passagemath-polyhedra 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-manylinux_2_24_x86_64.manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl

sage/geometry/polyhedron/base_ZZ.py

@@ -0,0 +1,934 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-polyhedra
+r"""
+Base class for polyhedra over `\ZZ`
+"""
+
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2011-2013 Volker Braun <vbraun.name@gmail.com>
+#                     2015      Nathann Cohen
+#                     2015      Vincent Delecroix
+#                     2017-2018 Frédéric Chapoton
+#                     2019      Sophia Elia
+#                     2019-2020 Jonathan Kliem
+#                     2023      Luze Xu
+#                     2023      Matthias Koeppe
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+from sage.modules.free_module_element import vector
+from .base_QQ import Polyhedron_QQ
+from sage.arith.misc import gcd
+
+
+#########################################################################
+class Polyhedron_ZZ(Polyhedron_QQ):
+    r"""
+    Base class for Polyhedra over `\ZZ`.
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: p = Polyhedron([(0,0)], base_ring=ZZ);  p
+        A 0-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^2 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex
+        sage: TestSuite(p).run()
+    """
+    _base_ring = ZZ
+
+    def __getattribute__(self, name):
+        r"""
+        TESTS:
+
+        A lattice polytope does not have a Ehrhart quasipolynomial because it
+        is always a polynomial::
+
+            sage: P = polytopes.cube()
+            sage: P.__getattribute__(name='ehrhart_quasipolynomial')
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            AttributeError: ehrhart_quasipolynomial
+        """
+        if name in ['ehrhart_quasipolynomial']:
+            raise AttributeError(name)
+        return super().__getattribute__(name)
+
+    def __dir__(self):
+        r"""
+        TESTS:
+
+        Removes the Ehrhart quasipolynomial from the list of methods for the
+        lattice polyhedron::
+
+            sage: P = polytopes.cube()
+            sage: 'ehrhart_polynomial' in P.__dir__()
+            True
+            sage: 'ehrhart_quasipolynomial' in P.__dir__()
+            False
+        """
+        orig_dir = (set(dir(self.__class__)) | set(self.__dict__.keys()))
+        return sorted(orig_dir - set(['ehrhart_quasipolynomial']))
+
+    def is_lattice_polytope(self):
+        r"""
+        Return whether the polyhedron is a lattice polytope.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        ``True`` if the polyhedron is compact and has only integral
+        vertices, ``False`` otherwise.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: polytopes.cross_polytope(3).is_lattice_polytope()
+            True
+            sage: polytopes.regular_polygon(5).is_lattice_polytope()                    # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            False
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Check :issue:`22622`::
+
+            sage: P1 = Polyhedron(vertices = [[1, 0], [0, 1]], rays = [[1, 1]])
+            sage: P1.is_lattice_polytope()
+            False
+        """
+        return self.is_compact()
+
+    def _ehrhart_polynomial_latte(self, verbose=False, dual=None,
+            irrational_primal=None, irrational_all_primal=None, maxdet=None,
+            no_decomposition=None, compute_vertex_cones=None, smith_form=None,
+            dualization=None, triangulation=None, triangulation_max_height=None,
+            **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Return the Ehrhart polynomial of this polyhedron using LattE integrale.
+
+        Let `P` be a lattice polytope in `\RR^d` and define `L(P,t) = \# (tP
+        \cap \ZZ^d)`. Then E. Ehrhart proved in 1962 that `L` coincides with a
+        rational polynomial of degree `d` for integer `t`. `L` is called the
+        *Ehrhart polynomial* of `P`. For more information see the
+        :wikipedia:`Ehrhart_polynomial`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``verbose`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True``, print the
+          whole output of the LattE command
+
+        The following options are passed to the LattE command, for details you
+        should consult `the LattE documentation
+        <https://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~latte/software/packages/latte_current/>`__:
+
+        - ``dual`` -- boolean; triangulate and signed-decompose in the dual
+          space
+
+        - ``irrational_primal`` -- boolean; triangulate in the dual space,
+          signed-decompose in the primal space using irrationalization
+
+        - ``irrational_all_primal`` -- boolean; triangulate and signed-decompose
+          in the primal space using irrationalization
+
+        - ``maxdet`` -- integer; decompose down to an index (determinant) of
+          ``maxdet`` instead of index 1 (unimodular cones)
+
+        - ``no_decomposition`` -- boolean; do not signed-decompose simplicial cones
+
+        - ``compute_vertex_cones`` -- string; either 'cdd' or 'lrs' or '4ti2'
+
+        - ``smith_form`` -- string; either 'ilio' or 'lidia'
+
+        - ``dualization`` -- string; either 'cdd' or '4ti2'
+
+        - ``triangulation`` -- string; 'cddlib', '4ti2' or 'topcom'
+
+        - ``triangulation_max_height`` -- integer; use a uniform distribution of
+          height from 1 to this number
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            Any additional argument is forwarded to LattE's executable
+            ``count``. All occurrences of '_' will be replaced with a '-'.
+
+        ALGORITHM:
+
+        This method calls the program ``count`` from LattE integrale, a program
+        for lattice point enumeration (see
+        https://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~latte/).
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :mod:`~sage.interfaces.latte` the interface to LattE integrale
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[(0,0,0),(3,3,3),(-3,2,1),(1,-1,-2)])
+            sage: p = P._ehrhart_polynomial_latte()    # optional - latte_int
+            sage: p                                    # optional - latte_int
+            7/2*t^3 + 2*t^2 - 1/2*t + 1
+            sage: p(1)                                 # optional - latte_int
+            6
+            sage: len(P.integral_points())
+            6
+            sage: p(2)                                 # optional - latte_int
+            36
+            sage: len((2*P).integral_points())
+            36
+
+        The unit hypercubes::
+
+            sage: # optional - latte_int
+            sage: from itertools import product
+            sage: def hypercube(d):
+            ....:     return Polyhedron(vertices=list(product([0,1],repeat=d)))
+            sage: hypercube(3)._ehrhart_polynomial_latte()
+            t^3 + 3*t^2 + 3*t + 1
+            sage: hypercube(4)._ehrhart_polynomial_latte()
+            t^4 + 4*t^3 + 6*t^2 + 4*t + 1
+            sage: hypercube(5)._ehrhart_polynomial_latte()
+            t^5 + 5*t^4 + 10*t^3 + 10*t^2 + 5*t + 1
+            sage: hypercube(6)._ehrhart_polynomial_latte()
+            t^6 + 6*t^5 + 15*t^4 + 20*t^3 + 15*t^2 + 6*t + 1
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Test options::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(ieqs=[[1,-1,1,0], [-1,2,-1,0], [1,1,-2,0]], eqns=[[-1,2,-1,-3]], base_ring=ZZ)
+
+            sage: p = P._ehrhart_polynomial_latte(maxdet=5, verbose=True)  # optional - latte_int
+            This is LattE integrale ...
+            ...
+            Invocation: ...count... --ehrhart-polynomial '--redundancy-check=none' --cdd '--maxdet=5' /dev/stdin
+            ...
+            sage: p    # optional - latte_int
+            1/2*t^2 + 3/2*t + 1
+
+            sage: p = P._ehrhart_polynomial_latte(dual=True, verbose=True)  # optional - latte_int
+            This is LattE integrale ...
+            ...
+            Invocation: ...count... --ehrhart-polynomial '--redundancy-check=none' --cdd --dual /dev/stdin
+            ...
+            sage: p   # optional - latte_int
+            1/2*t^2 + 3/2*t + 1
+
+            sage: p = P._ehrhart_polynomial_latte(irrational_primal=True, verbose=True)   # optional - latte_int
+            This is LattE integrale ...
+            ...
+            Invocation: ...count... --ehrhart-polynomial '--redundancy-check=none' --cdd --irrational-primal /dev/stdin
+            ...
+            sage: p   # optional - latte_int
+            1/2*t^2 + 3/2*t + 1
+
+            sage: p = P._ehrhart_polynomial_latte(irrational_all_primal=True, verbose=True)  # optional - latte_int
+            This is LattE integrale ...
+            ...
+            Invocation: ...count... --ehrhart-polynomial '--redundancy-check=none' --cdd --irrational-all-primal /dev/stdin
+            ...
+            sage: p   # optional - latte_int
+            1/2*t^2 + 3/2*t + 1
+
+        Test bad options::
+
+            sage: P._ehrhart_polynomial_latte(bim_bam_boum=19)   # optional - latte_int
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            RuntimeError: LattE integrale program failed (exit code 1):
+            ...
+            Invocation: ...count... --ehrhart-polynomial '--redundancy-check=none' --cdd '--bim-bam-boum=19' /dev/stdin
+            Unknown command/option --bim-bam-boum=19
+        """
+        # note: the options below are explicitly written in the function
+        # declaration in order to keep tab completion (see #18211).
+        kwds.update({
+            'dual'                    : dual,
+            'irrational_primal'       : irrational_primal,
+            'irrational_all_primal'   : irrational_all_primal,
+            'maxdet'                  : maxdet,
+            'no_decomposition'        : no_decomposition,
+            'compute_vertex_cones'    : compute_vertex_cones,
+            'smith_form'              : smith_form,
+            'dualization'             : dualization,
+            'triangulation'           : triangulation,
+            'triangulation_max_height': triangulation_max_height})
+
+        from sage.interfaces.latte import count
+        ine = self.cdd_Hrepresentation()
+        return count(ine, cdd=True, ehrhart_polynomial=True, verbose=verbose, **kwds)
+
+    def _ehrhart_polynomial_normaliz(self, variable='t'):
+        r"""
+        Compute the Ehrhart polynomial of a lattice polytope using Normaliz.
+
+        The backend of ``self`` must be 'normaliz'.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``variable`` -- string (default: ``'t'``); the variable in which the
+          Ehrhart polynomial is expressed
+
+        OUTPUT: a univariate polynomial over a rational field
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c = Polyhedron(vertices = [[0,0,0],[0,0,1],[0,1,0],[0,1,1],[1,0,0],[1,0,1],[1,1,0],[1,1,1]],backend='normaliz') # optional - pynormaliz
+            sage: c._ehrhart_polynomial_normaliz()             # optional - pynormaliz
+            t^3 + 3*t^2 + 3*t + 1
+
+        Changing the variable works::
+
+            sage: c._ehrhart_polynomial_normaliz(variable='k') # optional - pynormaliz
+            k^3 + 3*k^2 + 3*k + 1
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Receive a type error if the backend is not normaliz::
+
+            sage: c = Polyhedron(vertices = [[0,0,0],[0,0,1],[0,1,0],[0,1,1],[1,0,0],[1,0,1],[1,1,0],[1,1,1]])
+            sage: c._ehrhart_polynomial_normaliz()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: The polyhedron's backend should be 'normaliz'
+        """
+        raise TypeError("The polyhedron's backend should be 'normaliz'")
+
+    @cached_method(do_pickle=True)
+    def ehrhart_polynomial(self, engine=None, variable='t', verbose=False,
+                           dual=None, irrational_primal=None,
+                           irrational_all_primal=None, maxdet=None,
+                           no_decomposition=None, compute_vertex_cones=None,
+                           smith_form=None, dualization=None,
+                           triangulation=None, triangulation_max_height=None,
+                           **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Return the Ehrhart polynomial of this polyhedron.
+
+        Let `P` be a lattice polytope in `\RR^d` and define `L(P,t) = \# (tP
+        \cap \ZZ^d)`. Then E. Ehrhart proved in 1962 that `L` coincides with a
+        rational polynomial of degree `d` for integer `t`. `L` is called the
+        *Ehrhart polynomial* of `P`. For more information see the
+        :wikipedia:`Ehrhart_polynomial`.
+
+        The Ehrhart polynomial may be computed using either  LattE Integrale
+        or Normaliz by setting ``engine``  to 'latte' or 'normaliz' respectively.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``engine`` -- string; the backend to use. Allowed values are:
+
+          * ``None`` (default); When no input is given the Ehrhart polynomial
+            is computed using LattE Integrale (optional)
+          * ``'latte'``; use LattE integrale program (optional)
+          * ``'normaliz'``; use Normaliz program (optional). The backend of
+            ``self`` must be set to 'normaliz'.
+
+        - ``variable`` -- string (default: ``'t'``); the variable in which the
+          Ehrhart polynomial should be expressed
+
+        - When the ``engine`` is 'latte' or None, the additional input values are:
+
+          * ``verbose`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True``, print the
+            whole output of the LattE command.
+
+          The following options are passed to the LattE command, for details
+          consult `the LattE documentation
+          <https://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~latte/software/packages/latte_current/>`__:
+
+          * ``dual`` -- boolean; triangulate and signed-decompose in the dual
+            space
+          * ``irrational_primal`` -- boolean; triangulate in the dual space,
+            signed-decompose in the primal space using irrationalization.
+          * ``irrational_all_primal`` -- boolean; triangulate and signed-decompose
+            in the primal space using irrationalization.
+          * ``maxdet`` -- integer; decompose down to an index (determinant) of
+            ``maxdet`` instead of index 1 (unimodular cones).
+          * ``no_decomposition`` -- boolean; do not signed-decompose
+            simplicial cones.
+          * ``compute_vertex_cones`` -- string; either 'cdd' or 'lrs' or '4ti2'
+          * ``smith_form`` -- string; either 'ilio' or 'lidia'
+          * ``dualization`` -- string; either 'cdd' or '4ti2'
+          * ``triangulation`` -- string; 'cddlib', '4ti2' or 'topcom'
+          * ``triangulation_max_height`` -- integer; use a uniform distribution of
+            height from 1 to this number
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        The Ehrhart polynomial as a univariate polynomial in ``variable``
+        over a rational field.
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :mod:`~sage.interfaces.latte` the interface to LattE Integrale
+            `PyNormaliz <https://pypi.org/project/PyNormaliz>`_
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        To start, we find the Ehrhart polynomial of a three-dimensional
+        ``simplex``, first using ``engine='latte'``. Leaving the engine
+        unspecified sets the ``engine`` to 'latte' by default::
+
+            sage: simplex = Polyhedron(vertices=[(0,0,0),(3,3,3),(-3,2,1),(1,-1,-2)])
+            sage: poly = simplex.ehrhart_polynomial(engine = 'latte')  # optional - latte_int
+            sage: poly                                                 # optional - latte_int
+            7/2*t^3 + 2*t^2 - 1/2*t + 1
+            sage: poly(1)                                              # optional - latte_int
+            6
+            sage: len(simplex.integral_points())
+            6
+            sage: poly(2)                                              # optional - latte_int
+            36
+            sage: len((2*simplex).integral_points())
+            36
+
+        Now we find the same Ehrhart polynomial, this time using
+        ``engine='normaliz'``. To use the Normaliz engine, the ``simplex`` must
+        be defined with ``backend='normaliz'``::
+
+            sage: simplex = Polyhedron(vertices=[(0,0,0),(3,3,3),(-3,2,1),(1,-1,-2)], backend='normaliz') # optional - pynormaliz
+            sage: poly = simplex.ehrhart_polynomial(engine='normaliz') # optional - pynormaliz
+            sage: poly                                                 # optional - pynormaliz
+            7/2*t^3 + 2*t^2 - 1/2*t + 1
+
+        If the ``engine='normaliz'``, the backend should be ``'normaliz'``, otherwise
+        it returns an error::
+
+            sage: simplex = Polyhedron(vertices=[(0,0,0),(3,3,3),(-3,2,1),(1,-1,-2)])
+            sage: simplex.ehrhart_polynomial(engine='normaliz')
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: The polyhedron's backend should be 'normaliz'
+
+        Now we find the Ehrhart polynomials of the unit hypercubes of
+        dimensions three through six. They are computed first with
+        ``engine='latte'`` and then with ``engine='normaliz'``.
+        The degree of the Ehrhart polynomial matches the dimension of the
+        hypercube, and the coefficient of the leading monomial equals the
+        volume of the unit hypercube::
+
+            sage: # optional - latte_int
+            sage: from itertools import product
+            sage: def hypercube(d):
+            ....:     return Polyhedron(vertices=list(product([0,1],repeat=d)))
+            sage: hypercube(3).ehrhart_polynomial()
+            t^3 + 3*t^2 + 3*t + 1
+            sage: hypercube(4).ehrhart_polynomial()
+            t^4 + 4*t^3 + 6*t^2 + 4*t + 1
+            sage: hypercube(5).ehrhart_polynomial()
+            t^5 + 5*t^4 + 10*t^3 + 10*t^2 + 5*t + 1
+            sage: hypercube(6).ehrhart_polynomial()
+            t^6 + 6*t^5 + 15*t^4 + 20*t^3 + 15*t^2 + 6*t + 1
+
+            sage: # optional - pynormaliz
+            sage: from itertools import product
+            sage: def hypercube(d):
+            ....:     return Polyhedron(vertices=list(product([0,1],repeat=d)),backend='normaliz')
+            sage: hypercube(3).ehrhart_polynomial(engine='normaliz')
+            t^3 + 3*t^2 + 3*t + 1
+            sage: hypercube(4).ehrhart_polynomial(engine='normaliz')
+            t^4 + 4*t^3 + 6*t^2 + 4*t + 1
+            sage: hypercube(5).ehrhart_polynomial(engine='normaliz')
+            t^5 + 5*t^4 + 10*t^3 + 10*t^2 + 5*t + 1
+            sage: hypercube(6).ehrhart_polynomial(engine='normaliz')
+            t^6 + 6*t^5 + 15*t^4 + 20*t^3 + 15*t^2 + 6*t + 1
+
+        An empty polyhedron::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(ambient_dim=3, vertices=[])
+            sage: p.ehrhart_polynomial()
+            0
+            sage: parent(_)
+            Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Rational Field
+
+        The polyhedron should be compact::
+
+            sage: C = Polyhedron(rays=[[1,2],[2,1]])
+            sage: C.ehrhart_polynomial()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: Ehrhart polynomial only defined for compact polyhedra
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        The cache of the Ehrhart polynomial is being pickled::
+
+            sage: P = polytopes.cube()
+            sage: P.ehrhart_polynomial()  # optional - latte_int
+            8*t^3 + 12*t^2 + 6*t + 1
+            sage: Q = loads(dumps(P))
+            sage: Q.ehrhart_polynomial.is_in_cache()  # optional - latte_int
+            True
+        """
+        from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring_constructor import PolynomialRing
+        from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+        R = PolynomialRing(QQ, variable)
+
+        if self.is_empty():
+            return R.zero()
+
+        if self.dimension() == 0:
+            return R.one()
+
+        if not self.is_compact():
+            raise ValueError("Ehrhart polynomial only defined for compact polyhedra")
+
+        if engine is None:
+            # setting the default to 'latte'
+            engine = 'latte'
+        if engine == 'latte':
+            poly = self._ehrhart_polynomial_latte(verbose, dual,
+            irrational_primal, irrational_all_primal, maxdet,
+            no_decomposition, compute_vertex_cones, smith_form,
+            dualization, triangulation, triangulation_max_height,
+            **kwds)
+            return poly.change_variable_name(variable)
+            # TO DO: replace this change of variable by creating the appropriate
+            #        polynomial ring in the latte interface.
+
+        elif engine == 'normaliz':
+            return self._ehrhart_polynomial_normaliz(variable)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("engine must be 'latte' or 'normaliz'")
+
+    @cached_method
+    def polar(self):
+        """
+        Return the polar (dual) polytope.
+
+        The polytope must have the IP-property (see
+        :meth:`has_IP_property`), that is, the origin must be an
+        interior point. In particular, it must be full-dimensional.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        The polytope whose vertices are the coefficient vectors of the
+        inequalities of ``self`` with inhomogeneous term normalized to
+        unity.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[(1,0,0),(0,1,0),(0,0,1),(-1,-1,-1)], base_ring=ZZ)
+            sage: p.polar()
+            A 3-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 4 vertices
+            sage: type(_)
+            <class 'sage.geometry.polyhedron.parent.Polyhedra_ZZ_ppl_with_category.element_class'>
+            sage: p.polar().base_ring()
+            Integer Ring
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Test that :issue:`28551` is fixed::
+
+            sage: polytopes.cube(backend='normaliz').polar().backend()  # optional - pynormaliz
+            'normaliz'
+        """
+        if not self.has_IP_property():
+            raise ValueError('The polytope must have the IP property.')
+
+        vertices = tuple(ieq.A() / ieq.b() for
+                         ieq in self.inequality_generator())
+
+        ieqs = ((1,) + tuple(v[:]) for v in self.vertices())
+
+        pref_rep = 'Hrep' if self.n_vertices() <= self.n_inequalities() else 'Vrep'
+
+        if all(v_i in ZZ for v in vertices for v_i in v):
+            parent = self.parent()
+            vertices = (v.change_ring(ZZ) for v in vertices)
+        else:
+            parent = self.parent().change_ring(QQ)
+
+        return parent.element_class(parent, [vertices, [], []], [ieqs, []],
+                                    Vrep_minimal=True, Hrep_minimal=True, pref_rep=pref_rep)
+
+    @cached_method
+    def is_reflexive(self):
+        r"""
+        A lattice polytope is reflexive if it contains the origin in its interior
+        and its polar with respect to the origin is a lattice polytope.
+
+        Equivalently, it is reflexive if it is of the form `\{x \in \mathbb{R}^d: Ax \leq 1\}`
+        for some integer matrix `A` and `d` the ambient dimension.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[(1,0,0),(0,1,0),(0,0,1),(-1,-1,-1)], base_ring=ZZ)
+            sage: p.is_reflexive()
+            True
+            sage: polytopes.hypercube(4).is_reflexive()
+            True
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[(1,0), (0,2), (-1,0), (0,-1)], base_ring=ZZ)
+            sage: p.is_reflexive()
+            False
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[(1,0), (0,2), (-1,0)], base_ring=ZZ)
+            sage: p.is_reflexive()
+            False
+
+        An error is raised, if the polyhedron is not compact::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(rays=[(1,)], base_ring=ZZ)
+            sage: p.is_reflexive()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the polyhedron is not compact
+        """
+        if not self.is_compact():
+            raise ValueError("the polyhedron is not compact")
+
+        for H in self.Hrepresentation():
+            if H.is_equation():
+                return False
+            b = H.b()
+            if b < 1:
+                return False
+            if not all(v_i/b in ZZ for v_i in H.A()):
+                return False
+
+        return True
+
+    @cached_method
+    def has_IP_property(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Test whether the polyhedron has the IP property.
+
+        The IP (interior point) property means that
+
+        * ``self`` is compact (a polytope).
+
+        * ``self`` contains the origin as an interior point.
+
+        This implies that
+
+        * ``self`` is full-dimensional.
+
+        * The dual polyhedron is again a polytope (that is, a compact
+          polyhedron), though not necessarily a lattice polytope.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Polyhedron([(1,1),(1,0),(0,1)], base_ring=ZZ).has_IP_property()
+            False
+            sage: Polyhedron([(0,0),(1,0),(0,1)], base_ring=ZZ).has_IP_property()
+            False
+            sage: Polyhedron([(-1,-1),(1,0),(0,1)], base_ring=ZZ).has_IP_property()
+            True
+
+        REFERENCES:
+
+        - [PALP]_
+        """
+        return self.is_compact() and self.interior_contains(self.ambient_space().zero())
+
+    def fibration_generator(self, dim):
+        """
+        Generate the lattice polytope fibrations.
+
+        For the purposes of this function, a lattice polytope fiber is
+        a sub-lattice polytope. Projecting the plane spanned by the
+        subpolytope to a point yields another lattice polytope, the
+        base of the fibration.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``dim`` -- integer; the dimension of the lattice polytope
+          fiber
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A generator yielding the distinct lattice polytope fibers of
+        given dimension.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(toric_varieties.P4_11169().fan().rays(), base_ring=ZZ)             # needs palp sage.graphs
+            sage: list(P.fibration_generator(2))                                        # needs palp sage.graphs
+            [A 2-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^4 defined as the convex hull of 3 vertices]
+        """
+        from sage.combinat.combination import Combinations
+        if not self.is_compact():
+            raise ValueError('Only polytopes (compact polyhedra) are allowed.')
+
+        nonzero_points = [p for p in self.integral_points() if not p.is_zero()]
+        origin = [[0]*self.ambient_dim()]
+        fibers = set()
+        parent = self.parent()
+
+        for points in Combinations(nonzero_points, dim):
+                plane = parent.element_class(parent, [origin,[],points], None)
+                if plane.dim() != dim:
+                    continue
+                fiber = self.intersection(plane)
+                if fiber.base_ring() is not ZZ:
+                    continue
+                fiber_vertices = tuple(sorted(tuple(v) for v in fiber.vertex_generator()))
+                if fiber_vertices not in fibers:
+                    yield fiber
+                    fibers.update([fiber_vertices])
+                plane._delete()
+
+    def find_translation(self, translated_polyhedron):
+        r"""
+        Return the translation vector to ``translated_polyhedron``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``translated_polyhedron`` -- a polyhedron
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A `\ZZ`-vector that translates ``self`` to
+        ``translated_polyhedron``. A :exc:`ValueError` is raised if
+        ``translated_polyhedron`` is not a translation of ``self``,
+        this can be used to check that two polyhedra are not
+        translates of each other.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: X = polytopes.cube()
+            sage: X.find_translation(X + vector([2,3,5]))
+            (2, 3, 5)
+            sage: X.find_translation(2*X)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: polyhedron is not a translation of self
+        """
+        no_translation_exception = ValueError('polyhedron is not a translation of self')
+        if ( set(self.rays()) != set(translated_polyhedron.rays()) or
+             set(self.lines()) != set(translated_polyhedron.lines()) or
+             self.n_vertices() != translated_polyhedron.n_vertices() ):
+            raise no_translation_exception
+        sorted_vertices = sorted(map(vector, self.vertices()))
+        sorted_translated_vertices = sorted(map(vector, translated_polyhedron.vertices()))
+        v = sorted_translated_vertices[0] - sorted_vertices[0]
+        if any(vertex+v != translated_vertex
+               for vertex, translated_vertex in zip(sorted_vertices, sorted_translated_vertices)):
+            raise no_translation_exception
+        return v
+
+    def _subpoly_parallel_facets(self):
+        r"""
+        Generator for all lattice sub-polyhedra with parallel facets.
+
+        In a sub-polyhedron `Y\subset X` not all edges of `Y` need to
+        be parallel to `X`. This method iterates over all
+        sub-polyhedra where they are parallel, up to an overall
+        translation of the sub-polyhedron. Degenerate sub-polyhedra of
+        dimension strictly smaller are included.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A generator yielding `\ZZ`-polyhedra. By construction, each
+        facet of the returned polyhedron is parallel to one of the
+        facets of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: X = Polyhedron(vertices=[(0,0), (0,1), (1,0), (1,1)])
+            sage: X._subpoly_parallel_facets()
+            <generator object ..._subpoly_parallel_facets at 0x...>
+            sage: for p in X._subpoly_parallel_facets():
+            ....:     print(p.Vrepresentation())
+            (A vertex at (0, 0),)
+            (A vertex at (0, -1), A vertex at (0, 0))
+            (A vertex at (-1, 0), A vertex at (0, 0))
+            (A vertex at (-1, -1), A vertex at (-1, 0), A vertex at (0, -1), A vertex at (0, 0))
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: X = Polyhedron(vertices=[(0,), (3,)])
+            sage: [ p.vertices() for p in X._subpoly_parallel_facets() ]
+            [(A vertex at (0),),
+             (A vertex at (-1), A vertex at (0)),
+             (A vertex at (-2), A vertex at (0)),
+             (A vertex at (-3), A vertex at (0))]
+            sage: list( Polyhedron(vertices=[[0,0]])._subpoly_parallel_facets() )
+            [A 0-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^2 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex]
+            sage: list( Polyhedron()._subpoly_parallel_facets() )
+            [The empty polyhedron in ZZ^0]
+        """
+        if self.dim() > 2 or not self.is_compact():
+            raise NotImplementedError('only implemented for bounded polygons')
+        from sage.geometry.polyhedron.plot import cyclic_sort_vertices_2d
+        vertices = cyclic_sort_vertices_2d(self.vertices())
+        n = len(vertices)
+        if n == 1:  # single point
+            yield self
+            return
+        edge_vectors = []
+        for i in range(n):
+            v = vertices[(i+1) % n].vector() - vertices[i].vector()
+            d = gcd(list(v))
+            v_prim = (v/d).change_ring(ZZ)
+            edge_vectors.append([ v_prim*i for i in range(d+1) ])
+        origin = self.ambient_space().zero()
+        parent = self.parent()
+        from itertools import product
+        for edges in product(*edge_vectors):
+            v = []
+            point = origin
+            for e in edges:
+                point += e
+                v.append(point)
+            if point != origin:   # does not close up, not a subpolygon
+                continue
+            yield parent([v, [], []], None)
+
+    @cached_method
+    def minkowski_decompositions(self):
+        r"""
+        Return all Minkowski sums that add up to the polyhedron.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A tuple consisting of pairs `(X,Y)` of `\ZZ`-polyhedra that
+        add up to ``self``. All pairs up to exchange of the summands
+        are returned, that is, `(Y,X)` is not included if `(X,Y)`
+        already is.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: square = Polyhedron(vertices=[(0,0),(1,0),(0,1),(1,1)])
+            sage: square.minkowski_decompositions()
+            ((A 0-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^2 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex,
+              A 2-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^2 defined as the convex hull of 4 vertices),
+             (A 1-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^2 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices,
+              A 1-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^2 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices))
+
+        Example from http://cgi.di.uoa.gr/~amantzaf/geo/ ::
+
+            sage: Q = Polyhedron(vertices=[(4,0), (6,0), (0,3), (4,3)])
+            sage: R = Polyhedron(vertices=[(0,0), (5,0), (8,4), (3,2)])
+            sage: (Q+R).minkowski_decompositions()
+            ((A 0-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^2 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex,
+              A 2-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^2 defined as the convex hull of 7 vertices),
+             (A 2-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^2 defined as the convex hull of 4 vertices,
+              A 2-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^2 defined as the convex hull of 4 vertices),
+             (A 1-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^2 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices,
+              A 2-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^2 defined as the convex hull of 7 vertices),
+             (A 2-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^2 defined as the convex hull of 5 vertices,
+              A 2-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^2 defined as the convex hull of 4 vertices),
+             (A 1-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^2 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices,
+              A 2-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^2 defined as the convex hull of 7 vertices),
+             (A 2-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^2 defined as the convex hull of 5 vertices,
+              A 2-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^2 defined as the convex hull of 3 vertices),
+             (A 1-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^2 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices,
+              A 2-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^2 defined as the convex hull of 7 vertices),
+             (A 1-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^2 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices,
+              A 2-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^2 defined as the convex hull of 6 vertices))
+
+           sage: [ len(square.dilation(i).minkowski_decompositions())
+           ....:   for i in range(6) ]
+           [1, 2, 5, 8, 13, 18]
+           sage: [ integer_ceil((i^2 + 2*i - 1) / 2) + 1 for i in range(10) ]
+           [1, 2, 5, 8, 13, 18, 25, 32, 41, 50]
+        """
+        if self.dim() > 2 or not self.is_compact():
+            raise NotImplementedError('only implemented for bounded polygons')
+        summands = []
+
+        def is_known_summand(poly):
+            for summand in summands:
+                try:
+                    poly.find_translation(summand)
+                    return True
+                except ValueError:
+                    pass
+        decompositions = []
+        for X in self._subpoly_parallel_facets():
+            if is_known_summand(X):
+                continue
+            Y = self - X
+            Y = Y.change_ring(ZZ)  # Minkowski difference returns QQ-polyhedron
+            if X + Y != self:
+                continue
+            decompositions.append((X, Y))
+            summands += [X, Y]
+        return tuple(decompositions)
+
+    def normal_form(self, algorithm='palp_native', permutation=False):
+        r"""
+        Return the normal form of vertices of the lattice polytope ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``algorithm`` -- must be ``'palp_native'``, the default
+
+        - ``permutation`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True``, the permutation
+          applied to vertices to obtain the normal form is returned as well
+
+        For more more detail,
+        see :meth:`~sage.geometry.lattice_polytope.LatticePolytopeClass.normal_form`.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        We compute the normal form of the "diamond"::
+
+            sage: d = Polyhedron([(1,0), (0,1), (-1,0), (0,-1)])
+            sage: d.vertices()
+            (A vertex at (-1, 0),
+             A vertex at (0, -1),
+             A vertex at (0, 1),
+             A vertex at (1, 0))
+            sage: d.normal_form()                                                       # needs sage.groups
+            [(1, 0), (0, 1), (0, -1), (-1, 0)]
+            sage: d.lattice_polytope().normal_form("palp_native")                       # needs sage.groups
+            M( 1,  0),
+            M( 0,  1),
+            M( 0, -1),
+            M(-1,  0)
+            in 2-d lattice M
+
+        Using ``permutation=True``::
+
+            sage: d.normal_form(permutation=True)                                       # needs sage.groups
+            ([(1, 0), (0, 1), (0, -1), (-1, 0)], ())
+
+        It is not possible to compute normal forms for polytopes which do not
+        span the space::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron([(1,0,0), (0,1,0), (-1,0,0), (0,-1,0)])
+            sage: p.normal_form()                                                       # needs sage.groups
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: normal form is not defined for lower-dimensional polyhedra, got
+            A 2-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 4 vertices
+
+        The normal form is also not defined for unbounded polyhedra::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[[1, 1]], rays=[[1, 0], [0, 1]], base_ring=ZZ)
+            sage: p.normal_form()                                                       # needs sage.groups
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: normal form is not defined for unbounded polyhedra, got
+            A 2-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^2 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex and 2 rays
+
+        See :issue:`15280` for proposed extensions to these cases.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: d.normal_form(algorithm='palp_fiction')                               # needs sage.groups
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: algorithm must be 'palp_native'
+        """
+        from sage.geometry.palp_normal_form import _palp_PM_max, _palp_canonical_order
+
+        if algorithm != "palp_native":
+            raise ValueError("algorithm must be 'palp_native'")
+
+        if self.dim() < self.ambient_dim():
+            raise ValueError("normal form is not defined for lower-dimensional polyhedra, got %s" % self)
+
+        if not self.is_compact():
+            raise ValueError("normal form is not defined for unbounded polyhedra, got %s" % self)
+
+        PM = self.slack_matrix().transpose()
+        PM_max, permutations = _palp_PM_max(PM, check=True)
+        out = _palp_canonical_order(self.vertices(), PM_max, permutations)
+
+        if permutation:
+            return out
+        else:
+            return out[0]