passagemath-polyhedra 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-musllinux_1_2_aarch64.whl

sage/geometry/polyhedron/representation.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1723 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-polyhedra
+"""
+H(yperplane) and V(ertex) representation objects for polyhedra
+"""
+
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2008 Marshall Hampton <hamptonio@gmail.com>
+#       Copyright (C) 2011 Volker Braun <vbraun.name@gmail.com>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+
+from sage.structure.sage_object import SageObject
+from sage.structure.element import Vector
+from sage.structure.richcmp import richcmp_method, richcmp
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+from sage.modules.free_module_element import vector
+from copy import copy
+
+
+# Numeric values to distinguish representation types
+INEQUALITY = 0
+EQUATION = 1
+VERTEX = 2
+RAY = 3
+LINE = 4
+
+
+#########################################################################
+#                      PolyhedronRepresentation
+#                       /                     \
+#                      /                       \
+#              Hrepresentation            Vrepresentation
+#                   /     \                 /     |   \
+#                  /       \               /      |    \
+#           Inequality  Equation        Vertex   Ray   Line
+
+
+@richcmp_method
+class PolyhedronRepresentation(SageObject):
+    """
+    The internal base class for all representation objects of
+    ``Polyhedron`` (vertices/rays/lines and inequalities/equations)
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        You should not (and cannot) instantiate it yourself. You can
+        only obtain them from a Polyhedron() class.
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: import sage.geometry.polyhedron.representation as P
+        sage: P.PolyhedronRepresentation()
+        <sage.geometry.polyhedron.representation.PolyhedronRepresentation object at ...>
+    """
+
+    # Numeric values for the output of the type() method
+    INEQUALITY = INEQUALITY
+    EQUATION = EQUATION
+    VERTEX = VERTEX
+    RAY = RAY
+    LINE = LINE
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        """
+        Return the length of the representation data.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[[1,2,3]])
+            sage: v = p.Vrepresentation(0)
+            sage: v.__len__()
+            3
+        """
+        return self._vector.degree()
+
+    def __getitem__(self, i):
+        """
+        Supports indexing.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[[1,2,3]])
+            sage: v = p.Vrepresentation(0)
+            sage: v.__getitem__(1)
+            2
+        """
+        return self._vector[i]
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        r"""
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.representation import Hrepresentation
+            sage: pr = Hrepresentation(Polyhedron(vertices = [[1,2,3]]).parent())
+            sage: hash(pr) == hash(tuple([0,0,0,0]))
+            True
+        """
+        # TODO: ideally the argument self._vector of self should be immutable.
+        # So that we could change the line below by hash(self._vector). The
+        # mutability is kept because this argument might be reused (see e.g.
+        # Hrepresentation._set_data below).
+        return hash(tuple(self._vector))
+
+    def __richcmp__(self, other, op):
+        """
+        Compare two representation objects.
+
+        This method defines a linear order on the H/V-representation objects.
+        The order is first determined by the types of the objects,
+        such that inequality < equation < vertex < ray < line.
+        Then, representation objects with the same type are ordered
+        lexicographically according to their canonical vectors.
+
+        Thus, two representation objects are equal if and only if they define
+        the same vertex/ray/line or inequality/equation in the ambient space,
+        regardless of the polyhedron that they belong to.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- anything
+
+        OUTPUT: boolean
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: triangle = Polyhedron([(0,0), (1,0), (0,1)])
+            sage: ieq = next(triangle.inequality_generator());  ieq
+            An inequality (1, 0) x + 0 >= 0
+            sage: ieq == copy(ieq)
+            True
+
+            sage: square = Polyhedron([(0,0), (1,0), (0,1), (1,1)], base_ring=QQ)
+            sage: square.Vrepresentation(0) == triangle.Vrepresentation(0)
+            True
+
+            sage: ieq = square.Hrepresentation(0); ieq.vector()
+            (0, 1, 0)
+            sage: ieq != Polyhedron([(0,1,0)]).Vrepresentation(0)
+            True
+
+            sage: H = Polyhedron(vertices=[(4,0)], rays=[(1,1)], lines=[(-1,1)])
+            sage: H.vertices()[0] < H.rays()[0] < H.lines()[0]
+            True
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Check :issue:`30954`::
+
+            sage: P = (1/2)*polytopes.cube()
+            sage: Q = (1/2)*polytopes.cube(backend='field')
+            sage: for p in P.inequalities():
+            ....:     assert p in Q.inequalities()
+        """
+        if not isinstance(other, PolyhedronRepresentation):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return richcmp((self.type(), self._vector*self._comparison_scalar()),
+                (other.type(), other._vector*other._comparison_scalar()), op)
+
+    def _comparison_scalar(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a number ``a`` such that ``a*self._vector`` is canonical.
+
+        Except for vertices, ``self._vector`` is only unique up to a positive scalar.
+
+        This is overwritten for the vertex class.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[[0,0],[1,5]], rays=[[3,4]])
+            sage: P.Vrepresentation()
+            (A vertex at (0, 0), A vertex at (1, 5), A ray in the direction (3, 4))
+            sage: P.Vrepresentation()[0]._comparison_scalar()
+            1
+            sage: P.Vrepresentation()[1]._comparison_scalar()
+            1
+            sage: P.Vrepresentation()[2]._comparison_scalar()
+            1/4
+            sage: P.Hrepresentation()
+            (An inequality (5, -1) x + 0 >= 0,
+             An inequality (-4, 3) x + 0 >= 0,
+             An inequality (4, -3) x + 11 >= 0)
+            sage: P.Hrepresentation()[0]._comparison_scalar()
+            1
+            sage: P.Hrepresentation()[1]._comparison_scalar()
+            1/3
+            sage: P.Hrepresentation()[2]._comparison_scalar()
+            1/3
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[[1,3]], lines=[[-1,3]])
+            sage: P.Vrepresentation()
+            (A line in the direction (1, -3), A vertex at (2, 0))
+            sage: P.Vrepresentation()[0]._comparison_scalar()
+            -1/3
+            sage: P.Vrepresentation()[1]._comparison_scalar()
+            1
+        """
+        if self.type() == self.VERTEX:
+            return 1
+
+        lcf = self._vector.leading_coefficient()
+        if self.type() == self.EQUATION or self.type() == self.LINE:
+            return 1/lcf
+        else:
+            return 1/lcf.abs()
+
+    def vector(self, base_ring=None):
+        """
+        Return the vector representation of the H/V-representation object.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``base_ring`` -- the base ring of the vector
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        For a V-representation object, a vector of length
+        :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.base.Polyhedron_base.ambient_dim`. For
+        a H-representation object, a vector of length
+        :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.base.Polyhedron_base.ambient_dim`
+        + 1.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: s = polytopes.cuboctahedron()
+            sage: v = next(s.vertex_generator())
+            sage: v
+            A vertex at (-1, -1, 0)
+            sage: v.vector()
+            (-1, -1, 0)
+            sage: v()
+            (-1, -1, 0)
+            sage: type(v())
+            <class 'sage.modules.vector_integer_dense.Vector_integer_dense'>
+
+        Conversion to a different base ring can be forced with the optional argument::
+
+            sage: v.vector(RDF)
+            (-1.0, -1.0, 0.0)
+            sage: vector(RDF, v)
+            (-1.0, -1.0, 0.0)
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Checks that :issue:`27709` is fixed::
+
+            sage: C = polytopes.cube()
+            sage: C.vertices()[0].vector()[0] = 3
+            sage: C.vertices()[0]
+            A vertex at (1, -1, -1)
+        """
+        if (base_ring is None) or (base_ring is self._base_ring):
+            return copy(self._vector)
+        else:
+            return vector(base_ring, self._vector)
+
+    _vector_ = vector
+
+    def polyhedron(self):
+        """
+        Return the underlying polyhedron.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[[1,2,3]])
+            sage: v = p.Vrepresentation(0)
+            sage: v.polyhedron()
+            A 0-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex
+        """
+        return self._polyhedron
+
+    def __call__(self):
+        """
+        Return the vector representation of the representation
+        object. Shorthand for the vector() method.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[[1,2,3]])
+            sage: v = p.Vrepresentation(0)
+            sage: v.__call__()
+            (1, 2, 3)
+        """
+        return copy(self._vector)
+
+    def index(self):
+        """
+        Return an arbitrary but fixed number according to the internal
+        storage order.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            H-representation and V-representation objects are enumerated
+            independently. That is, amongst all vertices/rays/lines there
+            will be one with ``index()==0``, and amongst all
+            inequalities/equations there will be one with ``index()==0``,
+            unless the polyhedron is empty or spans the whole space.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: s = Polyhedron(vertices=[[1],[-1]])
+            sage: first_vertex = next(s.vertex_generator())
+            sage: first_vertex.index()
+            0
+            sage: first_vertex == s.Vrepresentation(0)
+            True
+        """
+        return self._index
+
+    def __add__(self, coordinate_list):
+        """
+        Return the coordinates concatenated with ``coordinate_list``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``coordinate_list`` -- list
+
+        OUTPUT: the coordinates of ``self`` concatenated with ``coordinate_list``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(ieqs = [[0,1,0],[0,0,1],[1,-1,0,],[1,0,-1]])
+            sage: v = p.Vrepresentation(0); v
+            A vertex at (1, 0)
+            sage: v + [4,5]
+            [1, 0, 4, 5]
+        """
+        if not isinstance(coordinate_list, list):
+            raise TypeError('Can only concatenate with a list of coordinates')
+        return list(self) + coordinate_list
+
+    def __radd__(self, coordinate_list):
+        """
+        Return ``coordinate_list`` concatenated with the coordinates.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``coordinate_list`` -- list
+
+        OUTPUT: ``coordinate_list`` concatenated with the coordinates of ``self``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(ieqs = [[0,1,0],[0,0,1],[1,-1,0,],[1,0,-1]])
+            sage: v = p.Vrepresentation(0); v
+            A vertex at (1, 0)
+            sage: [4,5] + v
+            [4, 5, 1, 0]
+        """
+        if not isinstance(coordinate_list, list):
+            raise TypeError('Can only concatenate with a list of coordinates')
+        return coordinate_list + list(self)
+
+    def count(self, i):
+        """
+        Count the number of occurrences of ``i`` in the coordinates.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``i`` -- anything
+
+        OUTPUT: integer; the number of occurrences of ``i`` in the coordinates
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[(0,1,1,2,1)])
+            sage: v = p.Vrepresentation(0); v
+            A vertex at (0, 1, 1, 2, 1)
+            sage: v.count(1)
+            3
+        """
+        return sum([1 for j in self if i == j])
+
+
+class Hrepresentation(PolyhedronRepresentation):
+    """
+    The internal base class for H-representation objects of
+    a polyhedron. Inherits from ``PolyhedronRepresentation``.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, polyhedron_parent):
+        """
+        Initialize the PolyhedronRepresentation object.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.representation import Hrepresentation
+            sage: pr = Hrepresentation(Polyhedron(vertices = [[1,2,3]]).parent())
+            sage: tuple(pr)
+            (0, 0, 0, 0)
+            sage: TestSuite(pr).run(skip='_test_pickling')
+        """
+        self._polyhedron_parent = polyhedron_parent
+        self._base_ring = polyhedron_parent.base_ring()
+        self._vector = polyhedron_parent.Hrepresentation_space()(0)
+        self._A = polyhedron_parent.ambient_space()(0)
+        self._b = polyhedron_parent.base_ring()(0)
+        self._index = 0
+
+    def _set_data(self, polyhedron, data):
+        """
+        Initialization function.
+
+        The H/V-representation objects are kept in a pool, and this
+        function is used to reassign new values to already existing
+        (but unused) objects. You must not call this function on
+        objects that are in normal use.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``polyhedron`` -- the new polyhedron
+
+        - ``data`` -- the H-representation data
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(ieqs = [[0,1,0],[0,0,1],[1,-1,0,],[1,0,-1]])
+            sage: pH = p.Hrepresentation(0) # indirect doctest
+            sage: TestSuite(pH).run(skip='_test_pickling')
+        """
+        assert polyhedron.parent() is self._polyhedron_parent
+        if len(data) != self._vector.degree():
+            raise ValueError('H-representation data requires a list of length ambient_dim+1')
+
+        self._vector[:] = data
+        self._A[:] = data[1:]
+        self._b = self._base_ring(data[0])
+
+        self._index = len(polyhedron._Hrepresentation)
+        polyhedron._Hrepresentation.append(self)
+        self._polyhedron = polyhedron
+        if polyhedron.is_mutable():
+            polyhedron._add_dependent_object(self)
+
+    def is_H(self):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if the object is part of a H-representation
+        (inequality or equation).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(ieqs = [[0,1,0],[0,0,1],[1,-1,0,],[1,0,-1]])
+            sage: pH = p.Hrepresentation(0)
+            sage: pH.is_H()
+            True
+        """
+        return True
+
+    def is_inequality(self):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if the object is an inequality of the H-representation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(ieqs = [[0,1,0],[0,0,1],[1,-1,0,],[1,0,-1]])
+            sage: pH = p.Hrepresentation(0)
+            sage: pH.is_inequality()
+            True
+        """
+        return False
+
+    def is_equation(self):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if the object is an equation of the H-representation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(ieqs = [[0,1,0],[0,0,1],[1,-1,0,],[1,0,-1]], eqns = [[1,1,-1]])
+            sage: pH = p.Hrepresentation(0)
+            sage: pH.is_equation()
+            True
+        """
+        return False
+
+    def A(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the coefficient vector `A` in `A\vec{x}+b`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(ieqs = [[0,1,0],[0,0,1],[1,-1,0,],[1,0,-1]])
+            sage: pH = p.Hrepresentation(2)
+            sage: pH.A()
+            (1, 0)
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Checks that :issue:`27709` is fixed::
+
+            sage: C = polytopes.cube()
+            sage: C.inequalities()[0].A()[2] = 5
+            sage: C.inequalities()[0]
+            An inequality (-1, 0, 0) x + 1 >= 0
+        """
+        return copy(self._A)
+
+    def b(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the constant `b` in `A\vec{x}+b`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(ieqs = [[0,1,0],[0,0,1],[1,-1,0,],[1,0,-1]])
+            sage: pH = p.Hrepresentation(2)
+            sage: pH.b()
+            0
+        """
+        return self._b
+
+    def neighbors(self):
+        """
+        Iterate over the adjacent facets (i.e. inequalities).
+
+        Only defined for inequalities.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(ieqs = [[0,0,0,1],[0,0,1,0,],[0,1,0,0],
+            ....:                        [1,-1,0,0],[1,0,-1,0,],[1,0,0,-1]])
+            sage: pH = p.Hrepresentation(0)
+            sage: a = list(pH.neighbors())
+            sage: a[0]
+            An inequality (0, -1, 0) x + 1 >= 0
+            sage: list(a[0])
+            [1, 0, -1, 0]
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Checking that :issue:`28463` is fixed::
+
+            sage: P = polytopes.simplex()
+            sage: F1 = P.Hrepresentation()[1]
+            sage: list(F1.neighbors())
+            [An inequality (0, 1, 0, 0) x + 0 >= 0,
+             An inequality (0, 0, 1, 0) x + 0 >= 0,
+             An inequality (0, 0, 0, 1) x + 0 >= 0]
+
+        Does not work for equalities::
+
+            sage: F0 = P.Hrepresentation()[0]
+            sage: list(F0.neighbors())
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: must be inequality
+        """
+        # The adjacency matrix does not include equations.
+        n_eqs = self.polyhedron().n_equations()
+        if not self.is_inequality():
+            raise TypeError("must be inequality")
+
+        adjacency_matrix = self.polyhedron().facet_adjacency_matrix()
+        for x in self.polyhedron().Hrep_generator():
+            if not x.is_equation():
+                if adjacency_matrix[self.index()-n_eqs, x.index()-n_eqs] == 1:
+                    yield x
+
+    def adjacent(self):
+        """
+        Alias for neighbors().
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(ieqs = [[0,0,0,2],[0,0,1,0,],[0,10,0,0],
+            ....:     [1,-1,0,0],[1,0,-1,0,],[1,0,0,-1]])
+            sage: pH = p.Hrepresentation(0)
+            sage: a = list(pH.neighbors())
+            sage: b = list(pH.adjacent())
+            sage: a==b
+            True
+        """
+        return self.neighbors()
+
+    def is_incident(self, Vobj):
+        """
+        Return whether the incidence matrix element (Vobj,self) == 1.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(ieqs = [[0,0,0,1],[0,0,1,0,],[0,1,0,0],
+            ....:     [1,-1,0,0],[1,0,-1,0,],[1,0,0,-1]])
+            sage: pH = p.Hrepresentation(0)
+            sage: pH.is_incident(p.Vrepresentation(1))
+            True
+            sage: pH.is_incident(p.Vrepresentation(5))
+            False
+        """
+        return self.polyhedron().incidence_matrix()[Vobj.index(), self.index()] == 1
+
+    def __mul__(self, Vobj):
+        """
+        Shorthand for ``self.eval(x)``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(ieqs = [[0,0,0,1],[0,0,1,0,],[0,1,0,0],
+            ....:      [1,-1,0,0],[1,0,-1,0,],[1,0,0,-1]])
+            sage: pH = p.Hrepresentation(0)
+            sage: pH*p.Vrepresentation(5)
+            1
+        """
+        return self.eval(Vobj)
+
+    def eval(self, Vobj):
+        r"""
+        Evaluate the left hand side `A\vec{x}+b` on the given
+        vertex/ray/line.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+          * Evaluating on a vertex returns `A\vec{x}+b`
+
+          * Evaluating on a ray returns `A\vec{r}`. Only the sign or
+            whether it is zero is meaningful.
+
+          * Evaluating on a line returns `A\vec{l}`. Only whether it
+            is zero or not is meaningful.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: triangle = Polyhedron(vertices=[[1,0],[0,1],[-1,-1]])
+            sage: ineq = next(triangle.inequality_generator())
+            sage: ineq
+            An inequality (2, -1) x + 1 >= 0
+            sage: [ ineq.eval(v) for v in triangle.vertex_generator() ]
+            [0, 0, 3]
+            sage: [ ineq * v for v in triangle.vertex_generator() ]
+            [0, 0, 3]
+
+        If you pass a vector, it is assumed to be the coordinate vector of a point::
+
+            sage: ineq.eval( vector(ZZ, [3,2]) )
+            5
+        """
+        if isinstance(Vobj, Vector):
+            return self.A() * Vobj + self.b()
+        return Vobj.evaluated_on(self)
+
+    def incident(self):
+        """
+        Return a generator for the incident H-representation objects,
+        that is, the vertices/rays/lines satisfying the (in)equality.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: triangle = Polyhedron(vertices=[[1,0],[0,1],[-1,-1]])
+            sage: ineq = next(triangle.inequality_generator())
+            sage: ineq
+            An inequality (2, -1) x + 1 >= 0
+            sage: [ v for v in ineq.incident()]
+            [A vertex at (-1, -1), A vertex at (0, 1)]
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[[0,0,0],[0,1,0],[0,0,1]], rays=[[1,-1,-1]])
+            sage: ineq = p.Hrepresentation(2)
+            sage: ineq
+            An inequality (1, 0, 1) x + 0 >= 0
+            sage: [ x for x in ineq.incident() ]
+            [A vertex at (0, 0, 0),
+             A vertex at (0, 1, 0),
+             A ray in the direction (1, -1, -1)]
+        """
+        incidence_matrix = self.polyhedron().incidence_matrix()
+        for V in self.polyhedron().Vrep_generator():
+            if incidence_matrix[V.index(), self.index()] == 1:
+                yield V
+
+    def repr_pretty(self, **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Return a pretty representation of this equality/inequality.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``prefix`` -- string
+
+        - ``indices`` -- tuple or other iterable
+
+        - ``latex`` -- boolean
+
+        OUTPUT: string
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(ieqs=[(0, 1, 0, 0), (1, 2, 1, 0)],
+            ....:                eqns=[(1, -1, -1, 1)])
+            sage: for h in P.Hrepresentation():
+            ....:     print(h.repr_pretty())
+            x0 + x1 - x2 == 1
+            x0 >= 0
+            2*x0 + x1 >= -1
+        """
+        return repr_pretty(self.vector(), self.type(), **kwds)
+
+    def _latex_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a LaTeX-representation of this equality/inequality.
+
+        OUTPUT: string
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(ieqs=[(0, 1, 0, 0), (1, 2, 1, 0)],
+            ....:                eqns=[(1, -1, -1, 1)])
+            sage: for h in P.Hrepresentation():
+            ....:     print(latex(h))
+            x_{0} + x_{1} - x_{2} = 1
+            x_{0} \geq 0
+            2 x_{0} + x_{1} \geq -1
+        """
+        return self.repr_pretty(latex=True)
+
+
+class Inequality(Hrepresentation):
+    """
+    A linear inequality (supporting hyperplane) of the
+    polyhedron. Inherits from ``Hrepresentation``.
+    """
+
+    def type(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the type (equation/inequality/vertex/ray/line) as an
+        integer.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        Integer. One of ``PolyhedronRepresentation.INEQUALITY``,
+        ``.EQUATION``, ``.VERTEX``, ``.RAY``, or ``.LINE``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices = [[0,0,0],[1,1,0],[1,2,0]])
+            sage: repr_obj = next(p.inequality_generator())
+            sage: repr_obj.type()
+            0
+            sage: repr_obj.type() == repr_obj.INEQUALITY
+            True
+            sage: repr_obj.type() == repr_obj.EQUATION
+            False
+            sage: repr_obj.type() == repr_obj.VERTEX
+            False
+            sage: repr_obj.type() == repr_obj.RAY
+            False
+            sage: repr_obj.type() == repr_obj.LINE
+            False
+        """
+        return self.INEQUALITY
+
+    def is_inequality(self):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` since this is, by construction, an inequality.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices = [[0,0,0],[1,1,0],[1,2,0]])
+            sage: a = next(p.inequality_generator())
+            sage: a.is_inequality()
+            True
+        """
+        return True
+
+    def is_facet_defining_inequality(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Check if ``self`` defines a facet of ``other``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- a polyhedron
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.base.Polyhedron_base.slack_matrix`
+            :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.base.Polyhedron_base.incidence_matrix`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[[0,0,0],[0,1,0]], rays=[[1,0,0]])
+            sage: P.inequalities()
+            (An inequality (1, 0, 0) x + 0 >= 0,
+             An inequality (0, 1, 0) x + 0 >= 0,
+             An inequality (0, -1, 0) x + 1 >= 0)
+            sage: Q = Polyhedron(ieqs=[[0,1,0,0]])
+            sage: Q.inequalities()[0].is_facet_defining_inequality(P)
+            True
+            sage: Q = Polyhedron(ieqs=[[0,2,0,3]])
+            sage: Q.inequalities()[0].is_facet_defining_inequality(P)
+            True
+            sage: Q = Polyhedron(ieqs=[[0,AA(2).sqrt(),0,3]])                           # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: Q.inequalities()[0].is_facet_defining_inequality(P)
+            True
+            sage: Q = Polyhedron(ieqs=[[1,1,0,0]])
+            sage: Q.inequalities()[0].is_facet_defining_inequality(P)
+            False
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[[0,0,0],[0,1,0]], lines=[[1,0,0]])
+            sage: P.inequalities()
+            (An inequality (0, 1, 0) x + 0 >= 0, An inequality (0, -1, 0) x + 1 >= 0)
+            sage: Q = Polyhedron(ieqs=[[0,1,0,0]])
+            sage: Q.inequalities()[0].is_facet_defining_inequality(P)
+            False
+            sage: Q = Polyhedron(ieqs=[[0,-1,0,0]])
+            sage: Q.inequalities()[0].is_facet_defining_inequality(P)
+            False
+            sage: Q = Polyhedron(ieqs=[[0,0,1,3]])
+            sage: Q.inequalities()[0].is_facet_defining_inequality(P)
+            True
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p1 = Polyhedron(backend='normaliz', base_ring=QQ, vertices=[  # optional - pynormaliz
+            ....:     (2/3, 2/3, 2/3, 2/3, 2/3, 2/3, 2/3, 2/3, 2/3),
+            ....:     (1, 1, 1, 9/10, 4/5, 7/10, 3/5, 0, 0),
+            ....:     (1, 1, 1, 1, 4/5, 3/5, 1/2, 1/10, 0),
+            ....:     (1, 1, 1, 1, 9/10, 1/2, 2/5, 1/5, 0),
+            ....:     (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2/5, 3/10, 1/5, 1/10)])
+            sage: p2 = Polyhedron(backend='ppl', base_ring=QQ, vertices=[
+            ....:     (2/3, 2/3, 2/3, 2/3, 2/3, 2/3, 2/3, 2/3, 2/3),
+            ....:     (1, 1, 1, 9/10, 4/5, 7/10, 3/5, 0, 0),
+            ....:     (1, 1, 1, 1, 4/5, 3/5, 1/2, 1/10, 0),
+            ....:     (1, 1, 1, 1, 9/10, 1/2, 2/5, 1/5, 0),
+            ....:     (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2/5, 3/10, 1/5, 1/10)])
+            sage: p2 == p1                                                      # optional - pynormaliz
+            True
+            sage: for ieq in p1.inequalities():                                 # optional - pynormaliz
+            ....:     assert ieq.is_facet_defining_inequality(p2)
+            sage: for ieq in p2.inequalities():                                 # optional - pynormaliz
+            ....:     assert ieq.is_facet_defining_inequality(p1)
+        """
+        from sage.geometry.polyhedron.base import Polyhedron_base
+        if not isinstance(other, Polyhedron_base):
+            raise ValueError("other must be a polyhedron")
+
+        if not other.n_Vrepresentation():
+            # An empty polytope does not have facets.
+            return False
+
+        # We evaluate ``self`` on the Vrepresentation of other.
+
+        from sage.matrix.constructor import matrix
+        Vrep_matrix = matrix(other.base_ring(), other.Vrepresentation())
+
+        # Getting homogeneous coordinates of the Vrepresentation.
+        hom_helper = matrix(other.base_ring(), [1 if v.is_vertex() else 0 for v in other.Vrepresentation()])
+        hom_Vrep = hom_helper.stack(Vrep_matrix.transpose())
+
+        self_matrix = matrix(self.vector())
+
+        cross_slack_matrix = self_matrix * hom_Vrep
+
+        # First of all ``self`` should not evaluate negative on anything.
+        # If it has the same incidences as an inequality of ``other``,
+        # all ``Vrepresentatives`` lie on the same (closed) side.
+        if not any(x > 0 for x in cross_slack_matrix):
+            return False
+
+        # Also it should evaluate ``0`` on all lines.
+        if any(self.A() * line.vector() for line in other.lines()):
+            return False
+
+        incidences = cross_slack_matrix.zero_pattern_matrix(ZZ)
+
+        # See if ``self`` has the same incidences as an inequality of ``other``.
+        # If this is the case, then the above check suffices to guarantee that all
+        # entries of ``cross_slack_matrix`` are nonnegative.
+        return incidences.row(0) in other.incidence_matrix().columns()
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        The string representation of the inequality.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices = [[0,0,0],[1,1,0],[1,2,0]])
+            sage: a = next(p.inequality_generator())
+            sage: a._repr_()
+            'An inequality (-1, 1, 0) x + 0 >= 0'
+            sage: Polyhedron(ieqs=[(1,-1),(-1,2)]).Hrepresentation()
+            (An inequality (-1) x + 1 >= 0, An inequality (2) x - 1 >= 0)
+            sage: Polyhedron(eqns=[(1,0)]).Hrepresentation()
+            (An equation -1 == 0,)
+            sage: Polyhedron(eqns=[(-1,0)]).Hrepresentation()
+            (An equation -1 == 0,)
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Test that :issue:`21105` has been fixed::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<cbrt2> = NumberField(x^3 - 2, 'a', embedding=1.26)                 # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[(1,1,cbrt2),(cbrt2,1,1)])                    # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: P.inequalities()                                                      # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            (An inequality (-cbrt2^2 - cbrt2 - 1, 0, 0) x + cbrt2^2 + cbrt2 + 2 >= 0,
+             An inequality (cbrt2^2 + cbrt2 + 1, 0, 0) x - cbrt2^2 + cbrt2 + 1 >= 0)
+        """
+        s = 'An inequality '
+        have_A = not self.A().is_zero()
+        if have_A:
+            s += repr(self.A()) + ' x '
+        if self.b() >= 0:
+            if have_A:
+                s += '+'
+        else:
+            s += '-'
+        if have_A:
+            s += ' '
+        s += repr(abs(self.b())) + ' >= 0'
+        return s
+
+    def contains(self, Vobj):
+        """
+        Test whether the halfspace (including its boundary) defined
+        by the inequality contains the given vertex/ray/line.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = polytopes.cross_polytope(3)
+            sage: i1 = next(p.inequality_generator())
+            sage: [i1.contains(q) for q in p.vertex_generator()]
+            [True, True, True, True, True, True]
+            sage: p2 = 3*polytopes.hypercube(3)
+            sage: [i1.contains(q) for q in p2.vertex_generator()]
+            [True, True, False, True, False, True, False, False]
+        """
+        try:
+            if Vobj.is_vector():  # assume we were passed a point
+                return self.polyhedron()._is_nonneg( self.eval(Vobj) )
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+        if Vobj.is_line():
+            return self.polyhedron()._is_zero( self.eval(Vobj) )
+        else:
+            return self.polyhedron()._is_nonneg( self.eval(Vobj) )
+
+    def interior_contains(self, Vobj):
+        """
+        Test whether the interior of the halfspace (excluding its
+        boundary) defined by the inequality contains the given
+        vertex/ray/line.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = polytopes.cross_polytope(3)
+            sage: i1 = next(p.inequality_generator())
+            sage: [i1.interior_contains(q) for q in p.vertex_generator()]
+            [False, True, True, False, False, True]
+            sage: p2 = 3*polytopes.hypercube(3)
+            sage: [i1.interior_contains(q) for q in p2.vertex_generator()]
+            [True, True, False, True, False, True, False, False]
+
+        If you pass a vector, it is assumed to be the coordinate vector of a point::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[[1,1],[1,-1],[-1,1],[-1,-1]])
+            sage: p = vector(ZZ, [1,0] )
+            sage: [ ieq.interior_contains(p) for ieq in P.inequality_generator() ]
+            [True, True, False, True]
+        """
+        try:
+            if Vobj.is_vector(): # assume we were passed a point
+                return self.polyhedron()._is_positive( self.eval(Vobj) )
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+        if Vobj.is_line():
+            return self.polyhedron()._is_zero( self.eval(Vobj) )
+        elif Vobj.is_vertex():
+            return self.polyhedron()._is_positive( self.eval(Vobj) )
+        else: # Vobj.is_ray()
+            return self.polyhedron()._is_nonneg( self.eval(Vobj) )
+
+    def outer_normal(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the outer normal vector of ``self``.
+
+        OUTPUT: the normal vector directed away from the interior of the polyhedron
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[[0,0,0],[1,1,0],[1,2,0]])
+            sage: a = next(p.inequality_generator())
+            sage: a.outer_normal()
+            (1, -1, 0)
+        """
+        return -self.A()
+
+
+class Equation(Hrepresentation):
+    """
+    A linear equation of the polyhedron. That is, the polyhedron is
+    strictly smaller-dimensional than the ambient space, and contained
+    in this hyperplane. Inherits from ``Hrepresentation``.
+    """
+
+    def type(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the type (equation/inequality/vertex/ray/line) as an
+        integer.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        Integer. One of ``PolyhedronRepresentation.INEQUALITY``,
+        ``.EQUATION``, ``.VERTEX``, ``.RAY``, or ``.LINE``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices = [[0,0,0],[1,1,0],[1,2,0]])
+            sage: repr_obj = next(p.equation_generator())
+            sage: repr_obj.type()
+            1
+            sage: repr_obj.type() == repr_obj.INEQUALITY
+            False
+            sage: repr_obj.type() == repr_obj.EQUATION
+            True
+            sage: repr_obj.type() == repr_obj.VERTEX
+            False
+            sage: repr_obj.type() == repr_obj.RAY
+            False
+            sage: repr_obj.type() == repr_obj.LINE
+            False
+        """
+        return self.EQUATION
+
+    def is_equation(self):
+        """
+        Test if this object is an equation.  By construction, it must be.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices = [[0,0,0],[1,1,0],[1,2,0]])
+            sage: a = next(p.equation_generator())
+            sage: a.is_equation()
+            True
+        """
+        return True
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        A string representation of this object.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices = [[0,0,0],[1,1,0],[1,2,0]])
+            sage: a = next(p.equation_generator())
+            sage: a._repr_()
+            'An equation (0, 0, 1) x + 0 == 0'
+            sage: Polyhedron().Hrepresentation(0)
+            An equation -1 == 0
+        """
+        s = 'An equation '
+        have_A = not self.A().is_zero()
+        if have_A:
+            s += repr(self.A()) + ' x '
+        if self.b() >= 0:
+            if have_A:
+                s += '+'
+        else:
+            s += '-'
+        if have_A:
+            s += ' '
+        s += repr(abs(self.b())) + ' == 0'
+        return s
+
+    def contains(self, Vobj):
+        """
+        Test whether the hyperplane defined by the equation contains
+        the given vertex/ray/line.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices = [[0,0,0],[1,1,0],[1,2,0]])
+            sage: v = next(p.vertex_generator())
+            sage: v
+            A vertex at (0, 0, 0)
+            sage: a = next(p.equation_generator())
+            sage: a
+            An equation (0, 0, 1) x + 0 == 0
+            sage: a.contains(v)
+            True
+        """
+        return self.polyhedron()._is_zero( self.eval(Vobj) )
+
+    def interior_contains(self, Vobj):
+        """
+        Test whether the interior of the halfspace (excluding its
+        boundary) defined by the inequality contains the given
+        vertex/ray/line.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            Return ``False`` for any equation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices = [[0,0,0],[1,1,0],[1,2,0]])
+            sage: v = next(p.vertex_generator())
+            sage: v
+            A vertex at (0, 0, 0)
+            sage: a = next(p.equation_generator())
+            sage: a
+            An equation (0, 0, 1) x + 0 == 0
+            sage: a.interior_contains(v)
+            False
+        """
+        return False
+
+
+class Vrepresentation(PolyhedronRepresentation):
+    """
+    The base class for V-representation objects of a
+    polyhedron. Inherits from ``PolyhedronRepresentation``.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, polyhedron_parent):
+        """
+        Initialize the PolyhedronRepresentation object.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices = [[0,0,0],[1,1,0],[1,2,0]])
+            sage: a = next(p.inequality_generator())
+            sage: a
+            An inequality (-1, 1, 0) x + 0 >= 0
+            sage: TestSuite(a).run(skip='_test_pickling')
+        """
+        self._polyhedron_parent = polyhedron_parent
+        self._base_ring = polyhedron_parent.base_ring()
+        self._vector = polyhedron_parent.Vrepresentation_space()(0)
+        self._index = 0
+
+    def _set_data(self, polyhedron, data):
+        """
+        Initialization function.
+
+        The H/V-representation objects are kept in a pool, and this
+        function is used to reassign new values to already existing
+        (but unused) objects. You must not call this function on
+        objects that are in normal use.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``polyhedron`` -- the new polyhedron
+
+        - ``data`` -- the V-representation data
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(ieqs = [[0,1,0],[0,0,1],[1,-1,0,],[1,0,-1]])
+            sage: pV = p.Vrepresentation(0)   # indirect doctest
+            sage: TestSuite(pV).run(skip='_test_pickling')
+        """
+        assert polyhedron.parent() is self._polyhedron_parent
+        data = list(data)
+        if len(data) != self._vector.degree():
+            raise ValueError('V-representation data requires a list of length ambient_dim')
+
+        self._vector[:] = data
+
+        self._index = len(polyhedron._Vrepresentation)
+        polyhedron._Vrepresentation.append(self)
+        self._polyhedron = polyhedron
+        if polyhedron.is_mutable():
+            polyhedron._add_dependent_object(self)
+
+    def is_V(self):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if the object is part of a V-representation
+        (a vertex, ray, or line).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices = [[0,0],[1,0],[0,3],[1,3]])
+            sage: v = next(p.vertex_generator())
+            sage: v.is_V()
+            True
+        """
+        return True
+
+    def is_vertex(self):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if the object is a vertex of the V-representation.
+        This method is over-ridden by the corresponding method in the
+        derived class Vertex.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices = [[0,0],[1,0],[0,3],[1,3]])
+            sage: v = next(p.vertex_generator())
+            sage: v.is_vertex()
+            True
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(ieqs = [[1, 0, 0, 0, 1], [1, 1, 0, 0, 0], [1, 0, 1, 0, 0]])
+            sage: r1 = next(p.ray_generator())
+            sage: r1.is_vertex()
+            False
+        """
+        return False
+
+    def is_ray(self):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if the object is a ray of the V-representation.
+        This method is over-ridden by the corresponding method in the
+        derived class Ray.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(ieqs = [[1, 0, 0, 0, 1], [1, 1, 0, 0, 0], [1, 0, 1, 0, 0]])
+            sage: r1 = next(p.ray_generator())
+            sage: r1.is_ray()
+            True
+            sage: v1 = next(p.vertex_generator())
+            sage: v1
+            A vertex at (-1, -1, 0, -1)
+            sage: v1.is_ray()
+            False
+        """
+        return False
+
+    def is_line(self):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if the object is a line of the V-representation.
+        This method is over-ridden by the corresponding method in the
+        derived class Line.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(ieqs = [[1, 0, 0, 0, 1], [1, 1, 0, 0, 0], [1, 0, 1, 0, 0]])
+            sage: line1 = next(p.line_generator())
+            sage: line1.is_line()
+            True
+            sage: v1 = next(p.vertex_generator())
+            sage: v1.is_line()
+            False
+        """
+        return False
+
+    def neighbors(self):
+        """
+        Return a generator for the adjacent vertices/rays/lines.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+             sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices = [[0,0],[1,0],[0,3],[1,4]])
+             sage: v = next(p.vertex_generator())
+             sage: next(v.neighbors())
+             A vertex at (0, 3)
+        """
+        adjacency_matrix = self.polyhedron().vertex_adjacency_matrix()
+        for x in self.polyhedron().Vrep_generator():
+            if adjacency_matrix[self.index(), x.index()] == 1:
+                yield x
+
+    def adjacent(self):
+        """
+        Alias for neighbors().
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices = [[0,0],[1,0],[0,3],[1,4]])
+            sage: v = next(p.vertex_generator())
+            sage: a = next(v.neighbors())
+            sage: b = next(v.adjacent())
+            sage: a==b
+            True
+        """
+        return self.neighbors()
+
+    def is_incident(self, Hobj):
+        """
+        Return whether the incidence matrix element (self,Hobj) == 1.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = polytopes.hypercube(3)
+            sage: h1 = next(p.inequality_generator())
+            sage: h1
+            An inequality (-1, 0, 0) x + 1 >= 0
+            sage: v1 = next(p.vertex_generator())
+            sage: v1
+            A vertex at (1, -1, -1)
+            sage: v1.is_incident(h1)
+            True
+        """
+        return self.polyhedron().incidence_matrix()[self.index(), Hobj.index()] == 1
+
+    def __mul__(self, Hobj):
+        """
+        Shorthand for self.evaluated_on(Hobj).
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p = polytopes.hypercube(3)
+            sage: h1 = next(p.inequality_generator())
+            sage: v1 = next(p.vertex_generator())
+            sage: v1.__mul__(h1)
+            0
+        """
+        return self.evaluated_on(Hobj)
+
+    def incident(self):
+        """
+        Return a generator for the equations/inequalities that are satisfied on the given
+        vertex/ray/line.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: triangle = Polyhedron(vertices=[[1,0],[0,1],[-1,-1]])
+            sage: ineq = next(triangle.inequality_generator())
+            sage: ineq
+            An inequality (2, -1) x + 1 >= 0
+            sage: [ v for v in ineq.incident()]
+            [A vertex at (-1, -1), A vertex at (0, 1)]
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[[0,0,0],[0,1,0],[0,0,1]], rays=[[1,-1,-1]])
+            sage: ineq = p.Hrepresentation(2)
+            sage: ineq
+            An inequality (1, 0, 1) x + 0 >= 0
+            sage: [ x for x in ineq.incident() ]
+            [A vertex at (0, 0, 0),
+             A vertex at (0, 1, 0),
+             A ray in the direction (1, -1, -1)]
+        """
+        incidence_matrix = self.polyhedron().incidence_matrix()
+        for H in self.polyhedron().Hrep_generator():
+            if incidence_matrix[self.index(), H.index()] == 1:
+                yield H
+
+
+class Vertex(Vrepresentation):
+    """
+    A vertex of the polyhedron. Inherits from ``Vrepresentation``.
+    """
+
+    def type(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the type (equation/inequality/vertex/ray/line) as an
+        integer.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        Integer. One of ``PolyhedronRepresentation.INEQUALITY``,
+        ``.EQUATION``, ``.VERTEX``, ``.RAY``, or ``.LINE``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices = [[0,0,0],[1,1,0],[1,2,0]])
+            sage: repr_obj = next(p.vertex_generator())
+            sage: repr_obj.type()
+            2
+            sage: repr_obj.type() == repr_obj.INEQUALITY
+            False
+            sage: repr_obj.type() == repr_obj.EQUATION
+            False
+            sage: repr_obj.type() == repr_obj.VERTEX
+            True
+            sage: repr_obj.type() == repr_obj.RAY
+            False
+            sage: repr_obj.type() == repr_obj.LINE
+            False
+        """
+        return self.VERTEX
+
+    def is_vertex(self):
+        """
+        Test if this object is a vertex.  By construction it always is.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(ieqs = [[0,0,1],[0,1,0],[1,-1,0]])
+            sage: a = next(p.vertex_generator())
+            sage: a.is_vertex()
+            True
+        """
+        return True
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        Return a string representation of the vertex.
+
+        OUTPUT: string
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(ieqs = [[0,0,1],[0,1,0],[1,-1,0]])
+            sage: v = next(p.vertex_generator())
+            sage: v.__repr__()
+            'A vertex at (1, 0)'
+        """
+        return 'A vertex at ' + repr(self.vector())
+
+    def homogeneous_vector(self, base_ring=None):
+        """
+        Return homogeneous coordinates for this vertex.
+
+        Since a vertex is given by an affine point, this is the vector
+        with a 1 appended.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``base_ring`` -- the base ring of the vector
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[(2,0)], rays=[(1,0)], lines=[(3,2)])
+            sage: P.vertices()[0].homogeneous_vector()
+            (2, 0, 1)
+            sage: P.vertices()[0].homogeneous_vector(RDF)
+            (2.0, 0.0, 1.0)
+        """
+        v = list(self._vector) + [1]
+        return vector(base_ring or self._base_ring, v)
+
+    def evaluated_on(self, Hobj):
+        r"""
+        Return `A\vec{x}+b`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = polytopes.hypercube(3)
+            sage: v = next(p.vertex_generator())
+            sage: h = next(p.inequality_generator())
+            sage: v
+            A vertex at (1, -1, -1)
+            sage: h
+            An inequality (-1, 0, 0) x + 1 >= 0
+            sage: v.evaluated_on(h)
+            0
+        """
+        return Hobj.A() * self.vector() + Hobj.b()
+
+    def is_integral(self):
+        r"""
+        Return whether the coordinates of the vertex are all integral.
+
+        OUTPUT: boolean
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron([(1/2,3,5), (0,0,0), (2,3,7)])
+            sage: [ v.is_integral() for v in p.vertex_generator() ]
+            [True, False, True]
+        """
+        return (self._base_ring is ZZ) or all(x in ZZ for x in self)
+
+
+class Ray(Vrepresentation):
+    """
+    A ray of the polyhedron. Inherits from ``Vrepresentation``.
+    """
+
+    def type(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the type (equation/inequality/vertex/ray/line) as an
+        integer.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        Integer. One of ``PolyhedronRepresentation.INEQUALITY``,
+        ``.EQUATION``, ``.VERTEX``, ``.RAY``, or ``.LINE``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(ieqs = [[0,0,1],[0,1,0],[1,-1,0]])
+            sage: repr_obj = next(p.ray_generator())
+            sage: repr_obj.type()
+            3
+            sage: repr_obj.type() == repr_obj.INEQUALITY
+            False
+            sage: repr_obj.type() == repr_obj.EQUATION
+            False
+            sage: repr_obj.type() == repr_obj.VERTEX
+            False
+            sage: repr_obj.type() == repr_obj.RAY
+            True
+            sage: repr_obj.type() == repr_obj.LINE
+            False
+        """
+        return self.RAY
+
+    def is_ray(self):
+        """
+        Test if this object is a ray.  Always ``True`` by construction.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(ieqs = [[0,0,1],[0,1,0],[1,-1,0]])
+            sage: a = next(p.ray_generator())
+            sage: a.is_ray()
+            True
+        """
+        return True
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        A string representation of the ray.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(ieqs = [[0,0,1],[0,1,0],[1,-1,0]])
+            sage: a = next(p.ray_generator())
+            sage: a._repr_()
+            'A ray in the direction (0, 1)'
+        """
+        return 'A ray in the direction ' + repr(self.vector())
+
+    def homogeneous_vector(self, base_ring=None):
+        """
+        Return homogeneous coordinates for this ray.
+
+        Since a ray is given by a direction, this is the vector with a
+        0 appended.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``base_ring`` -- the base ring of the vector
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[(2,0)], rays=[(1,0)], lines=[(3,2)])
+            sage: P.rays()[0].homogeneous_vector()
+            (1, 0, 0)
+            sage: P.rays()[0].homogeneous_vector(RDF)
+            (1.0, 0.0, 0.0)
+        """
+        v = list(self._vector) + [0]
+        return vector(base_ring or self._base_ring, v)
+
+    def evaluated_on(self, Hobj):
+        r"""
+        Return `A\vec{r}`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(ieqs = [[0,0,1],[0,1,0],[1,-1,0]])
+            sage: a = next(p.ray_generator())
+            sage: h = next(p.inequality_generator())
+            sage: a.evaluated_on(h)
+            0
+        """
+        return Hobj.A() * self.vector()
+
+
+class Line(Vrepresentation):
+    r"""
+    A line (Minkowski summand `\simeq\RR`) of the
+    polyhedron. Inherits from ``Vrepresentation``.
+    """
+
+    def type(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the type (equation/inequality/vertex/ray/line) as an
+        integer.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        Integer. One of ``PolyhedronRepresentation.INEQUALITY``,
+        ``.EQUATION``, ``.VERTEX``, ``.RAY``, or ``.LINE``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(ieqs = [[1, 0, 0, 1],[1,1,0,0]])
+            sage: repr_obj = next(p.line_generator())
+            sage: repr_obj.type()
+            4
+            sage: repr_obj.type() == repr_obj.INEQUALITY
+            False
+            sage: repr_obj.type() == repr_obj.EQUATION
+            False
+            sage: repr_obj.type() == repr_obj.VERTEX
+            False
+            sage: repr_obj.type() == repr_obj.RAY
+            False
+            sage: repr_obj.type() == repr_obj.LINE
+            True
+        """
+        return self.LINE
+
+    def is_line(self):
+        """
+        Test if the object is a line.  By construction it must be.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(ieqs = [[1, 0, 0, 1],[1,1,0,0]])
+            sage: a = next(p.line_generator())
+            sage: a.is_line()
+            True
+        """
+        return True
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        A string representation of the line.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(ieqs = [[1, 0, 0, 1],[1,1,0,0]])
+            sage: a = next(p.line_generator())
+            sage: a.__repr__()
+            'A line in the direction (0, 1, 0)'
+        """
+        return 'A line in the direction ' + repr(self.vector())
+
+    def homogeneous_vector(self, base_ring=None):
+        """
+        Return homogeneous coordinates for this line.
+
+        Since a line is given by a direction, this is the vector with a
+        0 appended.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``base_ring`` -- the base ring of the vector
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[(2,0)], rays=[(1,0)], lines=[(3,2)])
+            sage: P.lines()[0].homogeneous_vector()
+            (3, 2, 0)
+            sage: P.lines()[0].homogeneous_vector(RDF)
+            (3.0, 2.0, 0.0)
+        """
+        v = list(self._vector) + [0]
+        return vector(base_ring or self._base_ring, v)
+
+    def evaluated_on(self, Hobj):
+        r"""
+        Return `A\vec{\ell}`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(ieqs = [[1, 0, 0, 1],[1,1,0,0]])
+            sage: a = next(p.line_generator())
+            sage: h = next(p.inequality_generator())
+            sage: a.evaluated_on(h)
+            0
+        """
+        return Hobj.A() * self.vector()
+
+
+def repr_pretty(coefficients, type, prefix='x', indices=None,
+                latex=False, style='>=', split=False):
+    r"""
+    Return a pretty representation of equation/inequality represented
+    by the coefficients.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``coefficients`` -- tuple or other iterable
+
+    - ``type`` -- either ``0`` (``PolyhedronRepresentation.INEQUALITY``)
+      or ``1`` (``PolyhedronRepresentation.EQUATION``)
+
+    - ``prefix`` -- string (default: ``'x'``)
+
+    - ``indices`` -- tuple or other iterable
+
+    - ``latex`` -- boolean
+
+    - ``split`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if set to ``True``,
+      the output is split into a 3-tuple containing the left-hand side,
+      the relation, and the right-hand side of the object
+
+    - ``style`` -- either ``'positive'`` (making all coefficients positive), or
+      ``'<='`` or ``'>='``
+
+    OUTPUT: a string or 3-tuple of strings (depending on ``split``)
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.representation import repr_pretty
+        sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.representation import PolyhedronRepresentation
+        sage: print(repr_pretty((0, 1, 0, 0), PolyhedronRepresentation.INEQUALITY))
+        x0 >= 0
+        sage: print(repr_pretty((1, 2, 1, 0), PolyhedronRepresentation.INEQUALITY))
+        2*x0 + x1 >= -1
+        sage: print(repr_pretty((1, -1, -1, 1), PolyhedronRepresentation.EQUATION))
+        -x0 - x1 + x2 == -1
+    """
+    from sage.misc.repr import repr_lincomb
+
+    coeffs = list(coefficients)
+    if indices is None:
+        indices = range(len(coeffs)-1)
+    vars = [1]
+    if latex:
+        vars += [f'{prefix}_{{{i}}}' for i in indices]
+    else:
+        vars += [f'{prefix}{i}' for i in indices]
+    if type == PolyhedronRepresentation.EQUATION:
+        rel = '=' if latex else '=='
+    elif type == PolyhedronRepresentation.INEQUALITY:
+        if style == '<=':
+            rel = r'\leq' if latex else '<='
+        else:
+            rel = r'\geq' if latex else '>='
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            'no pretty printing available: wrong type {}'.format(type))
+
+    rvars = range(len(vars))
+
+    if style == 'positive':
+        pos_part = [max(c, 0) for c in coeffs]
+        neg_part = [pos_part[i] - coeffs[i] for i in rvars]
+        assert all(coeffs[i] == pos_part[i] - neg_part[i] for i in rvars)
+        left_part = repr_lincomb([[vars[i], pos_part[i]] for i in rvars], is_latex=latex, strip_one=True)
+        right_part = repr_lincomb([[vars[i], neg_part[i]] for i in rvars], is_latex=latex, strip_one=True)
+    elif style == '>=':
+        left_part = repr_lincomb([[vars[i], coeffs[i]] for i in rvars[1:]], is_latex=latex)
+        right_part = repr_lincomb([[vars[0], -coeffs[0]]], is_latex=latex, strip_one=True)
+    elif style == '<=':
+        left_part = repr_lincomb([[vars[i], -coeffs[i]] for i in rvars[1:]], is_latex=latex)
+        right_part = repr_lincomb([[vars[0], coeffs[0]]], is_latex=latex, strip_one=True)
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError('no pretty printing available: wrong style {}'.format(style))
+
+    if not split:
+        return '{} {} {}'.format(left_part, rel, right_part)
+    else:
+        return (str(left_part), rel, str(right_part))