pycontrails 0.59.0__cp314-cp314-macosx_10_15_x86_64.whl

pycontrails/models/emissions/ffm2.py

@@ -0,0 +1,336 @@
+"""Calculate nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions.
+
+This modules applies the Fuel Flow Method 2 (FFM2) from DuBois & Paynter (2006) for a given
+aircraft-engine pair.
+
+References
+----------
+- :cite:`duboisFuelFlowMethod22006`
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import functools
+
+import numpy as np
+import numpy.typing as npt
+
+from pycontrails.core.interpolation import EmissionsProfileInterpolator
+from pycontrails.physics import jet, units
+
+
+@functools.cache
+def nitrogen_oxide_emissions_index_profile(
+    ff_idle: float,
+    ff_approach: float,
+    ff_climb: float,
+    ff_take_off: float,
+    ei_nox_idle: float,
+    ei_nox_approach: float,
+    ei_nox_climb: float,
+    ei_nox_take_off: float,
+) -> EmissionsProfileInterpolator:
+    """
+    Create the nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions index (EI) profile for the given engine type.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    ff_idle: float
+        ICAO EDB fuel mass flow rate at idle conditions (7% power), [:math:`kg s^{-1}`]
+    ff_approach: float
+        ICAO EDB fuel mass flow rate at approach (30% power), [:math:`kg s^{-1}`]
+    ff_climb: float
+        ICAO EDB fuel mass flow rate at climb out (85% power), [:math:`kg s^{-1}`]
+    ff_take_off: float
+        ICAO EDB fuel mass flow rate at take-off (100% power), [:math:`kg s^{-1}`]
+    ei_nox_idle: float
+        ICAO EDB NOx emissions index at idle conditions (7% power), [:math:`g_{NO_{X}}/kg_{fuel}`]
+    ei_nox_approach: float
+        ICAO EDB NOx emissions index at approach (30% power), [:math:`g_{NO_{X}}/kg_{fuel}`]
+    ei_nox_climb: float
+        ICAO EDB NOx emissions index at climb out (85% power), [:math:`g_{NO_{X}}/kg_{fuel}`]
+    ei_nox_take_off: float
+        ICAO EDB NOx emissions index at take-off (100% power), [:math:`g_{NO_{X}}/kg_{fuel}`]
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    EmissionsProfileInterpolator
+        log of NOx emissions index versus the log of fuel mass flow rate for a given engine type
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError
+        If any EI nox values are non-positive.
+    """
+    fuel_flow = np.array([ff_idle, ff_approach, ff_climb, ff_take_off], dtype=float)
+    installation_correction_factor = np.array([1.100, 1.020, 1.013, 1.010])
+    fuel_flow *= installation_correction_factor
+
+    ei_nox = np.array([ei_nox_idle, ei_nox_approach, ei_nox_climb, ei_nox_take_off], dtype=float)
+
+    if np.any(ei_nox <= 0):
+        raise ValueError("Zero value(s) encountered in the EI NOx.")
+
+    return EmissionsProfileInterpolator(xp=np.log(fuel_flow), fp=np.log(ei_nox))
+
+
+@functools.cache
+def co_hc_emissions_index_profile(
+    ff_idle: float,
+    ff_approach: float,
+    ff_climb: float,
+    ff_take_off: float,
+    ei_idle: float,
+    ei_approach: float,
+    ei_climb: float,
+    ei_take_off: float,
+) -> EmissionsProfileInterpolator:
+    """Create carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions index (EI) profile.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    ff_idle: float
+        ICAO EDB fuel mass flow rate at idle conditions
+        (7% power), [:math:`kg s^{-1}`]
+    ff_approach: float
+        ICAO EDB fuel mass flow rate at approach
+        (30% power), [:math:`kg s^{-1}`]
+    ff_climb: float
+        ICAO EDB fuel mass flow rate at climb out
+        (85% power), [:math:`kg s^{-1}`]
+    ff_take_off: float
+        ICAO EDB fuel mass flow rate at take-off
+        (100% power), [:math:`kg s^{-1}`]
+    ei_idle: float
+        ICAO EDB CO or HC emissions index at idle conditions
+        (7% power), [:math:`g_{pollutant}/kg_{fuel}`]
+    ei_approach: float
+        ICAO EDB CO or HC emissions index at approach
+        (30% power), [:math:`g_{pollutant}/kg_{fuel}`]
+    ei_climb: float
+        ICAO EDB CO or HC emissions index at climb out
+        (85% power), [:math:`g_{pollutant}/kg_{fuel}`]
+    ei_take_off: float
+        ICAO EDB CO or HC emissions index at take-off
+        (100% power), [:math:`g_{pollutant}/kg_{fuel}`]
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    EmissionsProfileInterpolator
+        log of CO or HC emissions index versus the log of fuel mass
+        flow rate for a given engine type
+    """
+    fuel_flow_edb = np.array([ff_idle, ff_approach, ff_climb, ff_take_off], dtype=float)
+    installation_correction_factor = np.array([1.100, 1.020, 1.013, 1.010])
+    fuel_flow_edb *= installation_correction_factor
+
+    ei_edb = np.array([ei_idle, ei_approach, ei_climb, ei_take_off], dtype=float)
+    min_vals_ = np.array([1e-3, 1e-3, 1e-4, 1e-4])
+    ei_edb = np.maximum(ei_edb, min_vals_)
+
+    # Get straight-line equation between idle and approach
+    m, c = np.polyfit(fuel_flow_edb[:2], ei_edb[:2], deg=1)
+    ei_climb_extrapolate = m * fuel_flow_edb[2] + c
+    ei_hi = np.mean(ei_edb[2:])
+
+    ff_low_power = fuel_flow_edb[3] * 0.03
+    ei_co_low_power = min((m * ff_low_power + c), (2 * ei_edb[0]))
+    ei_co_low_power = max(
+        ei_co_low_power, 1e-3
+    )  # Prevent zero/negative values, similar to line 115
+
+    # Permutation 1: Emissions profile when the bi-linear fit does not work
+    # (Figure 14 of DuBois & Paynter, 2006)
+    if ei_edb[1] < ei_edb[2]:
+        ff_profile = np.insert(fuel_flow_edb, 0, ff_low_power)
+        ei_profile = np.array([ei_co_low_power, ei_edb[0], ei_edb[1], ei_hi, ei_hi])
+
+    # Permutation 2: Emissions profile using a bi-linear fit (Figure 8 of DuBois & Paynter, 2006)
+    elif ei_climb_extrapolate < ei_edb[2] and (m != 0):
+        ff_intersect = (ei_hi - c) / m
+        # Ensure intersection is between 30% and 85% fuel mass flow rate
+        ff_intersect = np.clip(ff_intersect, fuel_flow_edb[1] + 0.01, fuel_flow_edb[2] - 0.01)
+        ff_profile = np.array(
+            [
+                ff_low_power,
+                fuel_flow_edb[0],
+                fuel_flow_edb[1],
+                ff_intersect,
+                fuel_flow_edb[2],
+                fuel_flow_edb[3],
+            ]
+        )
+        ei_profile = np.array([ei_co_low_power, ei_edb[0], ei_edb[1], ei_hi, ei_hi, ei_hi])
+
+    # Permutation 3: Point-to-point fit (Figure 13 of DuBois & Paynter, 2006)
+    else:
+        ff_profile = np.insert(fuel_flow_edb, 0, ff_low_power)
+        ei_profile = np.insert(ei_edb, 0, ei_co_low_power)
+
+    return EmissionsProfileInterpolator(xp=np.log(ff_profile), fp=np.log(ei_profile))
+
+
+def estimate_nox(
+    log_ei_nox_profile: EmissionsProfileInterpolator,
+    fuel_flow_per_engine: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    true_airspeed: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    air_pressure: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    air_temperature: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    specific_humidity: None | npt.NDArray[np.floating] = None,
+) -> npt.NDArray[np.floating]:
+    """Estimate the nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions index (EI) at cruise conditions.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    log_ei_nox_profile: EmissionsProfileInterpolator
+        emissions profile containing the log of EI NOx versus log of fuel flow.
+    fuel_flow_per_engine: npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        fuel mass flow rate per engine, [:math:`kg s^{-1}`]
+    true_airspeed: npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        true airspeed for each waypoint, [:math:`m s^{-1}`]
+    air_pressure : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        pressure altitude at each waypoint, [:math:`Pa`]
+    air_temperature : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        ambient temperature for each waypoint, [:math:`K`]
+    specific_humidity: npt.NDArray[np.floating] | None
+        specific humidity for each waypoint, [:math:`kg_{H_{2}O}/kg_{air}`]
+    """
+
+    if specific_humidity is None:
+        specific_humidity = _estimate_specific_humidity(air_temperature, air_pressure, rh=0.6)
+
+    # Derived quantities
+    mach_num = units.tas_to_mach_number(true_airspeed, air_temperature)
+    theta_amb = jet.temperature_ratio(air_temperature)
+    delta_amb = jet.pressure_ratio(air_pressure)
+    fuel_flow_sl = jet.equivalent_fuel_flow_rate_at_sea_level(
+        fuel_flow_per_engine, theta_amb, delta_amb, mach_num
+    )
+    ei_nox_sl = log_ei_nox_profile.log_interp(fuel_flow_sl)
+
+    q_correction = _get_humidity_correction_factor(specific_humidity)
+    ei_cruise = ei_at_cruise(ei_nox_sl, theta_amb, delta_amb, "NOX")
+    return ei_cruise * q_correction
+
+
+def estimate_ei(
+    log_ei_profile: EmissionsProfileInterpolator,
+    fuel_flow_per_engine: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    true_airspeed: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    air_pressure: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    air_temperature: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+) -> npt.NDArray[np.floating]:
+    """Estimate carbon monoxide (CO) or hydrocarbon (HC) emissions index (EI).
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    log_ei_profile: EmissionsProfileInterpolator
+        emissions profile containing the log of EI CO or EI HC versus log of fuel flow.
+    fuel_flow_per_engine: npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        fuel mass flow rate per engine, [:math:`kg s^{-1}`]
+    true_airspeed: npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        true airspeed for each waypoint, [:math:`m s^{-1}`]
+    air_pressure : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        pressure altitude at each waypoint, [:math:`Pa`]
+    air_temperature : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        ambient temperature for each waypoint, [:math:`K`]
+    """
+    mach_num = units.tas_to_mach_number(true_airspeed, air_temperature)
+    theta_amb = jet.temperature_ratio(air_temperature)
+    delta_amb = jet.pressure_ratio(air_pressure)
+    fuel_flow_sl = jet.equivalent_fuel_flow_rate_at_sea_level(
+        fuel_flow_per_engine, theta_amb, delta_amb, mach_num
+    )
+
+    ei_sl = log_ei_profile.log_interp(fuel_flow_sl)
+    return ei_at_cruise(ei_sl, theta_amb, delta_amb, "HC")
+
+
+# -----------------------
+# Common helper functions
+# -----------------------
+
+
+def ei_at_cruise(
+    ei_sl: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    theta_amb: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    delta_amb: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    ei_type: str,
+) -> npt.NDArray[np.floating]:
+    """Convert the estimated EI at sea level to cruise conditions.
+
+    Refer to Eqs. (15) and (16) in DuBois & Paynter (2006).
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    ei_sl : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Sea level EI values.
+    theta_amb : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Ratio of the ambient temperature to the temperature at mean sea-level.
+    delta_amb : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Ratio of the pressure altitude to the surface pressure.
+    ei_type : str
+        One of {"HC", "CO", "NOX"}
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Estimated cruise EI values.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    - :cite:`duboisFuelFlowMethod22006`
+    """
+    if ei_type in ["HC", "CO"]:
+        # bottom of page 3, x = 1
+        return ei_sl * (theta_amb**3.3 / delta_amb**1.02)
+    if ei_type == "NOX":
+        # bottom of page 3, y = 0.5
+        y = 0.5
+        return ei_sl * (delta_amb**1.02 / theta_amb**3.3) ** y
+    raise ValueError("Expect ei_type to be one of 'HC', 'CO', or 'NOX'")
+
+
+def _get_humidity_correction_factor(
+    specific_humidity: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+) -> npt.NDArray[np.floating]:
+    return np.exp(-19 * (specific_humidity - 0.00634))
+
+
+def _estimate_specific_humidity(
+    air_temperature: npt.NDArray[np.floating], air_pressure: npt.NDArray[np.floating], rh: float
+) -> npt.NDArray[np.floating]:
+    """Estimate the specific humidity by assuming a fixed relative humidity.
+
+    Refer to Eqs. (43), (44) and (45) in DuBois & Paynter (2006).
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    air_temperature : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Air temperature, [:math:`K`]
+    air_pressure : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Air pressure, [:math:`Pa`]
+    rh : float
+        Relative humidity, [:math:`0 - 1`]
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Estimated specific humidity, [:math:`kg kg^{-1}`]
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    - :cite:`duboisFuelFlowMethod22006`
+    """
+    # Equation (43)
+    air_temperature_celsius = units.kelvin_to_celsius(air_temperature)
+
+    # Equation (44)
+    exponent = (7.5 * air_temperature_celsius) / (237.3 + air_temperature_celsius)
+    P_sat = 6.107 * 10**exponent
+
+    # Equation (45)
+    air_pressure_hpa = air_pressure / 100
+    numer = 0.62197058 * rh * P_sat
+    denom = air_pressure_hpa - rh * P_sat
+    return numer / denom

pycontrails/models/emissions/static/default-engine-uids.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+aircraft_type,engine_uid,engine_name,n_engine
+A148,13ZM003,D-436-148,2
+A158,13ZM003,D-436-148,2
+A178,8GE116,CF34-10E6,2
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+FA50,1AS001,TFE731-40,3
+FA5X,03P16PW192,PW307A,3
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