
+
+            circuit = n_local(3, "x", "cx", entanglement, reps=3, insert_barriers=True)
+            circuit.draw("mpl")
+
+
+    Args:
+        num_qubits: The number of qubits of the circuit.
+        rotation_blocks: The blocks used in the rotation layers. If multiple are passed,
+            these will be applied one after another (like new sub-layers).
+        entanglement_blocks: The blocks used in the entanglement layers. If multiple are passed,
+            these will be applied one after another.
+        entanglement: The indices specifying on which qubits the input blocks act. This is
+            specified by string describing an entanglement strategy (see the additional info)
+            or a list of qubit connections.
+            If a list of entanglement blocks is passed, different entanglement for each block can
+            be specified by passing a list of entanglements. To specify varying entanglement for
+            each repetition, pass a callable that takes as input the layer and returns the
+            entanglement for that layer.
+            Defaults to ``"full"``, meaning an all-to-all entanglement structure.
+        reps: Specifies how often the rotation blocks and entanglement blocks are repeated.
+        insert_barriers: If ``True``, barriers are inserted in between each layer. If ``False``,
+            no barriers are inserted.
+        parameter_prefix: The prefix used if default parameters are generated.
+        overwrite_block_parameters: If the parameters in the added blocks should be overwritten.
+            If ``False``, the parameters in the blocks are not changed.
+        skip_final_rotation_layer: Whether a final rotation layer is added to the circuit.
+        skip_unentangled_qubits: If ``True``, the rotation gates act only on qubits that
+            are entangled. If ``False``, the rotation gates act on all qubits.
+        name: The name of the circuit.
+
+    Returns:
+        An n-local circuit.
+    """
+    if reps < 0:
+        # this is an important check, since we cast this to an unsigned integer Rust-side
+        raise ValueError(f"reps must be non-negative, but is {reps}")
+
+    supported_gates = get_standard_gate_name_mapping()
+    rotation_blocks = _normalize_blocks(
+        rotation_blocks, supported_gates, overwrite_block_parameters
+    )
+    entanglement_blocks = _normalize_blocks(
+        entanglement_blocks, supported_gates, overwrite_block_parameters
+    )
+
+    entanglement = _normalize_entanglement(entanglement, len(entanglement_blocks))
+
+    data = py_n_local(
+        num_qubits=num_qubits,
+        rotation_blocks=rotation_blocks,
+        entanglement_blocks=entanglement_blocks,
+        entanglement=entanglement,
+        reps=reps,
+        insert_barriers=insert_barriers,
+        parameter_prefix=parameter_prefix,
+        skip_final_rotation_layer=skip_final_rotation_layer,
+        skip_unentangled_qubits=skip_unentangled_qubits,
+    )
+    circuit = QuantumCircuit._from_circuit_data(data, add_regs=True, name=name)
+
+    return circuit
+
+
+class NLocal(BlueprintCircuit):
+    """The n-local circuit class.
+
+    The structure of the n-local circuit are alternating rotation and entanglement layers.
+    In both layers, parameterized circuit-blocks act on the circuit in a defined way.
+    In the rotation layer, the blocks are applied stacked on top of each other, while in the
+    entanglement layer according to the ``entanglement`` strategy.
+    The circuit blocks can have arbitrary sizes (smaller equal to the number of qubits in the
+    circuit). Each layer is repeated ``reps`` times, and by default a final rotation layer is
+    appended.
+
+    For instance, a rotation block on 2 qubits and an entanglement block on 4 qubits using
+    ``'linear'`` entanglement yields the following circuit.
+
+    .. code-block:: text
+
+        ┌──────┐ ░ ┌──────┐                      ░ ┌──────┐
+        ┤0     ├─░─┤0     ├──────────────── ... ─░─┤0     ├
+        │  Rot │ ░ │      │┌──────┐              ░ │  Rot │
+        ┤1     ├─░─┤1     ├┤0     ├──────── ... ─░─┤1     ├
+        ├──────┤ ░ │  Ent ││      │┌──────┐      ░ ├──────┤
+        ┤0     ├─░─┤2     ├┤1     ├┤0     ├ ... ─░─┤0     ├
+        │  Rot │ ░ │      ││  Ent ││      │      ░ │  Rot │
+        ┤1     ├─░─┤3     ├┤2     ├┤1     ├ ... ─░─┤1     ├
+        ├──────┤ ░ └──────┘│      ││  Ent │      ░ ├──────┤
+        ┤0     ├─░─────────┤3     ├┤2     ├ ... ─░─┤0     ├
+        │  Rot │ ░         └──────┘│      │      ░ │  Rot │
+        ┤1     ├─░─────────────────┤3     ├ ... ─░─┤1     ├
+        └──────┘ ░                 └──────┘      ░ └──────┘
+
+        |                                 |
+        +---------------------------------+
+               repeated reps times
+
+    If specified, barriers can be inserted in between every block.
+    If an initial state object is provided, it is added in front of the NLocal.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        The :func:`.n_local` function constructs a functionally equivalent circuit, but faster.
+
+    """
+
+    @deprecate_func(
+        since="1.3",
+        additional_msg="Use the function qiskit.circuit.library.n_local instead.",
+        pending=True,
+    )
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        num_qubits: int | None = None,
+        rotation_blocks: (
+            QuantumCircuit
+            | list[QuantumCircuit]
+            | qiskit.circuit.Instruction
+            | list[qiskit.circuit.Instruction]
+            | None
+        ) = None,
+        entanglement_blocks: (
+            QuantumCircuit
+            | list[QuantumCircuit]
+            | qiskit.circuit.Instruction
+            | list[qiskit.circuit.Instruction]
+            | None
+        ) = None,
+        entanglement: list[int] | list[list[int]] | None = None,
+        reps: int = 1,
+        insert_barriers: bool = False,
+        parameter_prefix: str = "θ",
+        overwrite_block_parameters: bool | list[list[Parameter]] = True,
+        skip_final_rotation_layer: bool = False,
+        skip_unentangled_qubits: bool = False,
+        initial_state: QuantumCircuit | None = None,
+        name: str | None = "nlocal",
+        flatten: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Args:
+            num_qubits: The number of qubits of the circuit.
+            rotation_blocks: The blocks used in the rotation layers. If multiple are passed,
+                these will be applied one after another (like new sub-layers).
+            entanglement_blocks: The blocks used in the entanglement layers. If multiple are passed,
+                these will be applied one after another. To use different entanglements for
+                the sub-layers, see :meth:`get_entangler_map`.
+            entanglement: The indices specifying on which qubits the input blocks act. If ``None``, the
+                entanglement blocks are applied at the top of the circuit.
+            reps: Specifies how often the rotation blocks and entanglement blocks are repeated.
+            insert_barriers: If ``True``, barriers are inserted in between each layer. If ``False``,
+                no barriers are inserted.
+            parameter_prefix: The prefix used if default parameters are generated.
+            overwrite_block_parameters: If the parameters in the added blocks should be overwritten.
+                If ``False``, the parameters in the blocks are not changed.
+            skip_final_rotation_layer: Whether a final rotation layer is added to the circuit.
+            skip_unentangled_qubits: If ``True``, the rotation gates act only on qubits that
+                are entangled. If ``False``, the rotation gates act on all qubits.
+            initial_state: A :class:`.QuantumCircuit` object which can be used to describe an initial
+                state prepended to the NLocal circuit.
+            name: The name of the circuit.
+            flatten: Set this to ``True`` to output a flat circuit instead of nesting it inside multiple
+                layers of gate objects. By default currently the contents of
+                the output circuit will be wrapped in nested objects for
+                cleaner visualization. However, if you're using this circuit
+                for anything besides visualization its **strongly** recommended
+                to set this flag to ``True`` to avoid a large performance
+                overhead for parameter binding.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If ``reps`` parameter is less than or equal to 0.
+            TypeError: If ``reps`` parameter is not an int value.
+        """
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+
+        self._num_qubits: int | None = None
+        self._insert_barriers = insert_barriers
+        self._reps = reps
+        self._entanglement_blocks: list[QuantumCircuit] = []
+        self._rotation_blocks: list[QuantumCircuit] = []
+        self._prepended_blocks: list[QuantumCircuit] = []
+        self._prepended_entanglement: list[list[list[int]] | str] = []
+        self._appended_blocks: list[QuantumCircuit] = []
+        self._appended_entanglement: list[list[list[int]] | str] = []
+        self._entanglement = None
+        self._entangler_maps = None
+        self._ordered_parameters: ParameterVector | list[Parameter] = ParameterVector(
+            name=parameter_prefix
+        )
+        self._overwrite_block_parameters = overwrite_block_parameters
+        self._skip_final_rotation_layer = skip_final_rotation_layer
+        self._skip_unentangled_qubits = skip_unentangled_qubits
+        self._initial_state: QuantumCircuit | None = None
+        self._initial_state_circuit: QuantumCircuit | None = None
+        self._bounds: list[tuple[float | None, float | None]] | None = None
+        self._flatten = flatten
+
+        # During the build, if a subclass hasn't overridden our parametrization methods, we can use
+        # a newer fast-path method to parametrise the rotation and entanglement blocks if internally
+        # those are just simple stdlib gates that have been promoted to circuits.  We don't
+        # precalculate the fast-path layers themselves because there's far too much that can be
+        # overridden between object construction and build, and far too many subclasses of `NLocal`
+        # that override bits and bobs of the internal private methods, so it'd be too hard to keep
+        # everything in sync.
+        self._allow_fast_path_parametrization = (
+            getattr(self._parameter_generator, "__func__", None) is NLocal._parameter_generator
+        )
+
+        if int(reps) != reps:
+            raise TypeError("The value of reps should be int")
+
+        if reps < 0:
+            raise ValueError("The value of reps should be larger than or equal to 0")
+
+        if num_qubits is not None:
+            self.num_qubits = num_qubits
+
+        if entanglement_blocks is not None:
+            self.entanglement_blocks = entanglement_blocks
+
+        if rotation_blocks is not None:
+            self.rotation_blocks = rotation_blocks
+
+        if entanglement is not None:
+            self.entanglement = entanglement
+
+        if initial_state is not None:
+            self.initial_state = initial_state
+
+    @property
+    def num_qubits(self) -> int:
+        """Returns the number of qubits in this circuit.
+
+        Returns:
+            The number of qubits.
+        """
+        return self._num_qubits if self._num_qubits is not None else 0
+
+    @num_qubits.setter
+    def num_qubits(self, num_qubits: int) -> None:
+        """Set the number of qubits for the n-local circuit.
+
+        Args:
+            The new number of qubits.
+        """
+        if self._num_qubits != num_qubits:
+            # invalidate the circuit
+            self._invalidate()
+            self._num_qubits = num_qubits
+            self.qregs = [QuantumRegister(num_qubits, name="q")]
+
+    @property
+    def flatten(self) -> bool:
+        """Returns whether the circuit is wrapped in nested gates/instructions or flattened."""
+        return bool(self._flatten)
+
+    @flatten.setter
+    def flatten(self, flatten: bool) -> None:
+        self._invalidate()
+        self._flatten = flatten
+
+    def _convert_to_block(self, layer: typing.Any) -> QuantumCircuit:
+        """Try to convert ``layer`` to a QuantumCircuit.
+
+        Args:
+            layer: The object to be converted to an NLocal block / Instruction.
+
+        Returns:
+            The layer converted to a circuit.
+
+        Raises:
+            TypeError: If the input cannot be converted to a circuit.
+        """
+        if isinstance(layer, QuantumCircuit):
+            return layer
+
+        if isinstance(layer, Instruction):
+            circuit = QuantumCircuit(layer.num_qubits)
+            circuit.append(layer, list(range(layer.num_qubits)))
+            return circuit
+
+        try:
+            circuit = QuantumCircuit(layer.num_qubits)
+            circuit.append(layer.to_instruction(), list(range(layer.num_qubits)))
+            return circuit
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+        raise TypeError(f"Adding a {type(layer)} to an NLocal is not supported.")
+
+    @property
+    def rotation_blocks(self) -> list[QuantumCircuit]:
+        """The blocks in the rotation layers.
+
+        Returns:
+            The blocks in the rotation layers.
+        """
+        return self._rotation_blocks
+
+    @rotation_blocks.setter
+    def rotation_blocks(
+        self, blocks: QuantumCircuit | list[QuantumCircuit] | Instruction | list[Instruction]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Set the blocks in the rotation layers.
+
+        Args:
+            blocks: The new blocks for the rotation layers.
+        """
+        # cannot check for the attribute ``'__len__'`` because a circuit also has this attribute
+        if not isinstance(blocks, (list, numpy.ndarray)):
+            blocks = [blocks]
+
+        self._invalidate()
+        self._rotation_blocks = [self._convert_to_block(block) for block in blocks]
+
+    @property
+    def entanglement_blocks(self) -> list[QuantumCircuit]:
+        """The blocks in the entanglement layers.
+
+        Returns:
+            The blocks in the entanglement layers.
+        """
+        return self._entanglement_blocks
+
+    @entanglement_blocks.setter
+    def entanglement_blocks(
+        self, blocks: QuantumCircuit | list[QuantumCircuit] | Instruction | list[Instruction]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Set the blocks in the entanglement layers.
+
+        Args:
+            blocks: The new blocks for the entanglement layers.
+        """
+        # cannot check for the attribute ``'__len__'`` because a circuit also has this attribute
+        if not isinstance(blocks, (list, numpy.ndarray)):
+            blocks = [blocks]
+
+        self._invalidate()
+        self._entanglement_blocks = [self._convert_to_block(block) for block in blocks]
+
+    @property
+    def entanglement(
+        self,
+    ) -> (
+        str
+        | list[str]
+        | list[list[str]]
+        | list[int]
+        | list[list[int]]
+        | list[list[list[int]]]
+        | list[list[list[list[int]]]]
+        | Callable[[int], str]
+        | Callable[[int], list[list[int]]]
+    ):
+        """Get the entanglement strategy.
+
+        Returns:
+            The entanglement strategy, see :meth:`get_entangler_map` for more detail on how the
+            format is interpreted.
+        """
+        return self._entanglement
+
+    @entanglement.setter
+    def entanglement(
+        self,
+        entanglement: (
+            str
+            | list[str]
+            | list[list[str]]
+            | list[int]
+            | list[list[int]]
+            | list[list[list[int]]]
+            | list[list[list[list[int]]]]
+            | Callable[[int], str]
+            | Callable[[int], list[list[int]]]
+            | None
+        ),
+    ) -> None:
+        """Set the entanglement strategy.
+
+        Args:
+            entanglement: The entanglement strategy. See :meth:`get_entangler_map` for more detail
+                on the supported formats.
+        """
+        self._invalidate()
+        self._entanglement = entanglement
+
+    @property
+    def num_layers(self) -> int:
+        """Return the number of layers in the n-local circuit.
+
+        Returns:
+            The number of layers in the circuit.
+        """
+        return 2 * self._reps + int(not self._skip_final_rotation_layer)
+
+    def _check_configuration(self, raise_on_failure: bool = True) -> bool:
+        """Check if the configuration of the NLocal class is valid.
+
+        Args:
+            raise_on_failure: Whether to raise on failure.
+
+        Returns:
+            True, if the configuration is valid and the circuit can be constructed. Otherwise
+            an ValueError is raised.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the blocks are not set.
+            ValueError: If the number of repetitions is not set.
+            ValueError: If the qubit indices are not set.
+            ValueError: If the number of qubit indices does not match the number of blocks.
+            ValueError: If an index in the repetitions list exceeds the number of blocks.
+            ValueError: If the number of repetitions does not match the number of block-wise
+                parameters.
+            ValueError: If a specified qubit index is larger than the (manually set) number of
+                qubits.
+        """
+        valid = True
+        if self.num_qubits is None:
+            valid = False
+            if raise_on_failure:
+                raise ValueError("No number of qubits specified.")
+
+        # check no needed parameters are None
+        if self.entanglement_blocks is None and self.rotation_blocks is None:
+            valid = False
+            if raise_on_failure:
+                raise ValueError("The blocks are not set.")
+
+        return valid
+
+    @property
+    def ordered_parameters(self) -> list[Parameter]:
+        """The parameters used in the underlying circuit.
+
+        This includes float values and duplicates.
+
+        Examples:
+
+            >>> # prepare circuit ...
+            >>> print(nlocal)
+                 ┌───────┐┌──────────┐┌──────────┐┌──────────┐
+            q_0: ┤ Ry(1) ├┤ Ry(θ[1]) ├┤ Ry(θ[1]) ├┤ Ry(θ[3]) ├
+                 └───────┘└──────────┘└──────────┘└──────────┘
+            >>> nlocal.parameters
+            {Parameter(θ[1]), Parameter(θ[3])}
+            >>> nlocal.ordered_parameters
+            [1, Parameter(θ[1]), Parameter(θ[1]), Parameter(θ[3])]
+
+        Returns:
+            The parameters objects used in the circuit.
+        """
+        if isinstance(self._ordered_parameters, ParameterVector):
+            self._ordered_parameters.resize(self.num_parameters_settable)
+            return list(self._ordered_parameters)
+
+        return self._ordered_parameters
+
+    @ordered_parameters.setter
+    def ordered_parameters(self, parameters: ParameterVector | list[Parameter]) -> None:
+        """Set the parameters used in the underlying circuit.
+
+        Args:
+            The parameters to be used in the underlying circuit.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the length of ordered parameters does not match the number of
+                parameters in the circuit and they are not a ``ParameterVector`` (which could
+                be resized to fit the number of parameters).
+        """
+        if (
+            not isinstance(parameters, ParameterVector)
+            and len(parameters) != self.num_parameters_settable
+        ):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "The length of ordered parameters must be equal to the number of "
+                f"settable parameters in the circuit ({self.num_parameters_settable}),"
+                f" but is {len(parameters)}"
+            )
+        self._ordered_parameters = parameters
+        self._invalidate()
+
+    @property
+    def insert_barriers(self) -> bool:
+        """If barriers are inserted in between the layers or not.
+
+        Returns:
+            ``True``, if barriers are inserted in between the layers, ``False`` if not.
+        """
+        return self._insert_barriers
+
+    @insert_barriers.setter
+    def insert_barriers(self, insert_barriers: bool) -> None:
+        """Specify whether barriers should be inserted in between the layers or not.
+
+        Args:
+            insert_barriers: If True, barriers are inserted, if False not.
+        """
+        # if insert_barriers changes, we have to invalidate the circuit definition,
+        # if it is the same as before we can leave the NLocal instance as it is
+        if insert_barriers is not self._insert_barriers:
+            self._invalidate()
+            self._insert_barriers = insert_barriers
+
+    def get_unentangled_qubits(self) -> set[int]:
+        """Get the indices of unentangled qubits in a set.
+
+        Returns:
+            The unentangled qubits.
+        """
+        entangled_qubits = set()
+        for i in range(self._reps):
+            for j, block in enumerate(self.entanglement_blocks):
+                entangler_map = self.get_entangler_map(i, j, block.num_qubits)
+                entangled_qubits.update([idx for indices in entangler_map for idx in indices])
+        unentangled_qubits = set(range(self.num_qubits)) - entangled_qubits
+
+        return unentangled_qubits
+
+    @property
+    def num_parameters_settable(self) -> int:
+        """The number of total parameters that can be set to distinct values.
+
+        This does not change when the parameters are bound or exchanged for same parameters,
+        and therefore is different from ``num_parameters`` which counts the number of unique
+        :class:`~qiskit.circuit.Parameter` objects currently in the circuit.
+
+        Returns:
+            The number of parameters originally available in the circuit.
+
+        Note:
+            This quantity does not require the circuit to be built yet.
+        """
+        num = 0
+
+        for i in range(self._reps):
+            for j, block in enumerate(self.entanglement_blocks):
+                entangler_map = self.get_entangler_map(i, j, block.num_qubits)
+                num += len(entangler_map) * len(get_parameters(block))
+
+        if self._skip_unentangled_qubits:
+            unentangled_qubits = self.get_unentangled_qubits()
+
+        num_rot = 0
+        for block in self.rotation_blocks:
+            block_indices = [
+                list(range(j * block.num_qubits, (j + 1) * block.num_qubits))
+                for j in range(self.num_qubits // block.num_qubits)
+            ]
+            if self._skip_unentangled_qubits:
+                block_indices = [
+                    indices
+                    for indices in block_indices
+                    if set(indices).isdisjoint(unentangled_qubits)
+                ]
+            num_rot += len(block_indices) * len(get_parameters(block))
+
+        num += num_rot * (self._reps + int(not self._skip_final_rotation_layer))
+
+        return num
+
+    @property
+    def reps(self) -> int:
+        """The number of times rotation and entanglement block are repeated.
+
+        Returns:
+            The number of repetitions.
+        """
+        return self._reps
+
+    @reps.setter
+    def reps(self, repetitions: int) -> None:
+        """Set the repetitions.
+
+        If the repetitions are `0`, only one rotation layer with no entanglement
+        layers is applied (unless ``self.skip_final_rotation_layer`` is set to ``True``).
+
+        Args:
+            repetitions: The new repetitions.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If reps setter has parameter repetitions < 0.
+        """
+        if repetitions < 0:
+            raise ValueError("The repetitions should be larger than or equal to 0")
+        if repetitions != self._reps:
+            self._invalidate()
+            self._reps = repetitions
+
+    def print_settings(self) -> str:
+        """Returns information about the setting.
+
+        Returns:
+            The class name and the attributes/parameters of the instance as ``str``.
+        """
+        ret = f"NLocal: {self.__class__.__name__}\n"
+        params = ""
+        for key, value in self.__dict__.items():
+            if key[0] == "_":
+                params += f"-- {key[1:]}: {value}\n"
+        ret += f"{params}"
+        return ret
+
+    @property
+    def preferred_init_points(self) -> list[float] | None:
+        """The initial points for the parameters. Can be stored as initial guess in optimization.
+
+        Returns:
+            The initial values for the parameters, or None, if none have been set.
+        """
+        return None
+
+    # pylint: disable=too-many-return-statements
+    def get_entangler_map(
+        self, rep_num: int, block_num: int, num_block_qubits: int
+    ) -> Sequence[Sequence[int]]:
+        """Get the entangler map for in the repetition ``rep_num`` and the block ``block_num``.
+
+        The entangler map for the current block is derived from the value of ``self.entanglement``.
+        Below the different cases are listed, where ``i`` and ``j`` denote the repetition number
+        and the block number, respectively, and ``n`` the number of qubits in the block.
+
+        =================================== ========================================================
+        entanglement type                   entangler map
+        =================================== ========================================================
+        ``None``                            ``[[0, ..., n - 1]]``
+        ``str`` (e.g ``'full'``)            the specified connectivity on ``n`` qubits
+        ``List[int]``                       [``entanglement``]
+        ``List[List[int]]``                 ``entanglement``
+        ``List[List[List[int]]]``           ``entanglement[i]``
+        ``List[List[List[List[int]]]]``     ``entanglement[i][j]``
+        ``List[str]``                       the connectivity specified in ``entanglement[i]``
+        ``List[List[str]]``                 the connectivity specified in ``entanglement[i][j]``
+        ``Callable[int, str]``              same as ``List[str]``
+        ``Callable[int, List[List[int]]]``  same as ``List[List[List[int]]]``
+        =================================== ========================================================
+
+
+        Note that all indices are to be taken modulo the length of the array they act on, i.e.
+        no out-of-bounds index error will be raised but we re-iterate from the beginning of the
+        list.
+
+        Args:
+            rep_num: The current repetition we are in.
+            block_num: The block number within the entanglement layers.
+            num_block_qubits: The number of qubits in the block.
+
+        Returns:
+            The entangler map for the current block in the current repetition.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the value of ``entanglement`` could not be cast to a corresponding
+                entangler map.
+        """
+        i, j, n = rep_num, block_num, num_block_qubits
+        entanglement = self._entanglement
+
+        # entanglement is None
+        if entanglement is None:
+            return [list(range(n))]
+
+        # entanglement is callable
+        if callable(entanglement):
+            entanglement = entanglement(i)
+
+        # entanglement is str
+        if isinstance(entanglement, str):
+            return get_entangler_map(n, self.num_qubits, entanglement, offset=i)
+
+        # check if entanglement is list of something
+        if not isinstance(entanglement, (tuple, list)):
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid value of entanglement: {entanglement}")
+        num_i = len(entanglement)
+
+        # entanglement is List[str]
+        if all(isinstance(en, str) for en in entanglement):
+            return get_entangler_map(n, self.num_qubits, entanglement[i % num_i], offset=i)
+
+        # entanglement is List[int]
+        if all(isinstance(en, (int, numpy.integer)) for en in entanglement):
+            return [[int(en) for en in entanglement]]
+
+        # check if entanglement is List[List]
+        if not all(isinstance(en, (tuple, list)) for en in entanglement):
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid value of entanglement: {entanglement}")
+        num_j = len(entanglement[i % num_i])
+
+        # entanglement is List[List[str]]
+        if all(isinstance(e2, str) for en in entanglement for e2 in en):
+            return get_entangler_map(
+                n, self.num_qubits, entanglement[i % num_i][j % num_j], offset=i
+            )
+
+        # entanglement is List[List[int]]
+        if all(isinstance(e2, (int, numpy.int32, numpy.int64)) for en in entanglement for e2 in en):
+            for ind, en in enumerate(entanglement):
+                entanglement[ind] = tuple(map(int, en))
+            return entanglement
+
+        # check if entanglement is List[List[List]]
+        if not all(isinstance(e2, (tuple, list)) for en in entanglement for e2 in en):
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid value of entanglement: {entanglement}")
+
+        # entanglement is List[List[List[int]]]
+        if all(
+            isinstance(e3, (int, numpy.int32, numpy.int64))
+            for en in entanglement
+            for e2 in en
+            for e3 in e2
+        ):
+            for en in entanglement:
+                for ind, e2 in enumerate(en):
+                    en[ind] = tuple(map(int, e2))
+            return entanglement[i % num_i]
+
+        # check if entanglement is List[List[List[List]]]
+        if not all(isinstance(e3, (tuple, list)) for en in entanglement for e2 in en for e3 in e2):
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid value of entanglement: {entanglement}")
+
+        # entanglement is List[List[List[List[int]]]]
+        if all(
+            isinstance(e4, (int, numpy.int32, numpy.int64))
+            for en in entanglement
+            for e2 in en
+            for e3 in e2
+            for e4 in e3
+        ):
+            for en in entanglement:
+                for e2 in en:
+                    for ind, e3 in enumerate(e2):
+                        e2[ind] = tuple(map(int, e3))
+            return entanglement[i % num_i][j % num_j]
+
+        raise ValueError(f"Invalid value of entanglement: {entanglement}")
+
+    @property
+    def initial_state(self) -> QuantumCircuit:
+        """Return the initial state that is added in front of the n-local circuit.
+
+        Returns:
+            The initial state.
+        """
+        return self._initial_state
+
+    @initial_state.setter
+    def initial_state(self, initial_state: QuantumCircuit) -> None:
+        """Set the initial state.
+
+        Args:
+            initial_state: The new initial state.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the number of qubits has been set before and the initial state
+                does not match the number of qubits.
+        """
+        self._initial_state = initial_state
+        self._invalidate()
+
+    @property
+    def parameter_bounds(self) -> list[tuple[float, float]] | None:
+        """The parameter bounds for the unbound parameters in the circuit.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of pairs indicating the bounds, as (lower, upper). None indicates an unbounded
+            parameter in the corresponding direction. If ``None`` is returned, problem is fully
+            unbounded.
+        """
+        if not self._is_built:
+            self._build()
+        return self._bounds
+
+    @parameter_bounds.setter
+    def parameter_bounds(self, bounds: list[tuple[float, float]]) -> None:
+        """Set the parameter bounds.
+
+        Args:
+            bounds: The new parameter bounds.
+        """
+        self._bounds = bounds
+
+    def add_layer(
+        self,
+        other: QuantumCircuit | qiskit.circuit.Instruction,
+        entanglement: list[int] | str | list[list[int]] | None = None,
+        front: bool = False,
+    ) -> "NLocal":
+        """Append another layer to the NLocal.
+
+        Args:
+            other: The layer to compose, can be another NLocal, an Instruction or Gate,
+                or a QuantumCircuit.
+            entanglement: The entanglement or qubit indices.
+            front: If True, ``other`` is appended to the front, else to the back.
+
+        Returns:
+            self, such that chained composes are possible.
+
+        Raises:
+            TypeError: If `other` is not compatible, i.e. is no Instruction and does not have a
+                `to_instruction` method.
+        """
+        block = self._convert_to_block(other)
+
+        if entanglement is None:
+            entanglement = [list(range(block.num_qubits))]
+        elif isinstance(entanglement, list) and not isinstance(entanglement[0], list):
+            entanglement = [entanglement]
+        if front:
+            self._prepended_blocks += [block]
+            self._prepended_entanglement += [entanglement]
+        else:
+            self._appended_blocks += [block]
+            self._appended_entanglement += [entanglement]
+
+        if isinstance(entanglement, list):
+            num_qubits = 1 + max(max(indices) for indices in entanglement)
+            if num_qubits > self.num_qubits:
+                self._invalidate()  # rebuild circuit
+                self.num_qubits = num_qubits
+
+        # modify the circuit accordingly
+        if front is False and self._is_built:
+            if self._insert_barriers and len(self.data) > 0:
+                self.barrier()
+
+            if isinstance(entanglement, str):
+                entangler_map: Sequence[Sequence[int]] = get_entangler_map(
+                    block.num_qubits, self.num_qubits, entanglement
+                )
+            else:
+                entangler_map = entanglement
+
+            for i in entangler_map:
+                params = self.ordered_parameters[-len(get_parameters(block)) :]
+                parameterized_block = self._parameterize_block(block, params=params)
+                self.compose(parameterized_block, i, inplace=True, copy=False)
+        else:
+            # cannot prepend a block currently, just rebuild
+            self._invalidate()
+
+        return self
+
+    def assign_parameters(
+        self,
+        parameters: (
+            Mapping[Parameter, ParameterExpression | float] | Sequence[ParameterExpression | float]
+        ),
+        inplace: bool = False,
+        **kwargs,
+    ) -> QuantumCircuit | None:
+        """Assign parameters to the n-local circuit.
+
+        This method also supports passing a list instead of a dictionary. If a list
+        is passed, the list must have the same length as the number of unbound parameters in
+        the circuit. The parameters are assigned in the order of the parameters in
+        :meth:`ordered_parameters`.
+
+        Returns:
+            A copy of the NLocal circuit with the specified parameters.
+
+        Raises:
+            AttributeError: If the parameters are given as list and do not match the number
+                of parameters.
+        """
+        if parameters is None or len(parameters) == 0:
+            return self
+
+        if not self._is_built:
+            self._build()
+
+        return super().assign_parameters(parameters, inplace=inplace, **kwargs)
+
+    def _parameterize_block(
+        self, block, param_iter=None, rep_num=None, block_num=None, indices=None, params=None
+    ):
+        """Convert ``block`` to a circuit of correct width and parameterized using the iterator."""
+        if self._overwrite_block_parameters:
+            # check if special parameters should be used
+            # pylint: disable=assignment-from-none
+            if params is None:
+                params = self._parameter_generator(rep_num, block_num, indices)
+            if params is None:
+                params = [next(param_iter) for _ in range(len(get_parameters(block)))]
+
+            update = dict(zip(block.parameters, params))
+            return block.assign_parameters(update)
+
+        return block.copy()
+
+    def _build_rotation_layer(self, circuit, param_iter, i):
+        """Build a rotation layer."""
+        # if the unentangled qubits are skipped, compute the set of qubits that are not entangled
+        if self._skip_unentangled_qubits:
+            skipped_qubits = self.get_unentangled_qubits()
+        else:
+            skipped_qubits = set()
+
+        target_qubits = circuit.qubits
+
+        # iterate over all rotation blocks
+        for j, block in enumerate(self.rotation_blocks):
+            skipped_blocks = {qubit // block.num_qubits for qubit in skipped_qubits}
+            if (
+                self._allow_fast_path_parametrization
+                and (simple_block := _stdlib_gate_from_simple_block(block)) is not None
+            ):
+                all_qubits = (
+                    tuple(target_qubits[k * block.num_qubits : (k + 1) * block.num_qubits])
+                    for k in range(self.num_qubits // block.num_qubits)
+                    if k not in skipped_blocks
+                )
+                for qubits in all_qubits:
+                    instr = CircuitInstruction(
+                        simple_block.gate(*itertools.islice(param_iter, simple_block.num_params)),
+                        qubits,
+                    )
+                    circuit._append(instr)
+            else:
+                block_indices = [
+                    list(range(k * block.num_qubits, (k + 1) * block.num_qubits))
+                    for k in range(self.num_qubits // block.num_qubits)
+                    if k not in skipped_blocks
+                ]
+                # apply the operations in the layer
+                for indices in block_indices:
+                    parameterized_block = self._parameterize_block(block, param_iter, i, j, indices)
+                    circuit.compose(parameterized_block, indices, inplace=True, copy=False)
+
+    def _build_entanglement_layer(self, circuit, param_iter, i):
+        """Build an entanglement layer."""
+        # iterate over all entanglement blocks
+        target_qubits = circuit.qubits
+        for j, block in enumerate(self.entanglement_blocks):
+            entangler_map = self.get_entangler_map(i, j, block.num_qubits)
+            if (
+                self._allow_fast_path_parametrization
+                and (simple_block := _stdlib_gate_from_simple_block(block)) is not None
+            ):
+                for indices in entangler_map:
+                    # It's actually nontrivially faster to use a listcomp and pass that to `tuple`
+                    # than to pass a generator expression directly.
+                    # pylint: disable=consider-using-generator
+                    instr = CircuitInstruction(
+                        simple_block.gate(*itertools.islice(param_iter, simple_block.num_params)),
+                        tuple([target_qubits[i] for i in indices]),
+                    )
+                    circuit._append(instr)
+            else:
+                # apply the operations in the layer
+                for indices in entangler_map:
+                    parameterized_block = self._parameterize_block(block, param_iter, i, j, indices)
+                    circuit.compose(parameterized_block, indices, inplace=True, copy=False)
+
+    def _build_additional_layers(self, circuit, which):
+        if which == "appended":
+            blocks = self._appended_blocks
+            entanglements = self._appended_entanglement
+        elif which == "prepended":
+            blocks = reversed(self._prepended_blocks)
+            entanglements = reversed(self._prepended_entanglement)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("`which` must be either `appended` or `prepended`.")
+
+        for block, ent in zip(blocks, entanglements):
+            if isinstance(ent, str):
+                ent = get_entangler_map(block.num_qubits, self.num_qubits, ent)
+            for indices in ent:
+                circuit.compose(block, indices, inplace=True, copy=False)
+
+    def _build(self) -> None:
+        """If not already built, build the circuit."""
+        if self._is_built:
+            return
+
+        super()._build()
+
+        if self.num_qubits == 0:
+            return
+
+        if not self._flatten:
+            circuit = QuantumCircuit(*self.qregs, name=self.name)
+        else:
+            circuit = self
+
+        # use the initial state as starting circuit, if it is set
+        if self.initial_state:
+            circuit.compose(self.initial_state.copy(), inplace=True, copy=False)
+
+        param_iter = iter(self.ordered_parameters)
+
+        # build the prepended layers
+        self._build_additional_layers(circuit, "prepended")
+
+        # main loop to build the entanglement and rotation layers
+        for i in range(self.reps):
+            # insert barrier if specified and there is a preceding layer
+            if self._insert_barriers and (i > 0 or len(self._prepended_blocks) > 0):
+                circuit.barrier()
+
+            # build the rotation layer
+            self._build_rotation_layer(circuit, param_iter, i)
+
+            # barrier in between rotation and entanglement layer
+            if self._insert_barriers and len(self._rotation_blocks) > 0:
+                circuit.barrier()
+
+            # build the entanglement layer
+            self._build_entanglement_layer(circuit, param_iter, i)
+
+        # add the final rotation layer
+        if not self._skip_final_rotation_layer:
+            if self.insert_barriers and self.reps > 0:
+                circuit.barrier()
+            self._build_rotation_layer(circuit, param_iter, self.reps)
+
+        # add the appended layers
+        self._build_additional_layers(circuit, "appended")
+
+        # cast global phase to float if it has no free parameters
+        if isinstance(circuit.global_phase, ParameterExpression):
+            try:
+                circuit.global_phase = float(circuit.global_phase)
+            except TypeError:
+                # expression contains free parameters
+                pass
+
+        if not self._flatten:
+            try:
+                block = circuit.to_gate()
+            except QiskitError:
+                block = circuit.to_instruction()
+
+            self.append(block, self.qubits, copy=False)
+
+    # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+    def _parameter_generator(self, rep: int, block: int, indices: list[int]) -> Parameter | None:
+        """If certain blocks should use certain parameters this method can be overridden."""
+        return None
+
+
+def get_parameters(block: QuantumCircuit | Instruction) -> list[Parameter]:
+    """Return the list of Parameters objects inside a circuit or instruction.
+
+    This is required since, in a standard gate the parameters are not necessarily Parameter
+    objects (e.g. U3Gate(0.1, 0.2, 0.3).params == [0.1, 0.2, 0.3]) and instructions and
+    circuits do not have the same interface for parameters.
+    """
+    if isinstance(block, QuantumCircuit):
+        return list(block.parameters)
+    else:
+        return [p for p in block.params if isinstance(p, ParameterExpression)]
+
+
+def get_entangler_map(
+    num_block_qubits: int, num_circuit_qubits: int, entanglement: str, offset: int = 0
+) -> Sequence[tuple[int, ...]]:
+    """Get an entangler map for an arbitrary number of qubits.
+
+    Args:
+        num_block_qubits: The number of qubits of the entangling block.
+        num_circuit_qubits: The number of qubits of the circuit.
+        entanglement: The entanglement strategy.
+        offset: The block offset, can be used if the entanglements differ per block.
+            See mode ``sca`` for instance.
+
+    Returns:
+        The entangler map using mode ``entanglement`` to scatter a block of ``num_block_qubits``
+        qubits on ``num_circuit_qubits`` qubits.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the entanglement mode ist not supported.
+    """
+    try:
+        return fast_entangler_map(num_circuit_qubits, num_block_qubits, entanglement, offset)
+    except Exception as exc:
+        # need this as Rust is now raising a QiskitError, where this function was raising ValueError
+        raise ValueError("Something went wrong in Rust space, here's the error:") from exc
+
+
+_StdlibGateResult = collections.namedtuple("_StdlibGateResult", ("gate", "num_params"))
+_STANDARD_GATE_MAPPING = get_standard_gate_name_mapping()
+
+
+def _stdlib_gate_from_simple_block(block: QuantumCircuit) -> _StdlibGateResult | None:
+    if block.global_phase != 0.0 or len(block) != 1:
+        return None
+    instruction = block.data[0]
+    # If the single instruction isn't a standard-library gate that spans the full width of the block
+    # in the correct order, we're not simple.  If the gate isn't fully parametrized with pure,
+    # unique `Parameter` instances (expressions are too complex) that are in order, we're not
+    # simple.
+    if (
+        instruction.clbits
+        or tuple(instruction.qubits) != tuple(block.qubits)
+        or (
+            getattr(_STANDARD_GATE_MAPPING.get(instruction.operation.name), "base_class", None)
+            is not instruction.operation.base_class
+        )
+        or tuple(instruction.operation.params) != tuple(block.parameters)
+    ):
+        return None
+    return _StdlibGateResult(instruction.operation.base_class, len(instruction.operation.params))
+
+
+def _normalize_entanglement(
+    entanglement: (
+        BlockEntanglement
+        | Iterable[BlockEntanglement]
+        | Callable[[int], BlockEntanglement | Iterable[BlockEntanglement]]
+    ),
+    num_entanglement_blocks: int,
+) -> list[str | list[tuple[int]]] | Callable[[int], list[str | list[tuple[int]]]]:
+    """If the entanglement is Iterable[Iterable], normalize to list[tuple]."""
+    if isinstance(entanglement, str):
+        return [entanglement] * num_entanglement_blocks
+
+    if callable(entanglement):
+        return lambda offset: _normalize_entanglement(entanglement(offset), num_entanglement_blocks)
+
+    # here, entanglement is an Iterable
+    if len(entanglement) == 0:
+        # handle edge cases when entanglement is set to an empty list
+        return [[]]
+
+    # if the entanglement is Iterable[Iterable[int]], normalize to Iterable[Iterable[Iterable[int]]]
+    try:
+        # if users e.g. gave Iterable[int] this in invalid and will raise a TypeError
+        if isinstance(entanglement[0][0], (int, numpy.integer)):
+            entanglement = [entanglement]
+    except TypeError as exc:
+        raise TypeError(f"Invalid entanglement type: {entanglement}.") from exc
+
+    # ensure the number of block entanglements matches the number of blocks
+    if len(entanglement) != num_entanglement_blocks:
+        raise QiskitError(
+            f"Number of block-entanglements ({len(entanglement)}) must match number of "
+            f"entanglement blocks ({num_entanglement_blocks})!"
+        )
+
+    # normalize the data: str remains, and Iterable[Iterable[int]] becomes list[tuple[int]]
+    normalized = []
+    for block in entanglement:
+        if isinstance(block, str):
+            normalized.append(block)
+        else:
+            normalized.append([tuple(connections) for connections in block])
+
+    return normalized
+
+
+def _normalize_blocks(
+    blocks: str | Gate | Iterable[str | Gate],
+    supported_gates: dict[str, Gate],
+    overwrite_block_parameters: bool,
+) -> list[Block]:
+    # normalize the input into an iterable -- we add an extra check for a circuit as
+    # courtesy to the users, since the NLocal class used to accept circuits
+    if isinstance(blocks, (str, Gate, QuantumCircuit)):
+        blocks = [blocks]
+
+    normalized = []
+    for block in blocks:
+        # since the NLocal circuit accepted circuits as inputs, we raise a warning here
+        # to simplify the transition (even though, strictly speaking, quantum circuits are
+        # not a supported input type)
+        if isinstance(block, QuantumCircuit):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "The blocks should be of type Gate or str, but you passed a QuantumCircuit. "
+                "You can call .to_gate() on the circuit to turn it into a Gate object."
+            )
+
+        is_standard = False
+        if isinstance(block, str):
+            if block not in supported_gates:
+                raise ValueError(f"Unsupported gate: {block}")
+            block = supported_gates[block]
+            is_standard = True
+        elif isinstance(block, Gate) and getattr(block, "_standard_gate", None) is not None:
+            if len(block.params) == 0:
+                is_standard = True
+            # the fast path will always overwrite block parameters
+            elif overwrite_block_parameters:
+                # if all parameters are plain Parameter objects, this is a plain
+                # standard gate we do not need to propagate parameterizations for
+                is_standard = all(isinstance(p, Parameter) for p in block.params)
+
+        if is_standard:
+            block = Block.from_standard_gate(block._standard_gate)
+        else:
+            if overwrite_block_parameters:
+                num_parameters, builder = _get_gate_builder(block)
+            else:
+                num_parameters, builder = _trivial_builder(block)
+
+            block = Block.from_callable(block.num_qubits, num_parameters, builder)
+
+        normalized.append(block)
+
+    return normalized
+
+
+def _trivial_builder(
+    gate: Gate,
+) -> tuple[int, Callable[list[Parameter], tuple[Gate, list[ParameterValueType]]]]:
+
+    def builder(_):
+        copied = gate.copy()
+        return copied, copied.params
+
+    return 0, builder
+
+
+def _get_gate_builder(
+    gate: Gate,
+) -> tuple[int, Callable[list[Parameter], tuple[Gate, list[ParameterValueType]]]]:
+    """Construct a callable that handles parameter-rebinding.
+
+    For a given gate, this return the number of free parameters and a callable that can be
+    used to obtain a re-parameterized version of the gate. For example::
+
+        x, y = Parameter("x"), Parameter("y")
+        gate = CUGate(x, 2 * y, 0.5, 0.)
+
+        num_parameters, builder = _build_gate(gate)
+        print(num_parameters)  # prints 2
+
+        a, b = Parameter("a"), Parameter("b")
+        new_gate, new_params = builder([a, b])
+        print(new_gate)  # CUGate(a, 2 * b, 0.5, 0)
+        print(new_params)  # [a, 2 * b, 0.5, 0]
+
+    """
+    free_parameters = set()
+    for p in gate.params:
+        if isinstance(p, ParameterExpression):
+            free_parameters |= set(p.parameters)
+
+    num_parameters = len(free_parameters)
+
+    sorted_parameters = _sort_parameters(free_parameters)
+
+    def builder(new_parameters):
+        out = gate.copy()
+
+        # re-bind the ``Gate.params`` attribute
+        param_dict = dict(zip(sorted_parameters, new_parameters))
+        bound_params = gate.params.copy()
+        for i, expr in enumerate(gate.params):
+            if isinstance(expr, ParameterExpression):
+                for parameter in expr.parameters:
+                    expr = expr.assign(parameter, param_dict[parameter])
+                bound_params[i] = expr
+
+        out.params = bound_params
+
+        # if the definition exists, rebind it
+        if out._definition is not None:
+            out._definition.assign_parameters(param_dict, inplace=True)
+
+        return out, bound_params
+
+    return num_parameters, builder
+
+
+def _sort_parameters(parameters):
+    """Sort a list of Parameter objects."""
+
+    def key(parameter):
+        if isinstance(parameter, ParameterVectorElement):
+            return (parameter.vector.name, parameter.index)
+        return (parameter.name,)
+
+    return sorted(parameters, key=key)