pycontrails 0.59.0__cp314-cp314-macosx_10_15_x86_64.whl

pycontrails/models/cocip/unterstrasser_wake_vortex.py

@@ -0,0 +1,508 @@
+"""Wave-vortex downwash functions from Lottermoser & Unterstrasser (2025).
+
+Notes
+-----
+:cite:`unterstrasserPropertiesYoungContrails2016` provides a parameterized model of the
+survival fraction of the contrail ice crystal number ``f_surv`` during the  wake-vortex phase.
+The model has since been updated in :cite:`lottermoserHighResolutionEarlyContrails2025`. This update
+improves the goodness-of-fit between the parameterised model and LES, and expands the parameter
+space and can now be used for very low and very high soot inputs, different fuel types (where the
+EI H2Os are different), and higher ambient temperatures (up to 235 K) to accomodate for contrails
+formed by liquid hydrogen aircraft. The model was developed based on output from large eddy
+simulations, and improves agreement with LES outputs relative to the default survival fraction
+parameterization used in CoCiP.
+
+For comparison, CoCiP assumes that ``f_surv`` is equal to the change in the contrail ice water
+content (by mass) before and after the wake vortex phase. However, for larger (smaller) ice
+particles, their survival fraction by number could be smaller (larger) than their survival fraction
+by mass. This is particularly important in the "soot-poor" scenario, for example, in cleaner
+lean-burn engines where their soot emissions can be 3-4 orders of magnitude lower than conventional
+RQL engines.
+
+ADD CITATION TO BIBTEX: :cite:`lottermoserHighResolutionEarlyContrails2025`
+Lottermoser, A. and Unterstraßer, S.: High-resolution modelling of early contrail evolution from
+hydrogen-powered aircraft, EGUsphere [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3859, 2025.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import numpy as np
+import numpy.typing as npt
+
+from pycontrails.models.cocip.wake_vortex import wake_vortex_separation
+from pycontrails.physics import constants, thermo
+
+
+def ice_particle_number_survival_fraction(
+    air_temperature: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    rhi_0: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    ei_h2o: npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float,
+    wingspan: npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float,
+    true_airspeed: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    fuel_flow: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    aei_n: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    z_desc: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    *,
+    analytical_solution: bool = True,
+) -> npt.NDArray[np.floating]:
+    r"""
+    Calculate fraction of ice particle number surviving the wake vortex phase and required inputs.
+
+    This implementation is based on the work of :cite:`unterstrasserPropertiesYoungContrails2016`
+    and is an improved estimation compared with
+    :func:`contrail_properties.ice_particle_survival_fraction`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    air_temperature : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        ambient temperature for each waypoint, [:math:`K`]
+    rhi_0: npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Relative humidity with respect to ice at the flight waypoint
+    ei_h2o : npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float
+        Emission index of water vapor, [:math:`kg \ kg^{-1}`]
+    wingspan : npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float
+        aircraft wingspan, [:math:`m`]
+    true_airspeed : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        true airspeed for each waypoint, [:math:`m s^{-1}`]
+    fuel_flow : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Fuel mass flow rate, [:math:`kg s^{-1}`]
+    aei_n : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Apparent ice crystal number emissions index at contrail formation, [:math:`kg^{-1}`]
+    z_desc : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Final vertical displacement of the wake vortex, ``dz_max`` in :mod:`wake_vortex.py`,
+        [:math:`m`].
+    analytical_solution : bool
+        Use analytical solution to calculate ``z_atm`` and ``z_emit`` instead of numerical solution.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Fraction of contrail ice particle number that survive the wake vortex phase.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    - :cite:`unterstrasserPropertiesYoungContrails2016`
+    - :cite:`lottermoserHighResolutionEarlyContrails2025`
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    - For consistency in CoCiP, ``z_desc`` should be calculated using :func:`dz_max` instead of
+      using :func:`z_desc_length_scale`.
+    """
+    rho_emit = emitted_water_vapour_concentration(ei_h2o, wingspan, true_airspeed, fuel_flow)
+
+    # Length scales
+    if analytical_solution:
+        z_atm = z_atm_length_scale_analytical(air_temperature, rhi_0)
+        z_emit = z_emit_length_scale_analytical(rho_emit, air_temperature)
+
+    else:
+        z_atm = z_atm_length_scale_numerical(air_temperature, rhi_0)
+        z_emit = z_emit_length_scale_numerical(rho_emit, air_temperature)
+
+    z_total = z_total_length_scale(z_atm, z_emit, z_desc, true_airspeed, fuel_flow, aei_n, wingspan)
+    return _survival_fraction_from_length_scale(z_total)
+
+
+def z_total_length_scale(
+    z_atm: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    z_emit: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    z_desc: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    true_airspeed: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    fuel_flow: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    aei_n: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    wingspan: npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float,
+) -> npt.NDArray[np.floating]:
+    """
+    Calculate the total length-scale effect of the wake vortex downwash.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    z_atm : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Length-scale effect of ambient supersaturation on the ice crystal mass budget, [:math:`m`]
+    z_emit : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Length-scale effect of water vapour emissions on the ice crystal mass budget, [:math:`m`]
+    z_desc : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Final vertical displacement of the wake vortex, `dz_max` in `wake_vortex.py`, [:math:`m`]
+    true_airspeed : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        true airspeed for each waypoint, [:math:`m s^{-1}`]
+    fuel_flow : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Fuel mass flow rate, [:math:`kg s^{-1}`]
+    aei_n : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Apparent ice crystal number emissions index at contrail formation, [:math:`kg^{-1}`]
+    wingspan : npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float
+        aircraft wingspan, [:math:`m`]
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Total length-scale effect of the wake vortex downwash, [:math:`m`]
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    - For `psi`, see Appendix A1 in :cite:`lottermoserHighResolutionEarlyContrails2025`.
+    - For `z_total`, see Eq. (9) and (10) in :cite:`lottermoserHighResolutionEarlyContrails2025`.
+    """
+    # Calculate psi term
+    fuel_dist = fuel_flow / true_airspeed  # Units: [:math:`kg m^{-1}`]
+    n_ice_dist = fuel_dist * aei_n  # Units: [:math:`m^{-1}`]
+
+    n_ice_per_vol = n_ice_dist / plume_area(wingspan)  # Units: [:math:`m^{-3}`]
+    n_ice_per_vol_ref = 3.38e12 / plume_area(60.3)
+
+    psi = (n_ice_per_vol_ref / n_ice_per_vol) ** 0.16
+
+    # Calculate total length-scale effect
+    return psi * (1.27 * z_atm + 0.42 * z_emit) - 0.49 * z_desc
+
+
+def z_atm_length_scale_analytical(
+    air_temperature: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    rhi_0: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+) -> npt.NDArray[np.floating]:
+    """Calculate the length-scale effect of ambient supersaturation on the ice crystal mass budget.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    air_temperature : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Ambient temperature for each waypoint, [:math:`K`].
+    rhi_0 : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Relative humidity with respect to ice at the flight waypoint.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        The effect of the ambient supersaturation on the ice crystal mass budget,
+        provided as a length scale equivalent, estimated with analytical fit [:math:`m`].
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    - See Eq. (A2) in :cite:`lottermoserHighResolutionEarlyContrails2025`.
+    """
+    z_atm = np.zeros_like(rhi_0)
+
+    # Only perform operation when the ambient condition is supersaturated w.r.t. ice
+    issr = rhi_0 > 1.0
+
+    s_i = rhi_0 - 1.0
+    z_atm[issr] = 607.46 * s_i[issr] ** 0.897 * (air_temperature[issr] / 205.0) ** 2.225
+    return z_atm
+
+
+def z_atm_length_scale_numerical(
+    air_temperature: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    rhi_0: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    *,
+    n_iter: int = 10,
+) -> npt.NDArray[np.floating]:
+    """Calculate the length-scale effect of ambient supersaturation on the ice crystal mass budget.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    air_temperature : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Ambient temperature for each waypoint, [:math:`K`].
+    rhi_0 : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Relative humidity with respect to ice at the flight waypoint.
+    n_iter : int
+        Number of iterations, set to 10 as default where ``z_atm`` is accurate to within +-1 m.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        The effect of the ambient supersaturation on the ice crystal mass budget,
+        provided as a length scale equivalent, estimated with numerical methods [:math:`m`].
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    - See Eq. (6) in :cite:`lottermoserHighResolutionEarlyContrails2025`.
+    """
+    # Only perform operation when the ambient condition is supersaturated w.r.t. ice
+    issr = rhi_0 > 1.0
+
+    rhi_issr = rhi_0[issr]
+    air_temperature_issr = air_temperature[issr]
+
+    # Solve non-linear equation numerically using the bisection method
+    # Did not use scipy functions because it is unstable when dealing with np.arrays
+    z_1 = np.zeros_like(rhi_issr)
+    z_2 = np.full_like(rhi_issr, 1000.0)
+    lhs = rhi_issr * thermo.e_sat_ice(air_temperature_issr) / (air_temperature_issr**3.5)
+
+    dry_adiabatic_lapse_rate = constants.g / constants.c_pd
+    for _ in range(n_iter):
+        z_est = 0.5 * (z_1 + z_2)
+        rhs = (thermo.e_sat_ice(air_temperature_issr + dry_adiabatic_lapse_rate * z_est)) / (
+            air_temperature_issr + dry_adiabatic_lapse_rate * z_est
+        ) ** 3.5
+        z_1[lhs > rhs] = z_est[lhs > rhs]
+        z_2[lhs < rhs] = z_est[lhs < rhs]
+
+    out = np.zeros_like(rhi_0)
+    out[issr] = 0.5 * (z_1 + z_2)
+    return out
+
+
+def emitted_water_vapour_concentration(
+    ei_h2o: npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float,
+    wingspan: npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float,
+    true_airspeed: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    fuel_flow: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+) -> npt.NDArray[np.floating]:
+    r"""
+    Calculate aircraft-emitted water vapour concentration in the plume.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    ei_h2o : npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float
+        Emission index of water vapor, [:math:`kg \ kg^{-1}`]
+    wingspan : npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float
+        aircraft wingspan, [:math:`m`]
+    true_airspeed : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        true airspeed for each waypoint, [:math:`m s^{-1}`]
+    fuel_flow : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Fuel mass flow rate, [:math:`kg s^{-1}`]
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Aircraft-emitted water vapour concentration in the plume, [:math:`kg m^{-3}`]
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    - See eq. (6) and (A8) in :cite:`unterstrasserPropertiesYoungContrails2016`.
+    """
+    h2o_per_dist = (ei_h2o * fuel_flow) / true_airspeed
+    area_p = plume_area(wingspan)
+    return h2o_per_dist / area_p
+
+
+def z_emit_length_scale_analytical(
+    rho_emit: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    air_temperature: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+) -> npt.NDArray[np.floating]:
+    """Calculate the length-scale effect of water vapour emissions on the ice crystal mass budget.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    rho_emit : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Aircraft-emitted water vapour concentration in the plume, [:math:`kg m^{-3}`]
+    air_temperature : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        ambient temperature for each waypoint, [:math:`K`]
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        The effect of the aircraft water vapour emission on the ice crystal mass budget,
+        provided as a length scale equivalent, estimated with analytical fit [:math:`m`]
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    - See Eq. (A3) in :cite:`lottermoserHighResolutionEarlyContrails2025`.
+    """
+    t_205 = air_temperature - 205.0
+    return (
+        1106.6
+        * ((rho_emit * 1e5) ** (0.678 + 0.0116 * t_205))
+        * np.exp(-(0.0807 + 0.000428 * t_205) * t_205)
+    )
+
+
+def z_emit_length_scale_numerical(
+    rho_emit: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    air_temperature: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    *,
+    n_iter: int = 10,
+) -> npt.NDArray[np.floating]:
+    """Calculate the length-scale effect of water vapour emissions on the ice crystal mass budget.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    rho_emit : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Aircraft-emitted water vapour concentration in the plume, [:math:`kg m^{-3}`]
+    air_temperature : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        ambient temperature for each waypoint, [:math:`K`]
+    n_iter : int
+        Number of iterations, set to 10 as default where ``z_emit`` is accurate to within +-1 m.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        The effect of the aircraft water vapour emission on the ice crystal mass budget,
+        provided as a length scale equivalent, estimated with numerical methods [:math:`m`]
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    - See Eq. (7) in :cite:`lottermoserHighResolutionEarlyContrails2025`.
+    """
+    # Solve non-linear equation numerically using the bisection method
+    # Did not use scipy functions because it is unstable when dealing with np.arrays
+    z_1 = np.zeros_like(rho_emit)
+    z_2 = np.full_like(rho_emit, 1000.0)
+
+    lhs = (thermo.e_sat_ice(air_temperature) / (constants.R_v * air_temperature**3.5)) + (
+        rho_emit / (air_temperature**2.5)
+    )
+
+    dry_adiabatic_lapse_rate = constants.g / constants.c_pd
+    for _ in range(n_iter):
+        z_est = 0.5 * (z_1 + z_2)
+        rhs = thermo.e_sat_ice(air_temperature + dry_adiabatic_lapse_rate * z_est) / (
+            constants.R_v * (air_temperature + dry_adiabatic_lapse_rate * z_est) ** 3.5
+        )
+        z_1[lhs > rhs] = z_est[lhs > rhs]
+        z_2[lhs < rhs] = z_est[lhs < rhs]
+
+    return 0.5 * (z_1 + z_2)
+
+
+def plume_area(wingspan: npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float) -> npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float:
+    """Calculate area of the wake-vortex plume.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    wingspan : npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float
+        aircraft wingspan, [:math:`m`]
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float
+        Area of two wake-vortex plumes, [:math:`m^{2}`]
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    - See Appendix A2 in eq. (A6) and (A7) in :cite:`lottermoserHighResolutionEarlyContrails2025`.
+    """
+    r_plume = 1.5 + 0.314 * wingspan
+    return 2.0 * np.pi * r_plume**2
+
+
+def z_desc_length_scale(
+    wingspan: npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float,
+    air_temperature: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    air_pressure: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    true_airspeed: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    aircraft_mass: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    dT_dz: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+) -> npt.NDArray[np.floating]:
+    """Calculate the final vertical displacement of the wake vortex.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    wingspan : npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float
+        aircraft wingspan, [:math:`m`]
+    air_temperature : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        ambient temperature for each waypoint, [:math:`K`]
+    air_pressure : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        pressure altitude at each waypoint, [:math:`Pa`]
+    true_airspeed : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        true airspeed for each waypoint, [:math:`m s^{-1}`]
+    aircraft_mass : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        aircraft mass for each waypoint, [:math:`kg`]
+    dT_dz : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        potential temperature gradient, [:math:`K m^{-1}`]
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Final vertical displacement of the wake vortex, [:math:`m`]
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    - See eq. (4) in :cite:`unterstrasserPropertiesYoungContrails2016`.
+    """
+    gamma_0 = _initial_wake_vortex_circulation(
+        wingspan, air_temperature, air_pressure, true_airspeed, aircraft_mass
+    )
+    n_bv = thermo.brunt_vaisala_frequency(air_pressure, air_temperature, dT_dz)
+    return ((8.0 * gamma_0) / (np.pi * n_bv)) ** 0.5
+
+
+def _initial_wake_vortex_circulation(
+    wingspan: npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float,
+    air_temperature: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    air_pressure: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    true_airspeed: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    aircraft_mass: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+) -> npt.NDArray[np.floating]:
+    """Calculate initial wake vortex circulation.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    wingspan : npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float
+        aircraft wingspan, [:math:`m`]
+    air_temperature : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        ambient temperature for each waypoint, [:math:`K`]
+    air_pressure : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        pressure altitude at each waypoint, [:math:`Pa`]
+    true_airspeed : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        true airspeed for each waypoint, [:math:`m s^{-1}`]
+    aircraft_mass : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        aircraft mass for each waypoint, [:math:`kg`]
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Initial wake vortex circulation, [:math:`m^{2} s^{-1}`]
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    - This is a measure of the strength/intensity of the wake vortex circulation.
+    - See eq. (A1) in :cite:`unterstrasserPropertiesYoungContrails2016`.
+    """
+    b_0 = wake_vortex_separation(wingspan)
+    rho_air = thermo.rho_d(air_temperature, air_pressure)
+    return (constants.g * aircraft_mass) / (rho_air * b_0 * true_airspeed)
+
+
+def _survival_fraction_from_length_scale(
+    z_total: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+) -> npt.NDArray[np.floating]:
+    """
+    Calculate fraction of ice particle number surviving the wake vortex phase.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    z_total : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Total length-scale effect of the wake vortex downwash, [:math:`m`]
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Fraction of ice particle number surviving the wake vortex phase
+    """
+    f_surv = 0.42 + (1.31 / np.pi) * np.arctan(-1.00 + (z_total / 100.0))
+    np.clip(f_surv, 0.0, 1.0, out=f_surv)
+    return f_surv
+
+
+def initial_contrail_depth(
+    z_desc: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    f_surv: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+) -> npt.NDArray[np.floating]:
+    """Calculate initial contrail depth using :cite:`unterstrasserPropertiesYoungContrails2016`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    z_desc : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Final vertical displacement of the wake vortex, ``dz_max`` in :mod:`wake_vortex.py`,
+        [:math:`m`].
+    f_surv : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Fraction of contrail ice particle number that survive the wake vortex phase.
+        See :func:`ice_particle_survival_fraction`.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Initial contrail depth, [:math:`m`]
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    - See eq. (12), and (13) in :cite:`unterstrasserPropertiesYoungContrails2016`.
+    - For consistency in CoCiP, `z_desc` should be calculated using :func:`dz_max` instead of
+      using :func:`z_desc_length_scale`.
+    """
+    return z_desc * np.where(
+        f_surv <= 0.2,
+        6.0 * f_surv,
+        0.15 * f_surv + (6.0 - 0.15) * 0.2,
+    )