passagemath-polyhedra 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-musllinux_1_2_aarch64.whl

sage/schemes/toric/fano_variety.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1606 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-polyhedra
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.geometry.polyhedron sage.graphs
+r"""
+Fano toric varieties
+
+This module provides support for (Crepant Partial Resolutions of) Fano toric
+varieties, corresponding to crepant subdivisions of face fans of reflexive
+:class:`lattice polytopes
+<sage.geometry.lattice_polytope.LatticePolytopeClass>`.
+The interface is provided via :func:`CPRFanoToricVariety`.
+
+A careful exposition of different flavours of Fano varieties can be found in
+the paper by Benjamin Nill [Nil2005]_. The main goal of this module is to
+support work with **Gorenstein weak Fano toric varieties**. Such a variety
+corresponds to a **coherent crepant refinement of the normal fan of a
+reflexive polytope** `\Delta`, where crepant means that primitive generators
+of the refining rays lie on the facets of the polar polytope `\Delta^\circ`
+and coherent (a.k.a. regular or projective) means that there exists a strictly
+upper convex piecewise linear function whose domains of linearity are
+precisely the maximal cones of the subdivision. These varieties are important
+for string theory in physics, as they serve as ambient spaces for mirror pairs
+of Calabi-Yau manifolds via constructions due to Victor V. Batyrev
+[Bat1994]_ and Lev A. Borisov [Bor1993]_.
+
+From the combinatorial point of view, the "crepant" requirement is much more simple
+and natural to work with than "coherent." For this reason, the code in this
+module will allow work with arbitrary crepant subdivisions without checking
+whether they are coherent or not. We refer to corresponding toric varieties as
+**CPR-Fano toric varieties**.
+
+REFERENCES:
+
+- [Bat1994]_
+- [Bor1993]_
+- [CD2007]_
+- [Nil2005]_
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Andrey Novoseltsev (2010-05-18): initial version.
+
+EXAMPLES:
+
+Most of the functions available for Fano toric varieties are the same as
+for general toric varieties, so here we will concentrate only on
+Calabi-Yau subvarieties, which were the primary goal for creating this
+module.
+
+For our first example we realize the projective plane as a Fano toric
+variety::
+
+    sage: simplex = LatticePolytope([(1,0), (0,1), (-1,-1)])
+    sage: P2 = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta_polar=simplex)
+
+Its anticanonical "hypersurface" is a one-dimensional Calabi-Yau
+manifold::
+
+    sage: P2.anticanonical_hypersurface(monomial_points='all')
+    Closed subscheme of 2-d CPR-Fano toric variety covered by 3 affine patches defined by:
+      a0*z0^3 + a9*z0^2*z1 + a7*z0*z1^2 + a1*z1^3 + a8*z0^2*z2 + a6*z0*z1*z2
+      + a4*z1^2*z2 + a5*z0*z2^2 + a3*z1*z2^2 + a2*z2^3
+
+In many cases, it is sufficient to work with the "simplified polynomial
+moduli space" of anticanonical hypersurfaces::
+
+    sage: P2.anticanonical_hypersurface(monomial_points='simplified')
+    Closed subscheme of 2-d CPR-Fano toric variety covered by 3 affine patches defined by:
+      a0*z0^3 + a1*z1^3 + a6*z0*z1*z2 + a2*z2^3
+
+The mirror family to these hypersurfaces lives inside the Fano toric
+variety obtained using ``simplex`` as ``Delta`` instead of ``Delta_polar``::
+
+    sage: FTV = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta=simplex, coordinate_points='all')
+    sage: FTV.anticanonical_hypersurface(monomial_points='simplified')
+    Closed subscheme of 2-d CPR-Fano toric variety covered by 9 affine patches defined by:
+      a2*z2^3*z3^2*z4*z5^2*z8 + a1*z1^3*z3*z4^2*z7^2*z9
+      + a3*z0*z1*z2*z3*z4*z5*z7*z8*z9 + a0*z0^3*z5*z7*z8^2*z9^2
+
+Here we have taken the resolved version of the ambient space for the
+mirror family, but in fact we don't have to resolve singularities
+corresponding to the interior points of facets - they are singular
+points which do not lie on a generic anticanonical hypersurface::
+
+    sage: FTV = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta=simplex, coordinate_points="all but facets")
+    sage: FTV.anticanonical_hypersurface(monomial_points='simplified')
+    Closed subscheme of 2-d CPR-Fano toric variety covered by 3 affine patches defined by:
+      a0*z0^3 + a1*z1^3 + a3*z0*z1*z2 + a2*z2^3
+
+This looks very similar to our second version of the anticanonical
+hypersurface of the projective plane, as expected, since all
+one-dimensional Calabi-Yau manifolds are elliptic curves!
+
+Now let's take a look at a toric realization of `M`-polarized K3 surfaces
+studied by Adrian Clingher and Charles F. Doran in [CD2007]_::
+
+    sage: # needs polytopes_db
+    sage: p4318 = ReflexivePolytope(3, 4318)
+    sage: FTV = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta_polar=p4318)
+    sage: FTV.anticanonical_hypersurface()
+    Closed subscheme of 3-d CPR-Fano toric variety covered by 4 affine patches defined by:
+      a0*z2^12 + a4*z2^6*z3^6 + a3*z3^12 + a8*z0*z1*z2*z3 + a2*z1^3 + a1*z0^2
+
+Below you will find detailed descriptions of available functions. Current
+functionality of this module is very basic, but it is under active
+development and hopefully will improve in future releases of Sage. If there
+are some particular features that you would like to see implemented ASAP,
+please consider reporting them to the Sage Development Team or even
+implementing them on your own as a patch for inclusion!
+"""
+# The first example of the tutorial is taken from
+# CPRFanoToricVariety_field.anticanonical_hypersurface
+
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2010 Andrey Novoseltsev <novoselt@gmail.com>
+#       Copyright (C) 2010 William Stein <wstein@gmail.com>
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+import re
+
+from sage.geometry.cone import Cone
+from sage.geometry.fan import FaceFan
+from sage.geometry.fan import Fan
+from sage.geometry.lattice_polytope import LatticePolytope
+from sage.misc.latex import latex
+from sage.misc.misc_c import prod
+from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring_constructor import PolynomialRing
+from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+
+from sage.rings.polynomial.multi_polynomial_ring import MPolynomialRing_base
+from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring import PolynomialRing_generic
+from sage.rings.fraction_field import FractionField_generic
+
+from sage.schemes.toric.toric_subscheme import AlgebraicScheme_subscheme_toric
+from sage.schemes.toric.variety import (
+                                            ToricVariety_field,
+                                            normalize_names)
+from sage.structure.all import coercion_model
+from sage.categories.fields import Fields
+_Fields = Fields()
+
+
+# Default coefficient for anticanonical hypersurfaces
+DEFAULT_COEFFICIENT = "a"
+# Default coefficients for nef complete intersections
+DEFAULT_COEFFICIENTS = tuple(chr(i) for i in range(ord("a"), ord("z") + 1))
+
+
+def is_CPRFanoToricVariety(x):
+    r"""
+    Check if ``x`` is a CPR-Fano toric variety.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``x`` -- anything
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    - ``True`` if ``x`` is a :class:`CPR-Fano toric variety
+      <CPRFanoToricVariety_field>` and ``False`` otherwise.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        While projective spaces are Fano toric varieties mathematically, they
+        are not toric varieties in Sage due to efficiency considerations, so
+        this function will return ``False``.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.schemes.toric.fano_variety import is_CPRFanoToricVariety
+        sage: is_CPRFanoToricVariety(1)
+        doctest:warning...
+        DeprecationWarning: The function is_CPRFanoToricVariety is deprecated; use 'isinstance(..., CPRFanoToricVariety_field)' instead.
+        See https://github.com/sagemath/sage/issues/38022 for details.
+        False
+        sage: FTV = toric_varieties.P2()
+        sage: FTV
+        2-d CPR-Fano toric variety covered by 3 affine patches
+        sage: is_CPRFanoToricVariety(FTV)
+        True
+        sage: is_CPRFanoToricVariety(ProjectiveSpace(2))
+        False
+    """
+    from sage.misc.superseded import deprecation
+    deprecation(38022, "The function is_CPRFanoToricVariety is deprecated; use 'isinstance(..., CPRFanoToricVariety_field)' instead.")
+    return isinstance(x, CPRFanoToricVariety_field)
+
+
+def CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta=None,
+                        Delta_polar=None,
+                        coordinate_points=None,
+                        charts=None,
+                        coordinate_names=None,
+                        names=None,
+                        coordinate_name_indices=None,
+                        make_simplicial=False,
+                        base_ring=None,
+                        base_field=None,
+                        check=True):
+    r"""
+    Construct a CPR-Fano toric variety.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        See documentation of the module
+        :mod:`~sage.schemes.toric.fano_variety` for the used
+        definitions and supported varieties.
+
+    Due to the large number of available options, it is recommended to always
+    use keyword parameters.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``Delta`` -- reflexive :class:`lattice polytope
+      <sage.geometry.lattice_polytope.LatticePolytopeClass>`. The fan of the
+      constructed CPR-Fano toric variety will be a crepant subdivision of the
+      *normal fan* of ``Delta``. Either ``Delta`` or ``Delta_polar`` must be
+      given, but not both at the same time, since one is completely determined
+      by another via :meth:`polar
+      <sage.geometry.lattice_polytope.LatticePolytopeClass.polar>` method.
+
+    - ``Delta_polar`` -- reflexive :class:`lattice polytope
+      <sage.geometry.lattice_polytope.LatticePolytopeClass>`. The fan of the
+      constructed CPR-Fano toric variety will be a crepant subdivision of the
+      *face fan* of ``Delta_polar``. Either ``Delta`` or ``Delta_polar`` must
+      be given, but not both at the same time, since one is completely
+      determined by another via :meth:`polar
+      <sage.geometry.lattice_polytope.LatticePolytopeClass.polar>` method.
+
+    - ``coordinate_points`` -- list of integers or string. A list will be
+      interpreted as indices of (boundary) points of ``Delta_polar`` which
+      should be used as rays of the underlying fan. It must include all
+      vertices of ``Delta_polar`` and no repetitions are allowed. A string
+      must be one of the following descriptions of points of ``Delta_polar``:
+
+      * "vertices" (default),
+      * "all" (will not include the origin),
+      * "all but facets" (will not include points in the relative interior of
+        facets);
+
+    - ``charts`` -- list of lists of elements from ``coordinate_points``. Each
+      of these lists must define a generating cone of a fan subdividing the
+      normal fan of ``Delta``. Default ``charts`` correspond to the normal fan
+      of ``Delta`` without subdivision. The fan specified by ``charts`` will
+      be subdivided to include all of the requested ``coordinate_points``.
+
+    - ``coordinate_names`` -- names of variables for the coordinate ring, see
+      :func:`~sage.schemes.toric.variety.normalize_names`
+      for acceptable formats. If not given, indexed variable names will be
+      created automatically.
+
+    - ``names`` -- an alias of ``coordinate_names`` for internal
+      use. You may specify either ``names`` or ``coordinate_names``,
+      but not both.
+
+    - ``coordinate_name_indices`` -- list of integers, indices for indexed
+      variables. If not given, the index of each variable will coincide with
+      the index of the corresponding point of ``Delta_polar``.
+
+    - ``make_simplicial`` -- if ``True``, the underlying fan will be made
+      simplicial (default: ``False``)
+
+    - ``base_ring`` -- base field of the CPR-Fano toric variety
+      (default: `\QQ`)
+
+    - ``base_field`` -- alias for ``base_ring``. Takes precedence if
+      both are specified.
+
+    - ``check`` -- by default the input data will be checked for correctness
+      (e.g. that ``charts`` do form a subdivision of the normal fan of
+      ``Delta``). If you know for sure that the input is valid, you may
+      significantly decrease construction time using ``check=False`` option.
+
+    OUTPUT: :class:`CPR-Fano toric variety <CPRFanoToricVariety_field>`
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    We start with the product of two projective lines::
+
+        sage: diamond = lattice_polytope.cross_polytope(2)
+        sage: diamond.vertices()
+        M( 1,  0),        M( 0,  1),
+        M(-1,  0),        M( 0, -1)
+        in 2-d lattice M
+        sage: P1xP1 = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta_polar=diamond)
+        sage: P1xP1
+        2-d CPR-Fano toric variety covered by 4 affine patches
+        sage: P1xP1.fan()
+        Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice M
+        sage: P1xP1.fan().rays()
+        M( 1,  0),        M( 0,  1),
+        M(-1,  0),        M( 0, -1)
+        in 2-d lattice M
+
+    "Unfortunately," this variety is smooth to start with and we cannot
+    perform any subdivisions of the underlying fan without leaving the
+    category of CPR-Fano toric varieties. Our next example starts with a
+    square::
+
+        sage: square = diamond.polar()
+        sage: square.vertices()
+        N( 1,  1),        N( 1, -1),
+        N(-1, -1),        N(-1,  1)
+        in 2-d lattice N
+        sage: square.points()
+        N( 1,  1),        N( 1, -1),        N(-1, -1),
+        N(-1,  1),        N(-1,  0),        N( 0, -1),
+        N( 0,  0),        N( 0,  1),        N( 1,  0)
+        in 2-d lattice N
+
+    We will construct several varieties associated to it::
+
+        sage: FTV = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta_polar=square)
+        sage: FTV.fan().rays()
+        N( 1,  1),        N( 1, -1),
+        N(-1, -1),        N(-1,  1)
+        in 2-d lattice N
+        sage: FTV.gens()
+        (z0, z1, z2, z3)
+
+        sage: FTV = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta_polar=square,
+        ....:                           coordinate_points=[0,1,2,3,8])
+        sage: FTV.fan().rays()
+        N( 1,  1),        N( 1, -1),        N(-1, -1),
+        N(-1,  1),        N( 1,  0)
+        in 2-d lattice N
+        sage: FTV.gens()
+        (z0, z1, z2, z3, z8)
+
+        sage: FTV = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta_polar=square,
+        ....:                           coordinate_points=[8,0,2,1,3],
+        ....:                           coordinate_names='x+')
+        sage: FTV.fan().rays()
+        N( 1,  0),        N( 1,  1),        N(-1, -1),
+        N( 1, -1),        N(-1,  1)
+        in 2-d lattice N
+        sage: FTV.gens()
+        (x8, x0, x2, x1, x3)
+
+        sage: FTV = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta_polar=square,
+        ....:                           coordinate_points='all',
+        ....:                           coordinate_names="x y Z+")
+        sage: FTV.fan().rays()
+        N( 1,  1),        N( 1, -1),        N(-1, -1),        N(-1,  1),
+        N(-1,  0),        N( 0, -1),        N( 0,  1),        N( 1,  0)
+        in 2-d lattice N
+        sage: FTV.gens()
+        (x, y, Z2, Z3, Z4, Z5, Z7, Z8)
+
+    Note that ``Z6`` is "missing". This is due to the fact that the 6-th point
+    of ``square`` is the origin, and all automatically created names have the
+    same indices as corresponding points of
+    :meth:`~CPRFanoToricVariety_field.Delta_polar`. This is usually very
+    convenient, especially if you have to work with several partial
+    resolutions of the same Fano toric variety. However, you can change it, if
+    you want::
+
+        sage: FTV = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta_polar=square,
+        ....:                           coordinate_points='all',
+        ....:                           coordinate_names="x y Z+",
+        ....:                           coordinate_name_indices=list(range(8)))
+        sage: FTV.gens()
+        (x, y, Z2, Z3, Z4, Z5, Z6, Z7)
+
+    Note that you have to provide indices for *all* variables, including those
+    that have "completely custom" names. Again, this is usually convenient,
+    because you can add or remove "custom" variables without disturbing too
+    much "automatic" ones::
+
+        sage: FTV = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta_polar=square,
+        ....:                           coordinate_points='all',
+        ....:                           coordinate_names="x Z+",
+        ....:                           coordinate_name_indices=list(range(8)))
+        sage: FTV.gens()
+        (x, Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4, Z5, Z6, Z7)
+
+    If you prefer to always start from zero, you will have to shift indices
+    accordingly::
+
+        sage: FTV = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta_polar=square,
+        ....:                           coordinate_points='all',
+        ....:                           coordinate_names="x Z+",
+        ....:                           coordinate_name_indices=[0] + list(range(7)))
+        sage: FTV.gens()
+        (x, Z0, Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4, Z5, Z6)
+
+        sage: FTV = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta_polar=square,
+        ....:                           coordinate_points='all',
+        ....:                           coordinate_names="x y Z+",
+        ....:                           coordinate_name_indices=[0]*2 + list(range(6)))
+        sage: FTV.gens()
+        (x, y, Z0, Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4, Z5)
+
+    So you always can get any names you want, somewhat complicated default
+    behaviour was designed with the hope that in most cases you will have no
+    desire to provide different names.
+
+    Now we will use the possibility to specify initial charts::
+
+        sage: charts = [(0,1), (1,2), (2,3), (3,0)]
+
+    (these charts actually form exactly the face fan of our square) ::
+
+        sage: FTV = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta_polar=square,
+        ....:                           coordinate_points=[0,1,2,3,4],
+        ....:                           charts=charts)
+        sage: FTV.fan().rays()
+        N( 1,  1),        N( 1, -1),        N(-1, -1),
+        N(-1,  1),        N(-1,  0)
+        in 2-d lattice N
+        sage: [cone.ambient_ray_indices() for cone in FTV.fan()]
+        [(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 4), (0, 3)]
+
+    If charts are wrong, it should be detected::
+
+        sage: bad_charts = charts + [(3,0)]
+        sage: FTV = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta_polar=square,
+        ....:                           coordinate_points=[0,1,2,3,4],
+        ....:                           charts=bad_charts)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: you have provided 5 cones, but only 4 of them are maximal!
+        Use discard_faces=True if you indeed need to construct a fan from these cones.
+
+    These charts are technically correct, they just happened to list one of
+    them twice, but it is assumed that such a situation will not happen. It is
+    especially important when you try to speed up your code::
+
+        sage: FTV = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta_polar=square,
+        ....:                           coordinate_points=[0,1,2,3,4],
+        ....:                           charts=bad_charts,
+        ....:                           check=False)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        IndexError: list assignment index out of range
+
+    In this case you still get an error message, but it is harder to figure out
+    what is going on. It may also happen that "everything will still work" in
+    the sense of not crashing, but work with such an invalid variety may lead to
+    mathematically wrong results, so use ``check=False`` carefully!
+
+    Here are some other possible mistakes::
+
+        sage: bad_charts = charts + [(0,2)]
+        sage: FTV = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta_polar=square,
+        ....:                           coordinate_points=[0,1,2,3,4],
+        ....:                           charts=bad_charts)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: (0, 2) does not form a chart of a subdivision of
+        the face fan of 2-d reflexive polytope ... in 2-d lattice N!
+
+        sage: bad_charts = charts[:-1]
+        sage: FTV = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta_polar=square,
+        ....:                           coordinate_points=[0,1,2,3,4],
+        ....:                           charts=bad_charts)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: given charts do not form a complete fan!
+
+        sage: FTV = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta_polar=square,
+        ....:                           coordinate_points=[1,2,3,4])
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: all 4 vertices of Delta_polar must be used for coordinates!
+        Got: [1, 2, 3, 4]
+
+        sage: FTV = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta_polar=square,
+        ....:                           coordinate_points=[0,0,1,2,3,4])
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: no repetitions are allowed for coordinate points!
+        Got: [0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
+
+        sage: FTV = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta_polar=square,
+        ....:                           coordinate_points=[0,1,2,3,6])
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: the origin (point #6) cannot be used for a coordinate!
+        Got: [0, 1, 2, 3, 6]
+
+    Here is a shorthand for defining the toric variety and homogeneous
+    coordinates in one go::
+
+        sage: P1xP1.<a,b,c,d> = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta_polar=diamond)
+        sage: (a^2+b^2) * (c+d)
+        a^2*c + b^2*c + a^2*d + b^2*d
+    """
+    if names is not None:
+        if coordinate_names is not None:
+            raise ValueError('You must not specify both coordinate_names and names!')
+        coordinate_names = names
+    # Check/normalize Delta_polar
+    if Delta is None and Delta_polar is None:
+        raise ValueError("either Delta or Delta_polar must be given!")
+    elif Delta is not None and Delta_polar is not None:
+        raise ValueError("Delta and Delta_polar cannot be given together!")
+    elif Delta_polar is None:
+        Delta_polar = Delta.polar()
+    elif not Delta_polar.is_reflexive():
+        raise ValueError("Delta_polar must be reflexive!")
+    # Check/normalize coordinate_points and construct fan rays
+    if coordinate_points is None:
+        coordinate_points = list(range(Delta_polar.nvertices()))
+        if charts is not None:
+            for chart in charts:
+                for point in chart:
+                    if point not in coordinate_points:
+                        coordinate_points.append(point)
+    elif coordinate_points == "vertices":
+        coordinate_points = list(range(Delta_polar.nvertices()))
+    elif coordinate_points == "all":
+        coordinate_points = list(range(Delta_polar.npoints()))
+        coordinate_points.remove(Delta_polar.origin())
+    elif coordinate_points == "all but facets":
+        coordinate_points = Delta_polar.skeleton_points(Delta_polar.dim() - 2)
+    elif isinstance(coordinate_points, str):
+        raise ValueError("unrecognized description of the coordinate points!"
+                         "\nGot: %s" % coordinate_points)
+    elif check:
+        cp_set = set(coordinate_points)
+        if len(cp_set) != len(coordinate_points):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "no repetitions are allowed for coordinate points!\nGot: %s"
+                % coordinate_points)
+        if not cp_set.issuperset(list(range(Delta_polar.nvertices()))):
+            raise ValueError("all %d vertices of Delta_polar must be used "
+                "for coordinates!\nGot: %s"
+                % (Delta_polar.nvertices(), coordinate_points))
+        if Delta_polar.origin() in cp_set:
+            raise ValueError("the origin (point #%d) cannot be used for a "
+                "coordinate!\nGot: %s"
+                % (Delta_polar.origin(), coordinate_points))
+    point_to_ray = {point: n
+                    for n, point in enumerate(coordinate_points)}
+    # This can be simplified if LatticePolytopeClass is adjusted.
+    rays = [Delta_polar.point(p) for p in coordinate_points]
+    # Check/normalize charts and construct the fan based on them.
+    if charts is None:
+        # Start with the face fan
+        fan = FaceFan(Delta_polar)
+    else:
+        # First of all, check that each chart is completely contained in a
+        # single facet of Delta_polar, otherwise they do not form a
+        # subdivision of the face fan of Delta_polar
+        if check:
+            ambient_points = Delta_polar.ambient().points()
+            facet_sets = [frozenset(Pindex for Pindex, point in enumerate(ambient_points)
+                                    if normal*point + Delta_polar.facet_constant(Hindex) == 0)
+                          for Hindex, normal in enumerate(Delta_polar.facet_normals())]
+            for chart in charts:
+                is_bad = True
+                for fset in facet_sets:
+                    if fset.issuperset(chart):
+                        is_bad = False
+                        break
+                if is_bad:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "%s does not form a chart of a subdivision of the "
+                        "face fan of %s!" % (chart, Delta_polar))
+        # We will construct the initial fan from Cone objects: since charts
+        # may not use all of the necessary rays, alternative form is tedious
+        # With check=False it should not be long anyway.
+        cones = [Cone((rays[point_to_ray[point]] for point in chart),
+                      check=check)
+                 for chart in charts]
+        fan = Fan(cones, check=check)
+        if check and not fan.is_complete():
+            raise ValueError("given charts do not form a complete fan!")
+    # Subdivide this fan to use all required points
+    fan = fan.subdivide(new_rays=(ray for ray in rays
+                                      if ray not in fan.rays().set()),
+                        make_simplicial=make_simplicial)
+    # Now create yet another fan making sure that the order of the rays is
+    # the same as requested (it is a bit difficult to get it from the start)
+    trans = {}
+    for n, ray in enumerate(fan.rays()):
+        trans[n] = rays.index(ray)
+    cones = tuple(tuple(sorted(trans[r] for r in cone.ambient_ray_indices()))
+                  for cone in fan)
+    fan = Fan(cones, rays, check=False)
+    # Check/normalize base_field
+    if base_field is not None:
+        base_ring = base_field
+    if base_ring is None:
+        base_ring = QQ
+    elif base_ring not in _Fields:
+        raise TypeError("need a field to construct a Fano toric variety!"
+                        "\n Got %s" % base_ring)
+    fan._is_complete = True     # At this point it must be for sure
+    return CPRFanoToricVariety_field(
+        Delta_polar, fan, coordinate_points,
+        point_to_ray, coordinate_names, coordinate_name_indices, base_ring)
+
+
+class CPRFanoToricVariety_field(ToricVariety_field):
+    r"""
+    Construct a CPR-Fano toric variety associated to a reflexive polytope.
+
+    .. WARNING::
+
+        This class does not perform any checks of correctness of input and it
+        does assume that the internal structure of the given parameters is
+        coordinated in a certain way. Use
+        :func:`CPRFanoToricVariety` to construct CPR-Fano toric varieties.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        See documentation of the module
+        :mod:`~sage.schemes.toric.fano_variety` for the used
+        definitions and supported varieties.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``Delta_polar`` -- reflexive polytope
+
+    - ``fan`` -- rational polyhedral fan subdividing the face fan of
+      ``Delta_polar``
+
+    - ``coordinate_points`` -- list of indices of points of ``Delta_polar``
+      used for rays of ``fan``
+
+    - ``point_to_ray`` -- dictionary mapping the index of a coordinate point
+      to the index of the corresponding ray
+
+    - ``coordinate_names`` -- names of the variables of the coordinate ring in
+      the format accepted by
+      :func:`~sage.schemes.toric.variety.normalize_names`
+
+    - ``coordinate_name_indices`` -- indices for indexed variables,
+      if ``None``, will be equal to ``coordinate_points``
+
+    - ``base_field`` -- base field of the CPR-Fano toric variety
+
+    OUTPUT: :class:`CPR-Fano toric variety <CPRFanoToricVariety_field>`
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: P1xP1 = CPRFanoToricVariety(
+        ....:     Delta_polar=lattice_polytope.cross_polytope(2))
+        sage: P1xP1
+        2-d CPR-Fano toric variety covered by 4 affine patches
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, Delta_polar, fan, coordinate_points, point_to_ray,
+                 coordinate_names, coordinate_name_indices, base_field):
+        r"""
+        See :class:`CPRFanoToricVariety_field` for documentation.
+
+        Use ``CPRFanoToricVariety`` to construct CPR-Fano toric varieties.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: P1xP1 = CPRFanoToricVariety(
+            ....:     Delta_polar=lattice_polytope.cross_polytope(2))
+            sage: P1xP1
+            2-d CPR-Fano toric variety covered by 4 affine patches
+        """
+        self._Delta_polar = Delta_polar
+        self._coordinate_points = tuple(coordinate_points)
+        self._point_to_ray = point_to_ray
+        # Check/normalize coordinate_indices
+        if coordinate_name_indices is None:
+            coordinate_name_indices = coordinate_points
+        super().__init__(fan, coordinate_names,
+                         coordinate_name_indices, base_field)
+
+    def _latex_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a LaTeX representation of ``self``.
+
+        OUTPUT: string
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: P1xP1 = toric_varieties.P1xP1()
+            sage: print(P1xP1._latex_())                                                # needs polytopes_db
+            \mathbb{P}_{\Delta^{2}_{14}}
+        """
+        return r"\mathbb{P}_{%s}" % latex(self.Delta())
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a string representation of ``self``.
+
+        OUTPUT: string
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: P1xP1 = toric_varieties.P1xP1()
+            sage: print(P1xP1._repr_())
+            2-d CPR-Fano toric variety covered by 4 affine patches
+        """
+        return ("%d-d CPR-Fano toric variety covered by %d affine patches"
+                % (self.dimension_relative(), self.fan().ngenerating_cones()))
+
+    def anticanonical_hypersurface(self, **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Return an anticanonical hypersurface of ``self``.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            The returned hypersurface may be actually a subscheme of
+            **another** CPR-Fano toric variety: if the base field of ``self``
+            does not include all of the required names for generic monomial
+            coefficients, it will be automatically extended.
+
+        Below `\Delta` is the reflexive polytope corresponding to ``self``,
+        i.e. the fan of ``self`` is a refinement of the normal fan of
+        `\Delta`. This function accepts only keyword parameters.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``monomial_points`` -- list of integers or a string. A list will be
+          interpreted as indices of points of `\Delta` which should be used
+          for monomials of this hypersurface. A string must be one of the
+          following descriptions of points of `\Delta`:
+
+          * "vertices",
+          * "vertices+origin",
+          * "all",
+          * "simplified" (default) -- all points of `\Delta` except for
+            the interior points of facets, this choice corresponds to working
+            with the "simplified polynomial moduli space" of anticanonical
+            hypersurfaces;
+
+        - ``coefficient_names`` -- names for the monomial coefficients, see
+          :func:`~sage.schemes.toric.variety.normalize_names`
+          for acceptable formats. If not given, indexed coefficient names will
+          be created automatically.
+
+        - ``coefficient_name_indices`` -- list of integers, indices for
+          indexed coefficients. If not given, the index of each coefficient
+          will coincide with the index of the corresponding point of `\Delta`.
+
+        - ``coefficients`` -- as an alternative to specifying coefficient
+          names and/or indices, you can give the coefficients themselves as
+          arbitrary expressions and/or strings. Using strings allows you to
+          easily add "parameters": the base field of ``self`` will be extended
+          to include all necessary names.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - an :class:`anticanonical hypersurface <AnticanonicalHypersurface>` of
+          ``self`` (with the extended base field, if necessary).
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        We realize the projective plane as a Fano toric variety::
+
+            sage: simplex = LatticePolytope([(1,0), (0,1), (-1,-1)])
+            sage: P2 = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta_polar=simplex)
+
+        Its anticanonical "hypersurface" is a one-dimensional Calabi-Yau
+        manifold::
+
+            sage: P2.anticanonical_hypersurface(monomial_points='all')
+            Closed subscheme of 2-d CPR-Fano toric variety
+             covered by 3 affine patches defined by:
+              a0*z0^3 + a9*z0^2*z1 + a7*z0*z1^2 + a1*z1^3 + a8*z0^2*z2 + a6*z0*z1*z2
+              + a4*z1^2*z2 + a5*z0*z2^2 + a3*z1*z2^2 + a2*z2^3
+
+        In many cases it is sufficient to work with the "simplified polynomial
+        moduli space" of anticanonical hypersurfaces::
+
+            sage: P2.anticanonical_hypersurface(monomial_points='simplified')
+            Closed subscheme of 2-d CPR-Fano toric variety
+             covered by 3 affine patches defined by:
+              a0*z0^3 + a1*z1^3 + a6*z0*z1*z2 + a2*z2^3
+
+        The mirror family to these hypersurfaces lives inside the Fano toric
+        variety obtained using ``simplex`` as ``Delta`` instead of
+        ``Delta_polar``::
+
+            sage: FTV = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta=simplex,
+            ....:                           coordinate_points='all')
+            sage: FTV.anticanonical_hypersurface(monomial_points='simplified')
+            Closed subscheme of 2-d CPR-Fano toric variety
+             covered by 9 affine patches defined by:
+              a2*z2^3*z3^2*z4*z5^2*z8 + a1*z1^3*z3*z4^2*z7^2*z9
+              + a3*z0*z1*z2*z3*z4*z5*z7*z8*z9 + a0*z0^3*z5*z7*z8^2*z9^2
+
+        Here we have taken the resolved version of the ambient space for the
+        mirror family, but in fact we don't have to resolve singularities
+        corresponding to the interior points of facets - they are singular
+        points which do not lie on a generic anticanonical hypersurface::
+
+            sage: FTV = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta=simplex,
+            ....:                           coordinate_points="all but facets")
+            sage: FTV.anticanonical_hypersurface(monomial_points='simplified')
+            Closed subscheme of 2-d CPR-Fano toric variety
+             covered by 3 affine patches defined by:
+              a0*z0^3 + a1*z1^3 + a3*z0*z1*z2 + a2*z2^3
+
+        This looks very similar to our second anticanonical
+        hypersurface of the projective plane, as expected, since all
+        one-dimensional Calabi-Yau manifolds are elliptic curves!
+
+        All anticanonical hypersurfaces constructed above were generic with
+        automatically generated coefficients. If you want, you can specify your
+        own names ::
+
+            sage: FTV.anticanonical_hypersurface(coefficient_names="a b c d")
+            Closed subscheme of 2-d CPR-Fano toric variety
+             covered by 3 affine patches defined by:
+              a*z0^3 + b*z1^3 + d*z0*z1*z2 + c*z2^3
+
+        or give concrete coefficients ::
+
+            sage: FTV.anticanonical_hypersurface(coefficients=[1, 2, 3, 4])
+            Closed subscheme of 2-d CPR-Fano toric variety
+             covered by 3 affine patches defined by:
+              z0^3 + 2*z1^3 + 4*z0*z1*z2 + 3*z2^3
+
+        or even mix numerical coefficients with some expressions ::
+
+            sage: H = FTV.anticanonical_hypersurface(
+            ....:   coefficients=[0, "t", "1/t", "psi/(psi^2 + phi)"])
+            sage: H
+            Closed subscheme of 2-d CPR-Fano toric variety
+             covered by 3 affine patches defined by:
+              t*z1^3 + psi/(phi + psi^2)*z0*z1*z2 + 1/t*z2^3
+            sage: R = H.ambient_space().base_ring()
+            sage: R
+            Fraction Field of
+             Multivariate Polynomial Ring in phi, psi, t over Rational Field
+        """
+        # The example above is also copied to the tutorial section in the
+        # main documentation of the module.
+        return AnticanonicalHypersurface(self, **kwds)
+
+    def change_ring(self, F):
+        r"""
+        Return a CPR-Fano toric variety over field ``F``, otherwise the same
+        as ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``F`` -- field
+
+        OUTPUT: :class:`CPR-Fano toric variety <CPRFanoToricVariety_field>` over ``F``
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            There is no need to have any relation between ``F`` and the base
+            field of ``self``. If you do want to have such a relation, use
+            :meth:`base_extend` instead.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P1xP1 = toric_varieties.P1xP1()
+            sage: P1xP1.base_ring()
+            Rational Field
+            sage: P1xP1_RR = P1xP1.change_ring(RR)
+            sage: P1xP1_RR.base_ring()
+            Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+            sage: P1xP1_QQ = P1xP1_RR.change_ring(QQ)
+            sage: P1xP1_QQ.base_ring()
+            Rational Field
+            sage: P1xP1_RR.base_extend(QQ)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: no natural map from the base ring
+            (=Real Field with 53 bits of precision) to R (=Rational Field)!
+            sage: R = PolynomialRing(QQ, 2, 'a')
+            sage: P1xP1.change_ring(R)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: need a field to construct a Fano toric variety!
+            Got Multivariate Polynomial Ring in a0, a1 over Rational Field
+        """
+        if self.base_ring() == F:
+            return self
+        elif F not in _Fields:
+            raise TypeError("need a field to construct a Fano toric variety!"
+                            "\n Got %s" % F)
+        else:
+            return CPRFanoToricVariety_field(self._Delta_polar, self._fan,
+                self._coordinate_points, self._point_to_ray,
+                self.variable_names(), None, F)
+                # coordinate_name_indices do not matter, we give explicit
+                # names for all variables
+
+    def coordinate_point_to_coordinate(self, point):
+        r"""
+        Return the variable of the coordinate ring corresponding to ``point``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``point`` -- integer from the list of :meth:`coordinate_points`
+
+        OUTPUT: the corresponding generator of the coordinate ring of ``self``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: diamond = lattice_polytope.cross_polytope(2)
+            sage: FTV = CPRFanoToricVariety(diamond, coordinate_points=[0,1,2,3,8])
+            sage: FTV.coordinate_points()
+            (0, 1, 2, 3, 8)
+            sage: FTV.gens()
+            (z0, z1, z2, z3, z8)
+            sage: FTV.coordinate_point_to_coordinate(8)
+            z8
+        """
+        return self.gen(self._point_to_ray[point])
+
+    def coordinate_points(self):
+        r"""
+        Return indices of points of :meth:`Delta_polar` used for coordinates.
+
+        OUTPUT: :class:`tuple` of integers
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: diamond = lattice_polytope.cross_polytope(2)
+            sage: square = diamond.polar()
+            sage: FTV = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta_polar=square,
+            ....:                           coordinate_points=[0,1,2,3,8])
+            sage: FTV.coordinate_points()
+            (0, 1, 2, 3, 8)
+            sage: FTV.gens()
+            (z0, z1, z2, z3, z8)
+
+            sage: FTV = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta_polar=square,
+            ....:                           coordinate_points='all')
+            sage: FTV.coordinate_points()
+            (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8)
+            sage: FTV.gens()
+            (z0, z1, z2, z3, z4, z5, z7, z8)
+
+        Note that one point is missing, namely ::
+
+            sage: square.origin()
+            6
+        """
+        return self._coordinate_points
+
+    def Delta(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the reflexive polytope associated to ``self``.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - reflexive :class:`lattice polytope
+          <sage.geometry.lattice_polytope.LatticePolytopeClass>`. The
+          underlying fan of ``self`` is a coherent subdivision of the
+          *normal fan* of this polytope.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: diamond = lattice_polytope.cross_polytope(2)
+            sage: P1xP1 = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta_polar=diamond)
+            sage: P1xP1.Delta()                                                         # needs polytopes_db
+            2-d reflexive polytope #14 in 2-d lattice N
+            sage: P1xP1.Delta() is diamond.polar()
+            True
+        """
+        return self._Delta_polar.polar()
+
+    def Delta_polar(self):
+        r"""
+        Return polar of :meth:`Delta`.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - reflexive :class:`lattice polytope
+          <sage.geometry.lattice_polytope.LatticePolytopeClass>`. The
+          underlying fan of ``self`` is a coherent subdivision of the
+          *face fan* of this polytope.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: diamond = lattice_polytope.cross_polytope(2)
+            sage: P1xP1 = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta_polar=diamond)
+            sage: P1xP1.Delta_polar()                                                   # needs polytopes_db
+            2-d reflexive polytope #3 in 2-d lattice M
+            sage: P1xP1.Delta_polar() is diamond
+            True
+            sage: P1xP1.Delta_polar() is P1xP1.Delta().polar()
+            True
+        """
+        return self._Delta_polar
+
+    def nef_complete_intersection(self, nef_partition, **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Return a nef complete intersection in ``self``.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            The returned complete intersection may be actually a subscheme of
+            **another** CPR-Fano toric variety: if the base field of ``self``
+            does not include all of the required names for monomial
+            coefficients, it will be automatically extended.
+
+        Below `\Delta` is the reflexive polytope corresponding to ``self``,
+        i.e. the fan of ``self`` is a refinement of the normal fan of
+        `\Delta`. Other polytopes are described in the documentation of
+        :class:`nef-partitions <sage.geometry.lattice_polytope.NefPartition>`
+        of :class:`reflexive polytopes
+        <sage.geometry.lattice_polytope.LatticePolytopeClass>`.
+
+        Except for the first argument, ``nef_partition``, this method accepts
+        only keyword parameters.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``nef_partition`` -- a `k`-part :class:`nef-partition
+          <sage.geometry.lattice_polytope.NefPartition>` of `\Delta^\circ`, all
+          other parameters (if given) must be lists of length `k`
+
+        - ``monomial_points`` -- the `i`-th element of this list is either a
+          list of integers or a string. A list will be interpreted as indices
+          of points of `\Delta_i` which should be used for monomials of the
+          `i`-th polynomial of this complete intersection. A string must be one
+          of the following descriptions of points of `\Delta_i`:
+
+          * "vertices",
+          * "vertices+origin",
+          * "all" (default),
+
+          when using this description, it is also OK to pass a single string as
+          ``monomial_points`` instead of repeating it `k` times.
+
+        - ``coefficient_names`` -- the `i`-th element of this list specifies
+          names for the monomial coefficients of the `i`-th polynomial, see
+          :func:`~sage.schemes.toric.variety.normalize_names`
+          for acceptable formats. If not given, indexed coefficient names will
+          be created automatically.
+
+        - ``coefficient_name_indices`` -- the `i`-th element of this list
+          specifies indices for indexed coefficients of the `i`-th polynomial.
+          If not given, the index of each coefficient will coincide with the
+          index of the corresponding point of `\Delta_i`.
+
+        - ``coefficients`` -- as an alternative to specifying coefficient
+          names and/or indices, you can give the coefficients themselves as
+          arbitrary expressions and/or strings. Using strings allows you to
+          easily add "parameters": the base field of ``self`` will be extended
+          to include all necessary names.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a :class:`nef complete intersection <NefCompleteIntersection>` of
+          ``self`` (with the extended base field, if necessary).
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        We construct several complete intersections associated to the same
+        nef-partition of the 3-dimensional reflexive polytope #2254::
+
+            sage: # needs polytopes_db
+            sage: p = ReflexivePolytope(3, 2254)
+            sage: np = p.nef_partitions()[1]; np
+            Nef-partition {2, 3, 4, 7, 8} ⊔ {0, 1, 5, 6}
+            sage: X = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta_polar=p)
+            sage: X.nef_complete_intersection(np)
+            Closed subscheme of 3-d CPR-Fano toric variety
+             covered by 10 affine patches defined by:
+              a0*z1*z4^2*z5^2*z7^3 + a2*z2*z4*z5*z6*z7^2*z8^2
+              + a3*z2*z3*z4*z7*z8 + a1*z0*z2,
+              b3*z1*z4*z5^2*z6^2*z7^2*z8^2 + b0*z2*z5*z6^3*z7*z8^4
+              + b5*z1*z3*z4*z5*z6*z7*z8 + b2*z2*z3*z6^2*z8^3
+              + b1*z1*z3^2*z4 + b4*z0*z1*z5*z6
+
+        Now we include only monomials associated to vertices of `\Delta_i`::
+
+            sage: X.nef_complete_intersection(np, monomial_points='vertices')           # needs polytopes_db
+            Closed subscheme of 3-d CPR-Fano toric variety
+             covered by 10 affine patches defined by:
+              a0*z1*z4^2*z5^2*z7^3 + a2*z2*z4*z5*z6*z7^2*z8^2
+              + a3*z2*z3*z4*z7*z8 + a1*z0*z2,
+              b3*z1*z4*z5^2*z6^2*z7^2*z8^2 + b0*z2*z5*z6^3*z7*z8^4
+              + b2*z2*z3*z6^2*z8^3 + b1*z1*z3^2*z4 + b4*z0*z1*z5*z6
+
+        (effectively, we set ``b5=0``). Next we provide coefficients explicitly
+        instead of using default generic names::
+
+            sage: X.nef_complete_intersection(np,                                       # needs polytopes_db
+            ....:       monomial_points='vertices',
+            ....:       coefficients=[("a", "a^2", "a/e", "c_i"), list(range(1,6))])
+            Closed subscheme of 3-d CPR-Fano toric variety
+             covered by 10 affine patches defined by:
+              a*z1*z4^2*z5^2*z7^3 + a/e*z2*z4*z5*z6*z7^2*z8^2
+              + (c_i)*z2*z3*z4*z7*z8 + (a^2)*z0*z2,
+              4*z1*z4*z5^2*z6^2*z7^2*z8^2 + z2*z5*z6^3*z7*z8^4
+              + 3*z2*z3*z6^2*z8^3 + 2*z1*z3^2*z4 + 5*z0*z1*z5*z6
+
+        Finally, we take a look at the generic representative of these complete
+        intersections in a completely resolved ambient toric variety::
+
+            sage: X = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta_polar=p,                                # needs polytopes_db
+            ....:                         coordinate_points='all')
+            sage: X.nef_complete_intersection(np)                                       # needs polytopes_db
+            Closed subscheme of 3-d CPR-Fano toric variety
+             covered by 22 affine patches defined by:
+              a2*z2*z4*z5*z6*z7^2*z8^2*z9^2*z10^2*z11*z12*z13
+              + a0*z1*z4^2*z5^2*z7^3*z9*z10^2*z12*z13
+              + a3*z2*z3*z4*z7*z8*z9*z10*z11*z12 + a1*z0*z2,
+              b0*z2*z5*z6^3*z7*z8^4*z9^3*z10^2*z11^2*z12*z13^2
+              + b3*z1*z4*z5^2*z6^2*z7^2*z8^2*z9^2*z10^2*z11*z12*z13^2
+              + b2*z2*z3*z6^2*z8^3*z9^2*z10*z11^2*z12*z13
+              + b5*z1*z3*z4*z5*z6*z7*z8*z9*z10*z11*z12*z13
+              + b1*z1*z3^2*z4*z11*z12 + b4*z0*z1*z5*z6*z13
+        """
+        return NefCompleteIntersection(self, nef_partition, **kwds)
+
+    def cartesian_product(self, other,
+                          coordinate_names=None, coordinate_indices=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the Cartesian product of ``self`` with ``other``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- a (possibly
+          :class:`CPR-Fano <CPRFanoToricVariety_field>`) :class:`toric variety
+          <sage.schemes.toric.variety.ToricVariety_field>`
+
+        - ``coordinate_names`` -- names of variables for the coordinate ring,
+          see :func:`normalize_names` for acceptable formats. If not given,
+          indexed variable names will be created automatically.
+
+        - ``coordinate_indices`` -- list of integers, indices for indexed
+          variables. If not given, the index of each variable will coincide
+          with the index of the corresponding ray of the fan.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a :class:`toric variety
+          <sage.schemes.toric.variety.ToricVariety_field>`, which is
+          :class:`CPR-Fano <CPRFanoToricVariety_field>` if ``other`` was.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P1 = toric_varieties.P1()
+            sage: P2 = toric_varieties.P2()
+            sage: P1xP2 = P1.cartesian_product(P2); P1xP2
+            3-d CPR-Fano toric variety covered by 6 affine patches
+            sage: P1xP2.fan().rays()
+            N+N( 1,  0,  0),        N+N(-1,  0,  0),        N+N( 0,  1,  0),
+            N+N( 0,  0,  1),        N+N( 0, -1, -1)
+            in 3-d lattice N+N
+            sage: P1xP2.Delta_polar()
+            3-d reflexive polytope in 3-d lattice N+N
+        """
+        if isinstance(other, CPRFanoToricVariety_field):
+            fan = self.fan().cartesian_product(other.fan())
+            Delta_polar = LatticePolytope(fan.rays())
+
+            points = Delta_polar.points()
+            point_to_ray = {}
+            coordinate_points = []
+            for ray_index, ray in enumerate(fan.rays()):
+                point = points.index(ray)
+                coordinate_points.append(point)
+                point_to_ray[point] = ray_index
+
+            return CPRFanoToricVariety_field(Delta_polar, fan,
+                                        coordinate_points, point_to_ray,
+                                        coordinate_names, coordinate_indices,
+                                        self.base_ring())
+        return super().cartesian_product(other)
+
+    def resolve(self, **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Construct a toric variety whose fan subdivides the fan of ``self``.
+
+        This function accepts only keyword arguments, none of which are
+        mandatory.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``new_points`` -- list of integers, indices of boundary points of
+          :meth:`Delta_polar`, which should be added as rays to the
+          subdividing fan
+
+        - all other arguments will be passed to
+          :meth:`~sage.schemes.toric.variety.ToricVariety_field.resolve`
+          method of (general) toric varieties; see its documentation for
+          details
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - :class:`CPR-Fano toric variety <CPRFanoToricVariety_field>` if there
+          was no ``new_rays`` argument and :class:`toric variety
+          <sage.schemes.toric.variety.ToricVariety_field>` otherwise.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: diamond = lattice_polytope.cross_polytope(2)
+            sage: FTV = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta=diamond)
+            sage: FTV.coordinate_points()
+            (0, 1, 2, 3)
+            sage: FTV.gens()
+            (z0, z1, z2, z3)
+            sage: FTV_res = FTV.resolve(new_points=[6,8])
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the origin (point #6)
+            cannot be used for subdivision!
+            sage: FTV_res = FTV.resolve(new_points=[8,5]); FTV_res
+            2-d CPR-Fano toric variety covered by 6 affine patches
+            sage: FTV_res.coordinate_points()
+            (0, 1, 2, 3, 8, 5)
+            sage: FTV_res.gens()
+            (z0, z1, z2, z3, z8, z5)
+
+            sage: TV_res = FTV.resolve(new_rays=[(1,2)]); TV_res
+            2-d toric variety covered by 5 affine patches
+            sage: TV_res.gens()
+            (z0, z1, z2, z3, z4)
+        """
+        # Reasons to override the base class:
+        # - allow using polytope point indices for subdivision
+        # - handle automatic name creation in a different fashion
+        # - return CPR-Fano toric variety if the above feature was used and
+        #   just toric variety if subdivision involves rays
+        if "new_rays" in kwds:
+            if "new_points" in kwds:
+                raise ValueError("you cannot give new_points and new_rays at "
+                                 "the same time!")
+            return super().resolve(**kwds)
+        # Now we need to construct another Fano variety
+        new_points = kwds.pop("new_points", ())
+        coordinate_points = self.coordinate_points()
+        new_points = tuple(point for point in new_points
+                           if point not in coordinate_points)
+        Delta_polar = self._Delta_polar
+        if Delta_polar.origin() in new_points:
+            raise ValueError("the origin (point #%d) cannot be used for "
+                             "subdivision!" % Delta_polar.origin())
+        if new_points:
+            coordinate_points = coordinate_points + new_points
+            point_to_ray = {point: n
+                            for n, point in enumerate(coordinate_points)}
+        else:
+            point_to_ray = self._point_to_ray
+        new_rays = [Delta_polar.point(point) for point in new_points]
+        coordinate_name_indices = kwds.pop("coordinate_name_indices",
+                                           coordinate_points)
+        fan = self.fan()
+        if "coordinate_names" in kwds:
+            coordinate_names = kwds.pop("coordinate_names")
+        else:
+            coordinate_names = list(self.variable_names())
+            coordinate_names.extend(normalize_names(ngens=len(new_rays),
+                                indices=coordinate_name_indices[fan.nrays():],
+                                prefix=self._coordinate_prefix))
+            coordinate_names.append(self._coordinate_prefix + "+")
+        rfan = fan.subdivide(new_rays=new_rays, **kwds)
+        resolution = CPRFanoToricVariety_field(Delta_polar, rfan,
+                            coordinate_points, point_to_ray, coordinate_names,
+                            coordinate_name_indices, self.base_ring())
+        R = self.coordinate_ring()
+        R_res = resolution.coordinate_ring()
+        resolution_map = resolution.hom(R.hom(R_res.gens()[:R.ngens()]), self)
+        resolution._resolution_map = resolution_map
+        return resolution
+
+
+class AnticanonicalHypersurface(AlgebraicScheme_subscheme_toric):
+    r"""
+    Construct an anticanonical hypersurface of a CPR-Fano toric variety.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``P_Delta`` -- :class:`CPR-Fano toric variety
+      <CPRFanoToricVariety_field>` associated to a reflexive polytope `\Delta`
+
+    - see :meth:`CPRFanoToricVariety_field.anticanonical_hypersurface` for
+      documentation on all other acceptable parameters
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    :class:`anticanonical hypersurface <AnticanonicalHypersurface>` of
+    ``P_Delta`` (with the extended base field, if necessary).
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: P1xP1 = toric_varieties.P1xP1()
+        sage: import sage.schemes.toric.fano_variety as ftv
+        sage: ftv.AnticanonicalHypersurface(P1xP1)
+        Closed subscheme of 2-d CPR-Fano toric variety
+         covered by 4 affine patches defined by:
+          a0*s^2*x^2 + a3*t^2*x^2 + a6*s*t*x*y + a1*s^2*y^2 + a2*t^2*y^2
+
+    See :meth:`~CPRFanoToricVariety_field.anticanonical_hypersurface()` for a
+    more elaborate example.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, P_Delta, monomial_points=None, coefficient_names=None,
+                 coefficient_name_indices=None, coefficients=None):
+        r"""
+        See :meth:`CPRFanoToricVariety_field.anticanonical_hypersurface` for
+        documentation.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: P1xP1 = toric_varieties.P1xP1()
+            sage: import sage.schemes.toric.fano_variety as ftv
+            sage: ftv.AnticanonicalHypersurface(P1xP1)
+            Closed subscheme of 2-d CPR-Fano toric variety
+             covered by 4 affine patches defined by:
+              a0*s^2*x^2 + a3*t^2*x^2 + a6*s*t*x*y + a1*s^2*y^2 + a2*t^2*y^2
+
+        Check that finite fields are handled correctly :issue:`14899`::
+
+            sage: F = GF(5^2, "a")                                                      # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: X = P1xP1.change_ring(F)                                              # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: X.anticanonical_hypersurface(monomial_points='all',                   # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            ....:                   coefficients=[1]*X.Delta().npoints())
+            Closed subscheme of 2-d CPR-Fano toric variety
+             covered by 4 affine patches defined by:
+              s^2*x^2 + s*t*x^2 + t^2*x^2 + s^2*x*y + s*t*x*y
+              + t^2*x*y + s^2*y^2 + s*t*y^2 + t^2*y^2
+        """
+        if not isinstance(P_Delta, CPRFanoToricVariety_field):
+            raise TypeError("anticanonical hypersurfaces can only be "
+                            "constructed for CPR-Fano toric varieties!"
+                            "\nGot: %s" % P_Delta)
+        Delta = P_Delta.Delta()
+        Delta_polar = Delta.polar()
+        # Monomial points normalization
+        if monomial_points == "vertices":
+            monomial_points = list(range(Delta.nvertices()))
+        elif monomial_points == "all":
+            monomial_points = list(range(Delta.npoints()))
+        elif monomial_points == "vertices+origin":
+            monomial_points = list(range(Delta.nvertices()))
+            monomial_points.append(Delta.origin())
+        elif monomial_points == "simplified" or monomial_points is None:
+            monomial_points = Delta.skeleton_points(Delta.dim() - 2)
+            monomial_points.append(Delta.origin())
+        elif isinstance(monomial_points, str):
+            raise ValueError("%s is an unsupported description of monomial "
+                             "points!" % monomial_points)
+        monomial_points = tuple(monomial_points)
+        self._monomial_points = monomial_points
+        # Make the necessary ambient space
+        if coefficients is None:
+            if coefficient_name_indices is None:
+                coefficient_name_indices = monomial_points
+            coefficient_names = normalize_names(
+                                coefficient_names, len(monomial_points),
+                                DEFAULT_COEFFICIENT, coefficient_name_indices)
+            # We probably don't want it: the analog in else-branch is unclear.
+            # self._coefficient_names = coefficient_names
+            F = add_variables(P_Delta.base_ring(), coefficient_names)
+            coefficients = [F(coef) for coef in coefficient_names]
+        else:
+            variables = set()
+            nonstr = []
+            regex = re.compile(r"[_A-Za-z]\w*")
+            for c in coefficients:
+                if isinstance(c, str):
+                    variables.update(regex.findall(c))
+                else:
+                    nonstr.append(c)
+            F = add_variables(P_Delta.base_ring(), sorted(variables))
+            F = coercion_model.common_parent(F, *nonstr)
+            coefficients = [F(_) for _ in coefficients]
+        P_Delta = P_Delta.base_extend(F)
+        if len(monomial_points) != len(coefficients):
+            raise ValueError("cannot construct equation of the anticanonical"
+                     " hypersurface with %d monomials and %d coefficients"
+                     % (len(monomial_points), len(coefficients)))
+        # Defining polynomial
+        h = sum(coef * prod(P_Delta.coordinate_point_to_coordinate(n)
+                            ** (Delta.point(m) * Delta_polar.point(n) + 1)
+                            for n in P_Delta.coordinate_points())
+            for m, coef in zip(monomial_points, coefficients))
+        super().__init__(P_Delta, h)
+
+
+class NefCompleteIntersection(AlgebraicScheme_subscheme_toric):
+    r"""
+    Construct a nef complete intersection in a CPR-Fano toric variety.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``P_Delta`` -- a :class:`CPR-Fano toric variety
+      <CPRFanoToricVariety_field>` associated to a reflexive polytope `\Delta`
+
+    - see :meth:`CPRFanoToricVariety_field.nef_complete_intersection` for
+      documentation on all other acceptable parameters
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    - a :class:`nef complete intersection <NefCompleteIntersection>` of
+      ``P_Delta`` (with the extended base field, if necessary).
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: o = lattice_polytope.cross_polytope(3)
+        sage: np = o.nef_partitions()[0]; np
+        Nef-partition {0, 1, 3} ⊔ {2, 4, 5}
+        sage: X = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta_polar=o)
+        sage: X.nef_complete_intersection(np)
+        Closed subscheme of 3-d CPR-Fano toric variety
+         covered by 8 affine patches defined by:
+          a2*z0^2*z1 + a5*z0*z1*z3 + a1*z1*z3^2 + a3*z0^2*z4 + a4*z0*z3*z4 + a0*z3^2*z4,
+          b1*z1*z2^2 + b2*z2^2*z4 + b5*z1*z2*z5 + b4*z2*z4*z5 + b3*z1*z5^2 + b0*z4*z5^2
+
+    See :meth:`CPRFanoToricVariety_field.nef_complete_intersection` for a
+    more elaborate example.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, P_Delta, nef_partition,
+                 monomial_points='all', coefficient_names=None,
+                 coefficient_name_indices=None, coefficients=None):
+        r"""
+        See :meth:`CPRFanoToricVariety_field.nef_complete_intersection` for
+        documentation.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: o = lattice_polytope.cross_polytope(3)
+            sage: np = o.nef_partitions()[0]
+            sage: np
+            Nef-partition {0, 1, 3} ⊔ {2, 4, 5}
+            sage: X = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta_polar=o)
+            sage: from sage.schemes.toric.fano_variety import *
+            sage: NefCompleteIntersection(X, np)
+            Closed subscheme of 3-d CPR-Fano toric variety
+             covered by 8 affine patches defined by:
+              a2*z0^2*z1 + a5*z0*z1*z3 + a1*z1*z3^2
+              + a3*z0^2*z4 + a4*z0*z3*z4 + a0*z3^2*z4,
+              b1*z1*z2^2 + b2*z2^2*z4 + b5*z1*z2*z5
+              + b4*z2*z4*z5 + b3*z1*z5^2 + b0*z4*z5^2
+        """
+        if not isinstance(P_Delta, CPRFanoToricVariety_field):
+            raise TypeError("nef complete intersections can only be "
+                            "constructed for CPR-Fano toric varieties!"
+                            "\nGot: %s" % P_Delta)
+        if nef_partition.Delta() is not P_Delta.Delta():
+            raise ValueError("polytopes 'Delta' of the nef-partition and the "
+                             "CPR-Fano toric variety must be the same!")
+        self._nef_partition = nef_partition
+        k = nef_partition.nparts()
+        # Pre-normalize all parameters
+        if isinstance(monomial_points, str):
+            monomial_points = [monomial_points] * k
+        if coefficient_names is None:
+            coefficient_names = [None] * k
+        if coefficient_name_indices is None:
+            coefficient_name_indices = [None] * k
+        if coefficients is None:
+            coefficients = [None] * k
+
+        polynomials = []
+        Delta_polar = P_Delta.Delta_polar()
+        for i in range(k):
+            Delta_i = nef_partition.Delta(i)
+            # Monomial points normalization
+            if monomial_points[i] == "vertices":
+                monomial_points[i] = list(range(Delta_i.nvertices()))
+            elif monomial_points[i] == "all":
+                monomial_points[i] = list(range(Delta_i.npoints()))
+            elif monomial_points[i] == "vertices+origin":
+                monomial_points[i] = list(range(Delta_i.nvertices()))
+                if (Delta_i.origin() is not None
+                    and Delta_i.origin() >= Delta_i.nvertices()):
+                    monomial_points[i].append(Delta_i.origin())
+            elif isinstance(monomial_points[i], str):
+                raise ValueError("'%s' is an unsupported description of "
+                                 "monomial points!" % monomial_points[i])
+            monomial_points[i] = tuple(monomial_points[i])
+            # Extend the base ring of the ambient space if necessary
+            if coefficients[i] is None:
+                if coefficient_name_indices[i] is None:
+                    coefficient_name_indices[i] = monomial_points[i]
+                coefficient_names[i] = normalize_names(
+                        coefficient_names[i], len(monomial_points[i]),
+                        DEFAULT_COEFFICIENTS[i], coefficient_name_indices[i])
+                F = add_variables(P_Delta.base_ring(), coefficient_names[i])
+                coefficients[i] = [F(coef) for coef in coefficient_names[i]]
+            else:
+                variables = set()
+                nonstr = []
+                regex = re.compile(r"[_A-Za-z]\w*")
+                for c in coefficients[i]:
+                    if isinstance(c, str):
+                        variables.update(regex.findall(c))
+                    else:
+                        nonstr.append(c)
+                F = add_variables(P_Delta.base_ring(), sorted(variables))
+                F = coercion_model.common_parent(F, *nonstr)
+                coefficients[i] = [F(_) for _ in coefficients[i]]
+            P_Delta = P_Delta.base_extend(F)
+            if len(monomial_points[i]) != len(coefficients[i]):
+                raise ValueError("cannot construct equation %d of the complete"
+                         " intersection with %d monomials and %d coefficients"
+                         % (i, len(monomial_points[i]), len(coefficients[i])))
+            # Defining polynomial
+            h = sum(coef * prod(P_Delta.coordinate_point_to_coordinate(n)
+                                ** (Delta_i.point(m) * Delta_polar.point(n)
+                                    + (nef_partition.part_of_point(n) == i))
+                                for n in P_Delta.coordinate_points())
+                for m, coef in zip(monomial_points[i], coefficients[i]))
+            polynomials.append(h)
+        self._monomial_points = tuple(monomial_points)
+        super().__init__(P_Delta, polynomials)
+
+    def cohomology_class(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the class of ``self`` in the ambient space cohomology ring.
+
+        OUTPUT: a :class:`cohomology class <sage.schemes.generic.toric_variety.CohomologyClass>`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: o = lattice_polytope.cross_polytope(3)
+            sage: np = o.nef_partitions()[0]; np
+            Nef-partition {0, 1, 3} ⊔ {2, 4, 5}
+            sage: X = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta_polar=o)
+            sage: CI = X.nef_complete_intersection(np); CI
+            Closed subscheme of 3-d CPR-Fano toric variety
+             covered by 8 affine patches defined by:
+              a2*z0^2*z1 + a5*z0*z1*z3 + a1*z1*z3^2 + a3*z0^2*z4 + a4*z0*z3*z4 + a0*z3^2*z4,
+              b1*z1*z2^2 + b2*z2^2*z4 + b5*z1*z2*z5 + b4*z2*z4*z5 + b3*z1*z5^2 + b0*z4*z5^2
+            sage: CI.cohomology_class()                                                 # needs sage.libs.singular
+            [2*z3*z4 + 4*z3*z5 + 2*z4*z5]
+        """
+        X = self.ambient_space()
+        H = X.cohomology_ring()
+        return prod(sum(H.gen(X._point_to_ray[point])
+                    for point in part if point in X._coordinate_points)
+               for part in self.nef_partition().parts(all_points=True))
+
+    def nef_partition(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the nef-partition associated to ``self``.
+
+        OUTPUT: a :class:`nef-partition <sage.geometry.lattice_polytope.NefPartition>`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: o = lattice_polytope.cross_polytope(3)
+            sage: np = o.nef_partitions()[0]; np
+            Nef-partition {0, 1, 3} ⊔ {2, 4, 5}
+            sage: X = CPRFanoToricVariety(Delta_polar=o)
+            sage: CI = X.nef_complete_intersection(np); CI
+            Closed subscheme of 3-d CPR-Fano toric variety
+             covered by 8 affine patches defined by:
+              a2*z0^2*z1 + a5*z0*z1*z3 + a1*z1*z3^2 + a3*z0^2*z4 + a4*z0*z3*z4 + a0*z3^2*z4,
+              b1*z1*z2^2 + b2*z2^2*z4 + b5*z1*z2*z5 + b4*z2*z4*z5 + b3*z1*z5^2 + b0*z4*z5^2
+            sage: CI.nef_partition()
+            Nef-partition {0, 1, 3} ⊔ {2, 4, 5}
+            sage: CI.nef_partition() is np
+            True
+        """
+        return self._nef_partition
+
+
+def add_variables(field, variables):
+    r"""
+    Extend ``field`` to include all ``variables``.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``field`` -- a field
+
+    - ``variables`` -- list of strings
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    - a fraction field extending the original ``field``, which has all
+      ``variables`` among its generators.
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    We start with the rational field and slowly add more variables::
+
+        sage: from sage.schemes.toric.fano_variety import *
+        sage: F = add_variables(QQ, []); F      # No extension
+        Rational Field
+        sage: F = add_variables(QQ, ["a"]); F
+        Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in a over Rational Field
+        sage: F = add_variables(F, ["a"]); F
+        Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in a over Rational Field
+        sage: F = add_variables(F, ["b", "c"]); F
+        Fraction Field of Multivariate Polynomial Ring in a, b, c over Rational Field
+        sage: F = add_variables(F, ["c", "d", "b", "c", "d"]); F
+        Fraction Field of Multivariate Polynomial Ring in a, b, c, d over Rational Field
+    """
+    if not variables:
+        return field
+    if isinstance(field, FractionField_generic):
+        # Q(a) ---> Q(a, b) rather than Q(a)(b)
+        R = field.ring()
+        if isinstance(R, (PolynomialRing_generic, MPolynomialRing_base)):
+            new_variables = list(R.variable_names())
+            for v in variables:
+                if v not in new_variables:
+                    new_variables.append(v)
+            if len(new_variables) > R.ngens():
+                return PolynomialRing(R.base_ring(),
+                                      new_variables).fraction_field()
+            else:
+                return field
+    # "Intelligent extension" didn't work, use the "usual one."
+    new_variables = []
+    for v in variables:
+        if v not in new_variables:
+            new_variables.append(v)
+    return PolynomialRing(field, new_variables).fraction_field()