qiskit 1.3.0__cp39-abi3-win32.whl

qiskit/circuit/controlflow/if_else.py

@@ -0,0 +1,511 @@
+# This code is part of Qiskit.
+#
+# (C) Copyright IBM 2021.
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE.txt file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
+
+"""Circuit operation representing an ``if/else`` statement."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Optional, Union, Iterable, TYPE_CHECKING
+import itertools
+
+from qiskit.circuit.classicalregister import ClassicalRegister, Clbit
+from qiskit.circuit.classical import expr
+from qiskit.circuit.instructionset import InstructionSet
+from qiskit.circuit.exceptions import CircuitError
+
+from .builder import ControlFlowBuilderBlock, InstructionPlaceholder, InstructionResources
+from .control_flow import ControlFlowOp
+from ._builder_utils import (
+    partition_registers,
+    unify_circuit_resources,
+    validate_condition,
+    condition_resources,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from qiskit.circuit import QuantumCircuit
+
+
+# This is just an indication of what's actually meant to be the public API.
+__all__ = ("IfElseOp",)
+
+
+class IfElseOp(ControlFlowOp):
+    """A circuit operation which executes a program (``true_body``) if a
+    provided condition (``condition``) evaluates to true, and
+    optionally evaluates another program (``false_body``) otherwise.
+
+    If provided, ``false_body`` must be of the same ``num_qubits`` and
+    ``num_clbits`` as ``true_body``.
+
+    The classical bits used in ``condition`` must be a subset of those attached
+    to the circuit on which this ``IfElseOp`` will be appended.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        condition: tuple[ClassicalRegister, int] | tuple[Clbit, int] | expr.Expr,
+        true_body: QuantumCircuit,
+        false_body: QuantumCircuit | None = None,
+        label: str | None = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Args:
+            condition: A condition to be evaluated in real time during circuit execution which,
+                if true, will trigger the evaluation of ``true_body``. Can be
+                specified as either a tuple of a ``ClassicalRegister`` to be
+                tested for equality with a given ``int``, or as a tuple of a
+                ``Clbit`` to be compared to either a ``bool`` or an ``int``.
+            true_body: A program to be executed if ``condition`` evaluates
+                to true.
+            false_body: A optional program to be executed if ``condition``
+                evaluates to false.
+            label: An optional label for identifying the instruction.
+        """
+        # pylint: disable=cyclic-import
+        from qiskit.circuit import QuantumCircuit
+
+        # Type checking generally left to @params.setter, but required here for
+        # finding num_qubits and num_clbits.
+        if not isinstance(true_body, QuantumCircuit):
+            raise CircuitError(
+                "IfElseOp expects a true_body parameter "
+                f"of type QuantumCircuit, but received {type(true_body)}."
+            )
+
+        num_qubits = true_body.num_qubits
+        num_clbits = true_body.num_clbits
+
+        super().__init__("if_else", num_qubits, num_clbits, [true_body, false_body], label=label)
+
+        self._condition = validate_condition(condition)
+
+    @property
+    def params(self):
+        return self._params
+
+    @property
+    def condition(self):
+        return self._condition
+
+    @condition.setter
+    def condition(self, value):
+        self._condition = value
+
+    @params.setter
+    def params(self, parameters):
+        # pylint: disable=cyclic-import
+        from qiskit.circuit import QuantumCircuit
+
+        true_body, false_body = parameters
+
+        if not isinstance(true_body, QuantumCircuit):
+            raise CircuitError(
+                "IfElseOp expects a true_body parameter of type "
+                f"QuantumCircuit, but received {type(true_body)}."
+            )
+
+        if true_body.num_qubits != self.num_qubits or true_body.num_clbits != self.num_clbits:
+            raise CircuitError(
+                "Attempted to assign a true_body parameter with a num_qubits or "
+                "num_clbits different than that of the IfElseOp. "
+                f"IfElseOp num_qubits/clbits: {self.num_qubits}/{self.num_clbits} "
+                f"Supplied body num_qubits/clbits: {true_body.num_qubits}/{true_body.num_clbits}."
+            )
+
+        if false_body is not None:
+            if not isinstance(false_body, QuantumCircuit):
+                raise CircuitError(
+                    "IfElseOp expects a false_body parameter of type "
+                    f"QuantumCircuit, but received {type(false_body)}."
+                )
+
+            if false_body.num_qubits != self.num_qubits or false_body.num_clbits != self.num_clbits:
+                raise CircuitError(
+                    "Attempted to assign a false_body parameter with a num_qubits or "
+                    "num_clbits different than that of the IfElseOp. "
+                    f"IfElseOp num_qubits/clbits: {self.num_qubits}/{self.num_clbits} "
+                    f"Supplied body num_qubits/clbits: {false_body.num_qubits}/{false_body.num_clbits}."
+                )
+
+        self._params = [true_body, false_body]
+
+    @property
+    def blocks(self):
+        if self.params[1] is None:
+            return (self.params[0],)
+        else:
+            return (self.params[0], self.params[1])
+
+    def replace_blocks(self, blocks: Iterable[QuantumCircuit]) -> "IfElseOp":
+        """Replace blocks and return new instruction.
+
+        Args:
+            blocks: Iterable of circuits for "if" and "else" condition. If there is no "else"
+                circuit it may be set to None or omitted.
+
+        Returns:
+            New IfElseOp with replaced blocks.
+        """
+
+        true_body, false_body = (
+            ablock for ablock, _ in itertools.zip_longest(blocks, range(2), fillvalue=None)
+        )
+        return IfElseOp(self._condition, true_body, false_body=false_body, label=self.label)
+
+    def c_if(self, classical, val):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "IfElseOp cannot be classically controlled through Instruction.c_if. "
+            "Please nest it in an IfElseOp instead."
+        )
+
+
+class IfElsePlaceholder(InstructionPlaceholder):
+    """A placeholder instruction to use in control-flow context managers, when calculating the
+    number of resources this instruction should block is deferred until the construction of the
+    outer loop.
+
+    This generally should not be instantiated manually; only :obj:`.IfContext` and
+    :obj:`.ElseContext` should do it when they need to defer creation of the concrete instruction.
+
+    .. warning::
+
+        This is an internal interface and no part of it should be relied upon outside of Qiskit
+        Terra.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        condition: tuple[ClassicalRegister, int] | tuple[Clbit, int] | expr.Expr,
+        true_block: ControlFlowBuilderBlock,
+        false_block: ControlFlowBuilderBlock | None = None,
+        *,
+        label: Optional[str] = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Args:
+            condition: the condition to execute the true block on.  This has the same semantics as
+                the ``condition`` argument to :obj:`.IfElseOp`.
+            true_block: the unbuilt scope block that will become the "true" branch at creation time.
+            false_block: if given, the unbuilt scope block that will become the "false" branch at
+                creation time.
+            label: the label to give the operator when it is created.
+        """
+        # These are protected names because we're not trying to clash with parent attributes.
+        self.__true_block = true_block
+        self.__false_block: Optional[ControlFlowBuilderBlock] = false_block
+        self.__resources = self._calculate_placeholder_resources()
+        super().__init__(
+            "if_else", len(self.__resources.qubits), len(self.__resources.clbits), [], label=label
+        )
+        # Set the condition after super().__init__() has initialized it to None.
+        self._condition = validate_condition(condition)
+
+    def with_false_block(self, false_block: ControlFlowBuilderBlock) -> "IfElsePlaceholder":
+        """Return a new placeholder instruction, with the false block set to the given value,
+        updating the bits used by both it and the true body, if necessary.
+
+        It is an error to try and set the false block on a placeholder that already has one.
+
+        Args:
+            false_block: The (unbuilt) instruction scope to set the false body to.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new placeholder, with ``false_block`` set to the given input, and both true and false
+            blocks expanded to account for all resources.
+
+        Raises:
+            CircuitError: if the false block of this placeholder instruction is already set.
+        """
+        if self.__false_block is not None:
+            raise CircuitError(f"false block is already set to {self.__false_block}")
+        true_block = self.__true_block.copy()
+        true_bits = true_block.qubits() | true_block.clbits()
+        false_bits = false_block.qubits() | false_block.clbits()
+        true_block.add_bits(false_bits - true_bits)
+        false_block.add_bits(true_bits - false_bits)
+        return type(self)(self._condition, true_block, false_block, label=self.label)
+
+    def registers(self):
+        """Get the registers used by the interior blocks."""
+        if self.__false_block is None:
+            return self.__true_block.registers.copy()
+        return self.__true_block.registers | self.__false_block.registers
+
+    def _calculate_placeholder_resources(self) -> InstructionResources:
+        """Get the placeholder resources (see :meth:`.placeholder_resources`).
+
+        This is a separate function because we use the resources during the initialization to
+        determine how we should set our ``num_qubits`` and ``num_clbits``, so we implement the
+        public version as a cache access for efficiency.
+        """
+        if self.__false_block is None:
+            qregs, cregs = partition_registers(self.__true_block.registers)
+            return InstructionResources(
+                qubits=tuple(self.__true_block.qubits()),
+                clbits=tuple(self.__true_block.clbits()),
+                qregs=tuple(qregs),
+                cregs=tuple(cregs),
+            )
+        true_qregs, true_cregs = partition_registers(self.__true_block.registers)
+        false_qregs, false_cregs = partition_registers(self.__false_block.registers)
+        return InstructionResources(
+            qubits=tuple(self.__true_block.qubits() | self.__false_block.qubits()),
+            clbits=tuple(self.__true_block.clbits() | self.__false_block.clbits()),
+            qregs=tuple(true_qregs) + tuple(false_qregs),
+            cregs=tuple(true_cregs) + tuple(false_cregs),
+        )
+
+    def placeholder_resources(self):
+        # All the elements of our InstructionResources are immutable (tuple, Bit and Register).
+        return self.__resources
+
+    def concrete_instruction(self, qubits, clbits):
+        current_qubits = self.__true_block.qubits()
+        current_clbits = self.__true_block.clbits()
+        if self.__false_block is not None:
+            current_qubits = current_qubits | self.__false_block.qubits()
+            current_clbits = current_clbits | self.__false_block.clbits()
+        all_bits = qubits | clbits
+        current_bits = current_qubits | current_clbits
+        if current_bits - all_bits:
+            # This _shouldn't_ trigger if the context managers are being used correctly, but is here
+            # to make any potential logic errors noisy.
+            raise CircuitError(
+                "This block contains bits that are not in the operands sets:"
+                f" {current_bits - all_bits!r}"
+            )
+        true_body = self.__true_block.build(qubits, clbits)
+        if self.__false_block is None:
+            false_body = None
+        else:
+            # The bodies are not compelled to use all the resources that the
+            # ControlFlowBuilderBlock.build calls get passed, but they do need to be as wide as each
+            # other.  Now we ensure that they are.
+            true_body, false_body = unify_circuit_resources(
+                (true_body, self.__false_block.build(qubits, clbits))
+            )
+        return (
+            self._copy_mutable_properties(
+                IfElseOp(self._condition, true_body, false_body, label=self.label)
+            ),
+            InstructionResources(
+                qubits=tuple(true_body.qubits),
+                clbits=tuple(true_body.clbits),
+                qregs=tuple(true_body.qregs),
+                cregs=tuple(true_body.cregs),
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def c_if(self, classical, val):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "IfElseOp cannot be classically controlled through Instruction.c_if. "
+            "Please nest it in another IfElseOp instead."
+        )
+
+
+class IfContext:
+    """A context manager for building up ``if`` statements onto circuits in a natural order, without
+    having to construct the statement body first.
+
+    The return value of this context manager can be used immediately following the block to create
+    an attached ``else`` statement.
+
+    This context should almost invariably be created by a :meth:`.QuantumCircuit.if_test` call, and
+    the resulting instance is a "friend" of the calling circuit.  The context will manipulate the
+    circuit's defined scopes when it is entered (by pushing a new scope onto the stack) and exited
+    (by popping its scope, building it, and appending the resulting :obj:`.IfElseOp`).
+
+    .. warning::
+
+        This is an internal interface and no part of it should be relied upon outside of Qiskit
+        Terra.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("_appended_instructions", "_circuit", "_condition", "_in_loop", "_label")
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        circuit: QuantumCircuit,
+        condition: tuple[ClassicalRegister, int] | tuple[Clbit, int] | expr.Expr,
+        *,
+        in_loop: bool,
+        label: str | None = None,
+    ):
+        self._circuit = circuit
+        self._condition = validate_condition(condition)
+        self._label = label
+        self._appended_instructions = None
+        self._in_loop = in_loop
+
+    # Only expose the necessary public interface, and make it read-only.  If Python had friend
+    # classes, or a "protected" access modifier, that's what we'd use (since these are only
+    # necessary for ElseContext), but alas.
+
+    @property
+    def circuit(self) -> QuantumCircuit:
+        """Get the circuit that this context manager is attached to."""
+        return self._circuit
+
+    @property
+    def condition(self) -> tuple[ClassicalRegister, int] | tuple[Clbit, int] | expr.Expr:
+        """Get the expression that this statement is conditioned on."""
+        return self._condition
+
+    @property
+    def appended_instructions(self) -> Union[InstructionSet, None]:
+        """Get the instruction set that was created when this block finished.  If the block has not
+        yet finished, then this will be ``None``."""
+        return self._appended_instructions
+
+    @property
+    def in_loop(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether this context manager is enclosed within a loop."""
+        return self._in_loop
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        resources = condition_resources(self._condition)
+        self._circuit._push_scope(
+            clbits=resources.clbits,
+            registers=resources.cregs,
+            allow_jumps=self._in_loop,
+        )
+        return ElseContext(self)
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        if exc_type is not None:
+            # If we're leaving the context manager because an exception was raised, there's nothing
+            # to do except restore the circuit state.
+            self._circuit._pop_scope()
+            return False
+        true_block = self._circuit._pop_scope()
+        if self._in_loop:
+            # It's possible that we don't actually have any placeholder instructions in our scope,
+            # but we still need to emit a placeholder instruction here in case we get an ``else``
+            # attached which _does_ gain them.  We emit a placeholder to defer defining the
+            # resources we use until the containing loop concludes, to support ``break``.
+            operation = IfElsePlaceholder(self._condition, true_block, label=self._label)
+            resources = operation.placeholder_resources()
+            self._appended_instructions = self._circuit.append(
+                operation, resources.qubits, resources.clbits
+            )
+        else:
+            # If we're not in a loop, we don't need to be worried about passing in any outer-scope
+            # resources because there can't be anything that will consume them.
+            true_body = true_block.build(true_block.qubits(), true_block.clbits())
+            self._appended_instructions = self._circuit.append(
+                IfElseOp(self._condition, true_body=true_body, false_body=None, label=self._label),
+                tuple(true_body.qubits),
+                tuple(true_body.clbits),
+            )
+        return False
+
+
+class ElseContext:
+    """A context manager for building up an ``else`` statements onto circuits in a natural order,
+    without having to construct the statement body first.
+
+    Instances of this context manager should only ever be gained as the output of the
+    :obj:`.IfContext` manager, so they know what they refer to.  Instances of this context are
+    "friends" of the circuit that created the :obj:`.IfContext` that in turn created this object.
+    The context will manipulate the circuit's defined scopes when it is entered (by popping the old
+    :obj:`.IfElseOp` if it exists and pushing a new scope onto the stack) and exited (by popping its
+    scope, building it, and appending the resulting :obj:`.IfElseOp`).
+
+    .. warning::
+
+        This is an internal interface and no part of it should be relied upon outside of Qiskit
+        Terra.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("_if_instruction", "_if_registers", "_if_context", "_used")
+
+    def __init__(self, if_context: IfContext):
+        # We want to avoid doing any processing until we're actually used, because the `if` block
+        # likely isn't finished yet, and we want to have as small a penalty a possible if you don't
+        # use an `else` branch.
+        self._if_instruction = None
+        self._if_registers = None
+        self._if_context = if_context
+        self._used = False
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        if self._used:
+            raise CircuitError("Cannot re-use an 'else' context.")
+        self._used = True
+        appended_instructions = self._if_context.appended_instructions
+        circuit = self._if_context.circuit
+        if appended_instructions is None:
+            raise CircuitError("Cannot attach an 'else' branch to an incomplete 'if' block.")
+        if len(appended_instructions) != 1:
+            # I'm not even sure how you'd get this to trigger, but just in case...
+            raise CircuitError("Cannot attach an 'else' to a broadcasted 'if' block.")
+        appended = appended_instructions[0]
+        instruction = circuit._peek_previous_instruction_in_scope()
+        if appended.operation is not instruction.operation:
+            raise CircuitError(
+                "The 'if' block is not the most recent instruction in the circuit."
+                f" Expected to find: {appended!r}, but instead found: {instruction!r}."
+            )
+        self._if_instruction = circuit._pop_previous_instruction_in_scope()
+        if isinstance(self._if_instruction.operation, IfElseOp):
+            self._if_registers = set(self._if_instruction.operation.blocks[0].cregs).union(
+                self._if_instruction.operation.blocks[0].qregs
+            )
+        else:
+            self._if_registers = self._if_instruction.operation.registers()
+        circuit._push_scope(
+            self._if_instruction.qubits,
+            self._if_instruction.clbits,
+            registers=self._if_registers,
+            allow_jumps=self._if_context.in_loop,
+        )
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        circuit = self._if_context.circuit
+        if exc_type is not None:
+            # If we're leaving the context manager because an exception was raised, we need to
+            # restore the "if" block we popped off.  At that point, it's safe to re-use this context
+            # manager, assuming nothing else untoward happened to the circuit, but that's checked by
+            # the __enter__ method.
+            circuit._pop_scope()
+            circuit._append(self._if_instruction)
+            self._used = False
+            return False
+
+        false_block = circuit._pop_scope()
+        # `if_block` is a placeholder if this context is in a loop, and a concrete instruction if it
+        # is not.
+        if isinstance(self._if_instruction.operation, IfElsePlaceholder):
+            if_operation = self._if_instruction.operation.with_false_block(false_block)
+            resources = if_operation.placeholder_resources()
+            circuit.append(if_operation, resources.qubits, resources.clbits)
+        else:
+            # In this case, we need to update both true_body and false_body to have exactly the same
+            # widths.  Passing extra resources to `ControlFlowBuilderBlock.build` doesn't _compel_
+            # the resulting object to use them (because it tries to be minimal), so it's best to
+            # pass it nothing extra (allows some fast path constructions), and add all necessary
+            # bits onto the circuits at the end.
+            true_body = self._if_instruction.operation.blocks[0]
+            false_body = false_block.build(false_block.qubits(), false_block.clbits())
+            true_body, false_body = unify_circuit_resources((true_body, false_body))
+            circuit.append(
+                IfElseOp(
+                    self._if_context.condition,
+                    true_body,
+                    false_body,
+                    label=self._if_instruction.operation.label,
+                ),
+                tuple(true_body.qubits),
+                tuple(true_body.clbits),
+            )
+        return False