passagemath-polyhedra 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-manylinux_2_24_x86_64.manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl

sage/numerical/backends/cvxpy_backend.pyx

@@ -0,0 +1,934 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-polyhedra
+# sage.doctest: optional - cvxpy
+r"""
+CVXPY Backend
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Nathann Cohen (2010-10)      : generic_backend template
+- Matthias Koeppe (2022-03)    : this backend
+"""
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2010 Nathann Cohen <nathann.cohen@gmail.com>
+#       Copyright (C) 2022 Matthias Koeppe <mkoeppe@math.ucdavis.edu>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.numerical.mip import MIPSolverException
+from sage.rings.real_double import RDF
+from copy import copy
+import cvxpy
+from cvxpy.atoms.affine.add_expr import AddExpression
+from cvxpy.expressions.constants import Constant
+from cvxpy.constraints.zero import Equality
+
+cdef class CVXPYBackend:
+    """
+    MIP Backend that delegates to CVXPY.
+
+    CVXPY interfaces to various solvers, see
+    https://www.cvxpy.org/install/index.html#install and
+    https://www.cvxpy.org/tutorial/advanced/index.html#choosing-a-solver
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: import cvxpy
+        sage: cvxpy.installed_solvers()                                                # random
+
+    Using the default solver determined by CVXPY::
+
+        sage: p = MixedIntegerLinearProgram(solver='CVXPY'); p.solve()
+        0.0
+
+    Using a specific solver::
+
+        sage: p = MixedIntegerLinearProgram(solver='CVXPY/OSQP'); p.solve()
+        0.0
+        sage: p = MixedIntegerLinearProgram(solver='CVXPY/ECOS'); p.solve()
+        0.0
+        sage: p = MixedIntegerLinearProgram(solver='CVXPY/SCS'); p.solve()
+        0.0
+        sage: p = MixedIntegerLinearProgram(solver='CVXPY/SciPy/HiGHS'); p.solve()
+        0.0
+
+    Open-source solvers provided by optional packages::
+
+        sage: p = MixedIntegerLinearProgram(solver='CVXPY/GLPK'); p.solve()             # needs cvxopt
+        0.0
+        sage: p = MixedIntegerLinearProgram(solver='CVXPY/GLPK_MI'); p.solve()          # needs cvxopt
+        0.0
+        sage: p = MixedIntegerLinearProgram(solver='CVXPY/CVXOPT'); p.solve()           # needs cvxopt
+        0.0
+        sage: p = MixedIntegerLinearProgram(solver='CVXPY/GLOP'); p.solve()            # optional - ortools
+        0.0
+        sage: p = MixedIntegerLinearProgram(solver='CVXPY/PDLP'); p.solve()            # optional - ortools
+        0.0
+        sage: p = MixedIntegerLinearProgram(solver='CVXPY/CBC'); p.solve()             # optional - cylp
+        0.0
+
+    Non-free solvers::
+
+        sage: p = MixedIntegerLinearProgram(solver='CVXPY/Gurobi'); p.solve()          # optional - gurobi
+        0.0
+        sage: p = MixedIntegerLinearProgram(solver='CVXPY/CPLEX'); p.solve()           # optional - cplex
+        0.0
+        sage: p = MixedIntegerLinearProgram(solver='CVXPY/MOSEK'); p.solve()           # optional - mosek
+        0.0
+        sage: p = MixedIntegerLinearProgram(solver='CVXPY/SCIP'); p.solve()            # optional - pyscipopt
+        0.0
+        sage: p = MixedIntegerLinearProgram(solver='CVXPY/XPRESS'); p.solve()          # optional - xpress
+        0.0
+        sage: p = MixedIntegerLinearProgram(solver="CVXPY/NAG"); p.solve()             # optional - naginterfaces
+        0.0
+    """
+
+    def __cinit__(self, maximization=True, base_ring=None, cvxpy_solver=None, cvxpy_solver_args=None):
+        """
+        Cython constructor.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``maximization``-- boolean (default: ``True``); whether this is a
+          maximization or minimization problem
+
+        - ``base_ring`` -- (optional) must be ``RDF`` if provided
+
+        - ``cvxpy_solver`` -- (optional) passed to :meth:`cvxpy.Problem.solve`
+          as the parameter ``solver``
+
+        - ``cvxpy_solver_args`` -- dictionary (optional); passed to
+          :meth:`cvxpy.Problem.solve` as additional keyword arguments
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.numerical.backends.generic_backend import get_solver
+            sage: p = get_solver(solver='CVXPY')
+        """
+        if base_ring is None:
+            base_ring = RDF
+        elif base_ring != RDF:
+            raise ValueError('base_ring must be RDF')
+
+        if cvxpy_solver_args is None:
+            cvxpy_solver_args = {}
+
+        if isinstance(cvxpy_solver, str):
+            cvxpy_solver = cvxpy_solver.upper()
+            if cvxpy_solver.startswith("SCIPY/"):
+                cvxpy_solver_args['scipy_options'] = {"method": cvxpy_solver[len("SCIPY/"):]}
+                cvxpy_solver = "SCIPY"
+            cvxpy_solver = getattr(cvxpy, cvxpy_solver)
+        self._cvxpy_solver = cvxpy_solver
+        self._cvxpy_solver_args = cvxpy_solver_args
+
+        self.set_verbosity(0)
+        self.variables = []
+        self.constraint_names = []
+        self.Matrix = []
+        self.row_lower_bound = []
+        self.row_upper_bound = []
+        self.col_lower_bound = []
+        self.col_upper_bound = []
+        self.objective_coefficients = []
+        self.obj_constant_term = 0.0
+        if maximization:
+            objective = cvxpy.Maximize(0)
+        else:
+            objective = cvxpy.Minimize(0)
+        self.problem = cvxpy.Problem(objective, ())
+
+    cpdef __copy__(self):
+        """
+        Return a copy of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.numerical.backends.generic_backend import get_solver
+            sage: p = MixedIntegerLinearProgram(solver='CVXPY')
+            sage: b = p.new_variable()
+            sage: p.add_constraint(b[1] + b[2] <= 6)
+            sage: p.set_objective(b[1] + b[2])
+            sage: cp = copy(p.get_backend())
+            sage: cp.solve()
+            doctest:warning...:
+            FutureWarning:...
+            0
+            sage: cp.get_objective_value()  # abs tol 1e-7
+            6.0
+        """
+        cdef CVXPYBackend cp = type(self)(base_ring=self.base_ring())
+        cp.problem = self.problem                   # it's considered immutable; so no need to copy.
+        cp.variables = copy(self.variables)
+        cp.constraint_names = copy(self.constraint_names)
+        cp.Matrix = [row[:] for row in self.Matrix]
+        cp.row_lower_bound = self.row_lower_bound[:]
+        cp.row_upper_bound = self.row_upper_bound[:]
+        cp.col_lower_bound = self.col_lower_bound[:]
+        cp.col_upper_bound = self.col_upper_bound[:]
+        cp.objective_coefficients = self.objective_coefficients[:]
+        cp.obj_constant_term = self.obj_constant_term
+        return cp
+
+    cpdef cvxpy_problem(self):
+        return self.problem
+
+    def cvxpy_variables(self):
+        return self.variables
+
+    cpdef int add_variable(self, lower_bound=0, upper_bound=None,
+                           binary=False, continuous=True, integer=False,
+                           obj=None, name=None, coefficients=None) except -1:
+        ## coefficients is an extension in this backend,
+        ## and a proposed addition to the interface, to unify this with add_col.
+        """
+        Add a variable.
+
+        This amounts to adding a new column to the matrix. By default,
+        the variable is both nonnegative and real.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``lower_bound`` -- the lower bound of the variable (default: 0)
+
+        - ``upper_bound`` -- the upper bound of the variable (default: ``None``)
+
+        - ``binary`` -- ``True`` if the variable is binary (default: ``False``)
+
+        - ``continuous`` -- ``True`` if the variable is continuous (default: ``True``)
+
+        - ``integer`` -- ``True`` if the variable is integral (default: ``False``)
+
+        - ``obj`` -- (optional) coefficient of this variable in the objective function (default: 0)
+
+        - ``name`` -- an optional name for the newly added variable (default: ``None``)
+
+        - ``coefficients`` -- (optional) an iterable of pairs ``(i, v)``; in each
+          pair, ``i`` is a row index (integer) and ``v`` is a value (element of :meth:`base_ring`)
+
+        OUTPUT: the index of the newly created variable
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.numerical.backends.generic_backend import get_solver
+            sage: p = get_solver(solver='CVXPY')
+            sage: p.ncols()
+            0
+            sage: p.add_variable()
+            0
+            sage: p.ncols()
+            1
+            sage: p.add_variable(continuous=True, integer=True)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: ...
+            sage: p.add_variable(name='x',obj=1)
+            1
+            sage: p.col_name(1)
+            'x'
+            sage: p.objective_coefficient(1)
+            1.0
+        """
+        cdef int vtype = int(binary) + int(continuous) + int(integer)
+        if vtype == 0:
+            continuous = True
+        elif vtype != 1:
+            raise ValueError("Exactly one parameter of 'binary', 'integer' and 'continuous' must be 'True'.")
+
+        for i in range(len(self.Matrix)):
+            self.Matrix[i].append(0.0)
+        if lower_bound is not None:
+            lower_bound = float(lower_bound)
+        self.col_lower_bound.append(lower_bound)
+        if upper_bound is not None:
+            upper_bound = float(upper_bound)
+        self.col_upper_bound.append(upper_bound)
+        if obj is None:
+            obj = 0.0
+        else:
+            obj = float(obj)
+        self.objective_coefficients.append(obj)
+
+        if name is None:
+            name = f'x_{self.ncols()}'
+
+        if binary:
+            variable = cvxpy.Variable(name=name, boolean=True)
+        elif integer:
+            variable = cvxpy.Variable(name=name, integer=True)
+        else:
+            variable = cvxpy.Variable(name=name)
+
+        self.variables.append(variable)
+        index = self.ncols() - 1
+
+        if coefficients is not None:
+            constraints = list(self.problem.constraints)
+            for i, v in coefficients:
+                if not isinstance(constraints[i], Equality):
+                    raise NotImplementedError('adding coefficients to inequalities is ambiguous '
+                                              'because cvxpy rewrites all inequalities as <=')
+                constraints[i] = type(constraints[i])(constraints[i].args[0] + float(v) * variable,
+                                                      constraints[i].args[1])
+            self.problem = cvxpy.Problem(self.problem.objective, constraints)
+
+        self.add_linear_constraint([(index, 1)], lower_bound, upper_bound)
+
+        if obj:
+            objective = type(self.problem.objective)(self.problem.objective.args[0]
+                                                     + obj * variable)
+            self.problem = cvxpy.Problem(objective, self.problem.constraints)
+
+        return index
+
+    cpdef set_verbosity(self, int level):
+        """
+        Set the log (verbosity) level.
+
+        This is currently ignored.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``level`` -- integer; from 0 (no verbosity) to 3
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.numerical.backends.generic_backend import get_solver
+            sage: p = get_solver(solver='CVXPY')
+            sage: p.set_verbosity(2)
+        """
+        pass
+
+    cpdef add_linear_constraint(self, coefficients, lower_bound, upper_bound, name=None):
+        """
+        Add a linear constraint.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``coefficients`` -- an iterable of pairs ``(i, v)``. In each
+          pair, ``i`` is a variable index (integer) and ``v`` is a
+          value (element of :meth:`base_ring`).
+
+        - ``lower_bound`` -- element of :meth:`base_ring` or
+          ``None``; the lower bound
+
+        - ``upper_bound`` -- element of :meth:`base_ring` or
+          ``None``; the upper bound
+
+        - ``name`` -- string or ``None``; optional name for this row
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.numerical.backends.generic_backend import get_solver
+            sage: p = get_solver(solver='CVXPY')
+            sage: p.add_variables(5)
+            4
+            sage: index = p.nrows()
+            sage: p.add_linear_constraint( zip(range(5), range(5)), 2, 2)
+            sage: p.row(index)
+            ([1, 2, 3, 4], [1, 2, 3, 4])
+            sage: p.row_bounds(index)
+            (2, 2)
+            sage: p.add_linear_constraint( zip(range(5), range(5)), 1, 1, name='foo')
+            sage: p.row_name(1)
+            'constraint_1'
+        """
+        last = len(self.Matrix)
+        self.Matrix.append([])
+        for i in range(len(self.objective_coefficients)):
+            self.Matrix[last].append(0.0)
+        for a in coefficients:
+            self.Matrix[last][a[0]] = a[1]
+
+        self.row_lower_bound.append(lower_bound)
+        self.row_upper_bound.append(upper_bound)
+
+        terms = [v * self.variables[i] for i, v in coefficients]
+        if terms:
+            expr = AddExpression(terms)
+        else:
+            expr = Constant(0)
+        constraints = list(self.problem.constraints)
+        if lower_bound is not None and lower_bound == upper_bound:
+            constraints.append(expr == upper_bound)
+        elif lower_bound is not None:
+            constraints.append(lower_bound <= expr)
+        elif upper_bound is not None:
+            constraints.append(expr <= upper_bound)
+        self.constraint_names.append(name)
+        self.problem = cvxpy.Problem(self.problem.objective, constraints)
+
+    cpdef add_col(self, indices, coeffs):
+        """
+        Add a column.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``indices`` -- list of integers; this list contains the
+          indices of the constraints in which the variable's
+          coefficient is nonzero
+
+        - ``coeffs`` -- list of real values; associates a coefficient
+          to the variable in each of the constraints in which it
+          appears. Namely, the i-th entry of ``coeffs`` corresponds to
+          the coefficient of the variable in the constraint
+          represented by the i-th entry in ``indices``.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            ``indices`` and ``coeffs`` are expected to be of the same
+            length.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.numerical.backends.generic_backend import get_solver
+            sage: p = get_solver(solver='CVXPY')
+            sage: p.ncols()
+            0
+            sage: p.nrows()
+            0
+            sage: p.add_linear_constraints(5, 0, None)
+            sage: p.add_col(list(range(5)), list(range(5)))
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: adding coefficients to inequalities is ambiguous because cvxpy rewrites all inequalities as <=
+            sage: p.nrows()
+            5
+        """
+        for i in range(len(self.Matrix)):
+            self.Matrix[i].append(0)
+        for i in range(len(indices)):
+            self.Matrix[indices[i]][len(self.Matrix[indices[i]]) - 1] = coeffs[i]
+
+        self.col_lower_bound.append(None)
+        self.col_upper_bound.append(None)
+        #self.objective_coefficients.append(0) goes to "self.add_variable"
+        self.add_variable(coefficients=zip(indices, coeffs))
+
+    cpdef set_objective(self, list coeff, d=0.0):
+        """
+        Set the objective function.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``coeff`` -- list of real values, whose i-th element is the
+          coefficient of the i-th variable in the objective function
+
+        - ``d`` -- double; the constant term in the linear function (set to `0`
+          by default)
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.numerical.backends.generic_backend import get_solver
+            sage: p = get_solver(solver='CVXPY')
+            sage: p.add_variables(5)
+            4
+            sage: p.set_objective([1, 1, 2, 1, 3])
+            sage: [p.objective_coefficient(x) for x in range(5)]
+            [1.0, 1.0, 2.0, 1.0, 3.0]
+        """
+        if self.variables:
+            expr = AddExpression([c * x for c, x in zip(coeff, self.variables)])
+            for i in range(len(coeff)):
+                self.objective_coefficients[i] = float(coeff[i])
+        else:
+            expr = Constant(0)
+        objective = type(self.problem.objective)(expr)
+        constraints = list(self.problem.constraints)
+        self.problem = cvxpy.Problem(objective, constraints)
+        self.obj_constant_term = d
+
+    cpdef set_sense(self, int sense):
+        """
+        Set the direction (maximization/minimization).
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``sense`` -- integer:
+
+            * +1 => Maximization
+            * -1 => Minimization
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.numerical.backends.generic_backend import get_solver
+            sage: p = get_solver(solver='CVXPY')
+            sage: p.is_maximization()
+            True
+            sage: p.set_sense(-1)
+            sage: p.is_maximization()
+            False
+        """
+        expr = self.problem.objective.args[0]
+        if sense == 1:
+            objective = cvxpy.Maximize(expr)
+        else:
+            objective = cvxpy.Minimize(expr)
+        self.problem = cvxpy.Problem(objective, self.problem.constraints)
+
+    cpdef objective_coefficient(self, int variable, coeff=None):
+        """
+        Set or get the coefficient of a variable in the objective function.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``variable`` -- integer; the variable's id
+
+        - ``coeff`` -- double; its coefficient or ``None`` for
+          reading (default: ``None``)
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.numerical.backends.generic_backend import get_solver
+            sage: p = get_solver(solver='CVXPY')
+            sage: p.add_variable()
+            0
+            sage: p.objective_coefficient(0)
+            0.0
+            sage: p.objective_coefficient(0, 2)
+            sage: p.objective_coefficient(0)
+            2
+        """
+        if coeff is not None:
+            self.objective_coefficients[variable] = coeff
+            expr = self.problem.objective.args[0] + coeff * self.variables[variable]
+            objective = type(self.problem.objective)(expr)
+            constraints = list(self.problem.constraints)
+            self.problem = cvxpy.Problem(objective, constraints)
+        else:
+            if variable < len(self.objective_coefficients):
+                return self.objective_coefficients[variable]
+            else:
+                return 0
+
+    cpdef int solve(self) except -1:
+        """
+        Solve the problem.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            This method raises ``MIPSolverException`` exceptions when
+            the solution cannot be computed for any reason (none
+            exists, or the LP solver was not able to find it, etc...)
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.numerical.backends.generic_backend import get_solver
+            sage: p = get_solver(solver='CVXPY')
+            sage: p.add_linear_constraints(5, 0, None)
+            sage: p.add_col(list(range(5)), list(range(5)))
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: adding coefficients to inequalities is ambiguous because cvxpy rewrites all inequalities as <=
+            sage: p.solve()
+            0
+            sage: p.objective_coefficient(0,1)
+            sage: p.solve()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            MIPSolverException: ...
+        """
+        try:
+            self.problem.solve(solver=self._cvxpy_solver, **self._cvxpy_solver_args)
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise MIPSolverException(f"cvxpy.Problem.solve raised exception: {e}")
+        status = self.problem.status
+        if 'optimal' in status:
+            return 0
+        if 'infeasible' in status:
+            raise MIPSolverException(f"cvxpy.Problem.solve: Problem has no feasible solution")
+        if 'unbounded' in status:
+            raise MIPSolverException(f"cvxpy.Problem.solve: Problem is unbounded")
+        raise MIPSolverException(f"cvxpy.Problem.solve reported an unknown problem status: {status}")
+
+    cpdef get_objective_value(self):
+        """
+        Return the value of the objective function.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+           Behavior is undefined unless ``solve`` has been called before.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.numerical.backends.generic_backend import get_solver
+            sage: p = get_solver(solver='CVXPY')
+            sage: p.add_variables(2)
+            1
+            sage: p.add_linear_constraint([(0,1), (1,2)], None, 3)
+            sage: p.set_objective([2, 5])
+            sage: p.solve()
+            0
+            sage: p.get_objective_value()  # abs tol 1e-7
+            7.5
+            sage: p.get_variable_value(0)  # abs tol 1e-7
+            0.0
+            sage: p.get_variable_value(1)  # abs tol 1e-7
+            1.5
+        """
+        return self.problem.value + self.obj_constant_term
+
+    cpdef get_variable_value(self, int variable):
+        """
+        Return the value of a variable given by the solver.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+           Behavior is undefined unless ``solve`` has been called before.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.numerical.backends.generic_backend import get_solver
+            sage: p = get_solver(solver='CVXPY')
+            sage: p.add_variables(2)
+            1
+            sage: p.add_linear_constraint([(0,1), (1, 2)], None, 3)
+            sage: p.set_objective([2, 5])
+            sage: p.solve()
+            0
+            sage: p.get_objective_value()  # abs tol 1e-7
+            7.5
+            sage: p.get_variable_value(0)  # abs tol 1e-7
+            0.0
+            sage: p.get_variable_value(1)  # abs tol 1e-7
+            1.5
+        """
+        return float(self.variables[variable].value)
+
+    cpdef int ncols(self) noexcept:
+        """
+        Return the number of columns/variables.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.numerical.backends.generic_backend import get_solver
+            sage: p = get_solver(solver='CVXPY')
+            sage: p.ncols()
+            0
+            sage: p.add_variables(2)
+            1
+            sage: p.ncols()
+            2
+        """
+        return len(self.variables)
+
+    cpdef int nrows(self) noexcept:
+        """
+        Return the number of rows/constraints.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.numerical.backends.generic_backend import get_solver
+            sage: p = get_solver(solver='CVXPY')
+            sage: p.nrows()
+            0
+            sage: p.add_linear_constraints(2, 0, None)
+            sage: p.nrows()
+            2
+        """
+        return len(self.problem.constraints)
+
+    cpdef bint is_maximization(self) noexcept:
+        """
+        Test whether the problem is a maximization
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.numerical.backends.generic_backend import get_solver
+            sage: p = get_solver(solver='CVXPY')
+            sage: p.is_maximization()
+            True
+            sage: p.set_sense(-1)
+            sage: p.is_maximization()
+            False
+        """
+        return isinstance(self.problem.objective, cvxpy.Maximize)
+
+    cpdef problem_name(self, name=None):
+        """
+        Return or define the problem's name.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``name`` -- string; the problem's name. When set to
+          ``None`` (default), the method returns the problem's name.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.numerical.backends.generic_backend import get_solver
+            sage: p = get_solver(solver='CVXPY')
+            sage: p.problem_name("There_once_was_a_french_fry")
+            sage: print(p.problem_name())
+            There_once_was_a_french_fry
+        """
+        if name is None:
+            if self.prob_name is not None:
+                return self.prob_name
+            else:
+                return ""
+        else:
+            self.prob_name = str(name)
+
+    cpdef row(self, int i):
+        """
+        Return a row.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``index`` -- integer; the constraint's id
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A pair ``(indices, coeffs)`` where ``indices`` lists the
+        entries whose coefficient is nonzero, and to which ``coeffs``
+        associates their coefficient on the model of the
+        ``add_linear_constraint`` method.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.numerical.backends.generic_backend import get_solver
+            sage: p = get_solver(solver='CVXPY')
+            sage: p.add_variables(5)
+            4
+            sage: index = p.nrows()
+            sage: p.add_linear_constraint(zip(range(5), range(5)), 2, 2)
+            sage: p.row(index)
+            ([1, 2, 3, 4], [1, 2, 3, 4])
+            sage: p.row_bounds(index)
+            (2, 2)
+        """
+        idx = []
+        coef = []
+        for j in range(len(self.Matrix[i])):
+            if self.Matrix[i][j] != 0:
+                idx.append(j)
+                coef.append(self.Matrix[i][j])
+        return (idx, coef)
+
+    cpdef row_bounds(self, int index):
+        """
+        Return the bounds of a specific constraint.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``index`` -- integer; the constraint's id
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A pair ``(lower_bound, upper_bound)``. Each of them can be set
+        to ``None`` if the constraint is not bounded in the
+        corresponding direction, and is a real value otherwise.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.numerical.backends.generic_backend import get_solver
+            sage: p = get_solver(solver='CVXPY')
+            sage: p.add_variables(5)
+            4
+            sage: index = p.nrows()
+            sage: p.add_linear_constraint(zip(range(5), range(5)), 2, 2)
+            sage: p.row(index)
+            ([1, 2, 3, 4], [1, 2, 3, 4])
+            sage: p.row_bounds(index)
+            (2, 2)
+        """
+        return (self.row_lower_bound[index], self.row_upper_bound[index])
+
+    cpdef col_bounds(self, int index):
+        """
+        Return the bounds of a specific variable.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``index`` -- integer; the variable's id
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A pair ``(lower_bound, upper_bound)``. Each of them can be set
+        to ``None`` if the variable is not bounded in the
+        corresponding direction, and is a real value otherwise.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.numerical.backends.generic_backend import get_solver
+            sage: p = get_solver(solver='CVXPY')
+            sage: p.add_variable()
+            0
+            sage: p.col_bounds(0)
+            (0.0, None)
+            sage: p.variable_upper_bound(0, 5)
+            sage: p.col_bounds(0)
+            (0.0, 5)
+        """
+        return (self.col_lower_bound[index], self.col_upper_bound[index])
+
+    cpdef bint is_variable_binary(self, int index) noexcept:
+        """
+        Test whether the given variable is of binary type.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``index`` -- integer; the variable's id
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.numerical.backends.generic_backend import get_solver
+            sage: p = get_solver(solver='CVXPY')
+            sage: p.ncols()
+            0
+            sage: p.add_variable()
+            0
+            sage: p.is_variable_binary(0)
+            False
+        """
+        return bool(self.variables[index].boolean_idx)
+
+    cpdef bint is_variable_integer(self, int index) noexcept:
+        """
+        Test whether the given variable is of integer type.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``index`` -- integer; the variable's id
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.numerical.backends.generic_backend import get_solver
+            sage: p = get_solver(solver='CVXPY')
+            sage: p.ncols()
+            0
+            sage: p.add_variable()
+            0
+            sage: p.is_variable_integer(0)
+            False
+        """
+        return bool(self.variables[index].integer_idx)
+
+    cpdef bint is_variable_continuous(self, int index) noexcept:
+        """
+        Test whether the given variable is of continuous/real type.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``index`` -- integer; the variable's id
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.numerical.backends.generic_backend import get_solver
+            sage: p = get_solver(solver='CVXPY')
+            sage: p.ncols()
+            0
+            sage: p.add_variable()
+            0
+            sage: p.is_variable_continuous(0)
+            True
+        """
+        return not self.is_variable_binary(index) and not self.is_variable_integer(index)
+
+    cpdef row_name(self, int index):
+        """
+        Return the ``index``-th row name.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``index`` -- integer; the row's id
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.numerical.backends.generic_backend import get_solver
+            sage: p = get_solver(solver='CVXPY')
+            sage: p.add_linear_constraint([], 2, 2)
+            sage: p.row_name(0)
+            'constraint_0'
+        """
+        return self.constraint_names[index] or ("constraint_" + repr(index))
+
+    cpdef col_name(self, int index):
+        """
+        Return the ``index``-th col name.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``index`` -- integer; the col's id
+
+        - ``name`` -- (``char *``) its name; when set to ``NULL``
+          (default), the method returns the current name
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.numerical.backends.generic_backend import get_solver
+            sage: p = get_solver(solver='CVXPY')
+            sage: p.add_variable()
+            0
+            sage: p.col_name(0)
+            'x_0'
+        """
+        return self.variables[index].name()
+
+    cpdef variable_upper_bound(self, int index, value=False):
+        """
+        Return or define the upper bound on a variable.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``index`` -- integer; the variable's id
+
+        - ``value`` -- real value, or ``None`` to mean that the
+          variable has not upper bound. When set to ``None``
+          (default), the method returns the current value.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.numerical.backends.generic_backend import get_solver
+            sage: p = get_solver(solver='CVXPY')
+            sage: p.add_variable()
+            0
+            sage: p.col_bounds(0)
+            (0.0, None)
+            sage: p.variable_upper_bound(0, 5)
+            sage: p.col_bounds(0)
+            (0.0, 5)
+            sage: p.variable_upper_bound(0, None)
+            sage: p.col_bounds(0)
+            (0.0, None)
+        """
+        if value is not False:
+            self.col_upper_bound[index] = value
+        else:
+            return self.col_upper_bound[index]
+
+    cpdef variable_lower_bound(self, int index, value=False):
+        """
+        Return or define the lower bound on a variable.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``index`` -- integer; the variable's id
+
+        - ``value`` -- real value, or ``None`` to mean that the
+          variable has not lower bound. When set to ``None``
+          (default), the method returns the current value.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.numerical.backends.generic_backend import get_solver
+            sage: p = get_solver(solver='CVXPY')
+            sage: p.add_variable()
+            0
+            sage: p.col_bounds(0)
+            (0.0, None)
+            sage: p.variable_lower_bound(0, 5)
+            sage: p.col_bounds(0)
+            (5, None)
+            sage: p.variable_lower_bound(0, None)
+            sage: p.col_bounds(0)
+            (None, None)
+        """
+        if value is not False:
+            self.col_lower_bound[index] = value
+        else:
+            return self.col_lower_bound[index]