passagemath-symbolics 10.6.37__cp310-cp310-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl

sage/manifolds/differentiable/automorphismfield_group.py

@@ -0,0 +1,604 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-symbolics
+r"""
+Group of Tangent-Space Automorphism Fields
+
+Given a differentiable manifold `U` and a differentiable map
+`\Phi: U \rightarrow M` to a differentiable manifold `M` (possibly `U = M`
+and `\Phi=\mathrm{Id}_M`), the *group of tangent-space automorphism fields*
+associated with `U` and `\Phi` is the general linear group
+`\mathrm{GL}(\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi))` of the module `\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi)` of
+vector fields along `U` with values on `M\supset \Phi(U)` (see
+:class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.vectorfield_module.VectorFieldModule`).
+Note that `\mathfrak{X}(U, \Phi)` is a module over
+`C^k(U)`, the algebra of differentiable scalar fields on `U`.
+Elements of `\mathrm{GL}(\mathfrak{X}(U, \Phi))` are fields along `U`
+of automorphisms of tangent spaces to `M`.
+
+Two classes implement `\mathrm{GL}(\mathfrak{X}(U, \Phi))` depending
+whether `M` is parallelizable or not:
+:class:`AutomorphismFieldParalGroup` and :class:`AutomorphismFieldGroup`.
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Eric Gourgoulhon (2015): initial version
+- Travis Scrimshaw (2016): review tweaks
+- Michael Jung (2019): improve treatment of the identity element
+
+REFERENCES:
+
+- Chap. 15 of [God1968]_
+"""
+
+#******************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2015 Eric Gourgoulhon <eric.gourgoulhon@obspm.fr>
+#       Copyright (C) 2016 Travis Scrimshaw <tscrimsh@umn.edu>
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#  as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
+#  the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#                  http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+#******************************************************************************
+
+from sage.categories.groups import Groups
+from sage.manifolds.differentiable.automorphismfield import (
+    AutomorphismField,
+    AutomorphismFieldParal,
+)
+from sage.manifolds.differentiable.vectorfield_module import (
+    VectorFieldFreeModule,
+    VectorFieldModule,
+)
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+from sage.structure.parent import Parent
+from sage.structure.unique_representation import UniqueRepresentation
+from sage.tensor.modules.free_module_linear_group import FreeModuleLinearGroup
+
+
+class AutomorphismFieldGroup(UniqueRepresentation, Parent):
+    r"""
+    General linear group of the module of vector fields along a differentiable
+    manifold `U` with values on a differentiable manifold `M`.
+
+    Given a differentiable manifold `U` and a differentiable map
+    `\Phi: U \rightarrow M` to a differentiable manifold `M` (possibly `U = M`
+    and `\Phi = \mathrm{Id}_M`), the *group of tangent-space automorphism
+    fields* associated with `U` and `\Phi` is the general linear group
+    `\mathrm{GL}(\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi))` of the module `\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi)` of
+    vector fields along `U` with values on `M \supset \Phi(U)` (see
+    :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.vectorfield_module.VectorFieldModule`).
+    Note that `\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi)` is a module over
+    `C^k(U)`, the algebra of differentiable scalar fields on `U`.
+    Elements of `\mathrm{GL}(\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi))` are fields along `U` of
+    automorphisms of tangent spaces to `M`.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        If `M` is parallelizable, then :class:`AutomorphismFieldParalGroup`
+        *must* be used instead.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``vector_field_module`` --
+      :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.vectorfield_module.VectorFieldModule`;
+      module `\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi)` of vector fields along `U` with values on `M`
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    Group of tangent-space automorphism fields of the 2-sphere::
+
+        sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M') # the 2-dimensional sphere S^2
+        sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # complement of the North pole
+        sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the North pole
+        sage: V = M.open_subset('V') # complement of the South pole
+        sage: c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the South pole
+        sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^2 is the union of U and V
+        sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x/(x^2+y^2), y/(x^2+y^2)),
+        ....:             intersection_name='W',
+        ....:             restrictions1= x^2+y^2!=0, restrictions2= u^2+v^2!=0)
+        sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+        sage: G = M.automorphism_field_group() ; G
+        General linear group of the Module X(M) of vector fields on the
+         2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+
+    ``G`` is the general linear group of the vector field module
+    `\mathfrak{X}(M)`::
+
+        sage: XM = M.vector_field_module() ; XM
+        Module X(M) of vector fields on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+         manifold M
+        sage: G is XM.general_linear_group()
+        True
+
+    ``G`` is a non-abelian group::
+
+        sage: G.category()
+        Category of groups
+        sage: G in Groups()
+        True
+        sage: G in CommutativeAdditiveGroups()
+        False
+
+    The elements of ``G`` are tangent-space automorphisms::
+
+        sage: a = G.an_element(); a
+        Field of tangent-space automorphisms on the 2-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold M
+        sage: a.parent() is G
+        True
+        sage: a.restrict(U).display()
+        2 ∂/∂x⊗dx + 2 ∂/∂y⊗dy
+        sage: a.restrict(V).display()
+        2 ∂/∂u⊗du + 2 ∂/∂v⊗dv
+
+    The identity element of the group ``G``::
+
+        sage: e = G.one() ; e
+        Field of tangent-space identity maps on the 2-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold M
+        sage: eU = U.default_frame() ; eU
+        Coordinate frame (U, (∂/∂x,∂/∂y))
+        sage: eV = V.default_frame() ; eV
+        Coordinate frame (V, (∂/∂u,∂/∂v))
+        sage: e.display(eU)
+        Id = ∂/∂x⊗dx + ∂/∂y⊗dy
+        sage: e.display(eV)
+        Id = ∂/∂u⊗du + ∂/∂v⊗dv
+    """
+
+    Element = AutomorphismField
+
+    def __init__(self, vector_field_module):
+        r"""
+        See :class:`AutomorphismfieldGroup` for documentation and examples.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() ; c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+            sage: transf = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y),
+            ....:  intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x>0,
+            ....:  restrictions2= u+v>0)
+            sage: inv = transf.inverse()
+            sage: from sage.manifolds.differentiable.automorphismfield_group \
+            ....:                                 import AutomorphismFieldGroup
+            sage: G = AutomorphismFieldGroup(M.vector_field_module()) ; G
+            General linear group of the Module X(M) of vector fields on the
+             2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: TestSuite(G).run(skip='_test_elements')
+
+        ``_test_elements`` does not pass due to the failure
+        of ``_test_pickling`` in
+        :class:`sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield.TensorField`.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(vector_field_module, VectorFieldModule):
+            raise TypeError("{} is not a module of vector fields".format(
+                            vector_field_module))
+        Parent.__init__(self, category=Groups())
+        self._vmodule = vector_field_module
+
+    #### Parent methods ####
+
+    def _element_constructor_(self, comp=[], frame=None, name=None,
+                              latex_name=None):
+        r"""
+        Construct a field of tangent-space automorphisms.
+
+        OUTPUT: :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.automorphismfield.AutomorphismField`
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U'); V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart(); c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+            sage: transf = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y),
+            ....:  intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x>0,
+            ....:  restrictions2= u+v>0)
+            sage: inv = transf.inverse()
+            sage: G = M.automorphism_field_group()
+            sage: a = G(1); a
+            Field of tangent-space identity maps on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+            sage: a = G([[1+x^2, 0], [0, 1+y^2]], frame=c_xy.frame(), name='a'); a
+            Field of tangent-space automorphisms a on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+            sage: a.display(c_xy.frame())
+            a = (x^2 + 1) ∂/∂x⊗dx + (y^2 + 1) ∂/∂y⊗dy
+        """
+        if hasattr(comp, 'is_trivial_zero'):
+            if (comp - 1).is_trivial_zero():
+                return self.one()
+        elif comp == 1:
+            return self.one()
+        if not isinstance(comp, (list, tuple)):
+            raise TypeError("cannot convert the {} ".format(comp) +
+                            "to an element of {}".format(self))
+        # standard construction
+        resu = self.element_class(self._vmodule, name=name,
+                                  latex_name=latex_name)
+        if comp:
+            resu.set_comp(frame)[:] = comp
+        return resu
+
+    def _an_element_(self):
+        r"""
+        Construct some specific field of tangent-space automorphisms.
+
+        OUTPUT: :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.automorphismfield.AutomorphismField`
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() ; c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+            sage: transf = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y),
+            ....:  intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x>0,
+            ....:  restrictions2= u+v>0)
+            sage: inv = transf.inverse()
+            sage: G = M.automorphism_field_group()
+            sage: a = G.an_element() ; a
+            Field of tangent-space automorphisms on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+            sage: a.restrict(U).display()
+            2 ∂/∂x⊗dx + 2 ∂/∂y⊗dy
+            sage: a.restrict(V).display()
+            2 ∂/∂u⊗du + 2 ∂/∂v⊗dv
+            sage: a == G.an_element()  # indirect doctest
+            True
+        """
+        resu = self.element_class(self._vmodule)
+        for dom in resu.domain().subsets():
+            if dom.is_manifestly_parallelizable():
+                fmodule = dom.vector_field_module()
+                idm = fmodule.identity_map()
+                rst = fmodule.automorphism()
+                for frame, comp in idm._components.items():
+                    rst._components[frame] = 2 * comp
+                resu._restrictions[dom] = rst
+        return resu
+
+    #### End of parent methods ####
+
+    #### Monoid methods ####
+
+    @cached_method
+    def one(self):
+        r"""
+        Return identity element of ``self``.
+
+        The group identity element is the field of tangent-space identity maps.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.automorphismfield.AutomorphismField`
+          representing the identity element
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Identity element of the group of tangent-space automorphism fields of
+        the 2-sphere::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M') # the 2-dimensional sphere S^2
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # complement of the North pole
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the North pole
+            sage: V = M.open_subset('V') # complement of the South pole
+            sage: c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the South pole
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^2 is the union of U and V
+            sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x/(x^2+y^2), y/(x^2+y^2)),
+            ....:                                intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x^2+y^2!=0,
+            ....:                                restrictions2= u^2+v^2!=0)
+            sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+            sage: G = M.automorphism_field_group()
+            sage: G.one()
+            Field of tangent-space identity maps on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: G.one().restrict(U)[:]
+            [1 0]
+            [0 1]
+            sage: G.one().restrict(V)[:]
+            [1 0]
+            [0 1]
+        """
+        # Specific initializations for the field of identity maps:
+        resu = self._element_constructor_(name='Id', latex_name=r'\mathrm{Id}')
+        resu._inverse = resu
+        for dom in resu._domain._subsets:
+            if dom.is_manifestly_parallelizable():
+                fmodule = dom.vector_field_module()
+                resu._restrictions[dom] = fmodule.identity_map(name='Id',
+                                                     latex_name=r'\mathrm{Id}')
+        resu._is_identity = True
+        resu.set_immutable()
+        return resu
+
+    #### End of monoid methods ####
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a string representation of ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: G = M.automorphism_field_group()
+            sage: G._repr_()
+            'General linear group of the Module X(M) of vector fields on the
+             2-dimensional differentiable manifold M'
+            sage: repr(G)  # indirect doctest
+            'General linear group of the Module X(M) of vector fields on the
+             2-dimensional differentiable manifold M'
+            sage: G  # indirect doctest
+            General linear group of the Module X(M) of vector fields on the
+             2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        """
+        return "General linear group of the {}".format(self._vmodule)
+
+    def _latex_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a LaTeX representation of ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: G = M.automorphism_field_group()
+            sage: G._latex_()
+            \mathrm{GL}\left( \mathfrak{X}\left(M\right) \right)
+            sage: latex(G)  # indirect doctest
+            \mathrm{GL}\left( \mathfrak{X}\left(M\right) \right)
+        """
+        from sage.misc.latex import latex
+        return r"\mathrm{GL}\left(" + latex(self._vmodule) + r"\right)"
+
+    def base_module(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the vector-field module of which ``self`` is the general
+        linear group.
+
+        OUTPUT: :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.vectorfield_module.VectorFieldModule`
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Base module of the group of tangent-space automorphism fields of
+        the 2-sphere::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M') # the 2-dimensional sphere S^2
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # complement of the North pole
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the North pole
+            sage: V = M.open_subset('V') # complement of the South pole
+            sage: c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the South pole
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^2 is the union of U and V
+            sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x/(x^2+y^2), y/(x^2+y^2)),
+            ....:                                intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x^2+y^2!=0,
+            ....:                                restrictions2= u^2+v^2!=0)
+            sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+            sage: G = M.automorphism_field_group()
+            sage: G.base_module()
+            Module X(M) of vector fields on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: G.base_module() is M.vector_field_module()
+            True
+        """
+        return self._vmodule
+
+
+#******************************************************************************
+
+class AutomorphismFieldParalGroup(FreeModuleLinearGroup):
+    r"""
+    General linear group of the module of vector fields along a differentiable
+    manifold `U` with values on a parallelizable manifold `M`.
+
+    Given a differentiable manifold `U` and a differentiable map
+    `\Phi: U \rightarrow M` to a parallelizable  manifold `M` (possibly `U = M`
+    and `\Phi = \mathrm{Id}_M`), the *group of tangent-space automorphism
+    fields* associated with `U` and `\Phi` is the general linear group
+    `\mathrm{GL}(\mathfrak{X}(U, \Phi))` of the module `\mathfrak{X}(U, \Phi)`
+    of vector fields along `U` with values on `M \supset \Phi(U)` (see
+    :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.vectorfield_module.VectorFieldFreeModule`).
+    Note that `\mathfrak{X}(U, \Phi)` is a free module over `C^k(U)`,
+    the algebra of differentiable scalar fields on `U`.
+    Elements of `\mathrm{GL}(\mathfrak{X}(U, \Phi))` are fields along `U` of
+    automorphisms of tangent spaces to `M`.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        If `M` is not parallelizable, the class
+        :class:`AutomorphismFieldGroup` must be used instead.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``vector_field_module`` --
+      :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.vectorfield_module.VectorFieldFreeModule`;
+      free module `\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi)` of vector fields along `U`
+      with values on `M`
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    Group of tangent-space automorphism fields of a 2-dimensional
+    parallelizable manifold::
+
+        sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+        sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+        sage: XM = M.vector_field_module() ; XM
+        Free module X(M) of vector fields on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+         manifold M
+        sage: G = M.automorphism_field_group(); G
+        General linear group of the Free module X(M) of vector fields on the
+         2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: latex(G)
+        \mathrm{GL}\left( \mathfrak{X}\left(M\right) \right)
+
+    ``G`` is nothing but the general linear group of the module
+    `\mathfrak{X}(M)`::
+
+        sage: G is XM.general_linear_group()
+        True
+
+    ``G`` is a group::
+
+        sage: G.category()
+        Category of groups
+        sage: G in Groups()
+        True
+
+    It is not an abelian group::
+
+        sage: G in CommutativeAdditiveGroups()
+        False
+
+    The elements of ``G`` are tangent-space automorphisms::
+
+        sage: G.Element
+        <class 'sage.manifolds.differentiable.automorphismfield.AutomorphismFieldParal'>
+        sage: a = G.an_element() ; a
+        Field of tangent-space automorphisms on the 2-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold M
+        sage: a.parent() is G
+        True
+
+    As automorphisms of `\mathfrak{X}(M)`, the elements of ``G`` map a vector
+    field to a vector field::
+
+        sage: v = XM.an_element() ; v
+        Vector field on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: v.display()
+        2 ∂/∂x + 2 ∂/∂y
+        sage: a(v)
+        Vector field on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: a(v).display()
+        2 ∂/∂x - 2 ∂/∂y
+
+    Indeed the matrix of ``a`` with respect to the frame
+    `(\partial_x, \partial_y)` is::
+
+        sage: a[X.frame(),:]
+        [ 1  0]
+        [ 0 -1]
+
+    The elements of ``G`` can also be considered as tensor fields of
+    type `(1,1)`::
+
+        sage: a.tensor_type()
+        (1, 1)
+        sage: a.tensor_rank()
+        2
+        sage: a.domain()
+        2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: a.display()
+        ∂/∂x⊗dx - ∂/∂y⊗dy
+
+    The identity element of the group ``G`` is::
+
+        sage: id = G.one() ; id
+        Field of tangent-space identity maps on the 2-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold M
+        sage: id*a == a
+        True
+        sage: a*id == a
+        True
+        sage: a*a^(-1) == id
+        True
+        sage: a^(-1)*a == id
+        True
+
+    Construction of an element by providing its components with
+    respect to the manifold's default frame (frame associated to
+    the coordinates `(x,y)`)::
+
+        sage: b = G([[1+x^2,0], [0,1+y^2]]) ; b
+        Field of tangent-space automorphisms on the 2-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold M
+        sage: b.display()
+        (x^2 + 1) ∂/∂x⊗dx + (y^2 + 1) ∂/∂y⊗dy
+        sage: (~b).display()  # the inverse automorphism
+        1/(x^2 + 1) ∂/∂x⊗dx + 1/(y^2 + 1) ∂/∂y⊗dy
+
+    We check the group law on these elements::
+
+        sage: (a*b)^(-1) == b^(-1) * a^(-1)
+        True
+
+    Invertible tensor fields of type `(1,1)` can be converted to
+    elements of ``G``::
+
+        sage: t = M.tensor_field(1, 1, name='t')
+        sage: t[:] = [[1+exp(y), x*y], [0, 1+x^2]]
+        sage: t1 = G(t) ; t1
+        Field of tangent-space automorphisms t on the 2-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold M
+        sage: t1 in G
+        True
+        sage: t1.display()
+        t = (e^y + 1) ∂/∂x⊗dx + x*y ∂/∂x⊗dy + (x^2 + 1) ∂/∂y⊗dy
+        sage: t1^(-1)
+        Field of tangent-space automorphisms t^(-1) on the 2-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold M
+        sage: (t1^(-1)).display()
+        t^(-1) = 1/(e^y + 1) ∂/∂x⊗dx - x*y/(x^2 + (x^2 + 1)*e^y + 1) ∂/∂x⊗dy
+         + 1/(x^2 + 1) ∂/∂y⊗dy
+
+    Since any automorphism field can be considered as a tensor field of
+    type-`(1,1)` on ``M``, there is a coercion map from ``G`` to the
+    module `T^{(1,1)}(M)` of type-`(1,1)` tensor fields::
+
+        sage: T11 = M.tensor_field_module((1,1)) ; T11
+        Free module T^(1,1)(M) of type-(1,1) tensors fields on the
+         2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: T11.has_coerce_map_from(G)
+        True
+
+    An explicit call of this coercion map is::
+
+        sage: tt = T11(t1) ; tt
+        Tensor field t of type (1,1) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+         manifold M
+        sage: tt == t
+        True
+
+    An implicit call of the coercion map is performed to subtract an
+    element of ``G`` from an element of `T^{(1,1)}(M)`::
+
+        sage: s = t - t1 ; s
+        Tensor field t-t of type (1,1) on
+         the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: s.parent() is T11
+        True
+        sage: s.display()
+        t-t = 0
+
+    as well as for the reverse operation::
+
+        sage: s = t1 - t ; s
+        Tensor field t-t of type (1,1) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+         manifold M
+        sage: s.display()
+        t-t = 0
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: TestSuite(G).run()
+    """
+
+    Element = AutomorphismFieldParal
+
+    def __init__(self, vector_field_module):
+        r"""
+        See :class:`AutomorphismfieldParalGroup` for documentation and
+        examples.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M') ; M
+            2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()  # makes M parallelizable
+            sage: G = M.automorphism_field_group(); G
+            General linear group of the Free module X(M) of vector fields on
+             the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: TestSuite(G).run()
+        """
+        if not isinstance(vector_field_module, VectorFieldFreeModule):
+            raise TypeError("{} is not a free module of vector fields".format(
+                            vector_field_module))
+        FreeModuleLinearGroup.__init__(self, vector_field_module)