pycontrails 0.59.0__cp314-cp314-macosx_10_15_x86_64.whl

pycontrails/models/cocip/wake_vortex.py

@@ -0,0 +1,396 @@
+"""Wave-vortex downwash functions.
+
+This module includes equations from the original CoCiP model
+:cite:`schumannContrailCirrusPrediction2012`. An alternative set of equations based on
+:cite:`unterstrasserPropertiesYoungContrails2016` is available in
+:py:mod:`unterstrasser_wake_vortex`.
+
+Unterstrasser Notes
+-------------------
+
+Improved estimation of the survival fraction of the contrail ice crystal number ``f_surv``
+during the  wake-vortex phase. This is a parameterised model that is developed based on
+outputs provided by large eddy simulations.
+
+For comparison, CoCiP assumes that ``f_surv`` is equal to the change in the contrail ice water
+content (by mass) before and after the wake vortex phase. However, for larger (smaller) ice
+particles, their survival fraction by number could be smaller (larger) than their survival fraction
+by mass. This is particularly important in the "soot-poor" scenario, for example, in cleaner
+lean-burn engines where their soot emissions can be 3-4 orders of magnitude lower than conventional
+RQL engines.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import numpy as np
+import numpy.typing as npt
+
+from pycontrails.models.cocip import wind_shear
+from pycontrails.physics import constants, thermo
+
+
+def max_downward_displacement(
+    wingspan: npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float,
+    true_airspeed: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    aircraft_mass: npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float,
+    air_temperature: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    dT_dz: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    ds_dz: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    air_pressure: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    effective_vertical_resolution: float,
+    wind_shear_enhancement_exponent: npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float,
+) -> npt.NDArray[np.floating]:
+    """
+    Calculate the maximum contrail downward displacement after the wake vortex phase.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    wingspan : npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float
+        aircraft wingspan, [:math:`m`]
+    true_airspeed : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        true airspeed for each waypoint, [:math:`m s^{-1}`]
+    aircraft_mass : npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float
+        aircraft mass for each waypoint, [:math:`kg`]
+    air_temperature : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        ambient temperature for each waypoint, [:math:`K`]
+    dT_dz : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        potential temperature gradient, [:math:`K m^{-1}`]
+    ds_dz : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Difference in wind speed over dz in the atmosphere, [:math:`m s^{-1} / m`]
+    air_pressure : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        pressure altitude at each waypoint, [:math:`Pa`]
+    effective_vertical_resolution: float
+        Passed through to :func:`wind_shear.wind_shear_enhancement_factor`, [:math:`m`]
+    wind_shear_enhancement_exponent: npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float
+        Passed through to :func:`wind_shear.wind_shear_enhancement_factor`
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Max contrail downward displacement after the wake vortex phase, [:math:`m`]
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    - :cite:`holzapfelProbabilisticTwoPhaseWake2003`
+    - :cite:`schumannContrailCirrusPrediction2012`
+    """
+    rho_air = thermo.rho_d(air_temperature, air_pressure)
+    n_bv = thermo.brunt_vaisala_frequency(air_pressure, air_temperature, dT_dz)
+    t_0 = effective_time_scale(wingspan, true_airspeed, aircraft_mass, rho_air)
+
+    dz_max_strong = downward_displacement_strongly_stratified(
+        wingspan, true_airspeed, aircraft_mass, rho_air, n_bv
+    )
+
+    is_weakly_stratified = n_bv * t_0 < 0.8
+    if isinstance(wingspan, np.ndarray):
+        wingspan = wingspan[is_weakly_stratified]
+    if isinstance(aircraft_mass, np.ndarray):
+        aircraft_mass = aircraft_mass[is_weakly_stratified]
+
+    dz_max_weak = downward_displacement_weakly_stratified(
+        wingspan=wingspan,
+        true_airspeed=true_airspeed[is_weakly_stratified],
+        aircraft_mass=aircraft_mass,
+        rho_air=rho_air[is_weakly_stratified],
+        n_bv=n_bv[is_weakly_stratified],
+        dz_max_strong=dz_max_strong[is_weakly_stratified],
+        ds_dz=ds_dz[is_weakly_stratified],
+        t_0=t_0[is_weakly_stratified],
+        effective_vertical_resolution=effective_vertical_resolution,
+        wind_shear_enhancement_exponent=wind_shear_enhancement_exponent,
+    )
+
+    dz_max_strong[is_weakly_stratified] = dz_max_weak
+    return dz_max_strong
+
+
+def effective_time_scale(
+    wingspan: npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float,
+    true_airspeed: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    aircraft_mass: npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float,
+    rho_air: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+) -> npt.NDArray[np.floating]:
+    r"""
+    Calculate the effective time scale of the wake vortex.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    wingspan : npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float
+        aircraft wingspan, [:math:`m`]
+    true_airspeed : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        true airspeed for each waypoint, [:math:`m \ s^{-1}`]
+    aircraft_mass : npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float
+        aircraft mass for each waypoint, [:math:`kg`]
+    rho_air : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        density of air for each waypoint, [:math:`kg \ m^{-3}`]
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Wake vortex effective time scale, [:math:`s`]
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    See section 2.5 (pg 547) of :cite:`schumannContrailCirrusPrediction2012`.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    - :cite:`schumannContrailCirrusPrediction2012`
+    """
+    c = np.pi**4 / 32
+    return c * wingspan**3 * rho_air * true_airspeed / (aircraft_mass * constants.g)
+
+
+def downward_displacement_strongly_stratified(
+    wingspan: npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float,
+    true_airspeed: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    aircraft_mass: npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float,
+    rho_air: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    n_bv: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+) -> npt.NDArray[np.floating]:
+    """
+    Calculate the maximum contrail downward displacement under strongly stratified conditions.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    wingspan : npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float
+        aircraft wingspan, [:math:`m`]
+    true_airspeed : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        true airspeed for each waypoint, [:math:`m s^{-1}`]
+    aircraft_mass : npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float
+        aircraft mass for each waypoint, [:math:`kg`]
+    rho_air : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        density of air for each waypoint, [:math:`kg m^{-3}`]
+    n_bv : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Brunt-Vaisaila frequency, [:math:`s^{-1}`]
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Maximum contrail downward displacement, strongly stratified conditions, [:math:`m`]
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    See section 2.5 (pg 547 - 548) of :cite:`schumannContrailCirrusPrediction2012`.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    - :cite:`schumannContrailCirrusPrediction2012`
+    """
+    c = (1.49 * 16) / (2 * np.pi**3)  # This is W2 in Schumann's Fortran code
+    return (c * aircraft_mass * constants.g) / (wingspan**2 * rho_air * true_airspeed * n_bv)
+
+
+def downward_displacement_weakly_stratified(
+    wingspan: npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float,
+    true_airspeed: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    aircraft_mass: npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float,
+    rho_air: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    n_bv: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    dz_max_strong: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    ds_dz: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    t_0: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    effective_vertical_resolution: float,
+    wind_shear_enhancement_exponent: npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float,
+) -> npt.NDArray[np.floating]:
+    """
+    Calculate the maximum contrail downward displacement under weakly/stably stratified conditions.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    wingspan : npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float
+        aircraft wingspan, [:math:`m`]
+    true_airspeed : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        true airspeed for each waypoint, [:math:`m s^{-1}`]
+    aircraft_mass : npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float
+        aircraft mass for each waypoint, [:math:`kg`]
+    rho_air : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        density of air for each waypoint, [:math:`kg m^{-3}`]
+    n_bv : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Brunt-Vaisaila frequency, [:math:`s^{-1}`]
+    dz_max_strong : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Max contrail downward displacement under strongly stratified conditions, [:math:`m`]
+    ds_dz : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Difference in wind speed over dz in the atmosphere, [:math:`m s^{-1} / m`]
+    t_0 : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Wake vortex effective time scale, [:math:`s`]
+    effective_vertical_resolution: float
+        Passed through to :func:`wind_shear.wind_shear_enhancement_factor`, [:math:`m`]
+    wind_shear_enhancement_exponent: npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float
+        Passed through to :func:`wind_shear.wind_shear_enhancement_factor`
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Maximum contrail downward displacement, weakly/stably stratified conditions, [:math:`m`]
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    See section 2.5 (pg 548) of :cite:`schumannContrailCirrusPrediction2012`.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    - :cite:`schumannContrailCirrusPrediction2012`
+    """
+    b_0 = wake_vortex_separation(wingspan)
+    dz_max = np.maximum(dz_max_strong, 10.0)
+    shear_enhancement_factor = wind_shear.wind_shear_enhancement_factor(
+        dz_max, effective_vertical_resolution, wind_shear_enhancement_exponent
+    )
+
+    # Calculate epsilon and epsilon star
+    # In Schumann's Fortran code, epsn = EDR and epsn_st = EPSN
+    epsn = turbulent_kinetic_energy_dissipation_rate(ds_dz, shear_enhancement_factor)
+    epsn_st = normalized_dissipation_rate(epsn, wingspan, true_airspeed, aircraft_mass, rho_air)
+    return b_0 * (7.68 * (1 - 4.07 * epsn_st + 5.67 * epsn_st**2) * (0.79 - n_bv * t_0) + 1.88)
+
+
+def wake_vortex_separation(
+    wingspan: npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float,
+) -> npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float:
+    """
+    Calculate the wake vortex separation.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    wingspan : npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float
+        aircraft wingspan, [:math:`m`]
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float
+        wake vortex separation, [:math:`m`]
+    """
+    return (np.pi * wingspan) / 4.0
+
+
+def turbulent_kinetic_energy_dissipation_rate(
+    ds_dz: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    shear_enhancement_factor: npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float = 1.0,
+) -> npt.NDArray[np.floating]:
+    """
+    Calculate the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate (epsilon).
+
+    The shear enhancement factor is used to account for any sub-grid scale turbulence.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    ds_dz : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Difference in wind speed over dz in the atmosphere, [:math:`m s^{-1} / m`]
+    shear_enhancement_factor : npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float
+        Multiplication factor to enhance the wind shear
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate, [:math:`m^{2} s^{-3}`]
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    - See eq. (37) in :cite:`schumannContrailCirrusPrediction2012`.
+    - In a personal correspondence, Dr. Schumann identified a print error in Eq. (37)
+      of the 2012 paper where the shear term should not be squared.
+      The correct equation is listed in Eq. (13) :cite:`schumannTurbulentMixingStably1995`.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    - :cite:`schumannContrailCirrusPrediction2012`
+    - :cite:`schumannTurbulentMixingStably1995`
+    """
+    return 0.5 * 0.1**2 * (ds_dz * shear_enhancement_factor**2)
+
+
+def normalized_dissipation_rate(
+    epsilon: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    wingspan: npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float,
+    true_airspeed: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    aircraft_mass: npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float,
+    rho_air: npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float,
+) -> npt.NDArray[np.floating]:
+    """
+    Calculate the normalized dissipation rate of the sinking wake vortex.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    epsilon: npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate, [:math:`m^{2} s^{-3}`]
+    wingspan : npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float
+        aircraft wingspan, [:math:`m`]
+    true_airspeed : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        true airspeed for each waypoint, [:math:`m s^{-1}`]
+    aircraft_mass : npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float
+        aircraft mass for each waypoint, [:math:`kg`]
+    rho_air : npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float
+        density of air for each waypoint, [:math:`kg m^{-3}`]
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Normalized dissipation rate of the sinking wake vortex
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    See page 548 of :cite:`schumannContrailCirrusPrediction2012`.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    - :cite:`schumannContrailCirrusPrediction2012`
+    """
+    c = (np.pi / 4) ** (1 / 3) * np.pi**3 / 8  # This is W6 in Schumann's Fortran code
+    numer = c * (epsilon * wingspan) ** (1 / 3) * wingspan**2 * rho_air * true_airspeed
+
+    # epsn_st = epsilon star
+    epsn_st = numer / (constants.g * aircraft_mass)
+
+    # In a personal correspondence, Schumann gives the precise value
+    # of 0.358906526 here
+    # In the 2012 paper, Schumann gives 0.36
+    # The precise value is likely insignificant because we don't expect epsn_st
+    # to be larger than 0.36
+    return np.minimum(epsn_st, 0.36)
+
+
+def initial_contrail_width(
+    wingspan: npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float, dz_max: npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+) -> npt.NDArray[np.floating]:
+    """
+    Calculate the initial contrail width.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    wingspan : npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float
+        aircraft wingspan, [:math:`m`]
+    dz_max : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Max contrail downward displacement after the wake vortex phase, [:math:`m`]
+        Only the size of this array is used; the values are ignored.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Initial contrail width, [:math:`m`]
+    """
+    return np.full_like(dz_max, np.pi / 4) * wingspan
+
+
+def initial_contrail_depth(
+    dz_max: npt.NDArray[np.floating], initial_wake_vortex_depth: float | npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+) -> npt.NDArray[np.floating]:
+    """
+    Calculate the initial contrail depth.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    dz_max : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Max contrail downward displacement after the wake vortex phase, [:math:`m`]
+    initial_wake_vortex_depth : float | npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Initial wake vortex depth scaling factor.
+        Denoted `C_D0` in eq (14) in :cite:`schumannContrailCirrusPrediction2012`.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Initial contrail depth, [:math:`m`]
+    """
+    return dz_max * initial_wake_vortex_depth

pycontrails/models/cocip/wind_shear.py

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+"""Wind shear functions."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import numpy as np
+import numpy.typing as npt
+
+from pycontrails.utils.types import ArrayScalarLike
+
+
+def wind_shear_enhancement_factor(
+    contrail_depth: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    effective_vertical_resolution: float | npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    wind_shear_enhancement_exponent: float | npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+) -> npt.NDArray[np.floating]:
+    r"""Calculate the multiplication factor to enhance the wind shear based on contrail depth.
+
+    This factor accounts for any subgrid-scale that is not captured by the resolution
+    of the meteorological datasets.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    contrail_depth : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Contrail depth , [:math:`m`]. Expected to be positive and bounded away from 0.
+    effective_vertical_resolution : float | npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Vertical resolution of met data , [:math:`m`]
+    wind_shear_enhancement_exponent : float | npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Exponent used in calculation. Expected to be nonnegative.
+        Discussed in paragraphs following eq. (39) in Schumann 2012 and referenced as `n`.
+        When this parameter is 0, no enhancement occurs.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Wind shear enhancement factor
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Implementation based on eq (39) in :cite:`schumannContrailCirrusPrediction2012`.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    - :cite:`schumannContrailCirrusPrediction2012`
+    """
+    ratio = effective_vertical_resolution / contrail_depth
+    return 0.5 * (1.0 + ratio**wind_shear_enhancement_exponent)
+
+
+def wind_shear_normal(
+    u_wind_top: ArrayScalarLike,
+    u_wind_btm: ArrayScalarLike,
+    v_wind_top: ArrayScalarLike,
+    v_wind_btm: ArrayScalarLike,
+    cos_a: ArrayScalarLike,
+    sin_a: ArrayScalarLike,
+    dz: float,
+) -> ArrayScalarLike:
+    r"""Calculate the total wind shear normal to an axis.
+
+    The total wind shear is the vertical gradient of the horizontal velocity.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    u_wind_top : ArrayScalarLike
+        u wind speed in the top layer, [:math:`m \ s^{-1}`]
+    u_wind_btm : ArrayScalarLike
+        u wind speed in the bottom layer, [:math:`m \ s^{-1}`]
+    v_wind_top : ArrayScalarLike
+        v wind speed in the top layer, [:math:`m \ s^{-1}`]
+    v_wind_btm : ArrayScalarLike
+        v wind speed in the bottom layer, [:math:`m \ s^{-1}`]
+    cos_a : ArrayScalarLike
+        Cosine component of segment
+    sin_a : ArrayScalarLike
+        Sine component of segment
+    dz : float
+        Difference in altitude between measurements, [:math:`m`]
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    ArrayScalarLike
+       Wind shear normal to axis, [:math:`s^{-1}`]
+    """
+    du_dz = (u_wind_top - u_wind_btm) / dz
+    dv_dz = (v_wind_top - v_wind_btm) / dz
+    return dv_dz * cos_a - du_dz * sin_a
+
+
+def wind_shear(
+    u_wind_top: ArrayScalarLike,
+    u_wind_btm: ArrayScalarLike,
+    v_wind_top: ArrayScalarLike,
+    v_wind_btm: ArrayScalarLike,
+    dz: float,
+) -> ArrayScalarLike:
+    r"""Calculate the total wind shear.
+
+    The total wind shear is the vertical gradient of the horizontal velocity.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    u_wind_top : ArrayScalarLike
+        u wind speed in the top layer, [:math:`m \ s^{-1}`]
+    u_wind_btm : ArrayScalarLike
+        u wind speed in the bottom layer, [:math:`m \ s^{-1}`]
+    v_wind_top : ArrayScalarLike
+        v wind speed in the top layer, [:math:`m \ s^{-1}`]
+    v_wind_btm : ArrayScalarLike
+        v wind speed in the bottom layer, [:math:`m \ s^{-1}`]
+    dz : float
+        Difference in altitude between measurements, [:math:`m`]
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    ArrayScalarLike
+       Total wind shear, [:math:`s^{-1}`]
+    """
+    du_dz = (u_wind_top - u_wind_btm) / dz
+    dv_dz = (v_wind_top - v_wind_btm) / dz
+    return (du_dz**2 + dv_dz**2) ** 0.5

pycontrails/models/cocipgrid/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+"""Grid-like Contrail Cirrus Prediction (CoCiP) modeling support."""
+
+from pycontrails.models.cocipgrid.cocip_grid import CocipGrid
+from pycontrails.models.cocipgrid.cocip_grid_params import CocipGridParams
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CocipGrid",
+    "CocipGridParams",
+]