passagemath-symbolics 10.6.37__cp310-cp310-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl

sage/manifolds/differentiable/automorphismfield.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1383 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-symbolics
+r"""
+Tangent-Space Automorphism Fields
+
+The class :class:`AutomorphismField` implements fields of automorphisms of
+tangent spaces to a generic (a priori not parallelizable) differentiable
+manifold, while the class :class:`AutomorphismFieldParal`
+is devoted to fields of automorphisms of tangent spaces to a parallelizable
+manifold. The latter play the important role of transitions between vector
+frames sharing the same domain on a differentiable manifold.
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Eric Gourgoulhon (2015): initial version
+- Travis Scrimshaw (2016): review tweaks
+"""
+
+# *****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2015 Eric Gourgoulhon <eric.gourgoulhon@obspm.fr>
+#       Copyright (C) 2016 Travis Scrimshaw <tscrimsh@umn.edu>
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#  as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
+#  the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# *****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield import TensorField
+from sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield_paral import TensorFieldParal
+from sage.tensor.modules.free_module_automorphism import FreeModuleAutomorphism
+
+
+class AutomorphismField(TensorField):
+    r"""
+    Field of automorphisms of tangent spaces to a generic (a priori
+    not parallelizable) differentiable manifold.
+
+    Given a differentiable manifold `U` and a differentiable map
+    `\Phi: U \rightarrow M` to a differentiable manifold `M`,
+    a *field of tangent-space automorphisms along* `U` *with values on*
+    `M \supset\Phi(U)` is a differentiable map
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        a:\ U  \longrightarrow T^{(1,1)} M,
+
+    with `T^{(1,1)} M` being the tensor bundle of type `(1,1)` over `M`,
+    such that
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        \forall p \in U,\ a(p) \in \mathrm{Aut}(T_{\Phi(p)} M),
+
+    i.e. `a(p)` is an automorphism of the tangent space to `M` at the
+    point `\Phi(p)`.
+
+    The standard case of a field of tangent-space automorphisms *on* a
+    manifold corresponds to `U = M` and `\Phi = \mathrm{Id}_M`. Other
+    common cases are `\Phi` being an immersion and `\Phi` being a curve
+    in `M` (`U` is then an open interval of `\RR`).
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        If `M` is parallelizable, then :class:`AutomorphismFieldParal`
+        *must* be used instead.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``vector_field_module`` -- module `\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi)` of vector
+      fields along `U` with values on `M` via the map `\Phi`
+    - ``name`` -- (default: ``None``) name given to the field
+    - ``latex_name`` -- (default: ``None``) LaTeX symbol to denote the field;
+      if none is provided, the LaTeX symbol is set to ``name``
+    - ``is_identity`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); determines whether the
+      constructed object is a field of identity automorphisms
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    Field of tangent-space automorphisms on a non-parallelizable
+    2-dimensional manifold::
+
+        sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+        sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
+        sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
+        sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() ; c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+        sage: transf = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y), intersection_name='W',
+        ....:                              restrictions1= x>0, restrictions2= u+v>0)
+        sage: inv = transf.inverse()
+        sage: a = M.automorphism_field(name='a') ; a
+        Field of tangent-space automorphisms a on the 2-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold M
+        sage: a.parent()
+        General linear group of the Module X(M) of vector fields on the
+         2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+
+    We first define the components of `a` with respect to the
+    coordinate frame on `U`::
+
+        sage: eU = c_xy.frame() ; eV = c_uv.frame()
+        sage: a[eU,:] = [[1,x], [0,2]]
+
+    It is equivalent to pass the components while defining `a`::
+
+        sage: a = M.automorphism_field({eU: [[1,x], [0,2]]}, name='a')
+
+    We then set the components with respect to the coordinate frame
+    on `V` by extending the expressions of the components in the
+    corresponding subframe on `W = U \cap V`::
+
+        sage: W = U.intersection(V)
+        sage: a.add_comp_by_continuation(eV, W, c_uv)
+
+    At this stage, the automorphism field `a` is fully defined::
+
+        sage: a.display(eU)
+        a = ∂/∂x⊗dx + x ∂/∂x⊗dy + 2 ∂/∂y⊗dy
+        sage: a.display(eV)
+        a = (1/4*u + 1/4*v + 3/2) ∂/∂u⊗du + (-1/4*u - 1/4*v - 1/2) ∂/∂u⊗dv
+         + (1/4*u + 1/4*v - 1/2) ∂/∂v⊗du + (-1/4*u - 1/4*v + 3/2) ∂/∂v⊗dv
+
+    In particular, we may ask for its inverse on the whole manifold `M`::
+
+        sage: ia = a.inverse() ; ia
+        Field of tangent-space automorphisms a^(-1) on the 2-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold M
+        sage: ia.display(eU)
+        a^(-1) = ∂/∂x⊗dx - 1/2*x ∂/∂x⊗dy + 1/2 ∂/∂y⊗dy
+        sage: ia.display(eV)
+        a^(-1) = (-1/8*u - 1/8*v + 3/4) ∂/∂u⊗du + (1/8*u + 1/8*v + 1/4) ∂/∂u⊗dv
+         + (-1/8*u - 1/8*v + 1/4) ∂/∂v⊗du + (1/8*u + 1/8*v + 3/4) ∂/∂v⊗dv
+
+    Equivalently, one can use the power minus one to get the inverse::
+
+        sage: ia is a^(-1)
+        True
+
+    or the operator ``~``::
+
+        sage: ia is ~a
+        True
+    """
+    def __init__(self, vector_field_module, name=None, latex_name=None):
+        r"""
+        Construct a field of tangent-space automorphisms on a
+        non-parallelizable manifold.
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Construction via ``parent.element_class``, and not via a direct call
+        to ``AutomorphismField``, to fit with the category framework::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() ; c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+            sage: transf = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y), intersection_name='W',
+            ....:                              restrictions1= x>0, restrictions2= u+v>0)
+            sage: inv = transf.inverse()
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: GL = XM.general_linear_group()
+            sage: a = GL.element_class(XM, name='a'); a
+            Field of tangent-space automorphisms a on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+            sage: a[c_xy.frame(), :] = [[1+x^2, 0], [0, 1+y^2]]
+            sage: a.add_comp_by_continuation(c_uv.frame(), U.intersection(V), c_uv)
+            sage: TestSuite(a).run(skip='_test_pickling')
+
+        Construction of the identity field::
+
+            sage: b = GL.one(); b
+            Field of tangent-space identity maps on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+            sage: TestSuite(b).run(skip='_test_pickling')
+
+        Construction with ``DifferentiableManifold.automorphism_field``::
+
+            sage: a1 = M.automorphism_field(name='a'); a1
+            Field of tangent-space automorphisms a on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+            sage: type(a1) == type(a)
+            True
+
+        .. TODO::
+
+            Fix ``_test_pickling`` (in the superclass :class:`TensorField`).
+        """
+        TensorField.__init__(self, vector_field_module, (1,1), name=name,
+                             latex_name=latex_name,
+                             parent=vector_field_module.general_linear_group())
+        self._is_identity = False # a priori
+        self._init_derived() # initialization of derived quantities
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a string representation of ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: a = M.automorphism_field(name='a')
+            sage: a._repr_()
+            'Field of tangent-space automorphisms a on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M'
+            sage: repr(a)  # indirect doctest
+            'Field of tangent-space automorphisms a on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M'
+            sage: a  # indirect doctest
+            Field of tangent-space automorphisms a on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+        """
+        description = "Field of tangent-space "
+        if self is self.parent().one():
+            description += "identity maps "
+        else:
+            description += "automorphisms "
+            if self._name is not None:
+                description += self._name + " "
+        return self._final_repr(description)
+
+    def _init_derived(self):
+        r"""
+        Initialize the derived quantities.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: a = M.automorphism_field(name='a')
+            sage: a._init_derived()
+        """
+        TensorField._init_derived(self)
+        self._inverse = None  # inverse not set yet
+
+    def _del_derived(self):
+        r"""
+        Delete the derived quantities.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: a = M.automorphism_field(name='a')
+            sage: a._del_derived()
+        """
+        # First delete the derived quantities pertaining to the mother class:
+        TensorField._del_derived(self)
+        # then deletes the inverse automorphism:
+        self._inverse = None
+
+    def set_comp(self, basis=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the components of ``self`` w.r.t. a given module basis for
+        assignment.
+
+        The components with respect to other bases are deleted, in order to
+        avoid any inconsistency. To keep them, use the method :meth:`add_comp`
+        instead.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``basis`` -- (default: ``None``) basis in which the components are
+          defined; if none is provided, the components are assumed to refer to
+          the module's default basis
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - components in the given basis, as an instance of the
+          class :class:`~sage.tensor.modules.comp.Components`; if such
+          components did not exist previously, they are created.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M') # the 2-dimensional sphere S^2
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # complement of the North pole
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the North pole
+            sage: V = M.open_subset('V') # complement of the South pole
+            sage: c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the South pole
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^2 is the union of U and V
+            sage: e_uv = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: a= M.automorphism_field(name='a')
+            sage: a.set_comp(e_uv)
+            2-indices components w.r.t. Coordinate frame (V, (∂/∂u,∂/∂v))
+            sage: a.set_comp(e_uv)[0,0] = u+v
+            sage: a.set_comp(e_uv)[1,1] = u+v
+            sage: a.display(e_uv)
+            a = (u + v) ∂/∂u⊗du + (u + v) ∂/∂v⊗dv
+
+        Setting the components in a new frame::
+
+            sage: e = V.vector_frame('e')
+            sage: a.set_comp(e)
+            2-indices components w.r.t. Vector frame (V, (e_0,e_1))
+            sage: a.set_comp(e)[0,1] = u*v
+            sage: a.set_comp(e)[1,0] = u*v
+            sage: a.display(e)
+            a = u*v e_0⊗e^1 + u*v e_1⊗e^0
+
+        Since the frames ``e`` and ``e_uv`` are defined on the same domain, the
+        components w.r.t. ``e_uv`` have been erased::
+
+            sage: a.display(c_uv.frame())
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: no basis could be found for computing the components
+             in the Coordinate frame (V, (∂/∂u,∂/∂v))
+
+        Since the identity map is an immutable element, its components
+        cannot be changed::
+
+            sage: id = M.tangent_identity_field()
+            sage: id.add_comp(e)[0,1] = u*v
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the components of an immutable element cannot be
+             changed
+        """
+        comp = super().set_comp(basis=basis)
+        self._is_identity = False  # a priori
+        return comp
+
+    def add_comp(self, basis=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the components of ``self`` w.r.t. a given module basis for
+        assignment, keeping the components w.r.t. other bases.
+
+        To delete the components w.r.t. other bases, use the method
+        :meth:`set_comp` instead.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``basis`` -- (default: ``None``) basis in which the components are
+          defined; if none is provided, the components are assumed to refer to
+          the module's default basis
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            If the automorphism field has already components in other bases, it
+            is the user's responsibility to make sure that the components
+            to be added are consistent with them.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - components in the given basis, as an instance of the
+          class :class:`~sage.tensor.modules.comp.Components`;
+          if such components did not exist previously, they are created
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M') # the 2-dimensional sphere S^2
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # complement of the North pole
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the North pole
+            sage: V = M.open_subset('V') # complement of the South pole
+            sage: c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the South pole
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^2 is the union of U and V
+            sage: e_uv = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: a= M.automorphism_field(name='a')
+            sage: a.add_comp(e_uv)
+            2-indices components w.r.t. Coordinate frame (V, (∂/∂u,∂/∂v))
+            sage: a.add_comp(e_uv)[0,0] = u+v
+            sage: a.add_comp(e_uv)[1,1] = u+v
+            sage: a.display(e_uv)
+            a = (u + v) ∂/∂u⊗du + (u + v) ∂/∂v⊗dv
+
+        Setting the components in a new frame::
+
+            sage: e = V.vector_frame('e')
+            sage: a.add_comp(e)
+            2-indices components w.r.t. Vector frame (V, (e_0,e_1))
+            sage: a.add_comp(e)[0,1] = u*v
+            sage: a.add_comp(e)[1,0] = u*v
+            sage: a.display(e)
+            a = u*v e_0⊗e^1 + u*v e_1⊗e^0
+
+        The components with respect to ``e_uv`` are kept::
+
+            sage: a.display(e_uv)
+            a = (u + v) ∂/∂u⊗du + (u + v) ∂/∂v⊗dv
+
+        Since the identity map is a special element, its components cannot be
+        changed::
+
+            sage: id = M.tangent_identity_field()
+            sage: id.add_comp(e)[0,1] = u*v
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the components of an immutable element cannot be
+             changed
+        """
+        comp = super().add_comp(basis=basis)
+        self._is_identity = False  # a priori
+        return comp
+
+    def _new_instance(self):
+        r"""
+        Create an instance of the same class as ``self`` on the same
+        vector field module.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(5, 'M')
+            sage: a = M.automorphism_field(name='a')
+            sage: a._new_instance()
+            Field of tangent-space automorphisms on the 5-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+            sage: a._new_instance().parent() is a.parent()
+            True
+        """
+        return type(self)(self._vmodule)
+
+    def __call__(self, *arg):
+        r"""
+        Redefinition of
+        :meth:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield.TensorField.__call__`
+        to allow for a proper treatment of the identity map and of the call
+        with a single argument
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Field of identity maps on the 2-sphere::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M') # the 2-dimensional sphere S^2
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # complement of the North pole
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the North pole
+            sage: V = M.open_subset('V') # complement of the South pole
+            sage: c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the South pole
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^2 is the union of U and V
+            sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x/(x^2+y^2), y/(x^2+y^2)),
+            ....:                                intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x^2+y^2!=0,
+            ....:                                restrictions2= u^2+v^2!=0)
+            sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+            sage: e_xy = c_xy.frame(); e_uv = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: w = M.vector_field({e_xy: [3, 1]}, name='w')
+            sage: w.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, U.intersection(V), c_uv)
+            sage: z = M.one_form({e_xy: [-y, x]}, name='z')
+            sage: z.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, U.intersection(V), c_uv)
+            sage: Id = M.tangent_identity_field()
+            sage: s = Id(w); s
+            Vector field w on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: s == w
+            True
+            sage: s = Id(z, w); s
+            Scalar field z(w) on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: s == z(w)
+            True
+
+        Field of automorphisms on the 2-sphere::
+
+            sage: a = M.automorphism_field({e_xy: [[-1, 0], [0, 1]]}, name='a')
+            sage: a.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, U.intersection(V), c_uv)
+
+        Call with a single argument::
+
+            sage: s = a(w); s
+            Vector field a(w) on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: s.display(e_xy)
+            a(w) = -3 ∂/∂x + ∂/∂y
+            sage: s.display(e_uv)
+            a(w) = (3*u^2 - 2*u*v - 3*v^2) ∂/∂u + (u^2 + 6*u*v - v^2) ∂/∂v
+            sage: s.restrict(U) == a.restrict(U)(w.restrict(U))
+            True
+            sage: s.restrict(V) == a.restrict(V)(w.restrict(V))
+            True
+            sage: s.restrict(U) == a(w.restrict(U))
+            True
+            sage: s.restrict(U) == a.restrict(U)(w)
+            True
+
+        Call with two arguments::
+
+            sage: s = a(z, w); s
+            Scalar field a(z,w) on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: s.display()
+            a(z,w): M → ℝ
+            on U: (x, y) ↦ x + 3*y
+            on V: (u, v) ↦ (u + 3*v)/(u^2 + v^2)
+            sage: s.restrict(U) == a.restrict(U)(z.restrict(U), w.restrict(U))
+            True
+            sage: s.restrict(V) == a.restrict(V)(z.restrict(V), w.restrict(V))
+            True
+            sage: s.restrict(U) == a(z.restrict(U), w.restrict(U))
+            True
+            sage: s.restrict(U) == a(z, w.restrict(U))
+            True
+        """
+        if self._is_identity:
+            if len(arg) == 1:
+                # The identity map acting as such, on a vector field:
+                vector = arg[0]
+                if vector._tensor_type != (1,0):
+                    raise TypeError("the argument must be a vector field")
+                dom = self._domain.intersection(vector._domain)
+                return vector.restrict(dom)
+            elif len(arg) == 2:
+                # self acting as a type-(1,1) tensor on a pair
+                # (1-form, vector field), returning a scalar field:
+                oneform = arg[0]
+                vector = arg[1]
+                dom = self._domain.intersection(
+                                  oneform._domain).intersection(vector._domain)
+                return oneform.restrict(dom)(vector.restrict(dom))
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("wrong number of arguments")
+        # Generic case
+        if len(arg) == 1:
+            # The field of automorphisms acting on a vector field:
+            vector = arg[0]
+            if vector._tensor_type != (1,0):
+                raise TypeError("the argument must be a vector field")
+            dom = self._domain.intersection(vector._domain)
+            vector_dom = vector.restrict(dom)
+            if dom != self._domain:
+                return self.restrict(dom)(vector_dom)
+            resu = dom.vector_field()
+            if self._name is not None and vector._name is not None:
+                resu._name = self._name + "(" + vector._name + ")"
+            if self._latex_name is not None and vector._latex_name is not None:
+                resu._latex_name = self._latex_name + r"\left(" + \
+                                   vector._latex_name + r"\right)"
+            for sdom, automorph in self._restrictions.items():
+                resu._restrictions[sdom] = automorph(vector_dom.restrict(sdom))
+            return resu
+        # Case of 2 arguments:
+        return TensorField.__call__(self, *arg)
+
+    def copy(self, name=None, latex_name=None):
+        r"""
+        Return an exact copy of the automorphism field ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``name`` -- (default: ``None``) name given to the copy
+        - ``latex_name`` -- (default: ``None``) LaTeX symbol to denote the
+          copy; if none is provided, the LaTeX symbol is set to ``name``
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            The name and the derived quantities are not copied.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() ; c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+            sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y),
+            ....:                    intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x>0,
+            ....:                    restrictions2= u+v>0)
+            sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+            sage: Id = M.tangent_identity_field(); Id
+            Field of tangent-space identity maps on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+            sage: one = Id.copy('1'); one
+            Field of tangent-space automorphisms 1 on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+        """
+        copy = super().copy(name=name, latex_name=latex_name)
+        copy._is_identity = self._is_identity
+        return copy
+
+    #### MultiplicativeGroupElement methods ####
+
+    def __invert__(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the inverse automorphism of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Inverse of a field of tangent-space automorphisms on a
+        non-parallelizable 2-dimensional manifold::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
+            sage: W = U.intersection(V)
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() ; c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+            sage: transf = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y),
+            ....:    intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x>0, restrictions2= u+v>0)
+            sage: inv = transf.inverse()
+            sage: eU = c_xy.frame() ; eV = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: a = M.automorphism_field({eU: [[1,x], [0,2]]}, name='a')
+            sage: a.add_comp_by_continuation(eV, W, c_uv)
+            sage: ia = a.inverse() ; ia
+            Field of tangent-space automorphisms a^(-1) on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+            sage: a[eU,:], ia[eU,:]
+            (
+            [1 x]  [     1 -1/2*x]
+            [0 2], [     0    1/2]
+            )
+            sage: a[eV,:], ia[eV,:]
+            (
+            [ 1/4*u + 1/4*v + 3/2 -1/4*u - 1/4*v - 1/2]
+            [ 1/4*u + 1/4*v - 1/2 -1/4*u - 1/4*v + 3/2],
+            [-1/8*u - 1/8*v + 3/4  1/8*u + 1/8*v + 1/4]
+            [-1/8*u - 1/8*v + 1/4  1/8*u + 1/8*v + 3/4]
+            )
+
+        Let us check that ia is indeed the inverse of a::
+
+            sage: s = a.contract(ia)
+            sage: s[eU,:], s[eV,:]
+            (
+            [1 0]  [1 0]
+            [0 1], [0 1]
+            )
+            sage: s = ia.contract(a)
+            sage: s[eU,:], s[eV,:]
+            (
+            [1 0]  [1 0]
+            [0 1], [0 1]
+            )
+
+        The result is cached::
+
+            sage: a.inverse() is ia
+            True
+
+        Instead of ``inverse()``, one can use the power minus one to get the
+        inverse::
+
+            sage: ia is a^(-1)
+            True
+
+        or the operator ``~``::
+
+            sage: ia is ~a
+            True
+        """
+        if self._is_identity:
+            return self
+        if self._inverse is None:
+            from sage.tensor.modules.format_utilities import is_atomic
+            if self._name is None:
+                inv_name = None
+            else:
+                if is_atomic(self._name, ['*']):
+                    inv_name = self._name + '^(-1)'
+                else:
+                    inv_name = '(' + self._name + ')^(-1)'
+            if self._latex_name is None:
+                inv_latex_name = None
+            else:
+                if is_atomic(self._latex_name, ['\\circ', '\\otimes']):
+                    inv_latex_name = self._latex_name + r'^{-1}'
+                else:
+                    inv_latex_name = r'\left(' + self._latex_name + \
+                                     r'\right)^{-1}'
+            self._inverse = self._vmodule.automorphism(name=inv_name,
+                                                       latex_name=inv_latex_name)
+            for dom, rst in self._restrictions.items():
+                self._inverse._restrictions[dom] = rst.inverse()
+        return self._inverse
+
+    inverse = __invert__
+
+    def _mul_(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Automorphism composition.
+
+        This implements the group law of `GL(X(U,\Phi))`, with `X(U,\Phi)`
+        being the module of ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- an automorphism of the same module as ``self``
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - the automorphism resulting from the composition of ``other`` and
+          ``self``
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M') # the 2-dimensional sphere S^2
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # complement of the North pole
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the North pole
+            sage: V = M.open_subset('V') # complement of the South pole
+            sage: c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the South pole
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^2 is the union of U and V
+            sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x/(x^2+y^2), y/(x^2+y^2)),
+            ....:                                intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x^2+y^2!=0,
+            ....:                                restrictions2= u^2+v^2!=0)
+            sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+            sage: e_xy = c_xy.frame(); e_uv = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: a = M.automorphism_field({e_xy: [[-1, 0], [0, 1]]}, name='a')
+            sage: a.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, U.intersection(V), c_uv)
+            sage: b = M.automorphism_field({e_uv: [[1, 0], [0, -2]]}, name='b')
+            sage: b.add_comp_by_continuation(e_xy, U.intersection(V), c_xy)
+            sage: s = a._mul_(b); s
+            Field of tangent-space automorphisms on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+            sage: s.display(e_xy)
+            -(x^4 - 10*x^2*y^2 + y^4)/(x^4 + 2*x^2*y^2 + y^4) ∂/∂x⊗dx
+             - 6*(x^3*y - x*y^3)/(x^4 + 2*x^2*y^2 + y^4) ∂/∂x⊗dy
+             + 6*(x^3*y - x*y^3)/(x^4 + 2*x^2*y^2 + y^4) ∂/∂y⊗dx
+             - 2*(x^4 - 4*x^2*y^2 + y^4)/(x^4 + 2*x^2*y^2 + y^4) ∂/∂y⊗dy
+            sage: s.display(e_uv)
+            -(u^4 - 6*u^2*v^2 + v^4)/(u^4 + 2*u^2*v^2 + v^4) ∂/∂u⊗du
+             + 8*(u^3*v - u*v^3)/(u^4 + 2*u^2*v^2 + v^4) ∂/∂u⊗dv
+             - 4*(u^3*v - u*v^3)/(u^4 + 2*u^2*v^2 + v^4) ∂/∂v⊗du
+            - 2*(u^4 - 6*u^2*v^2 + v^4)/(u^4 + 2*u^2*v^2 + v^4) ∂/∂v⊗dv
+            sage: w = M.vector_field(name='w')
+            sage: w[e_xy, :] = [3, 1]
+            sage: w.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, U.intersection(V), c_uv)
+            sage: s(w) == a(b(w))  # long time
+            True
+        """
+        # No need for consistency check since self and other are guaranteed
+        # to have the same parent. In particular, they are defined on the same
+        # module.
+        #
+        # Special cases:
+        if self._is_identity:
+            return other
+        if other._is_identity:
+            return self
+        if other is self._inverse or self is other._inverse:
+            return self.parent().one()
+        # General case:
+        resu = type(self)(self._vmodule)
+        for dom in self._common_subdomains(other):
+            resu._restrictions[dom] = (self._restrictions[dom]
+                                       * other._restrictions[dom])
+        return resu
+
+    #### End of MultiplicativeGroupElement methods ####
+
+    def __mul__(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Redefinition of
+        :meth:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield.TensorField.__mul__`
+        so that ``*`` dispatches either to automorphism composition or
+        to the tensor product.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M') # the 2-dimensional sphere S^2
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # complement of the North pole
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the North pole
+            sage: V = M.open_subset('V') # complement of the South pole
+            sage: c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the South pole
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^2 is the union of U and V
+            sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x/(x^2+y^2), y/(x^2+y^2)),
+            ....:                                intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x^2+y^2!=0,
+            ....:                                restrictions2= u^2+v^2!=0)
+            sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+            sage: e_xy = c_xy.frame(); e_uv = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: a = M.automorphism_field(name='a')
+            sage: a[e_xy, :] = [[-1, 0], [0, 1]]
+            sage: a.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, U.intersection(V), c_uv)
+            sage: b = M.automorphism_field(name='b')
+            sage: b[e_uv, :] = [[1, 0], [0, -2]]
+            sage: b.add_comp_by_continuation(e_xy, U.intersection(V), c_xy)
+            sage: w = M.vector_field(name='w')
+            sage: w[e_xy, :] = [3, 1]
+            sage: w.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, U.intersection(V), c_uv)
+            sage: s = a.__mul__(b); s  # automorphism composition
+            Field of tangent-space automorphisms on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: s(w) == a(b(w))  # long time
+            True
+            sage: s = a.__mul__(w); s  # tensor product
+            Tensor field of type (2,1) on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        """
+        if isinstance(other, AutomorphismField):
+            return self._mul_(other)  # general linear group law
+        else:
+            return TensorField.__mul__(self, other)  # tensor product
+
+    def __imul__(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Redefinition of
+        :meth:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield.TensorField.__imul__`
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M') # the 2-dimensional sphere S^2
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # complement of the North pole
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the North pole
+            sage: V = M.open_subset('V') # complement of the South pole
+            sage: c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the South pole
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^2 is the union of U and V
+            sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x/(x^2+y^2), y/(x^2+y^2)),
+            ....:                                intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x^2+y^2!=0,
+            ....:                                restrictions2= u^2+v^2!=0)
+            sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+            sage: e_xy = c_xy.frame(); e_uv = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: a = M.automorphism_field(name='a')
+            sage: a[e_xy, :] = [[-1, 0], [0, 1]]
+            sage: a.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, U.intersection(V), c_uv)
+            sage: b = M.automorphism_field(name='b')
+            sage: b[e_uv, :] = [[1, 0], [0, -2]]
+            sage: b.add_comp_by_continuation(e_xy, U.intersection(V), c_xy)
+            sage: a.__imul__(b)
+            Field of tangent-space automorphisms on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: s = a*b
+            sage: a *= b
+            sage: a == s
+            True
+        """
+        return self.__mul__(other)
+
+    def restrict(self, subdomain, dest_map=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the restriction of ``self`` to some subdomain.
+
+        This is a redefinition of
+        :meth:`sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield.TensorField.restrict`
+        to take into account the identity map.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``subdomain`` --
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.manifold.DifferentiableManifold`
+          open subset `V` of ``self._domain``
+        - ``dest_map`` -- (default: ``None``)
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.diff_map.DiffMap`;
+          destination map `\Phi:\ V \rightarrow N`, where `N` is a
+          subdomain of ``self._codomain``; if ``None``, the restriction
+          of ``self.base_module().destination_map()`` to `V` is used
+
+        OUTPUT: a :class:`AutomorphismField` representing the restriction
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Restrictions of an automorphism field on the 2-sphere::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'S^2', start_index=1)
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # the complement of the North pole
+            sage: stereoN.<x,y> = U.chart()  # stereographic coordinates from the North pole
+            sage: eN = stereoN.frame() # the associated vector frame
+            sage: V =  M.open_subset('V') # the complement of the South pole
+            sage: stereoS.<u,v> = V.chart()  # stereographic coordinates from the South pole
+            sage: eS = stereoS.frame() # the associated vector frame
+            sage: transf = stereoN.transition_map(stereoS, (x/(x^2+y^2), y/(x^2+y^2)),
+            ....:                                 intersection_name='W',
+            ....:                                 restrictions1= x^2+y^2!=0,
+            ....:                                 restrictions2= u^2+v^2!=0)
+            sage: inv = transf.inverse() # transformation from stereoS to stereoN
+            sage: W = U.intersection(V) # the complement of the North and South poles
+            sage: stereoN_W = W.atlas()[0]  # restriction of stereo. coord. from North pole to W
+            sage: stereoS_W = W.atlas()[1]  # restriction of stereo. coord. from South pole to W
+            sage: eN_W = stereoN_W.frame() ; eS_W = stereoS_W.frame()
+            sage: a = M.automorphism_field({eN: [[1, atan(x^2+y^2)], [0,3]]},
+            ....:                          name='a')
+            sage: a.add_comp_by_continuation(eS, W, chart=stereoS); a
+            Field of tangent-space automorphisms a on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold S^2
+            sage: a.restrict(U)
+            Field of tangent-space automorphisms a on the Open subset U of the
+             2-dimensional differentiable manifold S^2
+            sage: a.restrict(U)[eN,:]
+            [                1 arctan(x^2 + y^2)]
+            [                0                 3]
+            sage: a.restrict(V)
+            Field of tangent-space automorphisms a on the Open subset V of the
+             2-dimensional differentiable manifold S^2
+            sage: a.restrict(V)[eS,:]
+            [   (u^4 + 10*u^2*v^2 + v^4 + 2*(u^3*v - u*v^3)*arctan(1/(u^2 + v^2)))/(u^4 + 2*u^2*v^2 + v^4)  -(4*u^3*v - 4*u*v^3 + (u^4 - 2*u^2*v^2 + v^4)*arctan(1/(u^2 + v^2)))/(u^4 + 2*u^2*v^2 + v^4)]
+            [                    4*(u^2*v^2*arctan(1/(u^2 + v^2)) - u^3*v + u*v^3)/(u^4 + 2*u^2*v^2 + v^4) (3*u^4 - 2*u^2*v^2 + 3*v^4 - 2*(u^3*v - u*v^3)*arctan(1/(u^2 + v^2)))/(u^4 + 2*u^2*v^2 + v^4)]
+            sage: a.restrict(W)
+            Field of tangent-space automorphisms a on the Open subset W of the
+             2-dimensional differentiable manifold S^2
+            sage: a.restrict(W)[eN_W,:]
+            [                1 arctan(x^2 + y^2)]
+            [                0                 3]
+
+        Restrictions of the field of tangent-space identity maps::
+
+            sage: id = M.tangent_identity_field() ; id
+            Field of tangent-space identity maps on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold S^2
+            sage: id.restrict(U)
+            Field of tangent-space identity maps on the Open subset U of the
+             2-dimensional differentiable manifold S^2
+            sage: id.restrict(U)[eN,:]
+            [1 0]
+            [0 1]
+            sage: id.restrict(V)
+            Field of tangent-space identity maps on the Open subset V of the
+             2-dimensional differentiable manifold S^2
+            sage: id.restrict(V)[eS,:]
+            [1 0]
+            [0 1]
+            sage: id.restrict(W)[eN_W,:]
+            [1 0]
+            [0 1]
+            sage: id.restrict(W)[eS_W,:]
+            [1 0]
+            [0 1]
+        """
+        if subdomain == self._domain:
+            return self
+        if subdomain not in self._restrictions:
+            if self is not self.parent().one():
+                return TensorField.restrict(self, subdomain, dest_map=dest_map)
+            # Special case of the immutable identity map:
+            if not subdomain.is_subset(self._domain):
+                raise ValueError("the provided domain is not a subset of " +
+                                 "the field's domain")
+            if dest_map is None:
+                dest_map = self._vmodule._dest_map.restrict(subdomain)
+            elif not dest_map._codomain.is_subset(self._ambient_domain):
+                raise ValueError("the argument 'dest_map' is not compatible " +
+                                 "with the ambient domain of " +
+                                 "the {}".format(self))
+            smodule = subdomain.vector_field_module(dest_map=dest_map)
+            self._restrictions[subdomain] = smodule.identity_map()
+        return self._restrictions[subdomain]
+
+
+#******************************************************************************
+
+class AutomorphismFieldParal(FreeModuleAutomorphism, TensorFieldParal):
+    r"""
+    Field of tangent-space automorphisms with values on a parallelizable
+    manifold.
+
+    Given a differentiable manifold `U` and a differentiable map
+    `\Phi: U \rightarrow M` to a parallelizable manifold `M`,
+    a *field of tangent-space automorphisms along* `U` *with values on*
+    `M\supset\Phi(U)` is a differentiable map
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        a:\ U  \longrightarrow T^{(1,1)}M
+
+    (`T^{(1,1)}M` being the tensor bundle of type `(1,1)` over `M`) such
+    that
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        \forall p \in U,\ a(p) \in \mathrm{Aut}(T_{\Phi(p)} M)
+
+    i.e. `a(p)` is an automorphism of the tangent space to `M` at the point
+    `\Phi(p)`.
+
+    The standard case of a field of tangent-space automorphisms *on* a
+    manifold corresponds to `U=M` and `\Phi = \mathrm{Id}_M`. Other
+    common cases are `\Phi` being an immersion and `\Phi` being a curve in `M`
+    (`U` is then an open interval of `\RR`).
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        If `M` is not parallelizable, the class :class:`AutomorphismField`
+        *must* be used instead.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``vector_field_module`` -- free module `\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi)` of vector
+      fields along `U` with values on `M` via the map `\Phi`
+    - ``name`` -- (default: ``None``) name given to the field
+    - ``latex_name`` -- (default: ``None``) LaTeX symbol to denote the field;
+      if none is provided, the LaTeX symbol is set to ``name``
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    A `\pi/3`-rotation in the Euclidean 2-plane::
+
+        sage: M = Manifold(2, 'R^2')
+        sage: c_xy.<x,y> = M.chart()
+        sage: rot = M.automorphism_field([[sqrt(3)/2, -1/2], [1/2, sqrt(3)/2]],
+        ....:                            name='R'); rot
+        Field of tangent-space automorphisms R on the 2-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold R^2
+        sage: rot.parent()
+        General linear group of the Free module X(R^2) of vector fields on the
+         2-dimensional differentiable manifold R^2
+
+    The inverse automorphism is obtained via the method :meth:`inverse`::
+
+        sage: inv = rot.inverse() ; inv
+        Field of tangent-space automorphisms R^(-1) on the 2-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold R^2
+        sage: latex(inv)
+        R^{-1}
+        sage: inv[:]
+        [1/2*sqrt(3)         1/2]
+        [       -1/2 1/2*sqrt(3)]
+        sage: rot[:]
+        [1/2*sqrt(3)        -1/2]
+        [        1/2 1/2*sqrt(3)]
+        sage: inv[:] * rot[:]  # check
+        [1 0]
+        [0 1]
+
+    Equivalently, one can use the power minus one to get the inverse::
+
+        sage: inv is rot^(-1)
+        True
+
+    or the operator ``~``::
+
+        sage: inv is ~rot
+        True
+    """
+    def __init__(self, vector_field_module, name=None, latex_name=None):
+        r"""
+        Construct a field of tangent-space automorphisms.
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Construction via ``parent.element_class``, and not via a direct call
+        to ``AutomorphismFieldParal``, to fit with the category framework::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()  # makes M parallelizable
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: GL = XM.general_linear_group()
+            sage: a = GL.element_class(XM, name='a'); a
+            Field of tangent-space automorphisms a on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+            sage: a[:] = [[1+x^2, x*y], [0, 1+y^2]]
+            sage: a.parent()
+            General linear group of the Free module X(M) of vector fields on
+             the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: a.parent() is M.automorphism_field_group()
+            True
+            sage: TestSuite(a).run()
+
+        Construction of the field of identity maps::
+
+            sage: b = GL.one(); b
+            Field of tangent-space identity maps on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+            sage: b[:]
+            [1 0]
+            [0 1]
+            sage: TestSuite(b).run()
+        """
+        FreeModuleAutomorphism.__init__(self, vector_field_module,
+                                        name=name, latex_name=latex_name)
+        # TensorFieldParal attributes:
+        self._vmodule = vector_field_module
+        self._domain = vector_field_module._domain
+        self._ambient_domain = vector_field_module._ambient_domain
+        self._is_identity = False # a priori
+        # Initialization of derived quantities:
+        TensorFieldParal._init_derived(self)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a string representation of ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: a = M.automorphism_field(name='a')
+            sage: a._repr_()
+            'Field of tangent-space automorphisms a on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M'
+            sage: repr(a)  # indirect doctest
+            'Field of tangent-space automorphisms a on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M'
+            sage: a  # indirect doctest
+            Field of tangent-space automorphisms a on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+        """
+        description = "Field of tangent-space "
+        if self is self.parent().one():
+            description += "identity maps "
+        else:
+            description += "automorphisms "
+            if self._name is not None:
+                description += self._name + " "
+        return self._final_repr(description)
+
+    def _del_derived(self, del_restrictions=True):
+        r"""
+        Delete the derived quantities.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``del_restrictions`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); determines whether the
+          restrictions of ``self`` to subdomains are deleted
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: a = M.automorphism_field(name='a')
+            sage: a._del_derived()
+        """
+        # Delete the derived quantities pertaining to the mother classes:
+        FreeModuleAutomorphism._del_derived(self)
+        TensorFieldParal._del_derived(self, del_restrictions=del_restrictions)
+
+     # Method _new_instance() is defined in mother class FreeModuleAutomorphism
+
+    def __call__(self, *arg):
+        r"""
+        Redefinition of
+        :meth:`~sage.tensor.modules.free_module_automorphism.FreeModuleAutomorphism.__call__`
+        to allow for domain treatment.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: a = M.automorphism_field([[0, 1], [-1, 0]], name='a')
+            sage: v = M.vector_field(-y, x, name='v')
+            sage: z = M.one_form(1+y^2, x*y, name='z')
+            sage: s = a.__call__(v); s
+            Vector field a(v) on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: s.display()
+            a(v) = x ∂/∂x + y ∂/∂y
+            sage: s = a.__call__(z, v); s
+            Scalar field a(z,v) on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: s.display()
+            a(z,v): M → ℝ
+               (x, y) ↦ 2*x*y^2 + x
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U', coord_def={X: x>0})
+            sage: s = a.__call__(v.restrict(U)); s
+            Vector field a(v) on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+            sage: s = a.__call__(z.restrict(U), v); s
+            Scalar field a(z,v) on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+            sage: s.display()
+            a(z,v): U → ℝ
+               (x, y) ↦ 2*x*y^2 + x
+        """
+        if len(arg) == 1:
+            # the automorphism acting as such (map of a vector field to a
+            # vector field)
+            vector = arg[0]
+            dom = self._domain.intersection(vector._domain)
+            return FreeModuleAutomorphism.__call__(self.restrict(dom),
+                                                   vector.restrict(dom))
+        elif len(arg) == 2:
+            # the automorphism acting as a type (1,1) tensor on a pair
+            # (1-form, vector field), returning a scalar field:
+            oneform = arg[0]
+            vector = arg[1]
+            dom = self._domain.intersection(oneform._domain).intersection(
+                                                                vector._domain)
+            return FreeModuleAutomorphism.__call__(self.restrict(dom),
+                                                   oneform.restrict(dom),
+                                                   vector.restrict(dom))
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("wrong number of arguments")
+
+    def __invert__(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the inverse automorphism of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: a = M.automorphism_field([[0, 2], [-1, 0]], name='a')
+            sage: b = a.inverse(); b
+            Field of tangent-space automorphisms a^(-1) on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+            sage: b[:]
+            [  0  -1]
+            [1/2   0]
+            sage: a[:]
+            [ 0  2]
+            [-1  0]
+
+        The result is cached::
+
+            sage: a.inverse() is b
+            True
+
+        Instead of ``inverse()``, one can use the power minus one to get the
+        inverse::
+
+            sage: b is a^(-1)
+            True
+
+        or the operator ``~``::
+
+            sage: b is ~a
+            True
+        """
+        from sage.manifolds.differentiable.vectorframe import CoordFrame
+        from sage.matrix.constructor import matrix
+        from sage.tensor.modules.comp import Components
+        if self._is_identity:
+            return self
+        if self._inverse is None:
+            from sage.tensor.modules.format_utilities import is_atomic
+            if self._name is None:
+                inv_name = None
+            else:
+                if is_atomic(self._name, ['*']):
+                    inv_name = self._name + '^(-1)'
+                else:
+                    inv_name = '(' + self._name + ')^(-1)'
+            if self._latex_name is None:
+                inv_latex_name = None
+            else:
+                if is_atomic(self._latex_name, ['\\circ', '\\otimes']):
+                    inv_latex_name = self._latex_name + r'^{-1}'
+                else:
+                    inv_latex_name = r'\left(' + self._latex_name + \
+                                     r'\right)^{-1}'
+            fmodule = self._fmodule
+            si = fmodule._sindex
+            nsi = fmodule._rank + si
+            self._inverse = fmodule.automorphism(name=inv_name,
+                                                 latex_name=inv_latex_name)
+            for frame in self._components:
+                if isinstance(frame, CoordFrame):
+                    chart = frame._chart
+                else:
+                    chart = self._domain._def_chart  # ! # to be improved
+                try:
+                    # TODO: do the computation without the 'SR' enforcement
+                    mat_self = matrix(
+                              [[self.comp(frame)[i, j, chart].expr(method='SR')
+                              for j in range(si, nsi)] for i in range(si, nsi)])
+                except (KeyError, ValueError):
+                    continue
+                mat_inv = mat_self.inverse()
+                cinv = Components(fmodule._ring, frame, 2, start_index=si,
+                                  output_formatter=fmodule._output_formatter)
+                for i in range(si, nsi):
+                    for j in range(si, nsi):
+                        val = chart.simplify(mat_inv[i-si,j-si], method='SR')
+                        cinv[i, j] = {chart: val}
+                self._inverse._components[frame] = cinv
+        return self._inverse
+
+    inverse = __invert__
+
+    def restrict(self, subdomain, dest_map=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the restriction of ``self`` to some subset of its domain.
+
+        If such restriction has not been defined yet, it is constructed here.
+
+        This is a redefinition of
+        :meth:`sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield_paral.TensorFieldParal.restrict`
+        to take into account the identity map.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``subdomain`` --
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.manifold.DifferentiableManifold`;
+          open subset `V` of ``self._domain``
+        - ``dest_map`` -- (default: ``None``)
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.diff_map.DiffMap`
+          destination map `\Phi:\ V \rightarrow N`, where `N` is a subset of
+          ``self._codomain``; if ``None``, the restriction of
+          ``self.base_module().destination_map()`` to `V` is used
+
+        OUTPUT: a :class:`AutomorphismFieldParal` representing the restriction
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Restriction of an automorphism field defined on `\RR^2` to a disk::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'R^2')
+            sage: c_cart.<x,y> = M.chart() # Cartesian coordinates on R^2
+            sage: D = M.open_subset('D') # the unit open disc
+            sage: c_cart_D = c_cart.restrict(D, x^2+y^2<1)
+            sage: a = M.automorphism_field([[1, x*y], [0, 3]], name='a'); a
+            Field of tangent-space automorphisms a on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold R^2
+            sage: a.restrict(D)
+            Field of tangent-space automorphisms a on the Open subset D of the
+             2-dimensional differentiable manifold R^2
+            sage: a.restrict(D)[:]
+            [  1 x*y]
+            [  0   3]
+
+        Restriction to the disk of the field of tangent-space identity maps::
+
+            sage: id = M.tangent_identity_field() ; id
+            Field of tangent-space identity maps on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold R^2
+            sage: id.restrict(D)
+            Field of tangent-space identity maps on the Open subset D of the
+             2-dimensional differentiable manifold R^2
+            sage: id.restrict(D)[:]
+            [1 0]
+            [0 1]
+            sage: id.restrict(D) == D.tangent_identity_field()
+            True
+        """
+        if subdomain == self._domain:
+            return self
+        if subdomain not in self._restrictions:
+            if not self._is_identity:
+                return TensorFieldParal.restrict(self, subdomain,
+                                                 dest_map=dest_map)
+            # Special case of the identity map:
+            if not subdomain.is_subset(self._domain):
+                raise ValueError("the provided domain is not a subset of " +
+                                 "the field's domain.")
+            if dest_map is None:
+                dest_map = self._fmodule._dest_map.restrict(subdomain)
+            elif not dest_map._codomain.is_subset(self._ambient_domain):
+                raise ValueError("the argument 'dest_map' is not compatible " +
+                                 "with the ambient domain of " +
+                                 "the {}".format(self))
+            smodule = subdomain.vector_field_module(dest_map=dest_map)
+            self._restrictions[subdomain] = smodule.identity_map()
+        return self._restrictions[subdomain]
+
+    def at(self, point):
+        r"""
+        Value of ``self`` at a given point.
+
+        If the current field of tangent-space automorphisms is
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            a:\ U \longrightarrow T^{(1,1)} M
+
+        associated with the differentiable map
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            \Phi:\ U \longrightarrow M,
+
+        where `U` and `M` are two manifolds (possibly `U = M` and
+        `\Phi = \mathrm{Id}_M`), then for any point `p \in U`,
+        `a(p)` is an automorphism of the tangent space `T_{\Phi(p)}M`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``point`` -- :class:`~sage.manifolds.point.ManifoldPoint`;
+          point `p` in the domain of the field of automorphisms `a`
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - the automorphism `a(p)` of the tangent vector space `T_{\Phi(p)}M`
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Automorphism at some point of a tangent space of a 2-dimensional
+        manifold::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: a = M.automorphism_field([[1+exp(y), x*y], [0, 1+x^2]],
+            ....:                          name='a')
+            sage: a.display()
+            a = (e^y + 1) ∂/∂x⊗dx + x*y ∂/∂x⊗dy + (x^2 + 1) ∂/∂y⊗dy
+            sage: p = M.point((-2,3), name='p') ; p
+            Point p on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: ap = a.at(p) ; ap
+            Automorphism a of the Tangent space at Point p on the
+             2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: ap.display()
+            a = (e^3 + 1) ∂/∂x⊗dx - 6 ∂/∂x⊗dy + 5 ∂/∂y⊗dy
+            sage: ap.parent()
+            General linear group of the Tangent space at Point p on the
+             2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+
+        The identity map of the tangent space at point ``p``::
+
+            sage: id = M.tangent_identity_field() ; id
+            Field of tangent-space identity maps on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+            sage: idp = id.at(p) ; idp
+            Identity map of the Tangent space at Point p on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+            sage: idp is M.tangent_space(p).identity_map()
+            True
+            sage: idp.display()
+            Id = ∂/∂x⊗dx + ∂/∂y⊗dy
+            sage: idp.parent()
+            General linear group of the Tangent space at Point p on the
+             2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: idp * ap == ap
+            True
+        """
+        if point not in self._domain:
+            raise TypeError("the {} is not in the domain of the {}".format(
+                                                                  point, self))
+        dest_map = self._fmodule._dest_map
+        if dest_map.is_identity():
+            amb_point = point
+        else:
+            amb_point = dest_map(point)  # "ambient" point
+        ts = amb_point._manifold.tangent_space(amb_point)
+        if self._is_identity:
+            return ts.identity_map()
+        resu = ts.automorphism(name=self._name, latex_name=self._latex_name)
+        for frame, comp in self._components.items():
+            comp_resu = resu.add_comp(frame.at(point))
+            for ind, val in comp._comp.items():
+                comp_resu._comp[ind] = val(point)
+        return resu