pycontrails 0.59.0__cp314-cp314-macosx_10_15_x86_64.whl

pycontrails/models/emissions/emissions.py

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+"""Calculate jet engine emissions using the ICAO Aircraft Emissions Databank (EDB).
+
+Functions without a subscript "_" can be used independently outside .eval()
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import dataclasses
+import functools
+import pathlib
+import warnings
+from typing import Any, NoReturn, overload
+
+import numpy as np
+import numpy.typing as npt
+import pandas as pd
+
+from pycontrails.core.flight import Flight
+from pycontrails.core.fuel import Fuel, SAFBlend
+from pycontrails.core.interpolation import EmissionsProfileInterpolator
+from pycontrails.core.met import MetDataset
+from pycontrails.core.met_var import AirTemperature, MetVariable, SpecificHumidity
+from pycontrails.core.models import Model, ModelParams
+from pycontrails.core.vector import GeoVectorDataset
+from pycontrails.models.emissions import black_carbon, ffm2
+from pycontrails.models.humidity_scaling import HumidityScaling
+from pycontrails.physics import constants, jet, units
+
+_path_to_static = pathlib.Path(__file__).parent / "static"
+EDB_ENGINE_PATH = _path_to_static / "edb-gaseous-v29b-engines.csv"
+EDB_NVPM_PATH = _path_to_static / "edb-nvpm-v29b-engines.csv"
+ENGINE_UID_PATH = _path_to_static / "default-engine-uids.csv"
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class EmissionsParams(ModelParams):
+    """:class:`Emissions` model parameters."""
+
+    #: Default nvpm_ei_n value if engine UID is not found
+    default_nvpm_ei_n: float = 1e15
+
+    #: Humidity scaling. If None, no scaling is applied.
+    humidity_scaling: HumidityScaling | None = None
+
+    #: If True, if an engine UID is not provided on the ``source.attrs``, use a
+    #: default engine UID based on Teoh's analysis of aircraft engine pairs in
+    #: 2019 - 2021 Spire data.
+    use_default_engine_uid: bool = True
+
+
+class Emissions(Model):
+    """Emissions handling using ICAO Emissions Databank (EDB) and black carbon correlations.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    met : MetDataset | None, optional
+        Met data, by default None.
+    params : dict[str, Any] | None, optional
+        Model parameters, by default None.
+    params_kwargs : Any
+        Model parameters passed as keyword arguments.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    - :cite:`leeContributionGlobalAviation2021`
+    - :cite:`schumannDehydrationEffectsContrails2015`
+    - :cite:`stettlerGlobalCivilAviation2013`
+    - :cite:`wilkersonAnalysisEmissionData2010`
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    :mod:`pycontrails.models.emissions.black_carbon`
+    :mod:`pycontrails.models.emissions.ffm2`
+    """
+
+    name = "emissions"
+    long_name = "ICAO Emissions Databank (EDB)"
+    met_variables: tuple[MetVariable, ...] = AirTemperature, SpecificHumidity
+    default_params = EmissionsParams
+
+    source: GeoVectorDataset
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        met: MetDataset | None = None,
+        params: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+        **params_kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(met, params, **params_kwargs)
+
+        self.edb_engine_gaseous = load_engine_params_from_edb()
+        self.edb_engine_nvpm = load_engine_nvpm_profile_from_edb()
+        self.default_engines = load_default_aircraft_engine_mapping()
+
+    @overload
+    def eval(self, source: Flight, **params: Any) -> Flight: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def eval(self, source: GeoVectorDataset, **params: Any) -> GeoVectorDataset: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def eval(self, source: None = ..., **params: Any) -> NoReturn: ...
+
+    def eval(self, source: GeoVectorDataset | None = None, **params: Any) -> GeoVectorDataset:
+        """Calculate the emissions data for ``source``.
+
+        Parameter ``source`` must contain each of the variables:
+            - air_temperature
+            - specific_humidity
+            - true_airspeed
+            - fuel_flow
+
+        If 'engine_uid' is not provided in ``source.attrs`` or not available in the ICAO EDB,
+        constant emission indices will be assumed for NOx, CO, HC, and nvPM mass and number.
+
+        The computed pollutants include carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxide (NOx),
+        carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), non-volatile particulate matter
+        (nvPM) mass and number, sulphur oxides (SOx), sulphates (S) and organic carbon (OC).
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.47.0
+            Support GeoVectorDataset for the ``source`` parameter.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        source : GeoVectorDataset
+            Flight to evaluate
+        **params : Any
+            Overwrite model parameters before eval
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        GeoVectorDataset
+            Flight with attached emissions data
+        """
+        self.update_params(params)
+        self.set_source(source)
+        self.source = self.require_source_type(GeoVectorDataset)
+
+        # Set air_temperature and specific_humidity if not already set
+        humidity_scaling = self.params["humidity_scaling"]
+        scale_humidity = humidity_scaling is not None and "specific_humidity" not in self.source
+        self.set_source_met()
+
+        # Only enhance humidity if it wasn't already present on source
+        if scale_humidity:
+            humidity_scaling.eval(self.source, copy_source=False)
+
+        # Ensure that flight has the required AP variables
+        self.source.ensure_vars(("true_airspeed", "fuel_flow"))
+
+        engine_uid = self.source.attrs.get("engine_uid")
+        if (
+            engine_uid is None
+            and self.params["use_default_engine_uid"]
+            and (aircraft_type := self.source.attrs.get("aircraft_type"))
+        ):
+            try:
+                engine_uid = self.default_engines.at[aircraft_type, "engine_uid"]
+                n_engine = self.default_engines.at[aircraft_type, "n_engine"]
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                self.source.attrs.setdefault("engine_uid", engine_uid)
+                self.source.attrs.setdefault("n_engine", n_engine)
+
+        if engine_uid is None:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "No 'engine_uid' found on source attrs. A constant emissions will be used."
+            )
+
+        if "n_engine" not in self.source.attrs:
+            aircraft_type = self.source.get_constant("aircraft_type", None)
+            self.source.attrs["n_engine"] = self.default_engines.at[aircraft_type, "n_engine"]
+
+        try:
+            fuel_flow_per_engine = self.source.get_data_or_attr("fuel_flow_per_engine")
+        except KeyError:
+            # Try to keep vector and attrs data consistent here
+            n_engine = self.source.attrs["n_engine"]
+            try:
+                ff = self.source["fuel_flow"]
+            except KeyError:
+                ff = self.source.attrs["fuel_flow"]
+                fuel_flow_per_engine = ff / n_engine
+                self.source.attrs["fuel_flow_per_engine"] = fuel_flow_per_engine
+            else:
+                fuel_flow_per_engine = ff / n_engine
+                self.source["fuel_flow_per_engine"] = fuel_flow_per_engine
+
+        # Attach thrust setting
+        if "thrust_setting" not in self.source:
+            try:
+                edb_gaseous = self.edb_engine_gaseous[engine_uid]  # type: ignore[index]
+            except KeyError:
+                self.source["thrust_setting"] = np.full(len(self.source), np.nan, dtype=np.float32)
+            else:
+                self.source["thrust_setting"] = get_thrust_setting(
+                    edb_gaseous,
+                    fuel_flow_per_engine=fuel_flow_per_engine,
+                    air_pressure=self.source.air_pressure,
+                    air_temperature=self.source["air_temperature"],
+                    true_airspeed=self.source.get_data_or_attr("true_airspeed"),
+                )
+
+        self._gaseous_emission_indices(engine_uid)
+        self._nvpm_emission_indices(engine_uid)
+        self._total_pollutant_emissions()
+        return self.source
+
+    def _gaseous_emission_indices(self, engine_uid: str | None) -> None:
+        """Calculate EI's for nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC).
+
+        This method attaches the following variables to the underlying :attr:`flight`:
+
+        - `nox_ei`
+        - `co_ei`
+        - `hc_ei`
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        engine_uid : str
+            Engine unique identification number from the ICAO EDB
+        """
+        try:
+            edb_gaseous = self.edb_engine_gaseous[engine_uid]  # type: ignore[index]
+        except KeyError:
+            self._gaseous_emissions_constant()
+        else:
+            self._gaseous_emissions_ffm2(edb_gaseous)
+
+    def _gaseous_emissions_ffm2(self, edb_gaseous: EDBGaseous) -> None:
+        """Calculate gaseous emissions using the FFM2 methodology.
+
+        This method attaches the following variables to the underlying :attr:`flight`:
+
+        - `nox_ei`
+        - `co_ei`
+        - `hc_ei`
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        edb_gaseous : EDBGaseous
+            EDB gaseous data
+        """
+        self.source.attrs["gaseous_data_source"] = "FFM2"
+
+        fuel_flow_per_engine = self.source.get_data_or_attr("fuel_flow_per_engine")
+        true_airspeed = self.source.get_data_or_attr("true_airspeed")
+        air_temperature = self.source["air_temperature"]
+
+        # Emissions indices
+        self.source["nox_ei"] = nitrogen_oxide_emissions_index_ffm2(
+            edb_gaseous,
+            fuel_flow_per_engine,
+            true_airspeed,
+            self.source.air_pressure,
+            air_temperature,
+            self.source["specific_humidity"],
+        )
+
+        self.source["co_ei"] = carbon_monoxide_emissions_index_ffm2(
+            edb_gaseous,
+            fuel_flow_per_engine,
+            true_airspeed,
+            self.source.air_pressure,
+            air_temperature,
+        )
+
+        self.source["hc_ei"] = hydrocarbon_emissions_index_ffm2(
+            edb_gaseous,
+            fuel_flow_per_engine,
+            true_airspeed,
+            self.source.air_pressure,
+            air_temperature,
+        )
+
+    def _gaseous_emissions_constant(self) -> None:
+        """Fill gaseous emissions data with default values.
+
+        This method attaches the following variables to the underlying :attr:`flight`:
+
+        - `nox_ei`
+        - `co_ei`
+        - `hc_ei`
+
+        Assumes constant emission indices for nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide and
+        hydrocarbon for a given aircraft-engine pair if data is not available in the ICAO EDB.
+
+        - NOx EI = 15.14 g-NOx/kg-fuel (Table 1 of Lee et al., 2020)
+        - CO EI = 3.61 g-CO/kg-fuel (Table 1 of Wilkerson et al., 2010),
+        - HC EI = 0.520 g-HC/kg-fuel (Table 1 of Wilkerson et al., 2010)
+
+        References
+        ----------
+        - :cite:`leeContributionGlobalAviation2021`
+        - :cite:`wilkersonAnalysisEmissionData2010`
+        """
+        self.source.attrs["gaseous_data_source"] = "Constant"
+
+        nox_ei = np.full(shape=len(self.source), fill_value=15.14, dtype=np.float32)
+        co_ei = np.full(shape=len(self.source), fill_value=3.61, dtype=np.float32)
+        hc_ei = np.full(shape=len(self.source), fill_value=0.520, dtype=np.float32)
+
+        self.source["nox_ei"] = nox_ei * 1e-3  # g-NOx/kg-fuel to kg-NOx/kg-fuel
+        self.source["co_ei"] = co_ei * 1e-3  # g-CO/kg-fuel to kg-CO/kg-fuel
+        self.source["hc_ei"] = hc_ei * 1e-3  # g-HC/kg-fuel to kg-HC/kg-fuel
+
+    def _nvpm_emission_indices(self, engine_uid: str | None) -> None:
+        """Calculate emission indices for nvPM mass and number.
+
+        This method attaches the following variables to the underlying :attr:`source`.
+            - nvpm_ei_m
+            - nvpm_ei_n
+
+        In addition, ``nvpm_data_source`` is attached to the ``source.attrs``.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        engine_uid : str
+            Engine unique identification number from the ICAO EDB
+        """
+        if "nvpm_ei_n" in self.source and "nvpm_ei_m" in self.source:
+            return  # early exit if values already exist
+
+        if isinstance(self.source, Flight):
+            fuel = self.source.fuel
+        else:
+            try:
+                fuel = self.source.attrs["fuel"]
+            except KeyError as exc:
+                raise KeyError(
+                    "If running 'Emissions' with a 'GeoVectorDataset' as source, "
+                    "the fuel type must be provided in the attributes. "
+                ) from exc
+
+        edb_nvpm = self.edb_engine_nvpm.get(engine_uid) if engine_uid else None
+        edb_gaseous = self.edb_engine_gaseous.get(engine_uid) if engine_uid else None
+
+        if edb_nvpm is not None:
+            nvpm_data = self._nvpm_emission_indices_edb(edb_nvpm, fuel)
+        elif edb_gaseous is not None:
+            nvpm_data = self._nvpm_emission_indices_sac(edb_gaseous, fuel)
+        else:
+            if engine_uid is not None:
+                warnings.warn(
+                    f"Cannot find 'engine_uid' {engine_uid} in EDB. "
+                    "A constant emissions will be used."
+                )
+            nvpm_data = self._nvpm_emission_indices_constant()
+
+        nvpm_data_source, nvpm_ei_m, nvpm_ei_n = nvpm_data
+
+        # Adjust nvPM emission indices if SAF is used.
+        if isinstance(fuel, SAFBlend) and fuel.pct_blend:
+            thrust_setting = self.source["thrust_setting"]
+            pct_eim_reduction = black_carbon.nvpm_mass_ei_pct_reduction_due_to_saf(
+                fuel.hydrogen_content, thrust_setting
+            )
+            pct_ein_reduction = black_carbon.nvpm_number_ei_pct_reduction_due_to_saf(
+                fuel.hydrogen_content, thrust_setting
+            )
+
+            nvpm_ei_m *= 1.0 + pct_eim_reduction / 100.0
+            nvpm_ei_n *= 1.0 + pct_ein_reduction / 100.0
+
+        self.source.attrs["nvpm_data_source"] = nvpm_data_source
+        self.source.setdefault("nvpm_ei_m", nvpm_ei_m)
+        self.source.setdefault("nvpm_ei_n", nvpm_ei_n)
+
+    def _nvpm_emission_indices_edb(
+        self, edb_nvpm: EDBnvpm, fuel: Fuel
+    ) -> tuple[str, npt.NDArray[np.floating], npt.NDArray[np.floating]]:
+        """Calculate emission indices for nvPM mass and number.
+
+        This method uses data from the ICAO EDB along with the T4/T2 methodology.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        edb_nvpm : EDBnvpm
+            EDB nvPM data.
+        fuel : Fuel
+            Fuel type.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        nvpm_data_source : str
+            Source of nvpm data.
+        nvpm_ei_m : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+            Non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) mass emissions index, [:math:`kg/kg_{fuel}`]
+        nvpm_ei_n : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+            Black carbon number emissions index, [:math:`kg_{fuel}^{-1}`]
+
+        References
+        ----------
+        - :cite:`teohTargetedUseSustainable2022`
+        """
+        nvpm_data_source = "ICAO EDB"
+
+        # Emissions indices
+        return nvpm_data_source, *get_nvpm_emissions_index_edb(
+            edb_nvpm,
+            true_airspeed=self.source.get_data_or_attr("true_airspeed"),
+            air_temperature=self.source["air_temperature"],
+            air_pressure=self.source.air_pressure,
+            thrust_setting=self.source["thrust_setting"],
+            q_fuel=fuel.q_fuel,
+        )
+
+    def _nvpm_emission_indices_sac(
+        self, edb_gaseous: EDBGaseous, fuel: Fuel
+    ) -> tuple[str, npt.NDArray[np.floating], npt.NDArray[np.floating]]:
+        """Calculate EIs for nvPM mass and number assuming the profile of single annular combustors.
+
+        nvPM EI_m is calculated using the FOX and ImFOX methods, while the nvPM EI_n
+        is calculated using the Fractal Aggregates (FA) model.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        edb_gaseous : EDBGaseous
+            EDB gaseous data
+        fuel : Fuel
+            Fuel type.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        nvpm_data_source : str
+            Source of nvpm data.
+        nvpm_ei_m : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+            Non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) mass emissions index, [:math:`kg/kg_{fuel}`]
+        nvpm_ei_n : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+            Black carbon number emissions index, [:math:`kg_{fuel}^{-1}`]
+
+        References
+        ----------
+        - :cite:`stettlerGlobalCivilAviation2013`
+        - :cite:`abrahamsonPredictiveModelDevelopment2016`
+        - :cite:`teohTargetedUseSustainable2022`
+        """
+        nvpm_data_source = "FA Model"
+
+        # calculate properties
+        thrust_setting = self.source["thrust_setting"]
+        fuel_flow_per_engine = self.source.get_data_or_attr("fuel_flow_per_engine")
+        true_airspeed = self.source.get_data_or_attr("true_airspeed")
+        air_temperature = self.source["air_temperature"]
+
+        # Emissions indices
+        nvpm_ei_m = nvpm_mass_emissions_index_sac(
+            edb_gaseous,
+            air_pressure=self.source.air_pressure,
+            true_airspeed=true_airspeed,
+            air_temperature=air_temperature,
+            thrust_setting=thrust_setting,
+            fuel_flow_per_engine=fuel_flow_per_engine,
+            hydrogen_content=fuel.hydrogen_content,
+        )
+        nvpm_gmd = nvpm_geometric_mean_diameter_sac(
+            edb_gaseous,
+            air_pressure=self.source.air_pressure,
+            true_airspeed=true_airspeed,
+            air_temperature=air_temperature,
+            thrust_setting=thrust_setting,
+            q_fuel=fuel.q_fuel,
+        )
+        nvpm_ei_n = black_carbon.number_emissions_index_fractal_aggregates(nvpm_ei_m, nvpm_gmd)
+        return nvpm_data_source, nvpm_ei_m, nvpm_ei_n
+
+    def _nvpm_emission_indices_constant(
+        self,
+    ) -> tuple[str, npt.NDArray[np.floating], npt.NDArray[np.floating]]:
+        """
+        Assume constant emission indices for nvPM mass and number.
+
+        (nvpm_ei_n = 1e15 /kg-fuel) for a given aircraft-engine pair if data
+        is not available in the ICAO EDB.
+
+        - nvpm_ei_m = 0.088 g-nvPM/kg-fuel (Table 2 of Stettler et al., 2013)
+        - nvpm_ei_n = 1e15 /kg-fuel (Schumann et al., 2015)
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        nvpm_data_source : str
+            Source of nvpm data.
+        nvpm_ei_m : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+            Non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) mass emissions index, [:math:`kg/kg_{fuel}`]
+        nvpm_ei_n : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+            Black carbon number emissions index, [:math:`kg_{fuel}^{-1}`]
+
+        References
+        ----------
+        - :cite:`stettlerGlobalCivilAviation2013`
+        - :cite:`wilkersonAnalysisEmissionData2010`
+        - :cite:`schumannDehydrationEffectsContrails2015`
+        """
+        nvpm_data_source = "Constant"
+        nvpm_ei_m = np.full(len(self.source), 0.088 * 1e-3, dtype=np.float32)  # g to kg
+        nvpm_ei_n = np.full(len(self.source), self.params["default_nvpm_ei_n"], dtype=np.float32)
+        return nvpm_data_source, nvpm_ei_m, nvpm_ei_n
+
+    def _total_pollutant_emissions(self) -> None:
+        if not isinstance(self.source, Flight):
+            return
+
+        dt_sec = self.source.segment_duration(self.source.altitude_ft.dtype)
+        fuel_burn = jet.fuel_burn(self.source.get_data_or_attr("fuel_flow"), dt_sec)
+
+        # TODO: these currently overwrite values and will throw warnings
+
+        # Total emissions for each waypoint
+        self.source["co2"] = fuel_burn * self.source.fuel.ei_co2
+        self.source["h2o"] = fuel_burn * self.source.fuel.ei_h2o
+        self.source["so2"] = fuel_burn * self.source.fuel.ei_so2
+        self.source["sulphates"] = fuel_burn * self.source.fuel.ei_sulphates
+        self.source["oc"] = fuel_burn * self.source.fuel.ei_oc
+        self.source["nox"] = fuel_burn * self.source["nox_ei"]
+        self.source["co"] = fuel_burn * self.source["co_ei"]
+        self.source["hc"] = fuel_burn * self.source["hc_ei"]
+        self.source["nvpm_mass"] = fuel_burn * self.source["nvpm_ei_m"]
+        self.source["nvpm_number"] = fuel_burn * self.source["nvpm_ei_n"]
+
+        # Total emissions for the flight
+        self.source.attrs["total_co2"] = np.nansum(self.source["co2"])
+        self.source.attrs["total_h2o"] = np.nansum(self.source["h2o"])
+        self.source.attrs["total_so2"] = np.nansum(self.source["so2"])
+        self.source.attrs["total_sulphates"] = np.nansum(self.source["sulphates"])
+        self.source.attrs["total_oc"] = np.nansum(self.source["oc"])
+        self.source.attrs["total_nox"] = np.nansum(self.source["nox"])
+        self.source.attrs["total_co"] = np.nansum(self.source["co"])
+        self.source.attrs["total_hc"] = np.nansum(self.source["hc"])
+        self.source.attrs["total_nvpm_mass"] = np.nansum(self.source["nvpm_mass"])
+        self.source.attrs["total_nvpm_number"] = np.nansum(self.source["nvpm_number"])
+
+    def _check_edb_gaseous_availability(
+        self,
+        engine_uid: str,
+        raise_error: bool = True,
+    ) -> bool:
+        """
+        Check if the provided engine is available in the gaseous ICAO EDB.
+
+        Setting ``raise_error`` to True allows functions in this class to be
+        used independently outside of :meth:`eval`.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        engine_uid: str
+            Engine unique identification number from the ICAO EDB
+        raise_error: bool
+            Raise a KeyError if engine type is not available.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        bool
+            True if engine type is available in the gaseous ICAO EDB.
+
+        Raises
+        ------
+        KeyError
+            If engine type is not available in the gaseous ICAO EDB.
+        """
+        if engine_uid not in self.edb_engine_gaseous:
+            if raise_error:
+                raise KeyError(
+                    f"Engine ({engine_uid}) is not available in the ICAO EDB gaseous database"
+                )
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def _check_edb_nvpm_availability(
+        self,
+        engine_uid: str,
+        raise_error: bool = True,
+    ) -> bool:
+        """
+        Check if the provided engine is available in the nvPM ICAO EDB.
+
+        Setting ``raise_error`` to True allows functions in this class to be
+        used independently outside of :meth:`eval`.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        engine_uid: str
+            Engine unique identification number from the ICAO EDB
+        raise_error: bool
+            Raise a KeyError if engine type is not available.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        bool
+            True if engine type is available in the nvPM ICAO EDB.
+
+        Raises
+        ------
+        KeyError
+            If engine type is not available in the nvPM ICAO EDB.
+        """
+        if engine_uid not in self.edb_engine_nvpm:
+            if raise_error:
+                raise KeyError(
+                    f"Engine ({engine_uid}) is not available in the ICAO EDB nvPM database"
+                )
+            return False
+        return True
+
+
+def nitrogen_oxide_emissions_index_ffm2(
+    edb_gaseous: EDBGaseous,
+    fuel_flow_per_engine: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    true_airspeed: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    air_pressure: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    air_temperature: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    specific_humidity: None | npt.NDArray[np.floating] = None,
+) -> npt.NDArray[np.floating]:
+    """
+    Estimate the nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions index (EI) using the Fuel Flow Method 2 (FFM2).
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    edb_gaseous : EDBGaseous
+        EDB gaseous data
+    fuel_flow_per_engine: npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        fuel mass flow rate per engine, [:math:`kg s^{-1}`]
+    true_airspeed: npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        true airspeed for each waypoint, [:math:`m s^{-1}`]
+    air_pressure : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        pressure altitude at each waypoint, [:math:`Pa`]
+    air_temperature : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        ambient temperature for each waypoint, [:math:`K`]
+    specific_humidity: npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        specific humidity for each waypoint, [:math:`kg_{H_{2}O}/kg_{air}`]
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Nitrogen oxide emissions index for each waypoint, [:math:`kg_{NO_{X}}/kg_{fuel}`]
+    """
+    res_nox = ffm2.estimate_nox(
+        edb_gaseous.log_ei_nox_profile,
+        fuel_flow_per_engine,
+        true_airspeed,
+        air_pressure,
+        air_temperature,
+        specific_humidity,
+    )
+    return res_nox * 1e-3  # g-NOx/kg-fuel to kg-NOx/kg-fuel
+
+
+def carbon_monoxide_emissions_index_ffm2(
+    edb_gaseous: EDBGaseous,
+    fuel_flow_per_engine: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    true_airspeed: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    air_pressure: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    air_temperature: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+) -> npt.NDArray[np.floating]:
+    """
+    Estimate the carbon monoxide (CO) emissions index (EI) using the Fuel Flow Method 2 (FFM2).
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    edb_gaseous : EDBGaseous
+        EDB gaseous data
+    fuel_flow_per_engine: npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        fuel mass flow rate per engine, [:math:`kg s^{-1}`]
+    true_airspeed: npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        true airspeed for each waypoint, [:math:`m s^{-1}`]
+    air_pressure : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        pressure altitude at each waypoint, [:math:`Pa`]
+    air_temperature : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        ambient temperature for each waypoint, [:math:`K`]
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Carbon monoxide emissions index for each waypoint, [:math:`kg_{CO}/kg_{fuel}`]
+    """
+    res_co = ffm2.estimate_ei(
+        edb_gaseous.log_ei_co_profile,
+        fuel_flow_per_engine,
+        true_airspeed,
+        air_pressure,
+        air_temperature,
+    )
+    return res_co * 1e-3  # g-CO/kg-fuel to kg-CO/kg-fuel
+
+
+def hydrocarbon_emissions_index_ffm2(
+    edb_gaseous: EDBGaseous,
+    fuel_flow_per_engine: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    true_airspeed: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    air_pressure: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    air_temperature: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+) -> npt.NDArray[np.floating]:
+    """
+    Estimate the hydrocarbon (HC) emissions index (EI) using the Fuel Flow Method 2 (FFM2).
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    edb_gaseous : EDBGaseous
+        EDB gaseous data
+    fuel_flow_per_engine: npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        fuel mass flow rate per engine, [:math:`kg s^{-1}`]
+    true_airspeed: npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        true airspeed for each waypoint, [:math:`m s^{-1}`]
+    air_pressure : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        pressure altitude at each waypoint, [:math:`Pa`]
+    air_temperature : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        ambient temperature for each waypoint, [:math:`K`]
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Hydrocarbon emissions index for each waypoint, [:math:`kg_{HC}/kg_{fuel}`]
+    """
+    res_hc = ffm2.estimate_ei(
+        edb_gaseous.log_ei_hc_profile,
+        fuel_flow_per_engine,
+        true_airspeed,
+        air_pressure,
+        air_temperature,
+    )
+    return res_hc * 1e-3  # g-HC/kg-fuel to kg-HC/kg-fuel
+
+
+def get_nvpm_emissions_index_edb(
+    edb_nvpm: EDBnvpm,
+    true_airspeed: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    air_temperature: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    air_pressure: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    thrust_setting: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    q_fuel: float,
+) -> tuple[npt.NDArray[np.floating], npt.NDArray[np.floating]]:
+    r"""Calculate nvPM mass emissions index (nvpm_ei_m) and number emissions index (nvpm_ei_n).
+
+    Interpolate the non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) mass and number emissions index from
+    the emissions profile of a given engine type that is provided by the ICAO EDB.
+
+    The non-dimensional thrust setting (t4_t2) is clipped to the minimum and maximum t4_t2 values
+    that is estimated from the four ICAO EDB datapoints to prevent extrapolating the nvPM values.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    edb_nvpm : EDBnvpm
+        EDB nvPM data
+    true_airspeed: npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        true airspeed for each waypoint, [:math:`m s^{-1}`]
+    fuel_flow_per_engine: npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        fuel mass flow rate per engine, [:math:`kg s^{-1}`]
+    air_temperature: npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        ambient temperature for each waypoint, [:math:`K`]
+    air_pressure: npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        pressure altitude at each waypoint, [:math:`Pa`]
+    thrust_setting : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        thrust setting
+    q_fuel : float
+        Lower calorific value (LCV) of fuel, [:math:`J \ kg_{fuel}^{-1}`].
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    nvpm_ei_m : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) mass emissions index, [:math:`kg/kg_{fuel}`]
+    nvpm_ei_n : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Black carbon number emissions index, [:math:`kg_{fuel}^{-1}`]
+    """
+    # Non-dimensionalized thrust setting
+    t4_t2 = jet.thrust_setting_nd(
+        true_airspeed,
+        thrust_setting,
+        air_temperature,
+        air_pressure,
+        edb_nvpm.pressure_ratio,
+        q_fuel,
+        cruise=True,
+    )
+
+    # Interpolate nvPM EI_m and EI_n
+    nvpm_ei_m = edb_nvpm.nvpm_ei_m.interp(t4_t2)
+    nvpm_ei_m = nvpm_ei_m * 1e-6  # mg-nvPM/kg-fuel to kg-nvPM/kg-fuel
+    nvpm_ei_n = edb_nvpm.nvpm_ei_n.interp(t4_t2)
+    return nvpm_ei_m, nvpm_ei_n
+
+
+def nvpm_mass_emissions_index_sac(
+    edb_gaseous: EDBGaseous,
+    air_pressure: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    true_airspeed: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    air_temperature: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    thrust_setting: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    fuel_flow_per_engine: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    hydrogen_content: float,
+) -> npt.NDArray[np.floating]:
+    """Estimate nvPM mass emission index for singular annular combustor (SAC) engines.
+
+    Here, SAC should not be confused with the Schmidt-Appleman Criterion.
+
+    The nvpm_ei_m for SAC is estimated as the mean between a lower bound (80% of the FOX-estimated
+    nvpm_ei_m) and an upper bound (150% of ImFOX-estimated nvpm_ei_m).
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    edb_gaseous : EDBGaseous
+        EDB gaseous data
+    air_pressure: npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        pressure altitude at each waypoint, [:math:`Pa`]
+    true_airspeed: npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        true airspeed for each waypoint, [:math:`m s^{-1}`]
+    air_temperature: npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        ambient temperature for each waypoint, [:math:`K`]
+    thrust_setting : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        thrust setting
+    fuel_flow_per_engine: npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        fuel mass flow rate per engine, [:math:`kg s^{-1}`]
+    hydrogen_content : float
+        Engine unique identification number from the ICAO EDB
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        nvPM mass emissions index, [:math:`kg/kg_{fuel}`]
+    """
+    nvpm_ei_m_fox = black_carbon.mass_emissions_index_fox(
+        air_pressure,
+        air_temperature,
+        true_airspeed,
+        fuel_flow_per_engine,
+        thrust_setting,
+        edb_gaseous.pressure_ratio,
+    )
+    nvpm_ei_m_imfox = black_carbon.mass_emissions_index_imfox(
+        fuel_flow_per_engine, thrust_setting, hydrogen_content
+    )
+    nvpm_ei_m = 0.5 * (0.8 * nvpm_ei_m_fox + 1.5 * nvpm_ei_m_imfox)
+    return nvpm_ei_m * 1e-6  # mg-nvPM/kg-fuel to kg-nvPM/kg-fuel
+
+
+def nvpm_geometric_mean_diameter_sac(
+    edb_gaseous: EDBGaseous,
+    air_pressure: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    true_airspeed: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    air_temperature: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    thrust_setting: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    q_fuel: float,
+) -> npt.NDArray[np.floating]:
+    r"""
+    Estimate nvPM geometric mean diameter for singular annular combustor (SAC) engines.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    edb_gaseous : EDBGaseous
+        EDB gaseous data
+    air_pressure: npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        pressure altitude at each waypoint, [:math:`Pa`]
+    true_airspeed: npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        true airspeed for each waypoint, [:math:`m s^{-1}`]
+    air_temperature: npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        ambient temperature for each waypoint, [:math:`K`]
+    thrust_setting : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        thrust setting
+    q_fuel : float
+        Lower calorific value (LCV) of fuel, [:math:`J \ kg_{fuel}^{-1}`].
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        nvPM geometric mean diameter, [:math:`m`]
+    """
+    nvpm_gmd = black_carbon.geometric_mean_diameter_sac(
+        air_pressure,
+        air_temperature,
+        true_airspeed,
+        thrust_setting,
+        edb_gaseous.pressure_ratio,
+        q_fuel,
+        cruise=True,
+    )
+    return nvpm_gmd * 1e-9  # nm to m
+
+
+def get_thrust_setting(
+    edb_gaseous: EDBGaseous,
+    fuel_flow_per_engine: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    air_pressure: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    air_temperature: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    true_airspeed: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+) -> npt.NDArray[np.floating]:
+    """
+    Approximate the engine thrust setting at cruise conditions.
+
+    The thrust setting is approximated by dividing the fuel mass flow rate
+    by the maximum fuel mass flow rate, and clipped to 3% (0.03) and 100% (1)
+    respectively to account for unrealistic values.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    edb_gaseous : EDBGaseous
+        EDB gaseous data
+    fuel_flow_per_engine: npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Fuel mass flow rate per engine, [:math:`kg s^{-1}`]
+    air_pressure: npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Pressure altitude at each waypoint, [:math:`Pa`]
+    air_temperature: npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Ambient temperature for each waypoint, [:math:`K`]
+    true_airspeed: npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        True airspeed for each waypoint, [:math:`m s^{-1}`]
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Engine thrust setting. Returns ``np.nan`` if engine data is
+        not available in the ICAO EDB dataset.
+    """
+    theta_amb = jet.temperature_ratio(air_temperature)
+    delta_amb = jet.pressure_ratio(air_pressure)
+    mach_num = units.tas_to_mach_number(true_airspeed, air_temperature)
+    fuel_flow_per_engine = jet.equivalent_fuel_flow_rate_at_sea_level(
+        fuel_flow_per_engine, theta_amb, delta_amb, mach_num
+    )
+
+    thrust_setting = fuel_flow_per_engine / edb_gaseous.ff_100
+    thrust_setting.clip(0.03, 1.0, out=thrust_setting)  # clip in place
+    return thrust_setting
+
+
+def _row_to_edb_gaseous(tup: Any) -> tuple[str, EDBGaseous]:
+    return tup.engine_uid, EDBGaseous(
+        **{k.name: getattr(tup, k.name) for k in dataclasses.fields(EDBGaseous)}
+    )
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
+class EDBGaseous:
+    """Gaseous emissions data.
+
+    -------------------------------------
+    ENGINE IDENTIFICATION AND TYPE:
+    -------------------------------------
+    manufacturer: str
+        engine manufacturer
+    engine_name: str
+        name of engine
+    combustor: str
+        description of engine combustor
+
+    -------------------------------------
+    ENGINE CHARACTERISTICS:
+    -------------------------------------
+    bypass_ratio: float
+        engine bypass ratio
+    pressure_ratio: float
+        engine pressure ratio
+    rated_thrust: float
+        rated thrust of engine, [:math:`kN`]
+
+    -------------------------------------
+    FUEL CONSUMPTION:
+    -------------------------------------
+    ff_7: float
+        fuel mass flow rate at 7% thrust setting, [:math:`kg s^{-1}`]
+    ff_30: float
+        fuel mass flow rate at 30% thrust setting, [:math:`kg s^{-1}`]
+    ff_85: float
+        fuel mass flow rate at 85% thrust setting, [:math:`kg s^{-1}`]
+    ff_100: float
+        fuel mass flow rate at 100% thrust setting, [:math:`kg s^{-1}`]
+
+    -------------------------------------
+    EMISSIONS:
+    -------------------------------------
+    ei_nox_7: float
+        NOx emissions index at 7% thrust setting, [:math:`g_{NO_{X}}/kg_{fuel}`]
+    ei_nox_30: float
+        NOx emissions index at 30% thrust setting, [:math:`g_{NO_{X}}/kg_{fuel}`]
+    ei_nox_85: float
+        NOx emissions index at 85% thrust setting, [:math:`g_{NO_{X}}/kg_{fuel}`]
+    ei_nox_100: float
+        NOx emissions index at 100% thrust setting, [:math:`g_{NO_{X}}/kg_{fuel}`]
+
+    ei_co_7: float
+        CO emissions index at 7% thrust setting, [:math:`g_{CO}/kg_{fuel}`]
+    ei_co_30: float
+        CO emissions index at 30% thrust setting, [:math:`g_{CO}/kg_{fuel}`]
+    ei_co_85: float
+        CO emissions index at 85% thrust setting, [:math:`g_{CO}/kg_{fuel}`]
+    ei_co_100: float
+        CO emissions index at 100% thrust setting, [:math:`g_{CO}/kg_{fuel}`]
+
+    ei_hc_7: float
+        HC emissions index at 7% thrust setting, [:math:`g_{HC}/kg_{fuel}`]
+    ei_hc_30: float
+        HC emissions index at 30% thrust setting, [:math:`g_{HC}/kg_{fuel}`]
+    ei_hc_85: float
+        HC emissions index at 85% thrust setting, [:math:`g_{HC}/kg_{fuel}`]
+    ei_hc_100: float
+        HC emissions index at 100% thrust setting, [:math:`g_{HC}/kg_{fuel}`]
+
+    sn_7: float
+        smoke number at 7% thrust setting
+    sn_30: float
+        smoke number at 30% thrust setting
+    sn_85: float
+        smoke number at 85% thrust setting
+    sn_100: float
+        smoke number at 100% thrust setting
+    sn_max: float
+        maximum smoke number value across the range of thrust setting
+    """
+
+    # Engine identification and type
+    manufacturer: str
+    engine_name: str
+    combustor: str
+
+    # Engine characteristics
+    bypass_ratio: float
+    pressure_ratio: float
+    rated_thrust: float
+
+    # Fuel consumption
+    ff_7: float
+    ff_30: float
+    ff_85: float
+    ff_100: float
+
+    # Emissions
+    ei_nox_7: float
+    ei_nox_30: float
+    ei_nox_85: float
+    ei_nox_100: float
+
+    ei_co_7: float
+    ei_co_30: float
+    ei_co_85: float
+    ei_co_100: float
+
+    ei_hc_7: float
+    ei_hc_30: float
+    ei_hc_85: float
+    ei_hc_100: float
+
+    sn_7: float
+    sn_30: float
+    sn_85: float
+    sn_100: float
+    sn_max: float
+
+    @property
+    def log_ei_nox_profile(self) -> EmissionsProfileInterpolator:
+        """Get the logarithmic emissions index profile for NOx emissions."""
+        return ffm2.nitrogen_oxide_emissions_index_profile(
+            ff_idle=self.ff_7,
+            ff_approach=self.ff_30,
+            ff_climb=self.ff_85,
+            ff_take_off=self.ff_100,
+            ei_nox_idle=self.ei_nox_7,
+            ei_nox_approach=self.ei_nox_30,
+            ei_nox_climb=self.ei_nox_85,
+            ei_nox_take_off=self.ei_nox_100,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def log_ei_co_profile(self) -> EmissionsProfileInterpolator:
+        """Get the logarithmic emissions index profile for CO emissions."""
+        return ffm2.co_hc_emissions_index_profile(
+            ff_idle=self.ff_7,
+            ff_approach=self.ff_30,
+            ff_climb=self.ff_85,
+            ff_take_off=self.ff_100,
+            ei_idle=self.ei_co_7,
+            ei_approach=self.ei_co_30,
+            ei_climb=self.ei_co_85,
+            ei_take_off=self.ei_co_100,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def log_ei_hc_profile(self) -> EmissionsProfileInterpolator:
+        """Get the logarithmic emissions index profile for HC emissions."""
+        return ffm2.co_hc_emissions_index_profile(
+            ff_idle=self.ff_7,
+            ff_approach=self.ff_30,
+            ff_climb=self.ff_85,
+            ff_take_off=self.ff_100,
+            ei_idle=self.ei_hc_7,
+            ei_approach=self.ei_hc_30,
+            ei_climb=self.ei_hc_85,
+            ei_take_off=self.ei_hc_100,
+        )
+
+
+def _row_to_edb_nvpm(tup: Any) -> tuple[str, EDBnvpm]:
+    return tup.engine_uid, EDBnvpm(
+        **{k.name: getattr(tup, k.name) for k in dataclasses.fields(EDBnvpm)}
+    )
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class EDBnvpm:
+    """A data class for EDB nvPM data.
+
+    -------------------------------------
+    ENGINE IDENTIFICATION AND TYPE:
+    -------------------------------------
+    manufacturer: str
+        engine manufacturer
+    engine_name: str
+        name of engine
+    combustor: str
+        description of engine combustor
+
+    -------------------------------------
+    ENGINE CHARACTERISTICS:
+    -------------------------------------
+    pressure_ratio: float
+        engine pressure ratio
+
+    -------------------------------------
+    nvPM EMISSIONS:
+    -------------------------------------
+    nvpm_ei_m: EmissionsProfileInterpolator
+         non-volatile PM mass emissions index profile (mg/kg) vs.
+         non-dimensionalized thrust setting (t4_t2)
+    nvpm_ei_n: EmissionsProfileInterpolator
+        non-volatile PM number emissions index profile (1/kg) vs.
+        non-dimensionalized thrust setting (t4_t2)
+    """
+
+    # Engine identification and type
+    manufacturer: str
+    engine_name: str
+    combustor: str
+
+    # Engine characteristics
+    pressure_ratio: float
+    temp_min: float
+    temp_max: float
+    fuel_heat: float
+
+    # Fuel consumption
+    ff_7: float
+    ff_30: float
+    ff_85: float
+    ff_100: float
+
+    # Emissions
+    nvpm_ei_m_7: float
+    nvpm_ei_m_30: float
+    nvpm_ei_m_85: float
+    nvpm_ei_m_100: float
+
+    nvpm_ei_n_7: float
+    nvpm_ei_n_30: float
+    nvpm_ei_n_85: float
+    nvpm_ei_n_100: float
+
+    @property
+    def nvpm_ei_m(self) -> EmissionsProfileInterpolator:
+        """Get the nvPM emissions index mass profile."""
+        return _nvpm_emissions_profiles(
+            pressure_ratio=self.pressure_ratio,
+            combustor=self.combustor,
+            temp_min=self.temp_min,
+            temp_max=self.temp_max,
+            fuel_heat=self.fuel_heat,
+            ff_7=self.ff_7,
+            ff_30=self.ff_30,
+            ff_85=self.ff_85,
+            ff_100=self.ff_100,
+            nvpm_ei_m_7=self.nvpm_ei_m_7,
+            nvpm_ei_m_30=self.nvpm_ei_m_30,
+            nvpm_ei_m_85=self.nvpm_ei_m_85,
+            nvpm_ei_m_100=self.nvpm_ei_m_100,
+            nvpm_ei_n_7=self.nvpm_ei_n_7,
+            nvpm_ei_n_30=self.nvpm_ei_n_30,
+            nvpm_ei_n_85=self.nvpm_ei_n_85,
+            nvpm_ei_n_100=self.nvpm_ei_n_100,
+        )[0]
+
+    @property
+    def nvpm_ei_n(self) -> EmissionsProfileInterpolator:
+        """Get the nvPM emissions index number profile."""
+        return _nvpm_emissions_profiles(
+            pressure_ratio=self.pressure_ratio,
+            combustor=self.combustor,
+            temp_min=self.temp_min,
+            temp_max=self.temp_max,
+            fuel_heat=self.fuel_heat,
+            ff_7=self.ff_7,
+            ff_30=self.ff_30,
+            ff_85=self.ff_85,
+            ff_100=self.ff_100,
+            nvpm_ei_m_7=self.nvpm_ei_m_7,
+            nvpm_ei_m_30=self.nvpm_ei_m_30,
+            nvpm_ei_m_85=self.nvpm_ei_m_85,
+            nvpm_ei_m_100=self.nvpm_ei_m_100,
+            nvpm_ei_n_7=self.nvpm_ei_n_7,
+            nvpm_ei_n_30=self.nvpm_ei_n_30,
+            nvpm_ei_n_85=self.nvpm_ei_n_85,
+            nvpm_ei_n_100=self.nvpm_ei_n_100,
+        )[1]
+
+
+@functools.cache
+def _nvpm_emissions_profiles(
+    pressure_ratio: float,
+    combustor: str,
+    temp_min: float,
+    temp_max: float,
+    fuel_heat: float,
+    ff_7: float,
+    ff_30: float,
+    ff_85: float,
+    ff_100: float,
+    nvpm_ei_m_7: float,
+    nvpm_ei_m_30: float,
+    nvpm_ei_m_85: float,
+    nvpm_ei_m_100: float,
+    nvpm_ei_n_7: float,
+    nvpm_ei_n_30: float,
+    nvpm_ei_n_85: float,
+    nvpm_ei_n_100: float,
+) -> tuple[EmissionsProfileInterpolator, EmissionsProfileInterpolator]:
+    # Extract fuel flow
+    fuel_flow = np.array([ff_7, ff_30, ff_85, ff_100])
+    fuel_flow_max = fuel_flow[-1]
+
+    # Extract nvPM emissions arrays
+    nvpm_ei_m = np.array([nvpm_ei_m_7, nvpm_ei_m_30, nvpm_ei_m_85, nvpm_ei_m_100])
+    nvpm_ei_n = np.array([nvpm_ei_n_7, nvpm_ei_n_30, nvpm_ei_n_85, nvpm_ei_n_100])
+
+    is_staged_combustor = combustor in ("DAC", "TAPS", "TAPS II")
+    if is_staged_combustor:
+        # In this case, all of our interpolators will have size 5
+        fuel_flow = np.insert(fuel_flow, 2, (fuel_flow[1] * 1.001))
+        nvpm_ei_n_lean_burn = np.mean(nvpm_ei_n[2:])
+        nvpm_ei_n = np.r_[nvpm_ei_n[:2], [nvpm_ei_n_lean_burn] * 3]
+        nvpm_ei_m_lean_burn = np.mean(nvpm_ei_m[2:])
+        nvpm_ei_m = np.r_[nvpm_ei_m[:2], [nvpm_ei_m_lean_burn] * 3]
+
+    thrust_setting = fuel_flow / fuel_flow_max
+    avg_temp = (temp_min + temp_max) / 2.0
+
+    t4_t2 = jet.thrust_setting_nd(
+        true_airspeed=0.0,
+        thrust_setting=thrust_setting,
+        T=avg_temp,
+        p=constants.p_surface,
+        pressure_ratio=pressure_ratio,
+        q_fuel=fuel_heat * 1e6,
+        cruise=False,
+    )
+
+    nvpm_ei_m_interp = EmissionsProfileInterpolator(t4_t2, nvpm_ei_m)
+    nvpm_ei_n_interp = EmissionsProfileInterpolator(t4_t2, nvpm_ei_n)
+    return nvpm_ei_m_interp, nvpm_ei_n_interp
+
+
+@functools.cache
+def load_engine_params_from_edb() -> dict[str, EDBGaseous]:
+    """Read EDB file into a dictionary of the form ``{engine_uid: gaseous_data}``.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    dict[str, EDBGaseous]
+        Mapping from engine UID to gaseous emissions data for engine.
+    """
+
+    columns = {
+        "UID No": "engine_uid",
+        "Manufacturer": "manufacturer",
+        "Engine Identification": "engine_name",
+        "Combustor Description": "combustor",
+        "B/P Ratio": "bypass_ratio",
+        "Pressure Ratio": "pressure_ratio",
+        "Rated Thrust (kN)": "rated_thrust",
+        "Fuel Flow Idle (kg/sec)": "ff_7",
+        "Fuel Flow App (kg/sec)": "ff_30",
+        "Fuel Flow C/O (kg/sec)": "ff_85",
+        "Fuel Flow T/O (kg/sec)": "ff_100",
+        "NOx EI Idle (g/kg)": "ei_nox_7",
+        "NOx EI App (g/kg)": "ei_nox_30",
+        "NOx EI C/O (g/kg)": "ei_nox_85",
+        "NOx EI T/O (g/kg)": "ei_nox_100",
+        "CO EI Idle (g/kg)": "ei_co_7",
+        "CO EI App (g/kg)": "ei_co_30",
+        "CO EI C/O (g/kg)": "ei_co_85",
+        "CO EI T/O (g/kg)": "ei_co_100",
+        "HC EI Idle (g/kg)": "ei_hc_7",
+        "HC EI App (g/kg)": "ei_hc_30",
+        "HC EI C/O (g/kg)": "ei_hc_85",
+        "HC EI T/O (g/kg)": "ei_hc_100",
+        "SN Idle": "sn_7",
+        "SN App": "sn_30",
+        "SN C/O": "sn_85",
+        "SN T/O": "sn_100",
+        "SN Max": "sn_max",
+    }
+
+    df = pd.read_csv(EDB_ENGINE_PATH)
+    df = df.rename(columns=columns)
+
+    return dict(_row_to_edb_gaseous(tup) for tup in df.itertuples(index=False))
+
+
+@functools.cache
+def load_engine_nvpm_profile_from_edb() -> dict[str, EDBnvpm]:
+    """Read EDB file into a dictionary of the form ``{engine_uid: npvm_data}``.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    dict[str, EDBnvpm]
+        Mapping from aircraft type to nvPM data for engine.
+    """
+    columns = {
+        "UID No": "engine_uid",
+        "Manufacturer": "manufacturer",
+        "Engine Identification": "engine_name",
+        "Combustor Description": "combustor",
+        "Pressure Ratio": "pressure_ratio",
+        "Ambient Temp Min (K)": "temp_min",
+        "Ambient Temp Max (K)": "temp_max",
+        "Fuel Heat of Combustion (MJ/kg)": "fuel_heat",
+        "Fuel Flow Idle (kg/sec)": "ff_7",
+        "Fuel Flow App (kg/sec)": "ff_30",
+        "Fuel Flow C/O (kg/sec)": "ff_85",
+        "Fuel Flow T/O (kg/sec)": "ff_100",
+        "nvPM EImass_SL Idle (mg/kg)": "nvpm_ei_m_7",
+        "nvPM EImass_SL App (mg/kg)": "nvpm_ei_m_30",
+        "nvPM EImass_SL C/O (mg/kg)": "nvpm_ei_m_85",
+        "nvPM EImass_SL T/O (mg/kg)": "nvpm_ei_m_100",
+        "nvPM EInum_SL Idle (#/kg)": "nvpm_ei_n_7",
+        "nvPM EInum_SL App (#/kg)": "nvpm_ei_n_30",
+        "nvPM EInum_SL C/O (#/kg)": "nvpm_ei_n_85",
+        "nvPM EInum_SL T/O (#/kg)": "nvpm_ei_n_100",
+    }
+
+    df = pd.read_csv(EDB_NVPM_PATH)
+    df = df.rename(columns=columns)
+
+    return dict(_row_to_edb_nvpm(tup) for tup in df.itertuples(index=False))
+
+
+@functools.cache
+def load_default_aircraft_engine_mapping() -> pd.DataFrame:
+    """Read default aircraft type -> engine UID assignments.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pd.DataFrame
+        A :class:`pd.DataFrame` whose index is available aircraft types with columns:
+
+        - engine_uid
+        - engine_name
+        - n-engines
+    """
+    return pd.read_csv(ENGINE_UID_PATH, index_col=0)