passagemath-polyhedra 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-manylinux_2_24_x86_64.manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl

sage/geometry/polyhedron/base.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1206 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-polyhedra
+r"""
+Base class for polyhedra: Miscellaneous methods
+"""
+
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2008-2012 Marshall Hampton <hamptonio@gmail.com>
+#       Copyright (C) 2011-2015 Volker Braun <vbraun.name@gmail.com>
+#       Copyright (C) 2012-2018 Frederic Chapoton
+#       Copyright (C) 2013      Andrey Novoseltsev
+#       Copyright (C) 2014-2017 Moritz Firsching
+#       Copyright (C) 2014-2019 Thierry Monteil
+#       Copyright (C) 2015      Nathann Cohen
+#       Copyright (C) 2015-2017 Jeroen Demeyer
+#       Copyright (C) 2015-2017 Vincent Delecroix
+#       Copyright (C) 2015-2018 Dima Pasechnik
+#       Copyright (C) 2015-2020 Jean-Philippe Labbe <labbe at math.huji.ac.il>
+#       Copyright (C) 2015-2021 Matthias Koeppe
+#       Copyright (C) 2016-2019 Daniel Krenn
+#       Copyright (C) 2017      Marcelo Forets
+#       Copyright (C) 2017-2018 Mark Bell
+#       Copyright (C) 2019      Julian Ritter
+#       Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Laith Rastanawi
+#       Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Sophia Elia
+#       Copyright (C) 2019-2021 Jonathan Kliem <jonathan.kliem@gmail.com>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+from sage.matrix.constructor import matrix
+from sage.modules.free_module_element import vector
+
+from .base7 import Polyhedron_base7
+
+#########################################################################
+# Notes if you want to implement your own backend:
+#
+#  * derive from Polyhedron_base
+#
+#  * you must implement _init_from_Vrepresentation and
+#    _init_from_Hrepresentation
+#
+#  * You might want to override _init_empty_polyhedron
+#
+#  * You may implement _init_from_Vrepresentation_and_Hrepresentation
+#
+#  * You can of course also override any other method for which you
+#    have a faster implementation.
+#########################################################################
+
+
+#########################################################################
+def is_Polyhedron(X):
+    """
+    Test whether ``X`` is a Polyhedron.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``X`` -- anything
+
+    OUTPUT: boolean
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: p = polytopes.hypercube(2)
+        sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.base import is_Polyhedron
+        sage: is_Polyhedron(p)
+        doctest:warning...
+        DeprecationWarning: is_Polyhedron is deprecated, use isinstance instead
+        See https://github.com/sagemath/sage/issues/34307 for details.
+        True
+        sage: is_Polyhedron(123456)
+        False
+    """
+    from sage.misc.superseded import deprecation
+    deprecation(34307, "is_Polyhedron is deprecated, use isinstance instead")
+    return isinstance(X, Polyhedron_base)
+
+
+#########################################################################
+class Polyhedron_base(Polyhedron_base7):
+    """
+    Base class for Polyhedron objects.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``parent`` -- the parent, an instance of
+      :class:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.parent.Polyhedra`
+
+    - ``Vrep`` -- list ``[vertices, rays, lines]`` or ``None``. The
+      V-representation of the polyhedron; if ``None``, the polyhedron
+      is determined by the H-representation
+
+    - ``Hrep`` -- list ``[ieqs, eqns]`` or ``None``. The
+      H-representation of the polyhedron; if ``None``, the polyhedron
+      is determined by the V-representation
+
+    - ``Vrep_minimal`` -- (optional) see below
+
+    - ``Hrep_minimal`` -- (optional) see below
+
+    - ``pref_rep`` -- string (default: ``None``);
+      one of ``Vrep`` or ``Hrep`` to pick this in case the backend
+      cannot initialize from complete double description
+
+    - ``mutable`` -- ignored
+
+    If both ``Vrep`` and ``Hrep`` are provided, then
+    ``Vrep_minimal`` and ``Hrep_minimal`` must be set to ``True``.
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: p = Polyhedron()
+        sage: TestSuite(p).run()
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[(1,0), (0,1)], rays=[(1,1)], base_ring=ZZ)
+        sage: TestSuite(p).run()
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: p = polytopes.flow_polytope(digraphs.DeBruijn(3,2))                       # needs sage.combinat sage.graphs
+        sage: TestSuite(p).run()
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: TestSuite(Polyhedron([[]])).run()
+        sage: TestSuite(Polyhedron([[0]])).run()
+        sage: TestSuite(Polyhedron([[1]])).run()
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: P3 = polytopes.permutahedron(3)
+        sage: P = P3 * Polyhedron(rays=[[0,0,1], [0,1,1], [1,2,3]])
+        sage: TestSuite(P).run()
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: P = P3 * Polyhedron(rays=[[0,0,1], [0,1,1]], lines=[[1,0,0]])
+        sage: TestSuite(P).run()
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: M = random_matrix(ZZ, 5, 5, distribution='uniform')
+        sage: while True:
+        ....:     M = random_matrix(ZZ, 5, 5, distribution='uniform')
+        ....:     if M.rank() != 5:
+        ....:         break
+        ....:
+        sage: P = Polyhedron(M)
+        sage: TestSuite(P).run()
+    """
+
+    def _test_basic_properties(self, tester=None, **options):
+        """
+        Run some basic tests to see, that some general assertion on polyhedra hold.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: polytopes.cross_polytope(3)._test_basic_properties()
+        """
+        from .constructor import Polyhedron
+
+        if tester is None:
+            tester = self._tester(**options)
+
+        tester.assertEqual(self.n_vertices() + self.n_rays() + self.n_lines(), self.n_Vrepresentation())
+        tester.assertEqual(self.n_inequalities() + self.n_equations(), self.n_Hrepresentation())
+        if self.n_vertices():
+            # Depending on the backend, this does not hold for the empty polyhedron.
+            tester.assertEqual(self.dim() + self.n_equations(), self.ambient_dim())
+
+        tester.assertTrue(all(len(v[::]) == self.ambient_dim() for v in self.Vrep_generator()))
+        tester.assertTrue(all(len(h[::]) == self.ambient_dim() + 1 for h in self.Hrep_generator()))
+
+        if self.n_vertices() + self.n_rays() < 40:
+            tester.assertEqual(self, Polyhedron(vertices=self.vertices(), rays=self.rays(), lines=self.lines(), ambient_dim=self.ambient_dim()))
+        if self.n_inequalities() < 40:
+            tester.assertEqual(self, Polyhedron(ieqs=self.inequalities(), eqns=self.equations(), ambient_dim=self.ambient_dim()))
+
+    def to_linear_program(self, solver=None, return_variable=False, base_ring=None):
+        r"""
+        Return a linear optimization problem over the polyhedron in the form of
+        a :class:`MixedIntegerLinearProgram`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``solver`` -- select a solver (MIP backend). See the documentation
+          of for :class:`MixedIntegerLinearProgram`. Set to ``None`` by default.
+
+        - ``return_variable`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True``, return a tuple
+          ``(p, x)``, where ``p`` is the :class:`MixedIntegerLinearProgram` object
+          and ``x`` is the vector-valued MIP variable in this problem, indexed
+          from 0.  If ``False``, only return ``p``.
+
+        - ``base_ring`` -- select a field over which the linear program should be
+          set up.  Use ``RDF`` to request a fast inexact (floating point) solver
+          even if ``self`` is exact.
+
+        Note that the :class:`MixedIntegerLinearProgram` object will have the
+        null function as an objective to be maximized.
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :meth:`~MixedIntegerLinearProgram.polyhedron` -- return the
+            polyhedron associated with a :class:`MixedIntegerLinearProgram`
+            object.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Exact rational linear program::
+
+            sage: p = polytopes.cube()
+            sage: p.to_linear_program()
+            Linear Program (no objective, 3 variables, 6 constraints)
+            sage: lp, x = p.to_linear_program(return_variable=True)
+            sage: lp.set_objective(2*x[0] + 1*x[1] + 39*x[2])
+            sage: lp.solve()
+            42
+            sage: lp.get_values(x[0], x[1], x[2])
+            [1, 1, 1]
+
+        Floating-point linear program::
+
+            sage: lp, x = p.to_linear_program(return_variable=True, base_ring=RDF)
+            sage: lp.set_objective(2*x[0] + 1*x[1] + 39*x[2])
+            sage: lp.solve()
+            42.0
+
+        Irrational algebraic linear program over an embedded number field::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.groups sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: p = polytopes.icosahedron()
+            sage: lp, x = p.to_linear_program(return_variable=True)
+            sage: lp.set_objective(x[0] + x[1] + x[2])
+            sage: lp.solve()
+            1/4*sqrt5 + 3/4
+
+        Same example with floating point::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.groups sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: lp, x = p.to_linear_program(return_variable=True, base_ring=RDF)
+            sage: lp.set_objective(x[0] + x[1] + x[2])
+            sage: lp.solve()                                               # tol 1e-5
+            1.3090169943749475
+
+        Same example with a specific floating point solver::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.groups sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: lp, x = p.to_linear_program(return_variable=True, solver='GLPK')
+            sage: lp.set_objective(x[0] + x[1] + x[2])
+            sage: lp.solve()                                               # tol 1e-8
+            1.3090169943749475
+
+        Irrational algebraic linear program over `AA`::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.groups sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: p = polytopes.icosahedron(base_ring=AA)
+            sage: lp, x = p.to_linear_program(return_variable=True)
+            sage: lp.set_objective(x[0] + x[1] + x[2])
+            sage: lp.solve()                    # long time
+            1.309016994374948?
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p = polytopes.flow_polytope(digraphs.DeBruijn(3,2)); p                # needs sage.combinat sage.graphs
+            A 19-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^27
+             defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex and 148 rays
+            sage: p.to_linear_program().polyhedron() == p
+            True
+
+            sage: p = polytopes.icosahedron()                                           # needs sage.groups sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: p.to_linear_program(solver='PPL')                                     # needs sage.groups sage.rings.number_field
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: The PPL backend only supports rational data.
+
+        Test that equations are handled correctly (:issue:`24154`)::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[[19]])
+            sage: lp, x = p.to_linear_program(return_variable=True)
+            sage: lp.set_objective(x[0])
+            sage: lp.solve()
+            19
+        """
+        if base_ring is None:
+            base_ring = self.base_ring()
+        base_ring = base_ring.fraction_field()
+        from sage.numerical.mip import MixedIntegerLinearProgram
+        p = MixedIntegerLinearProgram(solver=solver, base_ring=base_ring)
+        x = p.new_variable(real=True, nonnegative=False)
+
+        for ineqn in self.inequalities_list():
+            b = -ineqn.pop(0)
+            p.add_constraint(p.sum([x[i] * ineqn[i] for i in range(len(ineqn))]) >= b)
+
+        for eqn in self.equations_list():
+            b = -eqn.pop(0)
+            p.add_constraint(p.sum([x[i] * eqn[i] for i in range(len(eqn))]) == b)
+
+        if return_variable:
+            return p, x
+        else:
+            return p
+
+    def boundary_complex(self):
+        """
+        Return the simplicial complex given by the boundary faces of ``self``,
+        if it is simplicial.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A (spherical) simplicial complex
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        The boundary complex of the octahedron::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.graphs
+            sage: oc = polytopes.octahedron()
+            sage: sc_oc = oc.boundary_complex()
+            sage: fl_oc = oc.face_lattice()                                             # needs sage.combinat
+            sage: fl_sc = sc_oc.face_poset()                                            # needs sage.combinat
+            sage: [len(x) for x in fl_oc.level_sets()]                                  # needs sage.combinat
+            [1, 6, 12, 8, 1]
+            sage: [len(x) for x in fl_sc.level_sets()]                                  # needs sage.combinat
+            [6, 12, 8]
+            sage: sc_oc.euler_characteristic()
+            2
+            sage: sc_oc.homology()
+            {0: 0, 1: 0, 2: Z}
+
+        The polyhedron should be simplicial::
+
+            sage: c = polytopes.cube()
+            sage: c.boundary_complex()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: this function is only implemented for simplicial polytopes
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(rays=[[1,1]])
+            sage: p.boundary_complex()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: self should be compact
+        """
+        if not self.is_compact():
+            raise ValueError("self should be compact")
+
+        if self.is_simplicial():
+            from sage.topology.simplicial_complex import SimplicialComplex
+            inc_mat_cols = self.incidence_matrix().columns()
+            ineq_indices = [inc_mat_cols[i].nonzero_positions()
+                            for i in range(self.n_Hrepresentation())
+                            if self.Hrepresentation()[i].is_inequality()]
+            return SimplicialComplex(ineq_indices, maximality_check=False)
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError("this function is only implemented for simplicial polytopes")
+
+    @cached_method
+    def center(self):
+        """
+        Return the average of the vertices.
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :meth:`sage.geometry.polyhedron.base1.Polyhedron_base1.representative_point`.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        The center of the polyhedron. All rays and lines are
+        ignored. Raises a :exc:`ZeroDivisionError` for the empty
+        polytope.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = polytopes.hypercube(3)
+            sage: p = p + vector([1,0,0])
+            sage: p.center()
+            (1, 0, 0)
+        """
+        if self.dim() == 0:
+            return self.vertices()[0].vector()
+        else:
+            vertex_sum = vector(self.base_ring(), [0] * self.ambient_dim())
+            for v in self.vertex_generator():
+                vertex_sum += v.vector()
+            vertex_sum.set_immutable()
+            return vertex_sum / self.n_vertices()
+
+    @cached_method
+    def radius_square(self):
+        """
+        Return the square of the maximal distance from the
+        :meth:`center` to a vertex. All rays and lines are ignored.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        The square of the radius, which is in
+        :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.base0.Polyhedron_base0.base_ring`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = polytopes.permutahedron(4, project = False)
+            sage: p.radius_square()
+            5
+        """
+        vertices = [v.vector() - self.center() for v in self.vertex_generator()]
+        return max(v.dot_product(v) for v in vertices)
+
+    def radius(self):
+        """
+        Return the maximal distance from the center to a vertex. All
+        rays and lines are ignored.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        The radius for a rational polyhedron is, in general, not
+        rational.  use :meth:`radius_square` if you need a rational
+        distance measure.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = polytopes.hypercube(4)
+            sage: p.radius()
+            2
+        """
+        return self.radius_square().sqrt()
+
+    def is_inscribed(self, certificate=False):
+        """
+        This function tests whether the vertices of the polyhedron are
+        inscribed on a sphere.
+
+        The polyhedron is expected to be compact and full-dimensional.
+        A full-dimensional compact polytope is inscribed if there exists
+        a point in space which is equidistant to all its vertices.
+
+        ALGORITHM:
+
+        The function first computes the circumsphere of a full-dimensional
+        simplex with vertices of ``self``. It is found by lifting the points on a
+        paraboloid to find the hyperplane on which the circumsphere is lifted.
+        Then, it checks if all other vertices are equidistant to the
+        circumcenter of that simplex.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``certificate`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); specifies whether to
+          return the circumcenter, if found
+
+        OUTPUT: if ``certificate`` is true, returns a tuple containing:
+
+        1. Boolean.
+        2. The circumcenter of the polytope or None.
+
+        If ``certificate`` is false:
+
+        - a Boolean.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: q = Polyhedron(vertices=[[1,1,1,1],[-1,-1,1,1],[1,-1,-1,1],
+            ....:                            [-1,1,-1,1],[1,1,1,-1],[-1,-1,1,-1],
+            ....:                            [1,-1,-1,-1],[-1,1,-1,-1],[0,0,10/13,-24/13],
+            ....:                            [0,0,-10/13,-24/13]])
+            sage: q.is_inscribed(certificate=True)
+            (True, (0, 0, 0, 0))
+
+            sage: cube = polytopes.cube()
+            sage: cube.is_inscribed()
+            True
+
+            sage: translated_cube = Polyhedron(vertices=[v.vector() + vector([1,2,3])
+            ....:                                        for v in cube.vertices()])
+            sage: translated_cube.is_inscribed(certificate=True)
+            (True, (1, 2, 3))
+
+            sage: truncated_cube = cube.face_truncation(cube.faces(0)[0])
+            sage: truncated_cube.is_inscribed()
+            False
+
+        The method is not implemented for non-full-dimensional polytope or
+        unbounded polyhedra::
+
+            sage: square = Polyhedron(vertices=[[1,0,0],[0,1,0],[1,1,0],[0,0,0]])
+            sage: square.is_inscribed()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: this function is implemented for full-dimensional polyhedra only
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[(0,0)],rays=[(1,0),(0,1)])
+            sage: p.is_inscribed()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: this function is not implemented for unbounded polyhedra
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        We check that :issue:`28464` is fixed::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[(-130658298093891402635075/416049251842505144482473,
+            ....: 177469511761879509172000/1248147755527515433447419,
+            ....: 485550543257132133136169/2496295511055030866894838,
+            ....: 2010744967797898733758669/2496295511055030866894838),
+            ....: (-146945725603929909850/706333405676769433081,
+            ....: -84939725782618445000/706333405676769433081,
+            ....: 560600045283000988081/1412666811353538866162,
+            ....: 969778382942371268081/1412666811353538866162),
+            ....: (-46275018824497300/140422338198040641,
+            ....: -5747688262110000/46807446066013547, 1939357556329/7033601552658,
+            ....: 1939357556329/7033601552658), (-17300/59929, -10000/59929, 39929/119858,
+            ....: 39929/119858), (-4700/32209, -10000/32209, 12209/64418, 12209/64418),
+            ....: (QQ(0), QQ(0), QQ(0), QQ(1)), (QQ(0), QQ(0), 1/2, 1/2), (300/10027,
+            ....: -10000/30081, 10081/60162, 10081/60162), (112393975400/1900567733649,
+            ....: 117311600000/633522577883, 43678681/95197362, 43678681/95197362),
+            ....: (6109749955400/133380598418321, 37106807920000/133380598418321,
+            ....: 2677964249/6680888498, 2677964249/6680888498),
+            ....: (29197890764005600/402876806828660641,
+            ....: -2150510776960000/402876806828660641,
+            ....: 398575785274740641/805753613657321282,
+            ....: 398575785274740641/805753613657321282),
+            ....: (5576946899441759759983005325/110078073300232813237456943251,
+            ....: -29071211718677797926570478000/110078073300232813237456943251,
+            ....: 59439312069347378584317232001/220156146600465626474913886502,
+            ....: 181346577228466312205473034501/220156146600465626474913886502),
+            ....: (150040732779124914266530235300/6774574358246204311268446913881,
+            ....: -2813827375989039189507000218000/6774574358246204311268446913881,
+            ....: 1260217414021285074925933133881/13549148716492408622536893827762,
+            ....: 3232518047094242684574253773881/13549148716492408622536893827762),
+            ....: (3816349407976279597850158016285000/88842127448735433741180809504357161,
+            ....: 27965821247423216557301387453968000/88842127448735433741180809504357161,
+            ....: 68546256000224819256028677086357161/177684254897470867482361619008714322,
+            ....: 86062257922545755787315412690197161/177684254897470867482361619008714322)])
+            sage: P.is_inscribed()
+            True
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[[0, -1, 0, 0],
+            ....:                          [0, 0, -1, 0],
+            ....:                          [0, 0, 0, -1],
+            ....:                          [0, 0, +1, 0],
+            ....:                          [0, 0, 0, +1],
+            ....:                          [+1, 0, 0, 0]])
+            sage: P.is_inscribed()
+            True
+
+        We check that :issue:`29125` is fixed::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[[-2,-1], [-2,1], [0,-1], [0,1]], backend='field')
+            sage: P.is_inscribed()
+            True
+            sage: V = P.Vrepresentation()
+            sage: H = P.Hrepresentation()
+            sage: parent = P.parent()
+            sage: for V1 in Permutations(V):
+            ....:     P1 = parent._element_constructor_(
+            ....:         [V1, [], []], [H, []], Vrep_minimal=True, Hrep_minimal=True)
+            ....:     assert P1.is_inscribed()
+        """
+
+        if not self.is_compact():
+            raise NotImplementedError("this function is not implemented for unbounded polyhedra")
+
+        if not self.is_full_dimensional():
+            raise NotImplementedError("this function is implemented for full-dimensional polyhedra only")
+
+        dimension = self.dimension()
+        vertices = self.vertices()
+
+        # We obtain vertices that are an affine basis of the affine hull.
+        affine_basis = self.an_affine_basis()
+        raw_data = []
+        for vertex in affine_basis:
+            vertex_vector = vertex.vector()
+            raw_data += [[sum(i**2 for i in vertex_vector)] +
+                         list(vertex_vector) + [1]]
+        matrix_data = matrix(raw_data)
+
+        # The determinant "a" should not be zero because
+        # the vertices in ``affine_basis`` are an affine basis.
+        a = matrix_data.matrix_from_columns(range(1, dimension+2)).determinant()
+
+        minors = [(-1)**(i)*matrix_data.matrix_from_columns([j for j in range(dimension+2) if j != i]).determinant()
+                  for i in range(1, dimension+1)]
+        c = (-1)**(dimension+1)*matrix_data.matrix_from_columns(range(dimension+1)).determinant()
+
+        circumcenter = vector([minors[i]/(2*a) for i in range(dimension)])
+        squared_circumradius = (sum(m**2 for m in minors) - 4 * a * c) / (4*a**2)
+
+        # Checking if the circumcenter has the correct sign
+        if not all(sum(i**2 for i in v.vector() - circumcenter) == squared_circumradius
+                   for v in vertices if v in affine_basis):
+            circumcenter = - circumcenter
+
+        is_inscribed = all(sum(i**2 for i in v.vector() - circumcenter) == squared_circumradius
+                           for v in vertices if v not in affine_basis)
+
+        if certificate:
+            if is_inscribed:
+                return (True, circumcenter)
+            else:
+                return (False, None)
+        else:
+            return is_inscribed
+
+    def hyperplane_arrangement(self):
+        """
+        Return the hyperplane arrangement defined by the equations and
+        inequalities.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A :class:`hyperplane arrangement
+        <sage.geometry.hyperplane_arrangement.arrangement.HyperplaneArrangementElement>`
+        consisting of the hyperplanes defined by the
+        :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.base0.Polyhedron_base0.Hrepresentation`.
+        If the polytope is full-dimensional, this is the hyperplane
+        arrangement spanned by the facets of the polyhedron.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = polytopes.hypercube(2)
+            sage: p.hyperplane_arrangement()
+            Arrangement <-t0 + 1 | -t1 + 1 | t1 + 1 | t0 + 1>
+        """
+        names = tuple('t' + str(i) for i in range(self.ambient_dim()))
+        from sage.geometry.hyperplane_arrangement.arrangement import HyperplaneArrangements
+        field = self.base_ring().fraction_field()
+        H = HyperplaneArrangements(field, names)
+        return H(self)
+
+    @cached_method
+    def normal_fan(self, direction='inner'):
+        r"""
+        Return the normal fan of a compact full-dimensional rational polyhedron.
+
+        This returns the inner normal fan of ``self``. For the outer normal fan,
+        use ``direction='outer'``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``direction`` -- either ``'inner'`` (default) or ``'outer'``; if
+          set to ``'inner'``, use the inner normal vectors to span the cones of
+          the fan, if set to ``'outer'``, use the outer normal vectors.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A complete fan of the ambient space as a
+        :class:`~sage.geometry.fan.RationalPolyhedralFan`.
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :meth:`face_fan`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: S = Polyhedron(vertices=[[0, 0], [1, 0], [0, 1]])
+            sage: S.normal_fan()
+            Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice N
+
+            sage: C = polytopes.hypercube(4)
+            sage: NF = C.normal_fan(); NF
+            Rational polyhedral fan in 4-d lattice N
+
+        Currently, it is only possible to get the normal fan of a bounded rational polytope::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(rays=[[1, 0], [0, 1]])
+            sage: P.normal_fan()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: the normal fan is only supported for polytopes (compact polyhedra).
+
+            sage: Q = Polyhedron(vertices=[[1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]])
+            sage: Q.normal_fan()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the normal fan is only defined for full-dimensional polytopes
+
+            sage: R = Polyhedron(vertices=[[0, 0],                                      # needs sage.rings.number_field sage.symbolic
+            ....:                          [AA(sqrt(2)), 0],
+            ....:                          [0, AA(sqrt(2))]])
+            sage: R.normal_fan()                                                        # needs sage.rings.number_field sage.symbolic
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: normal fan handles only polytopes over the rationals
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[[0,0], [2,0], [0,2], [2,1], [1,2]])
+            sage: P.normal_fan(direction=None)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: the direction should be 'inner' or 'outer'
+
+            sage: inner_nf = P.normal_fan()
+            sage: inner_nf.rays()
+            N( 1,  0),
+            N( 0, -1),
+            N( 0,  1),
+            N(-1,  0),
+            N(-1, -1)
+            in 2-d lattice N
+
+            sage: outer_nf = P.normal_fan(direction='outer')
+            sage: outer_nf.rays()
+            N( 1,  0),
+            N( 1,  1),
+            N( 0,  1),
+            N(-1,  0),
+            N( 0, -1)
+            in 2-d lattice N
+
+        REFERENCES:
+
+        For more information, see Chapter 7 of [Zie2007]_.
+        """
+        from sage.geometry.fan import NormalFan
+
+        if not QQ.has_coerce_map_from(self.base_ring()):
+            raise NotImplementedError('normal fan handles only polytopes over the rationals')
+        if direction == 'inner':
+            return NormalFan(self)
+        elif direction == 'outer':
+            return NormalFan(-self)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("the direction should be 'inner' or 'outer'")
+
+    @cached_method
+    def face_fan(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the face fan of a compact rational polyhedron.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A fan of the ambient space as a
+        :class:`~sage.geometry.fan.RationalPolyhedralFan`.
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :meth:`normal_fan`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: T = polytopes.cuboctahedron()
+            sage: T.face_fan()
+            Rational polyhedral fan in 3-d lattice M
+
+        The polytope should contain the origin in the interior::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[[1/2, 1], [1, 1/2]])
+            sage: P.face_fan()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: face fans are defined only for polytopes
+            containing the origin as an interior point!
+
+            sage: Q = Polyhedron(vertices=[[-1, 1/2], [1, -1/2]])
+            sage: Q.contains([0,0])
+            True
+            sage: FF = Q.face_fan(); FF
+            Rational polyhedral fan in 2-d lattice M
+
+        The polytope has to have rational coordinates::
+
+            sage: S = polytopes.dodecahedron()                                          # needs sage.groups sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: S.face_fan()                                                          # needs sage.groups sage.rings.number_field
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: face fan handles only polytopes over the rationals
+
+        REFERENCES:
+
+        For more information, see Chapter 7 of [Zie2007]_.
+        """
+        from sage.geometry.fan import FaceFan
+
+        if not QQ.has_coerce_map_from(self.base_ring()):
+            raise NotImplementedError('face fan handles only polytopes over the rationals')
+
+        return FaceFan(self)
+
+    def is_minkowski_summand(self, Y):
+        r"""
+        Test whether ``Y`` is a Minkowski summand.
+
+        See :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.base5.Polyhedron_base5.minkowski_sum`.
+
+        OUTPUT: boolean; whether there exists another polyhedron `Z` such that
+        ``self`` can be written as `Y\oplus Z`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A = polytopes.hypercube(2)
+            sage: B = Polyhedron(vertices=[(0,1), (1/2,1)])
+            sage: C = Polyhedron(vertices=[(1,1)])
+            sage: A.is_minkowski_summand(B)
+            True
+            sage: A.is_minkowski_summand(C)
+            True
+            sage: B.is_minkowski_summand(C)
+            True
+            sage: B.is_minkowski_summand(A)
+            False
+            sage: C.is_minkowski_summand(A)
+            False
+            sage: C.is_minkowski_summand(B)
+            False
+        """
+        return self.minkowski_difference(Y).minkowski_sum(Y) == self
+
+    def barycentric_subdivision(self, subdivision_frac=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the barycentric subdivision of a compact polyhedron.
+
+        DEFINITION:
+
+        The barycentric subdivision of a compact polyhedron is a standard way
+        to triangulate its faces in such a way that maximal faces correspond to
+        flags of faces of the starting polyhedron (i.e. a maximal chain in the
+        face lattice of the polyhedron). As a simplicial complex, this is known
+        as the order complex of the face lattice of the polyhedron.
+
+        REFERENCE:
+
+        See :wikipedia:`Barycentric_subdivision`
+
+        Section 6.6, Handbook of Convex Geometry, Volume A, edited by P.M. Gruber and J.M.
+        Wills. 1993, North-Holland Publishing Co..
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``subdivision_frac`` -- number. Gives the proportion how far the new
+          vertices are pulled out of the polytope. Default is `\frac{1}{3}` and
+          the value should be smaller than `\frac{1}{2}`. The subdivision is
+          computed on the polar polyhedron.
+
+        OUTPUT: a Polyhedron object, subdivided as described above
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = polytopes.hypercube(3)
+            sage: P.barycentric_subdivision()
+            A 3-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^3 defined as the convex hull
+            of 26 vertices
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[[0,0,0],[0,1,0],[1,0,0],[0,0,1]])
+            sage: P.barycentric_subdivision()
+            A 3-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^3 defined as the convex hull
+            of 14 vertices
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[[0,1,0],[0,0,1],[1,0,0]])
+            sage: P.barycentric_subdivision()
+            A 2-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^3 defined as the convex hull
+            of 6 vertices
+            sage: P = polytopes.regular_polygon(4, base_ring=QQ)                        # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: P.barycentric_subdivision()                                           # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            A 2-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^2 defined as the convex hull of 8
+            vertices
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: P.barycentric_subdivision(1/2)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the subdivision fraction should be between 0 and 1/2
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(ieqs=[[1,0,1],[0,1,0],[1,0,0],[0,0,1]])
+            sage: P.barycentric_subdivision()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the polytope has to be compact
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[[0,0,0],[0,1,0],[1,0,0],[0,0,1]], backend='field')
+            sage: P.barycentric_subdivision()
+            A 3-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^3 defined as the convex hull of 14 vertices
+
+            sage: polytopes.simplex(backend='field').barycentric_subdivision().backend()
+            'field'
+            sage: polytopes.cube(backend='cdd').barycentric_subdivision().backend()     # needs cddexec_gmp
+            'cdd'
+        """
+        if subdivision_frac is None:
+            subdivision_frac = ZZ.one() / 3
+
+        if not self.is_compact():
+            raise ValueError("the polytope has to be compact")
+        if not (0 < subdivision_frac < ZZ.one() / 2):
+            raise ValueError("the subdivision fraction should be "
+                             "between 0 and 1/2")
+
+        barycenter = self.center()
+        parent = self.parent().base_extend(subdivision_frac)
+
+        start_polar = (self - barycenter).polar(in_affine_span=True)
+        polar = (self - barycenter).polar(in_affine_span=True)
+
+        for i in range(self.dimension() - 1):
+
+            new_ineq = []
+            subdivided_faces = list(start_polar.faces(i))
+            Hrep = polar.Hrepresentation()
+
+            for face in subdivided_faces:
+
+                face_vertices = face.vertices()
+                normal_vectors = []
+
+                for facet in Hrep:
+                    if all(facet.contains(v) and not facet.interior_contains(v)
+                           for v in face_vertices):
+                        # The facet contains the face
+                        normal_vectors.append(facet.A())
+
+                normal_vector = sum(normal_vectors)
+                B = - normal_vector * (face_vertices[0].vector())
+                linear_evaluation = {-normal_vector * v.vector()
+                                     for v in polar.vertices()}
+
+                if B == max(linear_evaluation):
+                    C = max(linear_evaluation.difference(set([B])))
+                else:
+                    C = min(linear_evaluation.difference(set([B])))
+
+                ineq_vector = [(1 - subdivision_frac) * B + subdivision_frac * C] + list(normal_vector)
+                new_ineq += [ineq_vector]
+
+            new_ieqs = polar.inequalities_list() + new_ineq
+            new_eqns = polar.equations_list()
+
+            polar = parent.element_class(parent, None, [new_ieqs, new_eqns])
+
+        return (polar.polar(in_affine_span=True)) + barycenter
+
+    def permutations_to_matrices(self, conj_class_reps, acting_group=None, additional_elts=None):
+        r"""
+        Return a dictionary between different representations of elements in
+        the ``acting_group``, with group elements represented as permutations
+        of the vertices of this polytope (keys) or matrices (values).
+
+        The dictionary has entries for the generators of the ``acting_group``
+        and the representatives of conjugacy classes in ``conj_class_reps``. By
+        default, the ``acting_group`` is the
+        :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.base4.Polyhedron_base4.restricted_automorphism_group`
+        of the polytope. Each element in ``additional_elts`` also becomes a key.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``conj_class_reps`` -- list; a list of representatives of the
+          conjugacy classes of the ``acting_group``
+
+        - ``acting_group`` -- a subgroup of polytope's
+          :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.base4.Polyhedron_base4.restricted_automorphism_group`
+
+        - ``additional_elts`` -- list (default: ``None``); a subset of the
+          :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.base4.Polyhedron_base4.restricted_automorphism_group`
+          of the polytope expressed as permutations.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A dictionary between elements of the ``acting_group`` expressed as permutations
+        (keys) and matrices (values).
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        This example shows the dictionary between permutations and matrices
+        for the generators of the ``restricted_automorphism_group`` of the
+        `\pm 1` 2-dimensional square. The permutations are written in terms
+        of the vertices of the square::
+
+            sage: # optional - pynormaliz, needs sage.groups
+            sage: square = Polyhedron(vertices=[[1,1], [-1,1],
+            ....:                               [-1,-1], [1,-1]],
+            ....:                     backend='normaliz')
+            sage: square.vertices()
+            (A vertex at (-1, -1),
+             A vertex at (-1, 1),
+             A vertex at (1, -1),
+             A vertex at (1, 1))
+            sage: aut_square = square.restricted_automorphism_group(output='permutation')
+            sage: conj_reps = aut_square.conjugacy_classes_representatives()
+            sage: gens_dict = square.permutations_to_matrices(conj_reps)
+            sage: rotation_180 = aut_square([(0,3),(1,2)])
+            sage: rotation_180, gens_dict[rotation_180]
+            (
+                        [-1  0  0]
+                        [ 0 -1  0]
+            (0,3)(1,2), [ 0  0  1]
+            )
+
+        This example tests the functionality for additional elements::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.groups sage.rings.real_mpfr
+            sage: C = polytopes.cross_polytope(2)
+            sage: G = C.restricted_automorphism_group(output='permutation')
+            sage: conj_reps = G.conjugacy_classes_representatives()
+            sage: add_elt = G([(0, 2, 3, 1)])
+            sage: dict = C.permutations_to_matrices(conj_reps,
+            ....:                                   additional_elts=[add_elt])
+            sage: dict[add_elt]
+             [ 0  1  0]
+             [-1  0  0]
+             [ 0  0  1]
+        """
+        if self.is_empty():
+            raise NotImplementedError('empty polyhedra are not supported')
+        if not self.is_compact():
+            raise NotImplementedError('unbounded polyhedra are not supported')
+        V = [v.homogeneous_vector() for v in self.Vrepresentation()]
+        Qplus = sum(v.column() * v.row() for v in V).pseudoinverse()
+        Vplus = list(matrix(V) * Qplus)
+        W = 1 - sum(V[i].column() * Vplus[i].row() for i in range(len(V)))
+
+        G = self.restricted_automorphism_group(output='permutation')
+        if acting_group is not None:
+            G = acting_group
+
+        group_dict = {}
+
+        def permutation_to_matrix(permutation, V, Vplus, W):
+            A = sum(V[permutation(i)].column() * Vplus[i].row()
+                    for i in range(len(V)))
+            return A + W
+
+        for perm in G.gens():
+            group_dict[perm] = permutation_to_matrix(perm, V, Vplus, W)
+
+        for perm in conj_class_reps:
+            group_dict[perm] = permutation_to_matrix(perm, V, Vplus, W)
+
+        if additional_elts is not None:
+            for perm in additional_elts:
+                group_dict[perm] = permutation_to_matrix(perm, V, Vplus, W)
+        return group_dict
+
+    @cached_method
+    def bounding_box(self, integral=False, integral_hull=False):
+        r"""
+        Return the coordinates of a rectangular box containing the non-empty polytope.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``integral`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether to
+          only allow integral coordinates in the bounding box
+
+        - ``integral_hull`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True``, return a
+          box containing the integral points of the polytope, or ``None, None`` if it
+          is known that the polytope has no integral points
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A pair of tuples ``(box_min, box_max)`` where ``box_min`` are
+        the coordinates of a point bounding the coordinates of the
+        polytope from below and ``box_max`` bounds the coordinates
+        from above.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Polyhedron([(1/3,2/3), (2/3, 1/3)]).bounding_box()
+            ((1/3, 1/3), (2/3, 2/3))
+            sage: Polyhedron([(1/3,2/3), (2/3, 1/3)]).bounding_box(integral=True)
+            ((0, 0), (1, 1))
+            sage: Polyhedron([(1/3,2/3), (2/3, 1/3)]).bounding_box(integral_hull=True)
+            (None, None)
+            sage: Polyhedron([(1/3,2/3), (3/3, 4/3)]).bounding_box(integral_hull=True)
+            ((1, 1), (1, 1))
+            sage: polytopes.buckyball(exact=False).bounding_box()                       # needs sage.groups
+            ((-0.8090169944, -0.8090169944, -0.8090169944),
+             (0.8090169944, 0.8090169944, 0.8090169944))
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: Polyhedron().bounding_box()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: empty polytope is not allowed
+        """
+        from sage.arith.misc import integer_ceil as ceil
+        from sage.arith.misc import integer_floor as floor
+        box_min = []
+        box_max = []
+        if not self.is_compact():
+            raise ValueError("only polytopes (compact polyhedra) are allowed")
+        if self.n_vertices() == 0:
+            raise ValueError("empty polytope is not allowed")
+        for i in range(self.ambient_dim()):
+            coords = [v[i] for v in self.vertex_generator()]
+            max_coord = max(coords)
+            min_coord = min(coords)
+            if integral_hull:
+                a = ceil(min_coord)
+                b = floor(max_coord)
+                if a > b:
+                    return None, None
+                box_max.append(b)
+                box_min.append(a)
+            elif integral:
+                box_max.append(ceil(max_coord))
+                box_min.append(floor(min_coord))
+            else:
+                box_max.append(max_coord)
+                box_min.append(min_coord)
+        return (tuple(box_min), tuple(box_max))
+
+    def _polymake_init_(self):
+        """
+        Return a polymake "Polytope" object corresponding to ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = polytopes.cube()
+            sage: PP = polymake(P)         # optional - jupymake
+            sage: PP.N_VERTICES            # optional - jupymake
+            8
+
+        Lower-dimensional polyhedron::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[[1, 0], [0, 1]])
+            sage: PP = polymake(P)         # optional - jupymake
+            sage: PP.COMBINATORIAL_DIM     # optional - jupymake
+            1
+            sage: PP.AFFINE_HULL           # optional - jupymake
+            -1 1 1
+
+        Empty polyhedron::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(ambient_dim=2, vertices=[])
+            sage: PP = polymake(P)         # optional - jupymake
+            sage: PP.COMBINATORIAL_DIM     # optional - jupymake
+            -1
+
+        Pointed unbounded polyhedron::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[[1, 0], [0, 1]], rays=[[1, 0]])
+            sage: PP = polymake(P)         # optional - jupymake
+            sage: PP.VERTICES              # optional - jupymake
+            1 0 1
+            1 1 0
+            0 1 0
+            sage: PP.FACETS                # optional - jupymake
+            1 0 -1
+            -1 1 1
+            0 0 1
+
+        Non-pointed polyhedron::
+
+            sage: # optional - jupymake
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[[1, 0], [0, 1]], lines=[[1, 0]])
+            sage: PP = polymake(P)
+            sage: PP.VERTICES
+            1 0 1
+            1 0 0
+            sage: PP.FACETS
+            1 0 -1
+            0 0 1
+            sage: PP.LINEALITY_SPACE
+            0 1 0
+
+        Algebraic polyhedron::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.groups sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: P = polytopes.dodecahedron(); P
+            A 3-dimensional polyhedron
+             in (Number Field in sqrt5 with defining polynomial x^2 - 5
+                 with sqrt5 = 2.236067977499790?)^3
+             defined as the convex hull of 20 vertices
+            sage: print("Maybe recompile warning"); PP = polymake(P); PP        # optional - jupymake
+            Maybe recompile warning...
+            Polytope<QuadraticExtension<Rational>>[...]
+            sage: sorted(PP.VERTICES[:], key=repr)[0]                           # optional - jupymake
+            1 -1+1r5 -4+2r5 0
+
+        Floating-point polyhedron::
+
+            sage: # optional - jupymake, needs sage.groups
+            sage: P = polytopes.dodecahedron(exact=False); P
+            A 3-dimensional polyhedron in RDF^3 defined as the convex hull of 20 vertices
+            sage: print("There may be a recompilation warning"); PP = polymake(P); PP
+            There may be a recompilation warning...
+            Polytope<Float>[...]
+            sage: sorted(PP.VERTICES[:], key=repr)[0]
+            1 -0.472135955 0 -1.236067978
+        """
+        from sage.interfaces.polymake import polymake
+        polymake_field = polymake(self.base_ring().fraction_field())
+        polymake_class = "Polytope<{}>".format(polymake_field)
+        if self.is_empty():
+            # Polymake 3.1 cannot enter an empty polyhedron using
+            # FACETS and AFFINE_HULL.
+            # Use corresponding input properties instead.
+            # https://forum.polymake.org/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=545
+            return polymake.new_object(polymake_class,
+                                       INEQUALITIES=self.inequalities_list(),
+                                       EQUATIONS=self.equations_list())
+
+        verts_and_rays = [[1] + v for v in self.vertices_list()]
+        verts_and_rays += [[0] + r for r in self.rays_list()]
+        return polymake.new_object(polymake_class,
+                                   FACETS=self.inequalities_list(),
+                                   AFFINE_HULL=self.equations_list(),
+                                   VERTICES=verts_and_rays,
+                                   LINEALITY_SPACE=[[0] + l for l in self.lines_list()])