passagemath-polyhedra 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-musllinux_1_2_aarch64.whl

sage/geometry/fan.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3743 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-polyhedra
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.graphs sage.combinat
+r"""
+Rational polyhedral fans
+
+This module was designed as a part of the framework for toric varieties
+(:mod:`~sage.schemes.toric.variety`,
+:mod:`~sage.schemes.toric.fano_variety`). While the emphasis is on
+complete full-dimensional fans, arbitrary fans are supported. Work
+with distinct lattices. The default lattice is :class:`ToricLattice
+<sage.geometry.toric_lattice.ToricLatticeFactory>` `N` of the appropriate
+dimension. The only case when you must specify lattice explicitly is creation
+of a 0-dimensional fan, where dimension of the ambient space cannot be
+guessed.
+
+A **rational polyhedral fan** is a *finite* collection of *strictly* convex
+rational polyhedral cones, such that the intersection of any two cones of the
+fan is a face of each of them and each face of each cone is also a cone of the
+fan.
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Andrey Novoseltsev (2010-05-15): initial version.
+
+- Andrey Novoseltsev (2010-06-17): substantial improvement during review by
+  Volker Braun.
+
+EXAMPLES:
+
+Use :func:`Fan` to construct fans "explicitly"::
+
+    sage: fan = Fan(cones=[(0,1), (1,2)],
+    ....:           rays=[(1,0), (0,1), (-1,0)])
+    sage: fan
+    Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
+
+In addition to giving such lists of cones and rays you can also create cones
+first using :func:`~sage.geometry.cone.Cone` and then combine them into a fan.
+See the documentation of :func:`Fan` for details.
+
+In 2 dimensions there is a unique maximal fan determined by rays, and
+you can use :func:`Fan2d` to construct it::
+
+    sage: fan2d = Fan2d(rays=[(1,0), (0,1), (-1,0)])
+    sage: fan2d.is_equivalent(fan)
+    True
+
+But keep in mind that in higher dimensions the cone data is essential
+and cannot be omitted. Instead of building a fan from scratch, for
+this tutorial we will use an easy way to get two fans associated to
+:class:`lattice polytopes
+<sage.geometry.lattice_polytope.LatticePolytopeClass>`:
+:func:`FaceFan` and :func:`NormalFan`::
+
+    sage: fan1 = FaceFan(lattice_polytope.cross_polytope(3))
+    sage: fan2 = NormalFan(lattice_polytope.cross_polytope(3))
+
+Given such "automatic" fans, you may wonder what are their rays and cones::
+
+    sage: fan1.rays()
+    M( 1,  0,  0),
+    M( 0,  1,  0),
+    M( 0,  0,  1),
+    M(-1,  0,  0),
+    M( 0, -1,  0),
+    M( 0,  0, -1)
+    in 3-d lattice M
+    sage: fan1.generating_cones()
+    (3-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice M,
+     3-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice M,
+     3-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice M,
+     3-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice M,
+     3-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice M,
+     3-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice M,
+     3-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice M,
+     3-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice M)
+
+The last output is not very illuminating. Let's try to improve it::
+
+    sage: for cone in fan1: print(cone.rays())
+    M( 0, 1, 0),
+    M( 0, 0, 1),
+    M(-1, 0, 0)
+    in 3-d lattice M
+    M( 0,  0, 1),
+    M(-1,  0, 0),
+    M( 0, -1, 0)
+    in 3-d lattice M
+    M(-1,  0,  0),
+    M( 0, -1,  0),
+    M( 0,  0, -1)
+    in 3-d lattice M
+    M( 0, 1,  0),
+    M(-1, 0,  0),
+    M( 0, 0, -1)
+    in 3-d lattice M
+    M(1, 0,  0),
+    M(0, 1,  0),
+    M(0, 0, -1)
+    in 3-d lattice M
+    M(1, 0, 0),
+    M(0, 1, 0),
+    M(0, 0, 1)
+    in 3-d lattice M
+    M(1,  0, 0),
+    M(0,  0, 1),
+    M(0, -1, 0)
+    in 3-d lattice M
+    M(1,  0,  0),
+    M(0, -1,  0),
+    M(0,  0, -1)
+    in 3-d lattice M
+
+You can also do ::
+
+    sage: for cone in fan1: print(cone.ambient_ray_indices())
+    (1, 2, 3)
+    (2, 3, 4)
+    (3, 4, 5)
+    (1, 3, 5)
+    (0, 1, 5)
+    (0, 1, 2)
+    (0, 2, 4)
+    (0, 4, 5)
+
+to see indices of rays of the fan corresponding to each cone.
+
+While the above cycles were over "cones in fan", it is obvious that we did not
+get ALL the cones: every face of every cone in a fan must also be in the fan,
+but all of the above cones were of dimension three. The reason for this
+behaviour is that in many cases it is enough to work with generating cones of
+the fan, i.e. cones which are not faces of bigger cones. When you do need to
+work with lower dimensional cones, you can easily get access to them using
+:meth:`~sage.geometry.fan.RationalPolyhedralFan.cones`::
+
+    sage: [cone.ambient_ray_indices() for cone in fan1.cones(2)]
+    [(0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3), (0, 4),
+     (2, 4), (3, 4), (0, 5), (1, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5)]
+
+In fact, you do not have to type ``.cones``::
+
+    sage: [cone.ambient_ray_indices() for cone in fan1(2)]
+    [(0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3), (0, 4),
+     (2, 4), (3, 4), (0, 5), (1, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5)]
+
+You may also need to know the inclusion relations between all of the cones of
+the fan. In this case check out
+:meth:`~sage.geometry.fan.RationalPolyhedralFan.cone_lattice`::
+
+    sage: L = fan1.cone_lattice()
+    sage: L
+    Finite lattice containing 28 elements with distinguished linear extension
+    sage: L.bottom()
+    0-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice M
+    sage: L.top()
+    Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice M
+    sage: cone = L.level_sets()[2][0]
+    sage: cone
+    2-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice M
+    sage: sorted(L.hasse_diagram().neighbors(cone))
+    [1-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice M,
+     1-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice M,
+     3-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice M,
+     3-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice M]
+
+You can check how "good" a fan is::
+
+    sage: fan1.is_complete()
+    True
+    sage: fan1.is_simplicial()
+    True
+    sage: fan1.is_smooth()
+    True
+
+The face fan of the octahedron is really good! Time to remember that we have
+also constructed its normal fan::
+
+    sage: fan2.is_complete()
+    True
+    sage: fan2.is_simplicial()
+    False
+    sage: fan2.is_smooth()
+    False
+
+This one does have some "problems," but we can fix them::
+
+    sage: fan3 = fan2.make_simplicial()
+    sage: fan3.is_simplicial()
+    True
+    sage: fan3.is_smooth()
+    False
+
+Note that we had to save the result of
+:meth:`~sage.geometry.fan.RationalPolyhedralFan.make_simplicial` in a new fan.
+Fans in Sage are immutable, so any operation that does change them constructs
+a new fan.
+
+We can also make ``fan3`` smooth, but it will take a bit more work::
+
+    sage: # needs palp
+    sage: cube = lattice_polytope.cross_polytope(3).polar()
+    sage: sk = cube.skeleton_points(2)
+    sage: rays = [cube.point(p) for p in sk]
+    sage: fan4 = fan3.subdivide(new_rays=rays)
+    sage: fan4.is_smooth()
+    True
+
+Let's see how "different" are ``fan2`` and ``fan4``::
+
+    sage: fan2.ngenerating_cones()
+    6
+    sage: fan2.nrays()
+    8
+    sage: fan4.ngenerating_cones()                                                      # needs palp
+    48
+    sage: fan4.nrays()                                                                  # needs palp
+    26
+
+Smoothness does not come for free!
+
+Please take a look at the rest of the available functions below and their
+complete descriptions. If you need any features that are missing, feel free to
+suggest them. (Or implement them on your own and submit a patch to Sage for
+inclusion!)
+"""
+
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2010 Andrey Novoseltsev <novoselt@gmail.com>
+#       Copyright (C) 2010 William Stein <wstein@gmail.com>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+from collections.abc import Callable, Container
+from copy import copy
+from warnings import warn
+
+import sage.geometry.abc
+
+from sage.structure.richcmp import richcmp_method, richcmp
+from sage.misc.lazy_import import lazy_import
+lazy_import('sage.combinat.combination', 'Combinations')
+lazy_import('sage.combinat.posets.posets', 'FinitePoset')
+from sage.geometry.cone import (_ambient_space_point,
+                                Cone,
+                                ConvexRationalPolyhedralCone,
+                                IntegralRayCollection,
+                                normalize_rays)
+lazy_import('sage.geometry.hasse_diagram', 'lattice_from_incidences')
+from sage.geometry.point_collection import PointCollection
+from sage.geometry.toric_lattice import ToricLattice, ToricLattice_generic
+lazy_import('sage.geometry.toric_plotter', 'ToricPlotter')
+from sage.matrix.constructor import matrix
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+from sage.misc.timing import walltime
+from sage.misc.misc_c import prod
+from sage.modules.free_module import span
+from sage.modules.free_module_element import vector
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+
+
+def is_Fan(x) -> bool:
+    r"""
+    Check if ``x`` is a Fan.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``x`` -- anything
+
+    OUTPUT: ``True`` if ``x`` is a fan and ``False`` otherwise
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.geometry.fan import is_Fan
+        sage: is_Fan(1)
+        doctest:warning...
+        DeprecationWarning: The function is_Fan is deprecated; use 'isinstance(..., RationalPolyhedralFan)' instead.
+        See https://github.com/sagemath/sage/issues/38126 for details.
+        False
+        sage: fan = toric_varieties.P2().fan(); fan                                     # needs palp
+        Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
+        sage: is_Fan(fan)                                                               # needs palp
+        True
+    """
+    from sage.misc.superseded import deprecation
+    deprecation(38126,
+                "The function is_Fan is deprecated; "
+                "use 'isinstance(..., RationalPolyhedralFan)' instead.")
+    return isinstance(x, RationalPolyhedralFan)
+
+
+def Fan(cones, rays=None, lattice=None, check=True, normalize=True,
+        is_complete=None, virtual_rays=None, discard_faces=False,
+        allow_arrangement=False):
+    r"""
+    Construct a rational polyhedral fan.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        Approximate time to construct a fan consisting of `n` cones is `n^2/5`
+        seconds. That is half an hour for 100 cones. This time can be
+        significantly reduced in the future, but it is still likely to be
+        `\sim n^2` (with, say, `/500` instead of `/5`). If you know that your
+        input does form a valid fan, use ``check=False`` option to skip
+        consistency checks.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``cones`` -- list of either
+      :class:`Cone<sage.geometry.cone.ConvexRationalPolyhedralCone>` objects
+      or lists of integers interpreted as indices of generating rays in
+      ``rays``. These must be only **maximal** cones of the fan, unless
+      ``discard_faces=True`` or ``allow_arrangement=True`` option is specified;
+
+    - ``rays`` -- list of rays given as list or vectors convertible to the
+      rational extension of ``lattice``. If ``cones`` are given by
+      :class:`Cone<sage.geometry.cone.ConvexRationalPolyhedralCone>` objects
+      ``rays`` may be determined automatically. You still may give them
+      explicitly to ensure a particular order of rays in the fan. In this case
+      you must list all rays that appear in ``cones``. You can give "extra"
+      ones if it is convenient (e.g. if you have a big list of rays for
+      several fans), but all "extra" rays will be discarded;
+
+    - ``lattice`` -- :class:`ToricLattice
+      <sage.geometry.toric_lattice.ToricLatticeFactory>`, `\ZZ^n`, or any
+      other object that behaves like these. If not specified, an attempt will
+      be made to determine an appropriate toric lattice automatically;
+
+    - ``check`` -- by default the input data will be checked for correctness
+      (e.g. that intersection of any two given cones is a face of each),
+      unless ``allow_arrangement=True`` option is specified. If you
+      know for sure that the input is correct, you may significantly decrease
+      construction time using ``check=False`` option;
+
+    - ``normalize`` -- you can further speed up construction using
+      ``normalize=False`` option. In this case ``cones`` must be a list of
+      **sorted** :class:`tuples` and ``rays`` must be immutable primitive
+      vectors in ``lattice``. In general, you should not use this option, it
+      is designed for code optimization and does not give as drastic
+      improvement in speed as the previous one;
+
+    - ``is_complete`` -- every fan can determine on its own if it is complete
+      or not, however it can take quite a bit of time for "big" fans with many
+      generating cones. On the other hand, in some situations it is known in
+      advance that a certain fan is complete. In this case you can pass
+      ``is_complete=True`` option to speed up some computations. You may also
+      pass ``is_complete=False`` option, although it is less likely to be
+      beneficial. Of course, passing a wrong value can compromise the
+      integrity of data structures of the fan and lead to wrong results, so
+      you should be very careful if you decide to use this option;
+
+    - ``virtual_rays`` -- (optional, computed automatically if needed) a list of
+      ray generators to be used for :meth:`virtual_rays`;
+
+    - ``discard_faces`` -- by default, the fan constructor expects the list of
+      **maximal** cones, unless ``allow_arrangement=True`` option is specified.
+      If you provide "extra" ones and leave ``allow_arrangement=False`` (default)
+      and ``check=True`` (default), an exception will be raised.
+      If you provide "extra" cones and set ``allow_arrangement=False`` (default)
+      and ``check=False``, you may get wrong results as assumptions on internal
+      data structures will be invalid. If you want the fan constructor to
+      select the maximal cones from the given input, you may provide
+      ``discard_faces=True`` option (it works both for ``check=True`` and
+      ``check=False``).
+
+    - ``allow_arrangement`` -- by default (``allow_arrangement=False``),
+      the fan constructor expects that the intersection of any two given cones is
+      a face of each. If ``allow_arrangement=True`` option is specified, then
+      construct a rational polyhedralfan from the cone arrangement, so that the
+      union of the cones in the polyhedral fan equals to the union of the given
+      cones, and each given cone is the union of some cones in the polyhedral fan.
+
+    OUTPUT: a :class:`fan <RationalPolyhedralFan>`
+
+    .. SEEALSO::
+
+        In 2 dimensions you can cyclically order the rays. Hence the
+        rays determine a unique maximal fan without having to specify
+        the cones, and you can use :func:`Fan2d` to construct this
+        fan from just the rays.
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    Let's construct a fan corresponding to the projective plane in several
+    ways::
+
+        sage: cone1 = Cone([(1,0), (0,1)])
+        sage: cone2 = Cone([(0,1), (-1,-1)])
+        sage: cone3 = Cone([(-1,-1), (1,0)])
+        sage: P2 = Fan([cone1, cone2, cone2])
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: you have provided 3 cones, but only 2 of them are maximal!
+        Use discard_faces=True if you indeed need to construct a fan from
+        these cones.
+
+    Oops! There was a typo and ``cone2`` was listed twice as a generating cone
+    of the fan. If it was intentional (e.g. the list of cones was generated
+    automatically and it is possible that it contains repetitions or faces of
+    other cones), use ``discard_faces=True`` option::
+
+        sage: P2 = Fan([cone1, cone2, cone2], discard_faces=True)
+        sage: P2.ngenerating_cones()
+        2
+
+    However, in this case it was definitely a typo, since the fan of
+    `\mathbb{P}^2` has 3 maximal cones::
+
+        sage: P2 = Fan([cone1, cone2, cone3])
+        sage: P2.ngenerating_cones()
+        3
+
+    Looks better. An alternative way is ::
+
+        sage: rays = [(1,0), (0,1), (-1,-1)]
+        sage: cones = [(0,1), (1,2), (2,0)]
+        sage: P2a = Fan(cones, rays)
+        sage: P2a.ngenerating_cones()
+        3
+        sage: P2 == P2a
+        False
+
+    That may seem wrong, but it is not::
+
+        sage: P2.is_equivalent(P2a)
+        True
+
+    See :meth:`~RationalPolyhedralFan.is_equivalent` for details.
+
+    Yet another way to construct this fan is ::
+
+        sage: P2b = Fan(cones, rays, check=False)
+        sage: P2b.ngenerating_cones()
+        3
+        sage: P2a == P2b
+        True
+
+    If you try the above examples, you are likely to notice the difference in
+    speed, so when you are sure that everything is correct, it is a good idea
+    to use ``check=False`` option. On the other hand, it is usually **NOT** a
+    good idea to use ``normalize=False`` option::
+
+        sage: P2c = Fan(cones, rays, check=False, normalize=False)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        AttributeError: 'tuple' object has no attribute 'parent'...
+
+    Yet another way is to use functions :func:`FaceFan` and :func:`NormalFan`
+    to construct fans from :class:`lattice polytopes
+    <sage.geometry.lattice_polytope.LatticePolytopeClass>`.
+
+    We have not yet used ``lattice`` argument, since if was determined
+    automatically::
+
+        sage: P2.lattice()
+        2-d lattice N
+        sage: P2b.lattice()
+        2-d lattice N
+
+    However, it is necessary to specify it explicitly if you want to construct
+    a fan without rays or cones::
+
+        sage: Fan([], [])
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: you must specify the lattice
+        when you construct a fan without rays and cones!
+        sage: F = Fan([], [], lattice=ToricLattice(2, "L"))
+        sage: F
+        Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice L
+        sage: F.lattice_dim()
+        2
+        sage: F.dim()
+        0
+
+    In the following examples, we test the ``allow_arrangement=True`` option.
+    See :issue:`25122`.
+
+    The intersection of the two cones is not a face of each. Therefore,
+    they do not belong to the same rational polyhedral fan::
+
+        sage: c1 = Cone([(-2,-1,1), (-2,1,1), (2,1,1), (2,-1,1)])
+        sage: c2 = Cone([(-1,-2,1), (-1,2,1), (1,2,1), (1,-2,1)])
+        sage: c1.intersection(c2).is_face_of(c1)
+        False
+        sage: c1.intersection(c2).is_face_of(c2)
+        False
+        sage: Fan([c1, c2])
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: these cones cannot belong to the same fan!
+        ...
+
+    Let's construct the fan using ``allow_arrangement=True`` option::
+
+        sage: fan = Fan([c1, c2], allow_arrangement=True)
+        sage: fan.ngenerating_cones()
+        5
+
+    Another example where cone c2 is inside cone c1::
+
+        sage: c1 = Cone([(4, 0, 0), (0, 4, 0), (0, 0, 4)])
+        sage: c2 = Cone([(2, 1, 1), (1, 2, 1), (1, 1, 2)])
+        sage: fan = Fan([c1, c2], allow_arrangement=True)
+        sage: fan.ngenerating_cones()
+        7
+        sage: fan.plot()                                                                # needs sage.plot
+        Graphics3d Object
+
+    Cones of different dimension::
+
+        sage: c1 = Cone([(1,0), (0,1)])
+        sage: c2 = Cone([(2,1)])
+        sage: c3 = Cone([(-1,-2)])
+        sage: fan = Fan([c1, c2, c3], allow_arrangement=True)
+        sage: for cone in sorted(fan.generating_cones()): print(sorted(cone.rays()))
+        [N(-1, -2)]
+        [N(0, 1), N(1, 2)]
+        [N(1, 0), N(2, 1)]
+        [N(1, 2), N(2, 1)]
+
+    A 3-d cone and a 1-d cone::
+
+        sage: c3 = Cone([[0, 1, 1], [1, 0, 1], [0, -1, 1], [-1, 0, 1]])
+        sage: c1 = Cone([[0, 0, 1]])
+        sage: fan1 = Fan([c1, c3], allow_arrangement=True)
+        sage: fan1.plot()                                                               # needs sage.plot
+        Graphics3d Object
+
+    A 3-d cone and two 2-d cones::
+
+        sage: c2v = Cone([[0, 1, 1], [0, -1, 1]])
+        sage: c2h = Cone([[1, 0, 1], [-1, 0, 1]])
+        sage: fan2 = Fan([c2v, c2h, c3], allow_arrangement=True)
+        sage: fan2.is_simplicial()
+        True
+        sage: fan2.is_equivalent(fan1)
+        True
+    """
+    def result():
+        # "global" does not work here...
+        R, V = rays, virtual_rays
+        if V is not None:
+            if normalize:
+                V = normalize_rays(V, lattice)
+            if check:
+                R = PointCollection(V, lattice)
+                V = PointCollection(V, lattice)
+                d = lattice.dimension()
+                if len(V) != d - R.dim() or (R + V).dim() != d:
+                    raise ValueError("virtual rays must be linearly "
+                    "independent and with other rays span the ambient space.")
+        return RationalPolyhedralFan(cones, R, lattice, is_complete, V)
+
+    if not check and not normalize and not discard_faces and not allow_arrangement:
+        return result()
+    if not isinstance(cones, list):
+        try:
+            cones = list(cones)
+        except TypeError:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "cones must be given as an iterable!"
+                "\nGot: %s" % cones)
+    if not cones:
+        if lattice is None:
+            if rays is not None and rays:
+                lattice = normalize_rays(rays, lattice)[0].parent()
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("you must specify the lattice when you "
+                                 "construct a fan without rays and cones!")
+        cones = ((), )
+        rays = ()
+        return result()
+    if isinstance(cones[0], sage.geometry.abc.ConvexRationalPolyhedralCone):
+        # Construct the fan from Cone objects
+        if lattice is None:
+            lattice = cones[0].lattice()
+            # If we determine the lattice automatically, we do not
+            # want to force any conversion. TODO: take into account
+            # coercions?
+            if check:
+                for cone in cones:
+                    if cone.lattice() != lattice:
+                        raise ValueError("cones belong to different lattices "
+                            "(%s and %s), cannot determine the lattice of the "
+                            "fan!" % (lattice, cone.lattice()))
+        for i, cone in enumerate(cones):
+            if cone.lattice() != lattice:
+                cones[i] = Cone(cone.rays(), lattice, check=False)
+        if check:
+            for cone in cones:
+                if not cone.is_strictly_convex():
+                    raise ValueError(
+                                    "cones of a fan must be strictly convex!")
+        # Optimization for fans generated by a single cone
+        if len(cones) == 1 and rays is None:
+            cone = cones[0]
+            cones = (tuple(range(cone.nrays())), )
+            rays = cone.rays()
+            is_complete = lattice.dimension() == 0
+            return result()
+        if allow_arrangement:
+            cones = _refine_arrangement_to_fan(cones)
+            cones = _discard_faces(cones)
+        elif check:
+            # Maybe we should compute all faces of all cones and save them for
+            # later if we are doing this check?
+            generating_cones = []
+            for cone in sorted(cones, key=lambda cone: cone.dim(),
+                               reverse=True):
+                is_generating = True
+                for g_cone in generating_cones:
+                    i_cone = cone.intersection(g_cone)
+                    if i_cone.is_face_of(cone) and i_cone.is_face_of(g_cone):
+                        if i_cone.dim() == cone.dim():
+                            is_generating = False  # cone is a face of g_cone
+                            break
+                    else:
+                        raise ValueError(
+                                "these cones cannot belong to the same fan!"
+                                "\nCone 1 rays: %s\nCone 2 rays: %s"
+                                % (g_cone.rays(), cone.rays()))
+                if is_generating:
+                    generating_cones.append(cone)
+            if len(cones) > len(generating_cones):
+                if discard_faces:
+                    cones = generating_cones
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError("you have provided %d cones, but only %d "
+                        "of them are maximal! Use discard_faces=True if you "
+                        "indeed need to construct a fan from these cones." %
+                        (len(cones), len(generating_cones)))
+        elif discard_faces:
+            cones = _discard_faces(cones)
+        ray_set = set()
+        for cone in cones:
+            ray_set.update(cone.rays())
+        if rays:    # Preserve the initial order of rays, if they were given
+            rays = normalize_rays(rays, lattice)
+            new_rays = []
+            for ray in rays:
+                if ray in ray_set and ray not in new_rays:
+                    new_rays.append(ray)
+            if len(new_rays) != len(ray_set):
+                raise ValueError(
+                  "if rays are given, they must include all rays of the fan!")
+            rays = new_rays
+        else:
+            rays = tuple(sorted(ray_set))
+        ray_to_index = {ray: i for i, ray in enumerate(rays)}
+        cones = (tuple(sorted(ray_to_index[ray] for ray in cone.rays()))
+                 for cone in cones)
+        return result()
+    # Construct the fan from rays and "tuple cones"
+    rays = normalize_rays(rays, lattice)
+    for n, cone in enumerate(cones):
+        try:
+            cones[n] = sorted(cone)
+        except TypeError:
+            raise TypeError("cannot interpret %s as a cone!" % cone)
+    if not check and not discard_faces and not allow_arrangement:
+        return result()
+    # If we do need to make all the check, build explicit cone objects first
+    return Fan((Cone([rays[n] for n in cone], lattice) for cone in cones),
+               rays, lattice, is_complete=is_complete,
+               virtual_rays=virtual_rays, discard_faces=discard_faces,
+               allow_arrangement=allow_arrangement)
+
+
+def FaceFan(polytope, lattice=None):
+    r"""
+    Construct the face fan of the given rational ``polytope``.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``polytope`` -- a :func:`polytope
+      <sage.geometry.polyhedron.constructor.Polyhedron>` over `\QQ` or
+      a :class:`lattice polytope
+      <sage.geometry.lattice_polytope.LatticePolytopeClass>`. A (not
+      necessarily full-dimensional) polytope containing the origin in
+      its :meth:`relative interior
+      <sage.geometry.polyhedron.base.Polyhedron_base.relative_interior_contains>`.
+
+    - ``lattice`` -- :class:`ToricLattice
+      <sage.geometry.toric_lattice.ToricLatticeFactory>`, `\ZZ^n`, or any
+      other object that behaves like these. If not specified, an attempt will
+      be made to determine an appropriate toric lattice automatically.
+
+    OUTPUT: :class:`rational polyhedral fan <RationalPolyhedralFan>`
+
+    See also :func:`NormalFan`.
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    Let's construct the fan corresponding to the product of two projective
+    lines::
+
+        sage: diamond = lattice_polytope.cross_polytope(2)
+        sage: P1xP1 = FaceFan(diamond)
+        sage: P1xP1.rays()
+        M( 1,  0),
+        M( 0,  1),
+        M(-1,  0),
+        M( 0, -1)
+        in 2-d lattice M
+        sage: for cone in P1xP1: print(cone.rays())
+        M(-1,  0),
+        M( 0, -1)
+        in 2-d lattice M
+        M( 0, 1),
+        M(-1, 0)
+        in 2-d lattice M
+        M(1, 0),
+        M(0, 1)
+        in 2-d lattice M
+        M(1,  0),
+        M(0, -1)
+        in 2-d lattice M
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: cuboctahed = polytopes.cuboctahedron()
+        sage: FaceFan(cuboctahed)
+        Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice M
+        sage: cuboctahed.is_lattice_polytope(), cuboctahed.dilation(1/2).is_lattice_polytope()
+        (True, False)
+        sage: fan1 = FaceFan(cuboctahed)
+        sage: fan2 = FaceFan(cuboctahed.dilation(2).lattice_polytope())
+        sage: fan1.is_equivalent(fan2)
+        True
+
+        sage: ray = Polyhedron(vertices=[(-1,-1)], rays=[(1,1)])
+        sage: FaceFan(ray)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: face fans are defined only for
+        polytopes containing the origin as an interior point!
+
+        sage: interval_in_QQ2 = Polyhedron([(0,-1), (0,+1)])
+        sage: FaceFan(interval_in_QQ2).generating_cones()
+        (1-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice M,
+         1-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice M)
+
+        sage: FaceFan(Polyhedron([(-1,0), (1,0), (0,1)])) # origin on facet
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: face fans are defined only for
+        polytopes containing the origin as an interior point!
+    """
+    interior_point_error = ValueError(
+        "face fans are defined only for polytopes containing "
+        "the origin as an interior point!")
+    if isinstance(polytope, sage.geometry.abc.LatticePolytope):
+        if any(d <= 0 for d in polytope.distances([0] * polytope.dim())):
+            raise interior_point_error
+        cones = (f.ambient_vertex_indices() for f in polytope.facets())
+        rays = polytope.vertices()
+        is_complete = polytope.dim() == polytope.lattice_dim()
+    else:
+        origin = polytope.ambient_space().zero()
+        if not (polytope.is_compact() and
+                polytope.relative_interior_contains(origin)):
+            raise interior_point_error
+        cones = [[v.index() for v in facet.incident()]
+                  for facet in polytope.inequalities()]
+        rays = [vector(_) for _ in polytope.vertices()]
+        is_complete = polytope.dim() == polytope.ambient_dim()
+        if lattice is None:
+            # Since default lattice polytopes are in the M lattice,
+            # treat polyhedra as being there as well.
+            lattice = ToricLattice(len(origin)).dual()
+    return Fan(cones, rays, lattice=lattice, check=False,
+               is_complete=is_complete)
+
+
+def NormalFan(polytope, lattice=None):
+    r"""
+    Construct the normal fan of the given rational ``polytope``.
+
+    This returns the inner normal fan. For the outer normal fan, use
+    ``NormalFan(-P)``.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``polytope`` -- a full-dimensional :func:`polytope
+      <sage.geometry.polyhedron.constructor.Polyhedron>` over `\QQ`
+      or:class:`lattice polytope
+      <sage.geometry.lattice_polytope.LatticePolytopeClass>`.
+
+    - ``lattice`` -- :class:`ToricLattice
+      <sage.geometry.toric_lattice.ToricLatticeFactory>`, `\ZZ^n`, or any
+      other object that behaves like these. If not specified, an attempt will
+      be made to determine an appropriate toric lattice automatically.
+
+    OUTPUT: :class:`rational polyhedral fan <RationalPolyhedralFan>`
+
+    See also :func:`FaceFan`.
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    Let's construct the fan corresponding to the product of two projective
+    lines::
+
+        sage: square = LatticePolytope([(1,1), (-1,1), (-1,-1), (1,-1)])
+        sage: P1xP1 = NormalFan(square)
+        sage: P1xP1.rays()
+        N( 1,  0),
+        N( 0,  1),
+        N(-1,  0),
+        N( 0, -1)
+        in 2-d lattice N
+        sage: for cone in P1xP1: print(cone.rays())
+        N(-1,  0),
+        N( 0, -1)
+        in 2-d lattice N
+        N(1,  0),
+        N(0, -1)
+        in 2-d lattice N
+        N(1, 0),
+        N(0, 1)
+        in 2-d lattice N
+        N( 0, 1),
+        N(-1, 0)
+        in 2-d lattice N
+
+        sage: cuboctahed = polytopes.cuboctahedron()
+        sage: NormalFan(cuboctahed)
+        Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice N
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: cuboctahed.is_lattice_polytope(), cuboctahed.dilation(1/2).is_lattice_polytope()
+        (True, False)
+        sage: fan1 = NormalFan(cuboctahed)
+        sage: fan2 = NormalFan(cuboctahed.dilation(2).lattice_polytope())
+        sage: fan1.is_equivalent(fan2)
+        True
+    """
+    dimension_error = ValueError(
+        'the normal fan is only defined for full-dimensional polytopes')
+    if isinstance(polytope, sage.geometry.abc.LatticePolytope):
+        if polytope.dim() != polytope.lattice_dim():
+            raise dimension_error
+        rays = polytope.facet_normals()
+        cones = (v.ambient_facet_indices() for v in polytope.faces(dim=0))
+    else:
+        if polytope.dim() != polytope.ambient_dim():
+            raise dimension_error
+        if not polytope.is_compact():
+            raise NotImplementedError('the normal fan is only supported for polytopes (compact polyhedra).')
+        cones = [[ieq.index() for ieq in vertex.incident()]
+                 for vertex in polytope.vertices()]
+        rays = [ieq.A() for ieq in polytope.inequalities()]
+    return Fan(cones, rays, lattice=lattice, check=False, is_complete=True)
+
+
+def Fan2d(rays, lattice=None):
+    r"""
+    Construct the maximal 2-d fan with given ``rays``.
+
+    In two dimensions we can uniquely construct a fan from just rays,
+    just by cyclically ordering the rays and constructing as many
+    cones as possible. This is why we implement a special constructor
+    for this case.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``rays`` -- list of rays given as list or vectors convertible to
+      the rational extension of ``lattice``. Duplicate rays are
+      removed without changing the ordering of the remaining rays.
+
+    - ``lattice`` -- :class:`ToricLattice
+      <sage.geometry.toric_lattice.ToricLatticeFactory>`, `\ZZ^n`, or any
+      other object that behaves like these. If not specified, an attempt will
+      be made to determine an appropriate toric lattice automatically.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: Fan2d([(0,1), (1,0)])
+        Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
+        sage: Fan2d([], lattice=ToricLattice(2, 'myN'))
+        Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice myN
+
+    The ray order is as specified, even if it is not the cyclic order::
+
+        sage: fan1 = Fan2d([(0,1), (1,0)])
+        sage: fan1.rays()
+        N(0, 1),
+        N(1, 0)
+        in 2-d lattice N
+
+        sage: fan2 = Fan2d([(1,0), (0,1)])
+        sage: fan2.rays()
+        N(1, 0),
+        N(0, 1)
+        in 2-d lattice N
+
+        sage: fan1 == fan2, fan1.is_equivalent(fan2)
+        (False, True)
+
+        sage: fan = Fan2d([(1,1), (-1,-1), (1,-1), (-1,1)])
+        sage: [cone.ambient_ray_indices() for cone in fan]
+        [(2, 1), (1, 3), (3, 0), (0, 2)]
+        sage: fan.is_complete()
+        True
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: Fan2d([(0,1), (0,1)]).generating_cones()
+        (1-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N,)
+
+        sage: Fan2d([(1,1), (-1,-1)]).generating_cones()
+        (1-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N,
+         1-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N)
+
+        sage: Fan2d([])
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: you must specify a 2-dimensional lattice
+        when you construct a fan without rays.
+
+        sage: Fan2d([(3,4)]).rays()
+        N(3, 4)
+        in 2-d lattice N
+
+        sage: Fan2d([(0,1,0)])
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: the lattice must be 2-dimensional.
+
+        sage: Fan2d([(0,1), (1,0), (0,0)])
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: only nonzero vectors define rays
+
+        sage: Fan2d([(0, -2), (2, -10), (1, -3), (2, -9), (2, -12), (1, 1),
+        ....:        (2, 1), (1, -5), (0, -6), (1, -7), (0, 1), (2, -4),
+        ....:        (2, -2), (1, -9), (1, -8), (2, -6), (0, -1), (0, -3),
+        ....:        (2, -11), (2, -8), (1, 0), (0, -5), (1, -4), (2, 0),
+        ....:        (1, -6), (2, -7), (2, -5), (-1, -3), (1, -1), (1, -2),
+        ....:        (0, -4), (2, -3), (2, -1)]).cone_lattice()
+        Finite lattice containing 44 elements with distinguished linear extension
+
+        sage: Fan2d([(1,1)]).is_complete()
+        False
+        sage: Fan2d([(1,1), (-1,-1)]).is_complete()
+        False
+        sage: Fan2d([(1,0), (0,1)]).is_complete()
+        False
+    """
+    if not rays:
+        if lattice is None or lattice.dimension() != 2:
+            raise ValueError('you must specify a 2-dimensional lattice when '
+                             'you construct a fan without rays.')
+        return RationalPolyhedralFan(cones=((), ), rays=(), lattice=lattice)
+
+    # remove multiple rays without changing order
+    rays = normalize_rays(rays, lattice)
+    rays = sorted((r, i) for i, r in enumerate(rays))
+    distinct_rays = [rays[i] for i in range(len(rays))
+                     if rays[i][0] != rays[i-1][0]]
+    if distinct_rays:
+        rays = sorted((i, r) for r, i in distinct_rays)
+        rays = [r[1] for r in rays]
+    else:  # all given rays were the same
+        rays = [rays[0][0]]
+    lattice = rays[0].parent()
+    if lattice.dimension() != 2:
+        raise ValueError('the lattice must be 2-dimensional.')
+    n = len(rays)
+    if n == 1 or n == 2 and rays[0] == -rays[1]:
+        cones = [(i, ) for i in range(n)]
+        return RationalPolyhedralFan(cones, rays, lattice, False)
+
+    import math
+    # each sorted_rays entry = (angle, ray, original_ray_index)
+    sorted_rays = sorted((math.atan2(r[0], r[1]), r, i)
+                         for i, r in enumerate(rays))
+    cones = []
+    is_complete = True
+    for i in range(n):
+        r0 = sorted_rays[i-1][1]
+        r1 = sorted_rays[i][1]
+        if r1.is_zero():
+            raise ValueError('only nonzero vectors define rays')
+        assert r0 != r1
+        cross_prod = r0[0] * r1[1] - r0[1] * r1[0]
+        if cross_prod < 0:
+            r0_index = (i-1) % len(sorted_rays)
+            r1_index = i
+            cones.append((sorted_rays[r0_index][2], sorted_rays[r1_index][2]))
+        else:
+            is_complete = False
+    return RationalPolyhedralFan(cones, rays, lattice, is_complete)
+
+
+class Cone_of_fan(ConvexRationalPolyhedralCone):
+    r"""
+    Construct a cone belonging to a fan.
+
+    .. WARNING::
+
+        This class does not check that the input defines a valid cone of a
+        fan. You must not construct objects of this class directly.
+
+    In addition to all of the properties of "regular" :class:`cones
+    <sage.geometry.cone.ConvexRationalPolyhedralCone>`, such cones know their
+    relation to the fan.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``ambient`` -- fan whose cone is constructed
+
+    - ``ambient_ray_indices`` -- increasing list or tuple of integers, indices
+      of rays of ``ambient`` generating this cone
+
+    OUTPUT: cone of ``ambient``
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    The intended way to get objects of this class is the following::
+
+        sage: # needs palp
+        sage: fan = toric_varieties.P1xP1().fan()
+        sage: cone = fan.generating_cone(0); cone
+        2-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
+        sage: cone.ambient_ray_indices()
+        (0, 2)
+        sage: cone.star_generator_indices()
+        (0,)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, ambient, ambient_ray_indices):
+        r"""
+        See :class:`Cone_of_Fan` for documentation.
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        The following code is likely to construct an invalid object, we just
+        test that creation of cones of fans is working::
+
+            sage: fan = toric_varieties.P1xP1().fan()                                   # needs palp
+            sage: cone = sage.geometry.fan.Cone_of_fan(fan, (0,)); cone                 # needs palp
+            1-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
+            sage: TestSuite(cone).run()                                                 # needs palp
+        """
+        super().__init__(ambient=ambient,
+                         ambient_ray_indices=ambient_ray_indices)
+        self._is_strictly_convex = True
+        # Because if not, this cone should not have been constructed
+
+    def _repr_(self) -> str:
+        r"""
+        Return a string representation of ``self``.
+
+        OUTPUT: string
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: # needs palp
+            sage: P1xP1 = toric_varieties.P1xP1()
+            sage: cone = P1xP1.fan().generating_cone(0)
+            sage: cone._repr_()
+            '2-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N'
+            sage: cone.facets()[0]._repr_()
+            '1-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N'
+        """
+        # The base class would print "face of" instead of  "cone of"
+        return "%d-d cone of %s" % (self.dim(), self.ambient())
+
+    def star_generator_indices(self):
+        r"""
+        Return indices of generating cones of the "ambient fan" containing
+        ``self``.
+
+        OUTPUT: increasing :class:`tuple` of integers
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P1xP1 = toric_varieties.P1xP1()                                       # needs palp
+            sage: cone = P1xP1.fan().generating_cone(0)                                 # needs palp
+            sage: cone.star_generator_indices()                                         # needs palp
+            (0,)
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        A mistake in this function used to cause the problem reported in
+        :issue:`9782`. We check that now everything is working smoothly::
+
+            sage: f = Fan([(0, 2, 4),
+            ....:          (0, 4, 5),
+            ....:          (0, 3, 5),
+            ....:          (0, 1, 3),
+            ....:          (0, 1, 2),
+            ....:          (2, 4, 6),
+            ....:          (4, 5, 6),
+            ....:          (3, 5, 6),
+            ....:          (1, 3, 6),
+            ....:          (1, 2, 6)],
+            ....:         [(-1, 0, 0),
+            ....:          (0, -1, 0),
+            ....:          (0, 0, -1),
+            ....:          (0, 0, 1),
+            ....:          (0, 1, 2),
+            ....:          (0, 1, 3),
+            ....:          (1, 0, 4)])
+            sage: f.is_complete()
+            True
+            sage: X = ToricVariety(f)
+            sage: X.fan().is_complete()
+            True
+        """
+        if "_star_generator_indices" not in self.__dict__:
+            fan = self.ambient()
+            sgi = set(range(fan.ngenerating_cones()))
+            for ray in self.ambient_ray_indices():
+                sgi.intersection_update(fan._ray_to_cones(ray))
+            self._star_generator_indices = tuple(sorted(sgi))
+        return self._star_generator_indices
+
+    def star_generators(self):
+        r"""
+        Return indices of generating cones of the "ambient fan" containing
+        ``self``.
+
+        OUTPUT: increasing :class:`tuple` of integers
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P1xP1 = toric_varieties.P1xP1()                                       # needs palp
+            sage: cone = P1xP1.fan().generating_cone(0)                                 # needs palp
+            sage: cone.star_generators()                                                # needs palp
+            (2-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N,)
+        """
+        if "_star_generators" not in self.__dict__:
+            self._star_generators = tuple(self.ambient().generating_cone(i)
+                                    for i in self.star_generator_indices())
+        return self._star_generators
+
+
+@richcmp_method
+class RationalPolyhedralFan(IntegralRayCollection, Callable, Container):
+    r"""
+    Create a rational polyhedral fan.
+
+    .. WARNING::
+
+        This class does not perform any checks of correctness of input nor
+        does it convert input into the standard representation. Use
+        :func:`Fan` to construct fans from "raw data" or :func:`FaceFan` and
+        :func:`NormalFan` to get fans associated to polytopes.
+
+    Fans are immutable, but they cache most of the returned values.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``cones`` -- list of generating cones of the fan, each cone given as a
+      list of indices of its generating rays in ``rays``;
+
+    - ``rays`` -- list of immutable primitive vectors in ``lattice``
+      consisting of exactly the rays of the fan (i.e. no "extra" ones);
+
+    - ``lattice`` -- :class:`ToricLattice
+      <sage.geometry.toric_lattice.ToricLatticeFactory>`, `\ZZ^n`, or any
+      other object that behaves like these. If ``None``, it will be determined
+      as :func:`parent` of the first ray. Of course, this cannot be done if
+      there are no rays, so in this case you must give an appropriate
+      ``lattice`` directly;
+
+    - ``is_complete`` -- if given, must be ``True`` or ``False`` depending on
+      whether this fan is complete or not. By default, it will be determined
+      automatically if necessary;
+
+    - ``virtual_rays`` -- if given, must be a list of immutable primitive
+      vectors in ``lattice``, see :meth:`virtual_rays` for details. By default,
+      it will be determined automatically if necessary.
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    rational polyhedral fan
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, cones, rays, lattice,
+                 is_complete=None, virtual_rays=None):
+        r"""
+        See :class:`RationalPolyhedralFan` for documentation.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: v = vector([0,1])
+            sage: v.set_immutable()
+            sage: f = sage.geometry.fan.RationalPolyhedralFan(
+            ....:                       [(0,)], [v], None)
+            sage: f.rays()
+            (0, 1)
+            in Ambient free module of rank 2
+            over the principal ideal domain Integer Ring
+            sage: TestSuite(f).run()
+            sage: f = Fan([(0,)], [(0,1)])
+            sage: TestSuite(f).run()
+        """
+        super().__init__(rays, lattice)
+        self._generating_cones = tuple(Cone_of_fan(self, c) for c in cones)
+        for i, cone in enumerate(self._generating_cones):
+            cone._star_generator_indices = (i,)
+        # Knowing completeness drastically affects the speed of cone lattice
+        # computation and containment check, so we have a special way to
+        # optimize it.
+        if is_complete is not None:
+            self._is_complete = is_complete
+        # Computing virtual rays is fast, but it may be convenient to choose
+        # them based on relation to other cones and fans.
+        if virtual_rays is not None:
+            self._virtual_rays = PointCollection(virtual_rays, self.lattice())
+
+    def _sage_input_(self, sib, coerced):
+        """
+        Return Sage command to reconstruct ``self``.
+
+        See :mod:`sage.misc.sage_input` for details.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: fan = Fan([Cone([(1,0), (1,1)]), Cone([(-1,-1)])])
+            sage: sage_input(fan)
+            Fan(cones=[[1, 2], [0]], rays=[(-1, -1), (1, 0), (1, 1)])
+        """
+        cones = [[ZZ(_) for _ in c.ambient_ray_indices()] for c in self.generating_cones()]
+        rays = [sib(tuple(r)) for r in self.rays()]
+        return sib.name('Fan')(cones=cones, rays=rays)
+
+    def __call__(self, dim=None, codim=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the specified cones of ``self``.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            "Direct call" syntax is a synonym for :meth:`cones` method except
+            that in the case of no input parameters this function returns
+            just ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``dim`` -- dimension of the requested cones
+
+        - ``codim`` -- codimension of the requested cones
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        cones of ``self`` of the specified (co)dimension if it was given,
+        otherwise ``self``
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: cone1 = Cone([(1,0), (0,1)])
+            sage: cone2 = Cone([(-1,0)])
+            sage: fan = Fan([cone1, cone2])
+            sage: fan(1)
+            (1-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N,
+             1-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N,
+             1-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N)
+            sage: fan(2)
+            (2-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N,)
+            sage: fan(dim=2)
+            (2-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N,)
+            sage: fan(codim=2)
+            (0-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N,)
+            sage: fan(dim=1, codim=1)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: dimension and codimension
+            cannot be specified together!
+            sage: fan() is fan
+            True
+        """
+        if dim is None and codim is None:
+            # "self.cones()" returns all cones, but for the call syntax
+            # "self()" we return just "self", which seems to be more natural
+            # and convenient for ToricVariety.fan() method.
+            return self
+        else:
+            return self.cones(dim, codim)
+
+    def __richcmp__(self, right, op):
+        r"""
+        Compare ``self`` and ``right``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``right`` -- anything
+
+        OUTPUT: boolean
+
+        There is equality if ``right`` is also a fan, their rays are
+        the same and stored in the same order, and their generating
+        cones are the same and stored in the same order.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: f1 = Fan(cones=[(0,1), (1,2)],
+            ....:          rays=[(1,0), (0,1), (-1, 0)],
+            ....:          check=False)
+            sage: f2 = Fan(cones=[(1,2), (0,1)],
+            ....:          rays=[(1,0), (0,1), (-1, 0)],
+            ....:          check=False)
+            sage: f3 = Fan(cones=[(1,2), (0,1)],
+            ....:          rays=[(1,0), (0,1), (-1, 0)],
+            ....:          check=False)
+            sage: f1 > f2
+            True
+            sage: f2 < f1
+            True
+            sage: f2 == f3
+            True
+            sage: f2 is f3
+            False
+        """
+        if isinstance(right, RationalPolyhedralFan):
+            return richcmp([self.rays(), self.virtual_rays(),
+                            self.generating_cones()],
+                           [right.rays(), right.virtual_rays(),
+                            right.generating_cones()], op)
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+
+    def __contains__(self, cone):
+        r"""
+        Check if ``cone`` is equivalent to a cone of the fan.
+
+        See :meth:`_contains` (which is called by this function) for
+        documentation.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: cone1 = Cone([(0,-1), (1,0)])
+            sage: cone2 = Cone([(1,0), (0,1)])
+            sage: f = Fan([cone1, cone2])
+            sage: f.generating_cone(0) in f
+            True
+            sage: cone1 in f
+            True
+            sage: (1,1) in f    # not a cone
+            False
+            sage: "Ceci n'est pas un cone" in f
+            False
+        """
+        return self._contains(cone)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        r"""
+        Return an iterator over generating cones of ``self``.
+
+        OUTPUT: iterator
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: f = Fan(cones=[(0,1), (1,2)],
+            ....:         rays=[(1,0), (0,1), (-1, 0)],
+            ....:         check=False)
+            sage: for cone in f: print(cone.rays())
+            N(1, 0),
+            N(0, 1)
+            in 2-d lattice N
+            N( 0, 1),
+            N(-1, 0)
+            in 2-d lattice N
+        """
+        return iter(self.generating_cones())
+
+    def _compute_cone_lattice(self):
+        r"""
+        Compute the cone lattice of ``self``.
+
+        See :meth:`cone_lattice` for documentation.
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        We use different algorithms depending on available information. One of
+        the common cases is a fan which is KNOWN to be complete, i.e. we do
+        not even need to check if it is complete::
+
+            sage: fan = toric_varieties.P1xP1().fan()                                   # needs palp
+            sage: fan.cone_lattice()  # indirect doctest                                # needs palp
+            Finite lattice containing 10 elements with distinguished linear extension
+
+        These 10 elements are: 1 origin, 4 rays, 4 generating cones, 1 fan.
+
+        Another common case is the fan of faces of a single cone::
+
+            sage: quadrant = Cone([(1,0), (0,1)])
+            sage: fan = Fan([quadrant])
+            sage: fan.cone_lattice() # indirect doctest
+            Finite poset containing 5 elements with distinguished linear extension
+
+        These 5 elements are: 1 origin, 2 rays, 1 generating cone, 1 fan.
+
+        A subcase of this common case is treatment of fans consisting of the
+        origin only, which used to be handled incorrectly :issue:`18613`::
+
+            sage: fan = Fan([Cone([], ToricLattice(0))])
+            sage: list(fan.cone_lattice())
+            [0-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 0-d lattice N,
+             Rational polyhedral fan in 0-d lattice N]
+            sage: fan = Fan([Cone([], ToricLattice(1))])
+            sage: list(fan.cone_lattice())
+            [0-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 1-d lattice N,
+             Rational polyhedral fan in 1-d lattice N]
+
+        Finally, we have "intermediate" fans which are incomplete but are
+        generated by more than one cone::
+
+            sage: cone1 = Cone([(1,0), (0,1)])
+            sage: cone2 = Cone([(-1,0)])
+            sage: fan = Fan([cone1, cone2])
+            sage: fan.rays()
+            N(-1, 0),
+            N( 0, 1),
+            N( 1, 0)
+            in 2-d lattice N
+            sage: for cone in fan: print(cone.ambient_ray_indices())
+            (1, 2)
+            (0,)
+            sage: L = fan.cone_lattice() # indirect doctest
+            sage: L
+            Finite poset containing 6 elements with distinguished linear extension
+
+        Here we got 1 origin, 3 rays (one is a generating cone),
+        1 2-dimensional cone (a generating one), and 1 fan.
+        """
+        # Define a face constructor
+        def FanFace(rays, cones):
+            if not cones:       # The top face, fan itself
+                return self
+            if len(cones) == 1:  # MAY be a generating cone or NOT!!!
+                g_cone = self.generating_cone(cones[0])
+                if g_cone.ambient_ray_indices() == rays:
+                    return g_cone
+            face = Cone_of_fan(ambient=self, ambient_ray_indices=rays)
+            face._star_generator_indices = cones
+            return face
+        # Check directly if we know completeness already, since *determining*
+        # completeness relies on this function
+        if "_is_complete" in self.__dict__ and self._is_complete:
+            # We can use a fast way for complete fans
+            self._cone_lattice = lattice_from_incidences(
+                                # When there are no rays, fan is the only atom
+                                self._ray_to_cones() if self.rays() else [()],
+                                (cone.ambient_ray_indices() for cone in self),
+                                FanFace, key=id(self))
+        else:
+            # For general fans we will "merge" face lattices of generating
+            # cones.
+            from sage.graphs.digraph import DiGraph
+            L = DiGraph()
+            face_to_rays = {}  # face |---> (indices of fan rays)
+            rays_to_index = {}  # (indices of fan rays) |---> face index
+            # face index |---> (indices of containing generating cones)
+            index_to_cones = []
+            # During construction index 0 will correspond to the fan
+            # We think of the fan not being in the cone even when there is
+            # only one cone
+            index_to_cones.append(())
+            next_index = 1
+            for i, cone in enumerate(self):
+                # Set up translation of faces of cone to rays and indices
+                # We make a standalone cone to compute its standalone face
+                # lattice, since cones of fans get their lattices from fans
+                L_cone = Cone(cone.rays(), lattice=self.lattice(),
+                              check=False, normalize=False).face_lattice()
+                for f in L_cone:
+                    f_rays = tuple(cone.ambient_ray_indices()[ray]
+                                   for ray in f.ambient_ray_indices())
+                    face_to_rays[f] = f_rays
+                    try:
+                        f_index = rays_to_index[f_rays]
+                        index_to_cones[f_index].append(i)
+                    except KeyError:        # Did not see f before
+                        f_index = next_index
+                        next_index += 1
+                        rays_to_index[f_rays] = f_index
+                        index_to_cones.append([i])
+                # Add all relations between faces of cone to L
+                for f, g in L_cone.cover_relations_iterator():
+                    L.add_edge(rays_to_index[face_to_rays[f]],
+                               rays_to_index[face_to_rays[g]])
+                # Add the inclusion of cone into the fan itself
+                L.add_edge(
+                        rays_to_index[face_to_rays[L_cone.top()]], 0)
+
+            # Enumeration of graph vertices must be a linear extension of the
+            # poset
+            new_order = L.topological_sort()
+            # Make sure that generating cones are in the end in proper order
+            tail = [rays_to_index[gc.ambient_ray_indices()] for gc in self]
+            tail.append(0)  # We know that the fan itself has index 0
+            new_order = [n for n in new_order if n not in tail] + tail
+            # Make sure that rays are in the beginning in proper order
+            head = [rays_to_index[()]]  # Empty face
+            head.extend(rays_to_index[(n,)] for n in range(self.nrays()))
+            new_order = head + [n for n in new_order if n not in head]
+            # "Invert" this list to a dictionary
+            labels = {old: new for new, old in enumerate(new_order)}
+            L.relabel(labels)
+
+            elements = [None] * next_index
+            for rays, index in rays_to_index.items():
+                elements[labels[index]] = FanFace(
+                                           rays, tuple(index_to_cones[index]))
+            # We need "special treatment" for the whole fan. If we added its
+            # ray incidence information to the total list, it would be
+            # confused with the generating cone in the case of a single cone.
+            elements[labels[0]] = FanFace(tuple(range(self.nrays())), ())
+            D = dict(enumerate(elements))
+            L.relabel(D)
+            self._cone_lattice = FinitePoset(L, elements, key=id(self))
+
+    def _contains(self, cone) -> bool:
+        r"""
+        Check if ``cone`` is equivalent to a cone of the fan.
+
+        This function is called by :meth:`__contains__` and :meth:`contains`
+        to ensure the same call depth for warning messages.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``cone`` -- anything
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        ``False`` if ``cone`` is not a cone or if ``cone`` is not
+        equivalent to a cone of the fan, ``True`` otherwise
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: cone1 = Cone([(0,-1), (1,0)])
+            sage: cone2 = Cone([(1,0), (0,1)])
+            sage: f = Fan([cone1, cone2])
+            sage: f._contains(cone1)
+            True
+            sage: f._contains((1,1))  # this is not a cone!
+            False
+
+        Note that the ambient fan of the cone does not matter::
+
+            sage: cone1_f = f.generating_cone(0)
+            sage: cone1_f is cone1
+            False
+            sage: cone1_f.is_equivalent(cone1)
+            True
+            sage: cone1 in Fan([cone1, cone2])  # not a cone of any particular fan
+            True
+            sage: cone1_f in Fan([cone1, cone2])  # belongs to different fan, but equivalent cone
+            True
+        """
+        try:
+            self.embed(cone)    # Fails if cone is not in self.
+            return True
+        except TypeError:   # cone is not a cone
+            return False
+        except ValueError:  # cone is a cone, but wrong
+            if not cone.lattice().is_submodule(self.lattice()):
+                warn("you have checked if a fan contains a cone "
+                     "from another lattice, this is always False!",
+                     stacklevel=3)
+            return False
+
+    def support_contains(self, *args):
+        r"""
+        Check if a point is contained in the support of the fan.
+
+        The support of a fan is the union of all cones of the fan. If
+        you want to know whether the fan contains a given cone, you
+        should use :meth:`contains` instead.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``*args`` -- an element of ``self.lattice()`` or something
+          that can be converted to it (for example, a list of
+          coordinates).
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        ``True`` if ``point`` is contained in the support of the
+        fan, ``False`` otherwise
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: cone1 = Cone([(0,-1), (1,0)])
+            sage: cone2 = Cone([(1,0), (0,1)])
+            sage: f = Fan([cone1, cone2])
+
+        We check if some points are in this fan::
+
+            sage: f.support_contains(f.lattice()(1,0))
+            True
+            sage: f.support_contains(cone1)    # a cone is not a point of the lattice
+            False
+            sage: f.support_contains((1,0))
+            True
+            sage: f.support_contains(1,1)
+            True
+            sage: f.support_contains((-1,0))
+            False
+            sage: f.support_contains(f.lattice().dual()(1,0))  # random output (warning)
+            False
+            sage: f.support_contains(f.lattice().dual()(1,0))
+            False
+            sage: f.support_contains(1)
+            False
+            sage: f.support_contains(0)   # 0 converts to the origin in the lattice
+            True
+            sage: f.support_contains(1/2, sqrt(3))                                      # needs sage.symbolic
+            True
+            sage: f.support_contains(-1/2, sqrt(3))                                     # needs sage.symbolic
+            False
+        """
+        if len(args) == 1:
+            point = args[0]
+        else:
+            point = args
+
+        try:
+            point = _ambient_space_point(self, point)
+        except TypeError as ex:
+            if str(ex).endswith("have incompatible lattices!"):
+                warn("you have checked if a fan contains a point "
+                     "from an incompatible lattice, this is False!",
+                     stacklevel=3)
+            return False
+        if self.is_complete():
+            return True
+        return any(point in cone for cone in self)
+
+    def cartesian_product(self, other, lattice=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the Cartesian product of ``self`` with ``other``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- a :class:`rational polyhedral fan
+          <sage.geometry.fan.RationalPolyhedralFan>`;
+
+        - ``lattice`` -- (optional) the ambient lattice for the
+          Cartesian product fan. By default, the direct sum of the
+          ambient lattices of ``self`` and ``other`` is constructed.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        a :class:`fan <RationalPolyhedralFan>` whose cones are all pairwise
+        Cartesian products of the cones of ``self`` and ``other``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: K = ToricLattice(1, 'K')
+            sage: fan1 = Fan([[0],[1]], [(1,),(-1,)], lattice=K)
+            sage: L = ToricLattice(2, 'L')
+            sage: fan2 = Fan(rays=[(1,0), (0,1), (-1,-1)],
+            ....:            cones=[[0,1], [1,2], [2,0]], lattice=L)
+            sage: fan1.cartesian_product(fan2)
+            Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice K+L
+            sage: _.ngenerating_cones()
+            6
+        """
+        assert isinstance(other, RationalPolyhedralFan)
+        rc = super().cartesian_product(other, lattice)
+        self_cones = [cone.ambient_ray_indices() for cone in self]
+        n = self.nrays()
+        other_cones = [tuple(n + i for i in cone.ambient_ray_indices())
+                       for cone in other]
+        new_cones = [c1 + c2 for c1 in self_cones for c2 in other_cones]
+        try:    # Is completeness of the result obvious?
+            return RationalPolyhedralFan(new_cones, rc.rays(), rc.lattice(),
+                                    self._is_complete and other._is_complete)
+        except AttributeError:  # The result is either incomplete or unknown.
+            return RationalPolyhedralFan(new_cones, rc.rays(), rc.lattice())
+
+    def __neg__(self):
+        """
+        Return the fan where each cone is replaced by the opposite cone.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c0 = Cone([(1,1),(0,1)])
+            sage: c1 = Cone([(1,1),(1,0)])
+            sage: F = Fan([c0, c1]); F
+            Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
+            sage: G = -F; G  # indirect doctest
+            Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
+            sage: -G==F
+            True
+            sage: G.rays()
+            N( 0, -1),
+            N(-1,  0),
+            N(-1, -1)
+            in 2-d lattice N
+        """
+        new_rays = [-r1 for r1 in self.rays()]
+        for r in new_rays:
+            r.set_immutable()
+        self_cones = [cone.ambient_ray_indices() for cone in self]
+        return RationalPolyhedralFan(self_cones, new_rays, self.lattice())
+
+    def common_refinement(self, other):
+        """
+        Return the common refinement of this fan and ``other``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- a :class:`fan <RationalPolyhedralFan>` in the same
+          :meth:`lattice` and with the same support as this fan
+
+        OUTPUT: a :class:`fan <RationalPolyhedralFan>`
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Refining a fan with itself gives itself::
+
+            sage: F0 = Fan2d([(1,0), (0,1), (-1,0), (0,-1)])
+            sage: F0.common_refinement(F0) == F0
+            True
+
+        A more complex example with complete fans::
+
+            sage: F1 = Fan([[0],[1]], [(1,),(-1,)])
+            sage: F2 = Fan2d([(1,0), (1,1), (0,1), (-1,0), (0,-1)])
+            sage: F3 = F2.cartesian_product(F1)
+            sage: F4 = F1.cartesian_product(F2)
+            sage: FF = F3.common_refinement(F4)
+            sage: F3.ngenerating_cones()
+            10
+            sage: F4.ngenerating_cones()
+            10
+            sage: FF.ngenerating_cones()
+            13
+
+        An example with two non-complete fans with the same support::
+
+            sage: F5 = Fan2d([(1,0), (1,2), (0,1)])
+            sage: F6 = Fan2d([(1,0), (2,1), (0,1)])
+            sage: F5.common_refinement(F6).ngenerating_cones()
+            3
+
+        Both fans must live in the same lattice::
+
+            sage: F0.common_refinement(F1)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the fans are not in the same lattice
+        """
+        from sage.categories.homset import End
+        from sage.geometry.fan_morphism import FanMorphism
+        N = self.lattice()
+        if other.lattice() is not N:
+            raise ValueError('the fans are not in the same lattice')
+        id = End(N).identity()
+        subdivision = FanMorphism(id, self, other, subdivide=True).domain_fan()
+        if not self.is_complete():
+            # Construct the opposite morphism to ensure support equality
+            FanMorphism(id, other, self, subdivide=True)
+        return subdivision
+
+    def _latex_(self) -> str:
+        r"""
+        Return a LaTeX representation of ``self``.
+
+        OUTPUT: string
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: f = Fan(cones=[(0,1), (1,2)],
+            ....:         rays=[(1,0), (0,1), (-1, 0)],
+            ....:         check=False)
+            sage: f._latex_()
+            '\\Sigma^{2}'
+        """
+        return r"\Sigma^{%s}" % self.lattice_dim()
+
+    def _ray_to_cones(self, i=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the set of generating cones containing the ``i``-th ray.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``i`` -- integer; index of a ray of ``self``
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        :class:`frozenset` of indices of generating cones of ``self``
+        containing the ``i``-th ray if ``i`` was given, :class:`tuple` of
+        these sets for all rays otherwise.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: fan = toric_varieties.P1xP1().fan()                                   # needs palp
+            sage: fan._ray_to_cones(0)                                                  # needs palp
+            frozenset({0, 3})
+            sage: fan._ray_to_cones()                                                   # needs palp
+            (frozenset({0, 3}), frozenset({1, 2}), frozenset({0, 1}), frozenset({2, 3}))
+        """
+        # This function is close to self(1)[i].star_generator_indices(), but
+        # it does not require computation of the cone lattice and is
+        # convenient for internal purposes.
+        if "_ray_to_cones_tuple" not in self.__dict__:
+            ray_to_cones = []
+            for _ in self.rays():
+                ray_to_cones.append([])
+            for k, cone in enumerate(self):
+                for j in cone.ambient_ray_indices():
+                    ray_to_cones[j].append(k)
+            self._ray_to_cones_tuple = tuple(frozenset(rtc)
+                                             for rtc in ray_to_cones)
+        if i is None:
+            return self._ray_to_cones_tuple
+        else:
+            return self._ray_to_cones_tuple[i]
+
+    def _repr_(self) -> str:
+        r"""
+        Return a string representation of ``self``.
+
+        OUTPUT: string
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: f = Fan(cones=[(0,1), (1,2)],
+            ....:         rays=[(1,0), (0,1), (-1, 0)],
+            ....:         check=False)
+            sage: f._repr_()
+            'Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N'
+            sage: f = Fan(cones=[(0,1), (1,2)],
+            ....:         rays=[(1,0), (0,1), (-1, 0)],
+            ....:         lattice=ZZ^2,
+            ....:         check=False)
+            sage: f._repr_()
+            'Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice'
+        """
+        result = "Rational polyhedral fan in"
+        if isinstance(self.lattice(), ToricLattice_generic):
+            result += " %s" % self.lattice()
+        else:
+            result += " %d-d lattice" % self.lattice_dim()
+        return result
+
+    def _subdivide_stellar(self, new_rays, verbose):
+        r"""
+        Return iterative stellar subdivision of ``self`` via ``new_rays``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``new_rays`` -- immutable primitive vectors in the lattice of
+          ``self``
+
+        - ``verbose`` -- if ``True``, some timing information will be printed
+
+        OUTPUT: rational polyhedral fan
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: cone1 = Cone([(1,0), (0,1)])
+            sage: cone2 = Cone([(-1,0)])
+            sage: new_rays = sage.geometry.cone.normalize_rays([(1,1)], None)
+            sage: fan = Fan([cone1, cone2])
+            sage: fan._subdivide_stellar(new_rays, False)
+            Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
+            sage: fan = Fan([cone1])
+            sage: new_fan = fan._subdivide_stellar(new_rays, True)
+            R:1/1  C:2  T:...(ms)  T/new:...(ms)  T/all:...(ms)
+            sage: new_fan.rays()
+            N(1, 0),
+            N(0, 1),
+            N(1, 1)
+            in 2-d lattice N
+            sage: for cone in new_fan: print(cone.ambient_ray_indices())
+            (0, 2)
+            (1, 2)
+
+        We make sure that this function constructs cones with ordered ambient
+        ray indices (see :issue:`9812`)::
+
+            sage: C = Cone([(1,0,0), (0,1,0), (1,0,1), (0,1,1)])
+            sage: F = Fan([C]).make_simplicial()
+            sage: [cone.ambient_ray_indices() for cone in F]
+            [(0, 1, 3), (0, 2, 3)]
+        """
+        cones = self.generating_cones()
+        for n, ray in enumerate(new_rays):
+            if verbose:
+                start = walltime()
+            new = []
+            for cone in cones:
+                if ray in cone:
+                    new.extend(Cone(tuple(facet.rays())+(ray,), check=False)
+                               for facet in cone.facets() if ray not in facet)
+                else:
+                    new.append(cone)
+            if verbose:
+                t = walltime(start)
+                added = len(new) - len(cones)
+                T_new = "%d" % (t / added * 1000) if added else "-"
+                print("R:%d/%d  C:%d  T:%d(ms)  T/new:%s(ms)  T/all:%d(ms)"
+                      % (n + 1, len(new_rays), len(new), t * 1000,
+                         T_new, t / len(new) * 1000))
+            cones = new
+        new_fan_rays = list(self.rays())
+        new_fan_rays.extend(ray for ray in new_rays
+                                if ray not in self.rays().set())
+        ray_to_index = {ray: i for i, ray in enumerate(new_fan_rays)}
+        cones = tuple(tuple(sorted(ray_to_index[ray] for ray in cone))
+                      for cone in cones)
+        fan = Fan(cones, new_fan_rays, check=False, normalize=False)
+        return fan
+
+    def cone_containing(self, *points):
+        r"""
+        Return the smallest cone of ``self`` containing all given points.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - either one or more indices of rays of ``self``, or one or more
+          objects representing points of the ambient space of ``self``, or a
+          list of such objects (you CANNOT give a list of indices).
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A :class:`cone of fan <Cone_of_fan>` whose ambient fan is
+        ``self``
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            We think of the origin as of the smallest cone containing no rays
+            at all. If there is no ray in ``self`` that contains all ``rays``,
+            a :exc:`ValueError` exception will be raised.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: cone1 = Cone([(0,-1), (1,0)])
+            sage: cone2 = Cone([(1,0), (0,1)])
+            sage: f = Fan([cone1, cone2])
+            sage: f.rays()
+            N(0, -1),
+            N(0,  1),
+            N(1,  0)
+            in 2-d lattice N
+            sage: f.cone_containing(0)  # ray index
+            1-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
+            sage: f.cone_containing(0, 1) # ray indices
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: there is no cone in
+            Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
+            containing all of the given rays! Ray indices: [0, 1]
+            sage: f.cone_containing(0, 2) # ray indices
+            2-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
+            sage: f.cone_containing((0,1))  # point
+            1-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
+            sage: f.cone_containing([(0,1)]) # point
+            1-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
+            sage: f.cone_containing((1,1))
+            2-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
+            sage: f.cone_containing((1,1), (1,0))
+            2-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
+            sage: f.cone_containing()
+            0-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
+            sage: f.cone_containing((0,0))
+            0-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
+            sage: f.cone_containing((-1,1))
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: there is no cone in
+            Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
+            containing all of the given points! Points: [N(-1, 1)]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: fan = Fan(cones=[(0,1,2,3), (0,1,4)],
+            ....:           rays=[(1,1,1), (1,-1,1), (1,-1,-1), (1,1,-1), (0,0,1)])
+            sage: fan.cone_containing(0).rays()
+            N(1, 1, 1)
+            in 3-d lattice N
+        """
+        if not points:
+            return self.cones(dim=0)[0]
+        try:
+            rays = [int(_) for _ in points]
+            # Got ray indices
+            generating_cones = set(range(self.ngenerating_cones()))
+            for ray in rays:
+                generating_cones.intersection_update(self._ray_to_cones(ray))
+            if not generating_cones:
+                raise ValueError("there is no cone in %s containing all of "
+                        "the given rays! Ray indices: %s" % (self, rays))
+            containing_cone = self.generating_cone(generating_cones.pop())
+            for cone in generating_cones:
+                containing_cone = containing_cone.intersection(
+                                                self.generating_cone(cone))
+            if not self.is_complete():
+                # This cone may be too big in the case of incomplete fans
+                rays = frozenset(rays)
+                facets = containing_cone.facets()
+                for facet in facets:
+                    if rays.issubset(facet._ambient_ray_indices):
+                        containing_cone = containing_cone.intersection(facet)
+            return containing_cone
+        except TypeError:
+            # Got points (hopefully)
+            try:
+                points = [_ambient_space_point(self, p) for p in points]
+            except TypeError:
+                if len(points) == 1:
+                    points = [_ambient_space_point(self, p) for p in points[0]]
+                else:
+                    raise
+            # If we are still here, points are good
+            # First we try to find a generating cone containing all points
+            containing_cone = None
+            for cone in self:
+                contains_all = True
+                for point in points:
+                    if point not in cone:
+                        contains_all = False
+                        break
+                if contains_all:
+                    containing_cone = cone
+                    break
+            if containing_cone is None:
+                raise ValueError("there is no cone in %s containing all of "
+                            "the given points! Points: %s" % (self, points))
+            # Now we take the intersection of facets that contain all points
+            facets = containing_cone.facets()
+            for facet in facets:
+                contains_all = True
+                for point in points:
+                    if point not in facet:
+                        contains_all = False
+                        break
+                if contains_all:
+                    containing_cone = containing_cone.intersection(facet)
+            return containing_cone
+
+    def cone_lattice(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the cone lattice of ``self``.
+
+        This lattice will have the origin as the bottom (we do not include the
+        empty set as a cone) and the fan itself as the top.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        :class:`finite poset <sage.combinat.posets.posets.FinitePoset` of
+        :class:`cones of fan<Cone_of_fan>`, behaving like "regular" cones,
+        but also containing the information about their relation to this
+        fan, namely, the contained rays and containing generating cones. The
+        top of the lattice will be this fan itself (*which is not a*
+        :class:`cone of fan<Cone_of_fan>`).
+
+        See also :meth:`cones`.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Cone lattices can be computed for arbitrary fans::
+
+            sage: cone1 = Cone([(1,0), (0,1)])
+            sage: cone2 = Cone([(-1,0)])
+            sage: fan = Fan([cone1, cone2])
+            sage: fan.rays()
+            N(-1, 0),
+            N( 0, 1),
+            N( 1, 0)
+            in 2-d lattice N
+            sage: for cone in fan: print(cone.ambient_ray_indices())
+            (1, 2)
+            (0,)
+            sage: L = fan.cone_lattice()
+            sage: L
+            Finite poset containing 6 elements with distinguished linear extension
+
+        These 6 elements are the origin, three rays, one two-dimensional
+        cone, and the fan itself\ . Since we do add the fan itself as the
+        largest face, you should be a little bit careful with this last
+        element::
+
+            sage: for face in L: print(face.ambient_ray_indices())
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            AttributeError: 'RationalPolyhedralFan'
+            object has no attribute 'ambient_ray_indices'
+            sage: L.top()
+            Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
+
+        For example, you can do ::
+
+            sage: for l in L.level_sets()[:-1]:
+            ....:     print([f.ambient_ray_indices() for f in l])
+            [()]
+            [(0,), (1,), (2,)]
+            [(1, 2)]
+
+        If the fan is complete, its cone lattice is atomic and coatomic and
+        can (and will!) be computed in a much more efficient way, but the
+        interface is exactly the same::
+
+            sage: fan = toric_varieties.P1xP1().fan()                                   # needs palp
+            sage: L = fan.cone_lattice()                                                # needs palp
+            sage: for l in L.level_sets()[:-1]:                                         # needs palp
+            ....:     print([f.ambient_ray_indices() for f in l])
+            [()]
+            [(0,), (1,), (2,), (3,)]
+            [(0, 2), (1, 2), (1, 3), (0, 3)]
+
+        Let's also consider the cone lattice of a fan generated by a single
+        cone::
+
+            sage: fan = Fan([cone1])
+            sage: L = fan.cone_lattice()
+            sage: L
+            Finite poset containing 5 elements with distinguished linear extension
+
+        Here these 5 elements correspond to the origin, two rays, one
+        generating cone of dimension two, and the whole fan. While this single
+        cone "is" the whole fan, it is consistent and convenient to
+        distinguish them in the cone lattice.
+        """
+        if "_cone_lattice" not in self.__dict__:
+            self._compute_cone_lattice()
+        return self._cone_lattice
+
+    def f_vector(self) -> tuple:
+        r"""
+        Return the f-vector of the fan.
+
+        This is the tuple `(f_0, f_1, \ldots, f_d)`
+        where `f_i` is the number of cones of dimension `i`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: F = ClusterAlgebra(['A',2]).cluster_fan()
+            sage: F.f_vector()
+            (1, 5, 5)
+        """
+        return tuple(len(d) for d in self.cones())
+
+    # Internally we use this name for a uniform behaviour of cones and fans.
+    _face_lattice_function = cone_lattice
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the dictionary that should be pickled.
+
+        OUTPUT: :class:`dict`
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: cone1 = Cone([(1,0), (0,1)])
+            sage: cone2 = Cone([(-1,0)])
+            sage: fan = Fan([cone1, cone2])
+            sage: fan.cone_lattice()
+            Finite poset containing 6 elements with distinguished linear extension
+            sage: fan._test_pickling()
+        """
+        state = copy(self.__dict__)
+        # TODO: do we want to keep the cone lattice in the pickle?
+        # Currently there is an unpickling loop if do.
+        # See Cone.__getstate__ for a similar problem and discussion.
+        state.pop("_cone_lattice", None)
+        return state
+
+    def cones(self, dim=None, codim=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the specified cones of ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``dim`` -- dimension of the requested cones
+
+        - ``codim`` -- codimension of the requested cones
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            You can specify at most one input parameter.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        :class:`tuple` of cones of ``self`` of the specified (co)dimension,
+        if either ``dim`` or ``codim`` is given. Otherwise :class:`tuple` of
+        such tuples for all existing dimensions.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: cone1 = Cone([(1,0), (0,1)])
+            sage: cone2 = Cone([(-1,0)])
+            sage: fan = Fan([cone1, cone2])
+            sage: fan(dim=0)
+            (0-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N,)
+            sage: fan(codim=2)
+            (0-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N,)
+            sage: for cone in fan.cones(1): cone.ray(0)
+            N(-1, 0)
+            N(0, 1)
+            N(1, 0)
+            sage: fan.cones(2)
+            (2-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N,)
+
+        You cannot specify both dimension and codimension, even if they
+        "agree"::
+
+            sage: fan(dim=1, codim=1)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: dimension and codimension
+            cannot be specified together!
+
+        But it is OK to ask for cones of too high or low (co)dimension::
+
+            sage: fan(-1)
+            ()
+            sage: fan(3)
+            ()
+            sage: fan(codim=4)
+            ()
+        """
+        if "_cones" not in self.__dict__:
+            levels = self.cone_lattice().level_sets()
+            levels.pop()  # The very last level is this FAN, not cone.
+            # It seems that there is no reason to believe that the order of
+            # faces in level sets has anything to do with the order of
+            # vertices in the Hasse diagram of FinitePoset. So, while
+            # lattice_from_incidences tried to ensure a "good order,"
+            # we will sort faces corresponding to rays, as well as faces
+            # corresponding to generating cones, if they are all of the same
+            # dimension (otherwise it is not very useful).
+            if len(levels) >= 3:  # There are cones of dimension higher than 1
+                top_cones = list(levels[-1])
+                if len(top_cones) == self.ngenerating_cones():
+                    top_cones.sort(key=lambda cone:
+                                            cone.star_generator_indices()[0])
+                levels[-1] = top_cones
+            if len(levels) >= 2:  # We have rays
+                rays = list(levels[1])
+                rays.sort(key=lambda cone: cone.ambient_ray_indices()[0])
+                levels[1] = rays
+            self._cones = tuple(tuple(level) for level in levels)
+        if dim is None:
+            if codim is None:
+                return self._cones
+            dim = self.dim() - codim
+        elif codim is not None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                    "dimension and codimension cannot be specified together!")
+        return self._cones[dim] if 0 <= dim < len(self._cones) else ()
+
+    def contains(self, cone) -> bool:
+        r"""
+        Check if a given ``cone`` is equivalent to a cone of the fan.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``cone`` -- anything
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        ``False`` if ``cone`` is not a cone or if ``cone`` is not
+        equivalent to a cone of the fan, ``True`` otherwise
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            Recall that a fan is a (finite) collection of cones. A
+            cone is contained in a fan if it is equivalent to one of
+            the cones of the fan. In particular, it is possible that
+            all rays of the cone are in the fan, but the cone itself
+            is not.
+
+            If you want to know whether a point is in the support of
+            the fan, you should use :meth:`support_contains`.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        We first construct a simple fan::
+
+            sage: cone1 = Cone([(0,-1), (1,0)])
+            sage: cone2 = Cone([(1,0), (0,1)])
+            sage: f = Fan([cone1, cone2])
+
+        Now we check if some cones are in this fan. First, we make sure that
+        the order of rays of the input cone does not matter (``check=False``
+        option ensures that rays of these cones will be listed exactly as they
+        are given)::
+
+            sage: f.contains(Cone([(1,0), (0,1)], check=False))
+            True
+            sage: f.contains(Cone([(0,1), (1,0)], check=False))
+            True
+
+        Now we check that a non-generating cone is in our fan::
+
+            sage: f.contains(Cone([(1,0)]))
+            True
+            sage: Cone([(1,0)]) in f   # equivalent to the previous command
+            True
+
+        Finally, we test some cones which are not in this fan::
+
+            sage: f.contains(Cone([(1,1)]))
+            False
+            sage: f.contains(Cone([(1,0), (-0,1)]))
+            True
+
+        A point is not a cone::
+
+            sage: n = f.lattice()(1,1); n
+            N(1, 1)
+            sage: f.contains(n)
+            False
+        """
+        return self._contains(cone)
+
+    def embed(self, cone):
+        r"""
+        Return the cone equivalent to the given one, but sitting in ``self``.
+
+        You may need to use this method before calling methods of ``cone`` that
+        depend on the ambient structure, such as
+        :meth:`~sage.geometry.cone.ConvexRationalPolyhedralCone.ambient_ray_indices`
+        or
+        :meth:`~sage.geometry.cone.ConvexRationalPolyhedralCone.facet_of`. The
+        cone returned by this method will have ``self`` as ambient. If ``cone``
+        does not represent a valid cone of ``self``, :exc:`ValueError`
+        exception is raised.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            This method is very quick if ``self`` is already the ambient
+            structure of ``cone``, so you can use without extra checks and
+            performance hit even if ``cone`` is likely to sit in ``self`` but
+            in principle may not.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``cone`` -- a :class:`cone
+          <sage.geometry.cone.ConvexRationalPolyhedralCone>`
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        a :class:`cone of fan <Cone_of_fan>`, equivalent to ``cone`` but
+        sitting inside ``self``
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Let's take a 3-d fan generated by a cone on 4 rays::
+
+            sage: f = Fan([Cone([(1,0,1), (0,1,1), (-1,0,1), (0,-1,1)])])
+
+        Then any ray generates a 1-d cone of this fan, but if you construct
+        such a cone directly, it will not "sit" inside the fan::
+
+            sage: ray = Cone([(0,-1,1)])
+            sage: ray
+            1-d cone in 3-d lattice N
+            sage: ray.ambient_ray_indices()
+            (0,)
+            sage: ray.adjacent()
+            ()
+            sage: ray.ambient()
+            1-d cone in 3-d lattice N
+
+        If we want to operate with this ray as a part of the fan, we need to
+        embed it first::
+
+            sage: e_ray = f.embed(ray)
+            sage: e_ray
+            1-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice N
+            sage: e_ray.rays()
+            N(0, -1, 1)
+            in 3-d lattice N
+            sage: e_ray is ray
+            False
+            sage: e_ray.is_equivalent(ray)
+            True
+            sage: e_ray.ambient_ray_indices()
+            (3,)
+            sage: e_ray.adjacent()
+            (1-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice N,
+             1-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice N)
+            sage: e_ray.ambient()
+            Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice N
+
+        Not every cone can be embedded into a fixed fan::
+
+            sage: f.embed(Cone([(0,0,1)]))
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: 1-d cone in 3-d lattice N does not belong
+            to Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice N!
+            sage: f.embed(Cone([(1,0,1), (-1,0,1)]))
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: 2-d cone in 3-d lattice N does not belong
+            to Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice N!
+        """
+        if not isinstance(cone, sage.geometry.abc.ConvexRationalPolyhedralCone):
+            raise TypeError("%s is not a cone!" % cone)
+        if cone.ambient() is self:
+            return cone
+        rays = self.rays()
+        try:
+            # Compute ray indices.
+            ray_indices = [rays.index(ray) for ray in cone.rays()]
+            # Get the smallest cone containing them
+            result = self.cone_containing(*ray_indices)
+            # If there is a cone containing all of the rays of the given cone,
+            # they must be among its generating rays and we only need to worry
+            # if there are any extra ones.
+            if cone.nrays() != result.nrays():
+                raise ValueError
+        except ValueError:
+            raise ValueError("%s does not belong to %s!" % (cone, self))
+        return result
+
+    @cached_method
+    def Gale_transform(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the Gale transform of ``self``.
+
+        OUTPUT: a matrix over `ZZ`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: fan = toric_varieties.P1xP1().fan()                                   # needs palp
+            sage: fan.Gale_transform()                                                  # needs palp
+            [ 1  1  0  0 -2]
+            [ 0  0  1  1 -2]
+            sage: _.base_ring()                                                         # needs palp
+            Integer Ring
+        """
+        m = self.rays().matrix().stack(matrix(ZZ, 1, self.lattice_dim()))
+        m = m.augment(matrix(ZZ, m.nrows(), 1, [1] * m.nrows()))
+        return matrix(ZZ, m.integer_kernel().matrix())
+
+    def is_polytopal(self) -> bool:
+        r"""
+        Check if ``self`` is the normal fan of a polytope.
+
+        A rational polyhedral fan is *polytopal* if it is the normal fan of a
+        polytope. This is also called *regular*, or provides a *coherent*
+        subdivision or leads to a *projective* toric variety.
+
+        OUTPUT: ``True`` if ``self`` is polytopal and ``False`` otherwise
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        This is the mother of all examples (see Section 7.1.1 in
+        [DLRS2010]_)::
+
+            sage: def mother(epsilon=0):
+            ....:     rays = [(4-epsilon,epsilon,0),(0,4-epsilon,epsilon),(epsilon,0,4-epsilon),(2,1,1),(1,2,1),(1,1,2),(-1,-1,-1)]
+            ....:     L = [(0,1,4),(0,3,4),(1,2,5),(1,4,5),(0,2,3),(2,3,5),(3,4,5),(6,0,1),(6,1,2),(6,2,0)]
+            ....:     S1 = [Cone([rays[i] for i in indices]) for indices in L]
+            ....:     return Fan(S1)
+
+        When epsilon=0, it is not polytopal::
+
+            sage: epsilon = 0
+            sage: mother(epsilon).is_polytopal()
+            False
+
+        Doing a slight perturbation makes the same subdivision polytopal::
+
+            sage: epsilon = 1/2
+            sage: mother(epsilon).is_polytopal()
+            True
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: cone = Cone([(1,1), (2,1)])
+            sage: F = Fan([cone])
+            sage: F.is_polytopal()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: to be polytopal, the fan should be complete
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :meth:`is_projective`.
+        """
+        if not self.is_complete():
+            raise ValueError('to be polytopal, the fan should be complete')
+        from sage.geometry.triangulation.point_configuration import PointConfiguration
+        from sage.geometry.polyhedron.constructor import Polyhedron
+        pc = PointConfiguration(self.rays())
+        v_pc = [tuple(p) for p in pc]
+        pc_to_indices = {tuple(p):i for i, p in enumerate(pc)}
+        indices_to_vr = (tuple(r) for r in self.rays())
+        cone_indices = (cone.ambient_ray_indices() for cone in self.generating_cones())
+        translator = [pc_to_indices[t] for t in indices_to_vr]
+        translated_cone_indices = [[translator[i] for i in ci] for ci in cone_indices]
+        dc_pc = pc.deformation_cone(translated_cone_indices)
+        lift = dc_pc.an_element()
+        ieqs = [(lift_i,) + v for (lift_i, v) in zip(lift, v_pc)]
+        poly = Polyhedron(ieqs=ieqs)
+        return self.is_equivalent(poly.normal_fan())
+
+    def generating_cone(self, n):
+        r"""
+        Return the ``n``-th generating cone of ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``n`` -- integer; the index of a generating cone
+
+        OUTPUT: :class:`cone of fan<Cone_of_fan>`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: fan = toric_varieties.P1xP1().fan()                                   # needs palp
+            sage: fan.generating_cone(0)                                                # needs palp
+            2-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
+        """
+        return self._generating_cones[n]
+
+    def generating_cones(self):
+        r"""
+        Return generating cones of ``self``.
+
+        OUTPUT: :class:`tuple` of :class:`cones of fan<Cone_of_fan>`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: fan = toric_varieties.P1xP1().fan()                                   # needs palp
+            sage: fan.generating_cones()                                                # needs palp
+            (2-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N,
+             2-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N,
+             2-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N,
+             2-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N)
+            sage: cone1 = Cone([(1,0), (0,1)])
+            sage: cone2 = Cone([(-1,0)])
+            sage: fan = Fan([cone1, cone2])
+            sage: fan.generating_cones()
+            (2-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N,
+             1-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N)
+        """
+        return self._generating_cones
+
+    @cached_method
+    def vertex_graph(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the graph of 1- and 2-cones.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        An edge-colored graph. The vertices correspond to the 1-cones
+        (i.e. rays) of
+        the fan. Two vertices are joined by an edge iff the rays span
+        a 2-cone of the fan. The edges are colored by pairs of
+        integers that classify the 2-cones up to `GL(2,\ZZ)`
+        transformation, see
+        :func:`~sage.geometry.cone.classify_cone_2d`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs palp
+            sage: dP8 = toric_varieties.dP8()
+            sage: g = dP8.fan().vertex_graph(); g
+            Graph on 4 vertices
+            sage: set(dP8.fan(1)) == set(g.vertices(sort=False))
+            True
+            sage: g.edge_labels()  # all edge labels the same since every cone is smooth
+            [(1, 0), (1, 0), (1, 0), (1, 0)]
+
+            sage: g = toric_varieties.Cube_deformation(10).fan().vertex_graph()
+            sage: g.automorphism_group().order()                                        # needs sage.groups
+            48
+            sage: g.automorphism_group(edge_labels=True).order()                        # needs sage.groups
+            4
+        """
+        from sage.geometry.cone import classify_cone_2d
+        graph = {}
+        cones_1d = list(self(1))
+        while cones_1d:
+            c0 = cones_1d.pop()
+            c0_edges = {}
+            for c1 in c0.adjacent():
+                if c1 not in cones_1d:
+                    continue
+                label = classify_cone_2d(c0.ray(0), c1.ray(0), check=False)
+                c0_edges[c1] = label
+            graph[c0] = c0_edges
+        from sage.graphs.graph import Graph
+        return Graph(graph)
+
+    def is_complete(self) -> bool:
+        r"""
+        Check if ``self`` is complete.
+
+        A rational polyhedral fan is *complete* if its cones fill the whole
+        space.
+
+        OUTPUT: ``True`` if ``self`` is complete and ``False`` otherwise
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: fan = toric_varieties.P1xP1().fan()                                   # needs palp
+            sage: fan.is_complete()                                                     # needs palp
+            True
+            sage: cone1 = Cone([(1,0), (0,1)])
+            sage: cone2 = Cone([(-1,0)])
+            sage: fan = Fan([cone1, cone2])
+            sage: fan.is_complete()
+            False
+        """
+        if "_is_complete" in self.__dict__:
+            return self._is_complete
+        d = self.lattice_dim()
+        if self.dim() != d:
+            self._is_complete = False
+            return False
+        for cone in self:
+            if cone.dim() != d:
+                self._is_complete = False
+                return False
+        # Now we know that all generating cones are full-dimensional.
+        # Then boundary cones are (d-1)-dimensional.
+        for cone in self(codim=1):
+            if len(cone.star_generator_indices()) != 2:
+                self._is_complete = False
+                return False
+        self._is_complete = True
+        return True
+
+    def is_equivalent(self, other) -> bool:
+        r"""
+        Check if ``self`` is "mathematically" the same as ``other``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- fan
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        ``True`` if ``self`` and ``other`` define the same fans as
+        collections of equivalent cones in the same lattice, ``False``
+        otherwise.
+
+        There are three different equivalences between fans `F_1` and `F_2`
+        in the same lattice:
+
+        #. They have the same rays in the same order and the same generating
+           cones in the same order.
+           This is tested by ``F1 == F2``.
+        #. They have the same rays and the same generating cones without
+           taking into account any order.
+           This is tested by ``F1.is_equivalent(F2)``.
+        #. They are in the same orbit of `GL(n,\ZZ)` (and, therefore,
+           correspond to isomorphic toric varieties).
+           This is tested by ``F1.is_isomorphic(F2)``.
+
+        Note that :meth:`virtual_rays` are included into consideration for all
+        of the above equivalences.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: fan1 = Fan(cones=[(0,1), (1,2)],
+            ....:            rays=[(1,0), (0,1), (-1,-1)],
+            ....:            check=False)
+            sage: fan2 = Fan(cones=[(2,1), (0,2)],
+            ....:            rays=[(1,0), (-1,-1), (0,1)],
+            ....:            check=False)
+            sage: fan3 = Fan(cones=[(0,1), (1,2)],
+            ....:            rays=[(1,0), (0,1), (-1,1)],
+            ....:            check=False)
+            sage: fan1 == fan2
+            False
+            sage: fan1.is_equivalent(fan2)
+            True
+            sage: fan1 == fan3
+            False
+            sage: fan1.is_equivalent(fan3)
+            False
+        """
+        if (self.lattice() != other.lattice()
+              or self.dim() != other.dim()
+              or self.ngenerating_cones() != other.ngenerating_cones()
+              or self.rays().set() != other.rays().set()
+              or self.virtual_rays().set() != other.virtual_rays().set()):
+            return False
+        # Now we need to really compare cones, which can take a while
+        return sorted(sorted(cone.rays()) for cone in self) \
+               == sorted(sorted(cone.rays()) for cone in other)
+
+    def is_isomorphic(self, other) -> bool:
+        r"""
+        Check if ``self`` is in the same `GL(n, \ZZ)`-orbit as ``other``.
+
+        There are three different equivalences between fans `F_1` and `F_2`
+        in the same lattice:
+
+        #. They have the same rays in the same order and the same generating
+           cones in the same order.
+           This is tested by ``F1 == F2``.
+        #. They have the same rays and the same generating cones without
+           taking into account any order.
+           This is tested by ``F1.is_equivalent(F2)``.
+        #. They are in the same orbit of `GL(n,\ZZ)` (and, therefore,
+           correspond to isomorphic toric varieties).
+           This is tested by ``F1.is_isomorphic(F2)``.
+
+        Note that :meth:`virtual_rays` are included into consideration for all
+        of the above equivalences.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- a :class:`fan <RationalPolyhedralFan>`
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        ``True`` if ``self`` and ``other`` are in the same
+        `GL(n, \ZZ)`-orbit, ``False`` otherwise
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            If you want to obtain the actual fan isomorphism, use
+            :meth:`isomorphism`.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Here we pick an `SL(2,\ZZ)` matrix ``m`` and then verify that
+        the image fan is isomorphic::
+
+            sage: rays = ((1, 1), (0, 1), (-1, -1), (1, 0))
+            sage: cones = [(0,1), (1,2), (2,3), (3,0)]
+            sage: fan1 = Fan(cones, rays)
+            sage: m = matrix([[-2,3], [1,-1]])
+            sage: fan2 = Fan(cones, [vector(r)*m for r in rays])
+            sage: fan1.is_isomorphic(fan2)
+            True
+            sage: fan1.is_equivalent(fan2)
+            False
+            sage: fan1 == fan2
+            False
+
+        These fans are "mirrors" of each other::
+
+            sage: fan1 = Fan(cones=[(0,1), (1,2)],
+            ....:            rays=[(1,0), (0,1), (-1,-1)],
+            ....:            check=False)
+            sage: fan2 = Fan(cones=[(0,1), (1,2)],
+            ....:            rays=[(1,0), (0,-1), (-1,1)],
+            ....:            check=False)
+            sage: fan1 == fan2
+            False
+            sage: fan1.is_equivalent(fan2)
+            False
+            sage: fan1.is_isomorphic(fan2)
+            True
+            sage: fan1.is_isomorphic(fan1)
+            True
+        """
+        from sage.geometry.fan_isomorphism import \
+            fan_isomorphic_necessary_conditions, fan_isomorphism_generator
+        if not fan_isomorphic_necessary_conditions(self, other):
+            return False
+        if self.lattice_dim() == 2:
+            if self._2d_echelon_forms.cache is None:
+                return self._2d_echelon_form() in other._2d_echelon_forms()
+            else:
+                return other._2d_echelon_form() in self._2d_echelon_forms()
+        generator = fan_isomorphism_generator(self, other)
+        try:
+            next(generator)
+            return True
+        except StopIteration:
+            return False
+
+    @cached_method
+    def _2d_echelon_forms(self):
+        """
+        Return all echelon forms of the cyclically ordered rays of a 2-d fan.
+
+        OUTPUT: a set of integer matrices
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: fan = toric_varieties.dP8().fan()                                     # needs palp
+            sage: fan._2d_echelon_forms()                                               # needs palp
+            frozenset({[ 1  0 -1 -1]
+                       [ 0  1  0 -1], [ 1  0 -1  0]
+                       [ 0  1 -1 -1], [ 1  0 -1  0]
+                       [ 0  1  1 -1], [ 1  0 -1  1]
+                       [ 0  1  0 -1]})
+        """
+        from sage.geometry.fan_isomorphism import fan_2d_echelon_forms
+        return fan_2d_echelon_forms(self)
+
+    @cached_method
+    def _2d_echelon_form(self):
+        """
+        Return the echelon form of one particular cyclic order of rays of a 2-d fan.
+
+        OUTPUT: integer matrix whose columns are the rays in the echelon form
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: fan = toric_varieties.dP8().fan()                                     # needs palp
+            sage: fan._2d_echelon_form()                                                # needs palp
+            [ 1  0 -1 -1]
+            [ 0  1  0 -1]
+        """
+        from sage.geometry.fan_isomorphism import fan_2d_echelon_form
+        return fan_2d_echelon_form(self)
+
+    def isomorphism(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Return a fan isomorphism from ``self`` to ``other``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- fan
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A fan isomorphism. If no such isomorphism exists, a
+        :class:`~sage.geometry.fan_isomorphism.FanNotIsomorphicError`
+        is raised.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: rays = ((1, 1), (0, 1), (-1, -1), (3, 1))
+            sage: cones = [(0,1), (1,2), (2,3), (3,0)]
+            sage: fan1 = Fan(cones, rays)
+            sage: m = matrix([[-2,3], [1,-1]])
+            sage: fan2 = Fan(cones, [vector(r)*m for r in rays])
+
+            sage: fan1.isomorphism(fan2)
+            Fan morphism defined by the matrix
+            [-2  3]
+            [ 1 -1]
+            Domain fan: Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
+            Codomain fan: Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
+
+            sage: fan2.isomorphism(fan1)
+            Fan morphism defined by the matrix
+            [1 3]
+            [1 2]
+            Domain fan: Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
+            Codomain fan: Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
+
+            sage: fan1.isomorphism(toric_varieties.P2().fan())                          # needs palp
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            FanNotIsomorphicError
+        """
+        from sage.geometry.fan_isomorphism import find_isomorphism
+        return find_isomorphism(self, other, check=False)
+
+    def is_simplicial(self) -> bool:
+        r"""
+        Check if ``self`` is simplicial.
+
+        A rational polyhedral fan is **simplicial** if all of its cones are,
+        i.e. primitive vectors along generating rays of every cone form a part
+        of a *rational* basis of the ambient space.
+
+        OUTPUT: ``True`` if ``self`` is simplicial and ``False`` otherwise
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: fan = toric_varieties.P1xP1().fan()                                   # needs palp
+            sage: fan.is_simplicial()                                                   # needs palp
+            True
+            sage: cone1 = Cone([(1,0), (0,1)])
+            sage: cone2 = Cone([(-1,0)])
+            sage: fan = Fan([cone1, cone2])
+            sage: fan.is_simplicial()
+            True
+
+        In fact, any fan in a two-dimensional ambient space is simplicial.
+        This is no longer the case in dimension three::
+
+            sage: fan = NormalFan(lattice_polytope.cross_polytope(3))
+            sage: fan.is_simplicial()
+            False
+            sage: fan.generating_cone(0).nrays()
+            4
+        """
+        if "is_simplicial" not in self.__dict__:
+            self._is_simplicial = all(cone.is_simplicial() for cone in self)
+        return self._is_simplicial
+
+    @cached_method
+    def is_smooth(self, codim=None) -> bool:
+        r"""
+        Check if ``self`` is smooth.
+
+        A rational polyhedral fan is **smooth** if all of its cones
+        are, i.e. primitive vectors along generating rays of every
+        cone form a part of an *integral* basis of the ambient
+        space. In this case the corresponding toric variety is smooth.
+
+        A fan in an `n`-dimensional lattice is smooth up to codimension `c`
+        if all cones of codimension greater than or equal to `c` are smooth,
+        i.e. if all cones of dimension less than or equal to `n-c` are smooth.
+        In this case the singular set of the corresponding toric variety is of
+        dimension less than `c`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``codim`` -- codimension in which smoothness has to be checked, by
+          default complete smoothness will be checked
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        ``True`` if ``self`` is smooth (in codimension ``codim``, if it was
+        given) and ``False`` otherwise.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: fan = toric_varieties.P1xP1().fan()                                   # needs palp
+            sage: fan.is_smooth()                                                       # needs palp
+            True
+            sage: cone1 = Cone([(1,0), (0,1)])
+            sage: cone2 = Cone([(-1,0)])
+            sage: fan = Fan([cone1, cone2])
+            sage: fan.is_smooth()
+            True
+            sage: fan = NormalFan(lattice_polytope.cross_polytope(2))
+            sage: fan.is_smooth()
+            False
+            sage: fan.is_smooth(codim=1)
+            True
+            sage: fan.generating_cone(0).rays()
+            N(-1, -1),
+            N(-1,  1)
+            in 2-d lattice N
+            sage: fan.generating_cone(0).rays().matrix().det()
+            -2
+        """
+        if codim is None or codim < 0:
+            codim = 0
+        if codim > self.lattice_dim() - 2:
+            return True
+        return all(cone.is_smooth() for cone in self(codim=codim)) and \
+               self.is_smooth(codim + 1)
+
+    def make_simplicial(self, **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Construct a simplicial fan subdividing ``self``.
+
+        It is a synonym for :meth:`subdivide` with ``make_simplicial=True``
+        option.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - this functions accepts only keyword arguments. See :meth:`subdivide`
+          for documentation.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        :class:`rational polyhedral fan
+        <sage.geometry.fan.RationalPolyhedralFan>`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: fan = NormalFan(lattice_polytope.cross_polytope(3))
+            sage: fan.is_simplicial()
+            False
+            sage: fan.ngenerating_cones()
+            6
+            sage: new_fan = fan.make_simplicial()
+            sage: new_fan.is_simplicial()
+            True
+            sage: new_fan.ngenerating_cones()
+            12
+        """
+        return self.subdivide(make_simplicial=True, **kwds)
+
+    def ngenerating_cones(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the number of generating cones of ``self``.
+
+        OUTPUT: integer
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: fan = toric_varieties.P1xP1().fan()                                   # needs palp
+            sage: fan.ngenerating_cones()                                               # needs palp
+            4
+            sage: cone1 = Cone([(1,0), (0,1)])
+            sage: cone2 = Cone([(-1,0)])
+            sage: fan = Fan([cone1, cone2])
+            sage: fan.ngenerating_cones()
+            2
+        """
+        return len(self.generating_cones())
+
+    def plot(self, **options):
+        r"""
+        Plot ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - any options for toric plots (see :func:`toric_plotter.options
+          <sage.geometry.toric_plotter.options>`), none are mandatory.
+
+        OUTPUT: a plot
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: fan = toric_varieties.dP6().fan()                                     # needs palp
+            sage: fan.plot()                                                            # needs palp sage.plot sage.symbolic
+            Graphics object consisting of 31 graphics primitives
+        """
+        tp = ToricPlotter(options, self.lattice().degree(), self.rays())
+        result = tp.plot_lattice() + tp.plot_rays() + tp.plot_generators()
+        if self.dim() >= 2:
+            result += tp.plot_walls(self(2))
+        return result
+
+    def subdivide(self, new_rays=None, make_simplicial=False,
+                  algorithm='default', verbose=False):
+        r"""
+        Construct a new fan subdividing ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``new_rays`` -- list of new rays to be added during subdivision, each
+          ray must be a list or a vector. May be empty or ``None`` (default);
+
+        - ``make_simplicial`` -- if ``True``, the returned fan is guaranteed to
+          be simplicial, default is ``False``;
+
+        - ``algorithm`` -- string with the name of the algorithm used for
+          subdivision. Currently there is only one available algorithm called
+          "default";
+
+        - ``verbose`` -- if ``True``, some timing information may be printed
+          during the process of subdivision
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        :class:`rational polyhedral fan
+        <sage.geometry.fan.RationalPolyhedralFan>`
+
+        Currently the "default" algorithm corresponds to iterative stellar
+        subdivision for each ray in ``new_rays``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: fan = NormalFan(lattice_polytope.cross_polytope(3))
+            sage: fan.is_simplicial()
+            False
+            sage: fan.ngenerating_cones()
+            6
+            sage: fan.nrays()
+            8
+            sage: new_fan = fan.subdivide(new_rays=[(1,0,0)])
+            sage: new_fan.is_simplicial()
+            False
+            sage: new_fan.ngenerating_cones()
+            9
+            sage: new_fan.nrays()
+            9
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        We check that :issue:`11902` is fixed::
+
+            sage: fan = toric_varieties.P2().fan()                                      # needs palp
+            sage: fan.subdivide(new_rays=[(0,0)])                                       # needs palp
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the origin cannot be used for fan subdivision!
+        """
+        # Maybe these decisions should be done inside the algorithms
+        # We can figure it out once we have at least two of them.
+        if make_simplicial and not self.is_simplicial():
+            rays = list(self.rays())
+        else:
+            rays = []
+        rays.extend(ray for ray in normalize_rays(new_rays, self.lattice())
+                        if ray not in self.rays().set())
+        if not rays:
+            return self  # Nothing has to be done
+        if self.lattice().zero() in rays:
+            raise ValueError("the origin cannot be used for fan subdivision!")
+        if algorithm == "default":
+            algorithm = "stellar"
+        method_name = "_subdivide_" + algorithm
+        if not hasattr(self, method_name):
+            raise ValueError('"%s" is an unknown subdivision algorithm!'
+                             % algorithm)
+        return getattr(self, method_name)(rays, verbose)
+
+    def virtual_rays(self, *args):
+        r"""
+        Return (some of the) virtual rays of ``self``.
+
+        Let `N` be the `D`-dimensional
+        :meth:`~sage.geometry.cone.IntegralRayCollection.lattice`
+        of a `d`-dimensional fan `\Sigma` in `N_\RR`. Then the corresponding
+        toric variety is of the form `X \times (\CC^*)^{D-d}`. The actual
+        :meth:`~sage.geometry.cone.IntegralRayCollection.rays` of `\Sigma`
+        give a canonical choice of homogeneous coordinates on `X`. This function
+        returns an arbitrary but fixed choice of virtual rays corresponding to a
+        (non-canonical) choice of homogeneous coordinates on the torus factor.
+        Combinatorially primitive integral generators of virtual rays span the
+        `D-d` dimensions of `N_\QQ` "missed" by the actual rays. (In general
+        addition of virtual rays is not sufficient to span `N` over `\ZZ`.)
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            You may use a particular choice of virtual rays by passing optional
+            argument ``virtual_rays`` to the :func:`Fan` constructor.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``ray_list`` -- list of integers; the indices of the
+          requested virtual rays. If not specified, all virtual rays of ``self``
+          will be returned.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        a :class:`~sage.geometry.point_collection.PointCollection` of
+        primitive integral ray generators. Usually (if the fan is
+        full-dimensional) this will be empty.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = Fan([Cone([(1,0,1,0), (0,1,1,0)])])
+            sage: f.virtual_rays()
+            N(1, 0, 0, 0),
+            N(0, 0, 0, 1)
+            in 4-d lattice N
+
+            sage: f.rays()
+            N(1, 0, 1, 0),
+            N(0, 1, 1, 0)
+            in 4-d lattice N
+
+            sage: f.virtual_rays([0])
+            N(1, 0, 0, 0)
+            in 4-d lattice N
+
+        You can also give virtual ray indices directly, without
+        packing them into a list::
+
+            sage: f.virtual_rays(0)
+            N(1, 0, 0, 0)
+            in 4-d lattice N
+
+        Make sure that :issue:`16344` is fixed and one can compute
+        the virtual rays of fans in non-saturated lattices::
+
+            sage: N = ToricLattice(1)
+            sage: B = N.submodule([(2,)]).basis()
+            sage: f = Fan([Cone([B[0]])])
+            sage: len(f.virtual_rays())
+            0
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: N = ToricLattice(4)
+            sage: for i in range(10):
+            ....:      c = Cone([N.random_element() for j in range(i//2)], lattice=N)
+            ....:      if not c.is_strictly_convex():
+            ....:          continue
+            ....:      f = Fan([c])
+            ....:      assert matrix(f.rays() + f.virtual_rays()).rank() == 4
+            ....:      assert f.dim() + len(f.virtual_rays()) == 4
+        """
+        try:
+            virtual = self._virtual_rays
+        except AttributeError:
+            N = self.lattice()
+            Np = N.ambient_module()
+            qp = Np.quotient(self.rays().matrix().saturation().rows())
+            quotient = qp.submodule(N.gens())
+            virtual = [gen.lift() for gen in quotient.gens()]
+            for v in virtual:
+                v.set_immutable()
+            virtual = PointCollection(virtual, N)
+            self._virtual_rays = virtual
+        if args:
+            return virtual(*args)
+        else:
+            return virtual
+
+    def primitive_collections(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the primitive collections.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        Return the subsets `\{i_1,\dots,i_k\} \subset \{ 1,\dots,n\}`
+        such that
+
+        * The points `\{p_{i_1},\dots,p_{i_k}\}` do not span a cone of
+          the fan.
+
+        * If you remove any one `p_{i_j}` from the set, then they do
+          span a cone of the fan.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            By replacing the multiindices `\{i_1,\dots,i_k\}` of each
+            primitive collection with the monomials `x_{i_1}\cdots
+            x_{i_k}` one generates the Stanley-Reisner ideal in
+            `\ZZ[x_1,\dots]`.
+
+        REFERENCES:
+
+        - [Bat1991]_
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: fan = Fan([[0,1,3], [3,4], [2,0], [1,2,4]],
+            ....:           [(-3, -2, 1), (0, 0, 1), (3, -2, 1), (-1, -1, 1), (1, -1, 1)])
+            sage: fan.primitive_collections()
+            [frozenset({0, 4}),
+             frozenset({2, 3}),
+             frozenset({0, 1, 2}),
+             frozenset({1, 3, 4})]
+        """
+        try:
+            return self._primitive_collections
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+        def is_not_facet(I):
+            return all(not (I <= f) for f in facets)
+
+        def is_in_SR(I):
+            return all(not (I >= sr) for sr in SR)
+
+        # Generators of SR are index sets I = {i1, ..., ik}
+        # called "primitive collections" such that
+        # 1) I is not contained in a face
+        # 2) if you remove any one entry j, then I-{j} is contained in a facet
+        facets = [frozenset(c.ambient_ray_indices())
+                  for c in self.generating_cones()]
+        all_points = frozenset(range(self.nrays()))
+        d_max = max(map(len, facets)) + 1
+        SR = []
+        for d in range(1, d_max):
+            checked = set()
+            for facet in facets:
+                for I_minus_j_list in Combinations(facet, d):
+                    I_minus_j = frozenset(I_minus_j_list)
+                    for j in all_points - I_minus_j:
+                        I = I_minus_j.union(frozenset([j]))
+
+                        if I in checked:
+                            continue
+                        else:
+                            checked.add(I)
+
+                        if is_not_facet(I) and is_in_SR(I):
+                            SR.append(I)
+
+        self._primitive_collections = SR
+        return self._primitive_collections
+
+    def Stanley_Reisner_ideal(self, ring):
+        """
+        Return the Stanley-Reisner ideal.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - A polynomial ring in ``self.nrays()`` variables.
+
+        OUTPUT: the Stanley-Reisner ideal in the given polynomial ring
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: fan = Fan([[0,1,3], [3,4], [2,0], [1,2,4]],
+            ....:           [(-3, -2, 1), (0, 0, 1), (3, -2, 1), (-1, -1, 1), (1, -1, 1)])
+            sage: fan.Stanley_Reisner_ideal(PolynomialRing(QQ, 5, 'A, B, C, D, E'))
+            Ideal (A*E, C*D, A*B*C, B*D*E) of
+             Multivariate Polynomial Ring in A, B, C, D, E over Rational Field
+        """
+        generators_indices = self.primitive_collections()
+        return ring.ideal([prod([ring.gen(i) for i in sr])
+                           for sr in generators_indices])
+
+    def linear_equivalence_ideal(self, ring):
+        """
+        Return the ideal generated by linear relations.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - A polynomial ring in ``self.nrays()`` variables.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        Return the ideal, in the given ``ring``, generated by the
+        linear relations of the rays. In toric geometry, this
+        corresponds to rational equivalence of divisors.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: fan = Fan([[0,1,3],[3,4],[2,0],[1,2,4]],
+            ....:           [(-3, -2, 1), (0, 0, 1), (3, -2, 1), (-1, -1, 1), (1, -1, 1)])
+            sage: fan.linear_equivalence_ideal(PolynomialRing(QQ, 5, 'A, B, C, D, E'))
+            Ideal (-3*A + 3*C - D + E, -2*A - 2*C - D - E, A + B + C + D + E) of
+             Multivariate Polynomial Ring in A, B, C, D, E over Rational Field
+        """
+        gens = []
+        for d in range(self.dim()):
+            gens.append(sum([self.ray(i)[d] * ring.gen(i)
+                             for i in range(self.nrays())]))
+        return ring.ideal(gens)
+
+    def oriented_boundary(self, cone):
+        r"""
+        Return the facets bounding ``cone`` with their induced
+        orientation.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``cone`` -- a cone of the fan or the whole fan
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        The boundary cones of ``cone`` as a formal linear combination
+        of cones with coefficients `\pm 1`. Each summand is a facet of
+        ``cone`` and the coefficient indicates whether their (chosen)
+        orientation agrees or disagrees with the "outward normal
+        first" boundary orientation. Note that the orientation of any
+        individual cone is arbitrary. This method once and for all
+        picks orientations for all cones and then computes the
+        boundaries relative to that chosen orientation.
+
+        If ``cone`` is the fan itself, the generating cones with their
+        orientation relative to the ambient space are returned.
+
+        See :meth:`complex` for the associated chain complex. If you
+        do not require the orientation, use :meth:`cone.facets()
+        <sage.geometry.cone.ConvexRationalPolyhedralCone.facets>`
+        instead.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs palp
+            sage: fan = toric_varieties.P(3).fan()
+            sage: cone = fan(2)[0]
+            sage: bdry = fan.oriented_boundary(cone);  bdry
+            -1-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice N
+            + 1-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice N
+            sage: bdry[0]
+            (-1, 1-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice N)
+            sage: bdry[1]
+            (1, 1-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice N)
+            sage: fan.oriented_boundary(bdry[0][1])
+            -0-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice N
+            sage: fan.oriented_boundary(bdry[1][1])
+            -0-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice N
+
+        If you pass the fan itself, this method returns the
+        orientation of the generating cones which is determined by the
+        order of the rays in :meth:`cone.ray_basis()
+        <sage.geometry.cone.IntegralRayCollection.ray_basis>` ::
+
+            sage: fan.oriented_boundary(fan)                                            # needs palp
+            -3-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice N
+            + 3-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice N
+            - 3-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice N
+            + 3-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice N
+            sage: [cone.rays().basis().matrix().det()                                   # needs palp
+            ....:  for cone in fan.generating_cones()]
+            [-1, 1, -1, 1]
+
+        A non-full dimensional fan::
+
+            sage: cone = Cone([(4,5)])
+            sage: fan = Fan([cone])
+            sage: fan.oriented_boundary(cone)
+            0-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
+            sage: fan.oriented_boundary(fan)
+            1-d cone of Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: fan = toric_varieties.P2().fan()                                      # needs palp
+            sage: trivial_cone = fan(0)[0]                                              # needs palp
+            sage: fan.oriented_boundary(trivial_cone)                                   # needs palp
+            0
+        """
+        if cone is not self:
+            cone = self.embed(cone)
+        if '_oriented_boundary' in self.__dict__:
+            return self._oriented_boundary[cone]
+
+        # Fix (arbitrary) orientations of the generating cones. Induced
+        # by ambient space orientation for full-dimensional cones
+        from sage.structure.formal_sum import FormalSum
+
+        def sign(x):
+            assert x != 0
+            if x > 0:
+                return 1
+            else:
+                return -1
+        N_QQ = self.lattice().base_extend(QQ)
+        dim = self.lattice_dim()
+        outward_vectors = {}
+        generating_cones = []
+        for c in self.generating_cones():
+            if c.dim() == dim:
+                outward_v = []
+            else:
+                Q = N_QQ.quotient(c.rays())
+                outward_v = [Q.lift(q) for q in Q.gens()]
+
+            outward_vectors[c] = outward_v
+            orientation = sign(matrix(outward_v + list(c.rays().basis())).det())
+            generating_cones.append(tuple([orientation, c]))
+        boundaries = {self: FormalSum(generating_cones)}
+
+        # The orientation of each facet is arbitrary, but the
+        # partition of the boundary in positively and negatively
+        # oriented facets is not.
+        for d in range(dim, -1, -1):
+            for c in self(d):
+                c_boundary = []
+                c_matrix = matrix(outward_vectors[c] + list(c.rays().basis()))
+                c_matrix_inv = c_matrix.inverse()
+                for facet in c.facets():
+                    outward_ray_indices = set(c.ambient_ray_indices()) \
+                              .difference(set(facet.ambient_ray_indices()))
+                    outward_vector = - sum(self.ray(i) for i in outward_ray_indices)
+                    outward_vectors[facet] = [outward_vector] + outward_vectors[c]
+                    facet_matrix = matrix(outward_vectors[facet] + list(facet.rays().basis()))
+                    orientation = sign((c_matrix_inv * facet_matrix).det())
+                    c_boundary.append(tuple([orientation, facet]))
+                boundaries[c] = FormalSum(c_boundary)
+
+        self._oriented_boundary = boundaries
+        return boundaries[cone]
+
+    def toric_variety(self, *args, **kwds):
+        """
+        Return the associated toric variety.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        Same arguments as :func:`~sage.schemes.toric.variety.ToricVariety`.
+
+        OUTPUT: a toric variety
+
+        This is equivalent to the command ``ToricVariety(self)`` and
+        is provided only as a convenient alternative method to go from the
+        fan to the associated toric variety.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fan([Cone([(1,0)]), Cone([(0,1)])]).toric_variety()
+            2-d toric variety covered by 2 affine patches
+        """
+        from sage.schemes.toric.variety import ToricVariety
+        return ToricVariety(self, *args, **kwds)
+
+    def complex(self, base_ring=ZZ, extended=False):
+        r"""
+        Return the chain complex of the fan.
+
+        To a `d`-dimensional fan `\Sigma`, one can canonically
+        associate a chain complex `K^\bullet`
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            0 \longrightarrow
+            \ZZ^{\Sigma(d)} \longrightarrow
+            \ZZ^{\Sigma(d-1)} \longrightarrow
+            \cdots \longrightarrow
+            \ZZ^{\Sigma(0)} \longrightarrow
+            0
+
+        where the leftmost nonzero entry is in degree `0` and the
+        rightmost entry in degree `d`. See [Kly1990]_, eq. (3.2). This
+        complex computes the homology of `|\Sigma|\subset N_\RR` with
+        arbitrary support,
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            H_i(K) = H_{d-i}(|\Sigma|, \ZZ)_{\text{non-cpct}}
+
+        For a complete fan, this is just the non-compactly supported
+        homology of `\RR^d`. In this case, `H_0(K)=\ZZ` and `0` in all
+        nonzero degrees.
+
+        For a complete fan, there is an extended chain complex
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            0 \longrightarrow
+            \ZZ \longrightarrow
+            \ZZ^{\Sigma(d)} \longrightarrow
+            \ZZ^{\Sigma(d-1)} \longrightarrow
+            \cdots \longrightarrow
+            \ZZ^{\Sigma(0)} \longrightarrow
+            0
+
+        where we take the first `\ZZ` term to be in degree -1. This
+        complex is an exact sequence, that is, all homology groups
+        vanish.
+
+        The orientation of each cone is chosen as in
+        :meth:`oriented_boundary`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``extended`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether to
+          construct the extended complex, that is, including the
+          `\ZZ`-term at degree -1 or not
+
+        - ``base_ring`` -- a ring (default: ``ZZ``); the ring to use
+          instead of `\ZZ`
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        The complex associated to the fan as a :class:`ChainComplex
+        <sage.homology.chain_complex.ChainComplex>`. This raises a
+        :exc:`ValueError` if the extended complex is requested for a
+        non-complete fan.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs palp
+            sage: fan = toric_varieties.P(3).fan()
+            sage: K_normal = fan.complex(); K_normal
+            Chain complex with at most 4 nonzero terms over Integer Ring
+            sage: K_normal.homology()
+            {0: Z, 1: 0, 2: 0, 3: 0}
+            sage: K_extended = fan.complex(extended=True); K_extended
+            Chain complex with at most 5 nonzero terms over Integer Ring
+            sage: K_extended.homology()
+            {-1: 0, 0: 0, 1: 0, 2: 0, 3: 0}
+
+        Homology computations are much faster over `\QQ` if you do not
+        care about the torsion coefficients::
+
+            sage: toric_varieties.P2_123().fan().complex(extended=True,                 # needs palp
+            ....:                                        base_ring=QQ)
+            Chain complex with at most 4 nonzero terms over Rational Field
+            sage: _.homology()                                                          # needs palp
+            {-1: Vector space of dimension 0 over Rational Field,
+             0: Vector space of dimension 0 over Rational Field,
+             1: Vector space of dimension 0 over Rational Field,
+             2: Vector space of dimension 0 over Rational Field}
+
+        The extended complex is only defined for complete fans::
+
+            sage: fan = Fan([Cone([(1,0)])])
+            sage: fan.is_complete()
+            False
+            sage: fan.complex(extended=True)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: The extended complex is only defined for complete fans!
+
+        The definition of the complex does not refer to the ambient
+        space of the fan, so it does not distinguish a fan from the
+        same fan embedded in a subspace::
+
+            sage: K1 = Fan([Cone([(-1,)]), Cone([(1,)])]).complex()
+            sage: K2 = Fan([Cone([(-1,0,0)]), Cone([(1,0,0)])]).complex()
+            sage: K1 == K2
+            True
+
+        Things get more complicated for non-complete fans::
+
+            sage: fan = Fan([Cone([(1,1,1)]),
+            ....:            Cone([(1,0,0), (0,1,0)]),
+            ....:            Cone([(-1,0,0), (0,-1,0), (0,0,-1)])])
+            sage: fan.complex().homology()
+            {0: 0, 1: 0, 2: Z x Z, 3: 0}
+            sage: fan = Fan([Cone([(1,0,0), (0,1,0)]),
+            ....:            Cone([(-1,0,0), (0,-1,0), (0,0,-1)])])
+            sage: fan.complex().homology()
+            {0: 0, 1: 0, 2: Z, 3: 0}
+            sage: fan = Fan([Cone([(-1,0,0), (0,-1,0), (0,0,-1)])])
+            sage: fan.complex().homology()
+            {0: 0, 1: 0, 2: 0, 3: 0}
+        """
+        dim = self.dim()
+        delta = {}
+        for degree in range(1, dim + 1):
+            m = matrix(base_ring, len(self(degree - 1)), len(self(degree)),
+                       base_ring.zero())
+            for i, cone in enumerate(self(degree)):
+                boundary = self.oriented_boundary(cone)
+                for orientation, d_cone in boundary:
+                    m[self(degree - 1).index(d_cone), i] = orientation
+            delta[dim - degree] = m
+
+        from sage.homology.chain_complex import ChainComplex
+        if not extended:
+            return ChainComplex(delta, base_ring=base_ring)
+
+        # add the extra entry for the extended complex
+        if not self.is_complete():
+            raise ValueError('The extended complex is only defined for complete fans!')
+        extension = matrix(base_ring, len(self(dim)), 1, base_ring.zero())
+        generating_cones = self.oriented_boundary(self)
+        for orientation, d_cone in generating_cones:
+            extension[self(dim).index(d_cone), 0] = orientation
+        delta[-1] = extension
+        return ChainComplex(delta, base_ring=base_ring)
+
+
+def discard_faces(cones):
+    r"""
+    Return the cones of the given list which are not faces of each other.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``cones`` -- list of
+      :class:`cones <sage.geometry.cone.ConvexRationalPolyhedralCone>`
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    a list of
+    :class:`cones <sage.geometry.cone.ConvexRationalPolyhedralCone>`,
+    sorted by dimension in decreasing order
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    Consider all cones of a fan::
+
+        sage: Sigma = toric_varieties.P2().fan()                                        # needs palp
+        sage: cones = flatten(Sigma.cones())                                            # needs palp
+        sage: len(cones)                                                                # needs palp
+        7
+
+    Most of them are not necessary to generate this fan::
+
+        sage: from sage.geometry.fan import discard_faces
+        sage: len(discard_faces(cones))                                                 # needs palp
+        3
+        sage: Sigma.ngenerating_cones()                                                 # needs palp
+        3
+    """
+    # Convert to a list or make a copy, so that the input is unchanged.
+    cones = list(cones)
+    cones.sort(key=lambda cone: cone.dim(), reverse=True)
+    generators = []
+    for cone in cones:
+        if not any(cone.is_face_of(other) for other in generators):
+            generators.append(cone)
+    return generators
+
+
+_discard_faces = discard_faces  # Due to a name conflict in Fan constructor
+
+
+def _refine_arrangement_to_fan(cones):
+    """
+    Refine the cones of the given list so that they can belong to the same fan.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``cones`` -- list of rational cones that are possibly overlapping
+
+    OUTPUT: list of refined cones
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.geometry.fan import _refine_arrangement_to_fan
+        sage: c1 = Cone([(-2,-1,1), (-2,1,1), (2,1,1), (2,-1,1)])
+        sage: c2 = Cone([(-1,-2,1), (-1,2,1), (1,2,1), (1,-2,1)])
+        sage: refined_cones = _refine_arrangement_to_fan([c1, c2])
+        sage: for cone in refined_cones: print(cone.rays())
+        N(-1,  1, 1),
+        N(-1, -1, 1),
+        N( 1, -1, 1),
+        N( 1,  1, 1)
+        in 3-d lattice N
+        N(1, -1, 1),
+        N(1,  1, 1),
+        N(2, -1, 1),
+        N(2,  1, 1)
+        in 3-d lattice N
+        N(-2,  1, 1),
+        N(-1, -1, 1),
+        N(-1,  1, 1),
+        N(-2, -1, 1)
+        in 3-d lattice N
+        N(-1, 1, 1),
+        N(-1, 2, 1),
+        N( 1, 1, 1),
+        N( 1, 2, 1)
+        in 3-d lattice N
+        N(-1, -1, 1),
+        N(-1, -2, 1),
+        N( 1, -2, 1),
+        N( 1, -1, 1)
+        in 3-d lattice N
+    """
+    dual_lattice = cones[0].dual_lattice()
+    is_face_to_face = True
+    for i in range(len(cones)):
+        ci = cones[i]
+        for j in range(i):
+            cj = cones[j]
+            c = ci.intersection(cj)
+            if not (c.is_face_of(ci)) or not (c.is_face_of(cj)):
+                is_face_to_face = False
+                break
+        if not is_face_to_face:
+            break
+    if is_face_to_face:
+        return cones
+    facet_normal_vectors = []
+    for c in cones:
+        for l in c.polyhedron().Hrepresentation():
+            v = l[1::]
+            is_new = True
+            for fnv in facet_normal_vectors:
+                if span([v, fnv]).dimension() < 2:
+                    is_new = False
+                    break
+            if is_new:
+                facet_normal_vectors.append(v)
+    for v in facet_normal_vectors:
+        halfspace1 = Cone([v], lattice=dual_lattice).dual()
+        halfspace2 = Cone([-v], lattice=dual_lattice).dual()
+        subcones = []
+        for c in cones:
+            subc1 = c.intersection(halfspace1)
+            subc2 = c.intersection(halfspace2)
+            for subc in [subc1, subc2]:
+                if subc.dim() == c.dim():
+                    is_new = True
+                    for subcone in subcones:
+                        if subc.dim() == subcone.dim() and subc.is_equivalent(subcone):
+                            is_new = False
+                            break
+                    if is_new:
+                        subcones.append(subc)
+        cones = subcones
+    return cones