passagemath-polyhedra 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-manylinux_2_24_x86_64.manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl

sage/schemes/toric/weierstrass_covering.py

@@ -0,0 +1,457 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-polyhedra
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.geometry.polyhedron sage.graphs
+r"""
+Map to the Weierstrass form of a toric elliptic curve
+
+There are 16 reflexive polygons in 2-d. Each defines a toric Fano
+variety, which (since it is 2-d) has a unique crepant resolution to a smooth
+toric surface. An anticanonical hypersurface defines a genus one curve
+`C` in this ambient space, with Jacobian elliptic curve `J(C)` which
+can be defined by the Weierstrass model `y^2 = x^3 + f x + g`. The
+coefficients `f` and `g` can be computed with the
+:mod:`~sage.schemes.toric.weierstrass` module. The purpose of this
+model is to give an explicit rational map `C \to J(C)`. This is an
+`n^2`-cover, where `n` is the minimal multi-section of `C`.
+
+Since it is technically often easier to deal with polynomials than
+with fractions, we return the rational map in terms of homogeneous
+coordinates. That is, the ambient space for the Weierstrass model is
+the weighted projective space `\mathbb{P}^2[2,3,1]` with homogeneous
+coordinates `[X:Y:Z] = [\lambda^2 X, \lambda^3 Y, \lambda Z]`. The
+homogenized Weierstrass equation is
+
+.. MATH::
+
+    Y^2 = X^3 + f X Z^4 + g Z^6
+
+EXAMPLES::
+
+    sage: R.<x,y> = QQ[]
+    sage: cubic = x^3 + y^3 + 1
+    sage: f, g = WeierstrassForm(cubic);  (f,g)
+    (0, -27/4)
+
+That is, this hypersurface `C \in \mathbb{P}^2` has a Weierstrass
+equation `Y^2 = X^3 + 0 \cdot X Z^4 - \frac{27}{4} Z^6` where
+`[X:Y:Z]` are projective coordinates on `\mathbb{P}^2[2,3,1]`. The
+form of the map `C\to J(C)` is::
+
+    sage: X,Y,Z = WeierstrassForm(cubic, transformation=True);  (X,Y,Z)
+    (-x^3*y^3 - x^3 - y^3,
+     1/2*x^6*y^3 - 1/2*x^3*y^6 - 1/2*x^6 + 1/2*y^6 + 1/2*x^3 - 1/2*y^3,
+     x*y)
+
+Note that plugging in `[X:Y:Z]` to the Weierstrass equation is a
+complicated polynomial, but contains the hypersurface equation as a
+factor::
+
+    sage: -Y^2 + X^3 + f*X*Z^4 + g*Z^6
+    -1/4*x^12*y^6 - 1/2*x^9*y^9 - 1/4*x^6*y^12 + 1/2*x^12*y^3
+    - 7/2*x^9*y^6 - 7/2*x^6*y^9 + 1/2*x^3*y^12 - 1/4*x^12 - 7/2*x^9*y^3
+    - 45/4*x^6*y^6 - 7/2*x^3*y^9 - 1/4*y^12 - 1/2*x^9 - 7/2*x^6*y^3
+    - 7/2*x^3*y^6 - 1/2*y^9 - 1/4*x^6 + 1/2*x^3*y^3 - 1/4*y^6
+    sage: cubic.divides(-Y^2 + X^3 + f*X*Z^4 + g*Z^6)
+    True
+
+If you prefer you can also use homogeneous coordinates for `C \in
+\mathbb{P}^2` ::
+
+    sage: R.<x,y,z> = QQ[]
+    sage: cubic = x^3 + y^3 + z^3
+    sage: f, g = WeierstrassForm(cubic);  (f,g)
+    (0, -27/4)
+    sage: X,Y,Z = WeierstrassForm(cubic, transformation=True)
+    sage: cubic.divides(-Y^2 + X^3 + f*X*Z^4 + g*Z^6)
+    True
+
+The 16 toric surfaces corresponding to the 16 reflexive polygons can
+all be blown down to `\mathbb{P}^2`, `\mathbb{P}^1\times\mathbb{P}^1`,
+or `\mathbb{P}^{2}[1,1,2]`. Their (and hence in all 16 cases)
+anticanonical hypersurface can equally be brought into Weierstrass
+form. For example, here is an anticanonical hypersurface in
+`\mathbb{P}^{2}[1,1,2]` ::
+
+    sage: P2_112 = toric_varieties.P2_112()
+    sage: C = P2_112.anticanonical_hypersurface(coefficients=[1]*4);  C
+    Closed subscheme of 2-d CPR-Fano toric variety
+    covered by 3 affine patches defined by:
+      z0^4 + z2^4 + z0*z1*z2 + z1^2
+    sage: eq = C.defining_polynomials()[0]
+    sage: f, g = WeierstrassForm(eq)
+    sage: X,Y,Z = WeierstrassForm(eq, transformation=True)
+    sage: (-Y^2 + X^3 + f*X*Z^4 + g*Z^6).reduce(C.defining_ideal())
+    0
+
+Finally, you sometimes have to manually specify the variables to
+use. This is either because the equation is degenerate or because it
+contains additional variables that you want to treat as coefficients::
+
+    sage: R.<a, x,y,z> = QQ[]
+    sage: cubic = x^3 + y^3 + z^3 + a*x*y*z
+    sage: f, g = WeierstrassForm(cubic, variables=[x,y,z])
+    sage: X,Y,Z = WeierstrassForm(cubic, variables=[x,y,z], transformation=True)
+    sage: cubic.divides(-Y^2 + X^3 + f*X*Z^4 + g*Z^6)
+    True
+
+REFERENCES:
+
+- [AKMMMP2002]_
+"""
+
+########################################################################
+#       Copyright (C) 2012 Volker Braun <vbraun.name@gmail.com>
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+########################################################################
+
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+from sage.modules.free_module_element import vector
+from sage.rings.invariants.invariant_theory import invariant_theory
+from sage.schemes.toric.weierstrass import (
+    _partial_discriminant,
+    _check_polynomial_P2,
+    _check_polynomial_P1xP1,
+    _check_polynomial_P2_112,
+)
+
+
+######################################################################
+
+def WeierstrassMap(polynomial, variables=None):
+    r"""
+    Return the Weierstrass form of an anticanonical hypersurface.
+
+    You should use
+    :meth:`sage.schemes.toric.weierstrass.WeierstrassForm` with
+    ``transformation=True`` to get the transformation. This function
+    is only for internal use.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``polynomial`` -- a polynomial. The toric hypersurface
+      equation. Can be either a cubic, a biquadric, or the
+      hypersurface in `\mathbb{P}^2[1,1,2]`. The equation need not be
+      in any standard form, only its Newton polyhedron is used.
+
+    - ``variables`` -- list of variables of the parent polynomial
+      ring or ``None`` (default). In the latter case, all variables
+      are taken to be polynomial ring variables. If a subset of
+      polynomial ring variables are given, the Weierstrass form is
+      determined over the function field generated by the remaining
+      variables.
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    A triple `(X,Y,Z)` of polynomials defining a rational map of the
+    toric hypersurface to its Weierstrass form in
+    `\mathbb{P}^2[2,3,1]`. That is, the triple satisfies
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        Y^2 = X^3 + f X Z^4 + g Z^6
+
+    when restricted to the toric hypersurface.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: R.<x,y,z> = QQ[]
+        sage: cubic = x^3 + y^3 + z^3
+        sage: X,Y,Z = WeierstrassForm(cubic, transformation=True);  (X,Y,Z)
+        (-x^3*y^3 - x^3*z^3 - y^3*z^3,
+         1/2*x^6*y^3 - 1/2*x^3*y^6 - 1/2*x^6*z^3 + 1/2*y^6*z^3
+             + 1/2*x^3*z^6 - 1/2*y^3*z^6,
+         x*y*z)
+        sage: f, g = WeierstrassForm(cubic);  (f,g)
+        (0, -27/4)
+        sage: cubic.divides(-Y^2 + X^3 + f*X*Z^4 + g*Z^6)
+        True
+
+    Only the affine span of the Newton polytope of the polynomial
+    matters. For example::
+
+        sage: WeierstrassForm(cubic.subs(z=1), transformation=True)
+        (-x^3*y^3 - x^3 - y^3,
+         1/2*x^6*y^3 - 1/2*x^3*y^6 - 1/2*x^6
+             + 1/2*y^6 + 1/2*x^3 - 1/2*y^3,
+         x*y)
+        sage: WeierstrassForm(x * cubic, transformation=True)
+        (-x^3*y^3 - x^3*z^3 - y^3*z^3,
+         1/2*x^6*y^3 - 1/2*x^3*y^6 - 1/2*x^6*z^3 + 1/2*y^6*z^3
+             + 1/2*x^3*z^6 - 1/2*y^3*z^6,
+         x*y*z)
+
+    This allows you to work with either homogeneous or inhomogeneous
+    variables. For example, here is the del Pezzo surface of degree 8::
+
+        sage: dP8 = toric_varieties.dP8()
+        sage: dP8.inject_variables()
+        Defining t, x, y, z
+        sage: WeierstrassForm(x*y^2 + y^2*z + t^2*x^3 + t^2*z^3, transformation=True)
+        (-1/27*t^4*x^6 - 2/27*t^4*x^5*z - 5/27*t^4*x^4*z^2
+             - 8/27*t^4*x^3*z^3 - 5/27*t^4*x^2*z^4 - 2/27*t^4*x*z^5
+             - 1/27*t^4*z^6 - 4/81*t^2*x^4*y^2 - 4/81*t^2*x^3*y^2*z
+             - 4/81*t^2*x*y^2*z^3 - 4/81*t^2*y^2*z^4 - 2/81*x^2*y^4
+             - 4/81*x*y^4*z - 2/81*y^4*z^2,
+         0,
+         1/3*t^2*x^2*z + 1/3*t^2*x*z^2 - 1/9*x*y^2 - 1/9*y^2*z)
+        sage: WeierstrassForm(x*y^2 + y^2 + x^3 + 1, transformation=True)
+        (-1/27*x^6 - 4/81*x^4*y^2 - 2/81*x^2*y^4 - 2/27*x^5
+             - 4/81*x^3*y^2 - 4/81*x*y^4 - 5/27*x^4 - 2/81*y^4 - 8/27*x^3
+             - 4/81*x*y^2 - 5/27*x^2 - 4/81*y^2 - 2/27*x - 1/27,
+         0,
+         -1/9*x*y^2 + 1/3*x^2 - 1/9*y^2 + 1/3*x)
+
+    By specifying only certain variables we can compute the
+    Weierstrass form over the function field generated by the
+    remaining variables. For example, here is a cubic over `\QQ[a]` ::
+
+        sage: R.<a, x,y,z> = QQ[]
+        sage: cubic = x^3 + a*y^3 + a^2*z^3
+        sage: WeierstrassForm(cubic, variables=[x,y,z], transformation=True)
+        (-a^9*y^3*z^3 - a^8*x^3*z^3 - a^7*x^3*y^3,
+         -1/2*a^14*y^3*z^6 + 1/2*a^13*y^6*z^3 + 1/2*a^13*x^3*z^6
+             - 1/2*a^11*x^3*y^6 - 1/2*a^11*x^6*z^3 + 1/2*a^10*x^6*y^3,
+         a^3*x*y*z)
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: for P in ReflexivePolytopes(2):                                           # needs polytopes_db
+        ....:     S = ToricVariety(FaceFan(P))
+        ....:     p = sum( (-S.K()).sections_monomials() )
+        ....:     f, g = WeierstrassForm(p)
+        ....:     X,Y,Z = WeierstrassForm(p, transformation=True)
+        ....:     assert p.divides(-Y^2 + X^3 + f*X*Z^4 + g*Z^6)
+    """
+    if variables is None:
+        variables = polynomial.variables()
+    # switch to suitable inhomogeneous coordinates
+    from sage.geometry.polyhedron.ppl_lattice_polygon import (
+        polar_P2_polytope, polar_P1xP1_polytope, polar_P2_112_polytope)
+    from sage.schemes.toric.weierstrass import Newton_polygon_embedded
+    newton_polytope, polynomial_aff, variables_aff = \
+        Newton_polygon_embedded(polynomial, variables)
+    polygon = newton_polytope.embed_in_reflexive_polytope('polytope')
+    # Compute the map in inhomogeneous coordinates
+    if polygon is polar_P2_polytope():
+        X, Y, Z = WeierstrassMap_P2(polynomial_aff, variables_aff)
+    elif polygon is polar_P1xP1_polytope():
+        X, Y, Z = WeierstrassMap_P1xP1(polynomial_aff, variables_aff)
+    elif polygon is polar_P2_112_polytope():
+        X, Y, Z = WeierstrassMap_P2_112(polynomial_aff, variables_aff)
+    else:
+        assert False, 'Newton polytope is not contained in a reflexive polygon'
+    # homogenize again
+    R = polynomial.parent()
+    x = R.gens().index(variables_aff[0])
+    y = R.gens().index(variables_aff[1])
+    hom = newton_polytope.embed_in_reflexive_polytope('hom')
+
+    def homogenize(inhomog, degree):
+        e = tuple(hom._A * vector(ZZ, [inhomog[x], inhomog[y]]) + degree * hom._b)
+        result = list(inhomog)
+        for i, var in enumerate(variables):
+            result[R.gens().index(var)] = e[i]
+        result = vector(ZZ, result)
+        result.set_immutable()
+        return result
+    X_dict = {homogenize(e, 2): v for e, v in X.monomial_coefficients().items()}
+    Y_dict = {homogenize(e, 3): v for e, v in Y.monomial_coefficients().items()}
+    Z_dict = {homogenize(e, 1): v for e, v in Z.monomial_coefficients().items()}
+    # shift to nonnegative exponents if necessary
+    min_deg = [0] * R.ngens()
+    for var in variables:
+        i = R.gens().index(var)
+        min_X = min([e[i] for e in X_dict]) if X_dict else 0
+        min_Y = min([e[i] for e in Y_dict]) if Y_dict else 0
+        min_Z = min([e[i] for e in Z_dict]) if Z_dict else 0
+        min_deg[i] = min(min_X / 2, min_Y / 3, min_Z)
+    min_deg = vector(min_deg)
+    X_dict = {tuple(e - 2 * min_deg): v for e, v in X_dict.items()}
+    Y_dict = {tuple(e - 3 * min_deg): v for e, v in Y_dict.items()}
+    Z_dict = {tuple(e - 1 * min_deg): v for e, v in Z_dict.items()}
+    return (R(X_dict), R(Y_dict), R(Z_dict))
+
+
+######################################################################
+#
+#  Weierstrass form of cubic in P^2
+#
+######################################################################
+
+def WeierstrassMap_P2(polynomial, variables=None):
+    r"""
+    Map a cubic to its Weierstrass form.
+
+    Input/output is the same as :func:`WeierstrassMap`, except that
+    the input polynomial must be a cubic in `\mathbb{P}^2`,
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        \begin{split}
+          p(x,y) =&\;
+          a_{30} x^{3} + a_{21} x^{2} y + a_{12} x y^{2} +
+          a_{03} y^{3} + a_{20} x^{2} +
+          \\ &\;
+          a_{11} x y +
+          a_{02} y^{2} + a_{10} x + a_{01} y + a_{00}
+        \end{split}
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.schemes.toric.weierstrass import WeierstrassForm_P2
+        sage: from sage.schemes.toric.weierstrass_covering import WeierstrassMap_P2
+        sage: R.<x,y,z> = QQ[]
+        sage: equation =  x^3 + y^3 + z^3 + x*y*z
+        sage: f, g = WeierstrassForm_P2(equation)
+        sage: X,Y,Z = WeierstrassMap_P2(equation)
+        sage: equation.divides(-Y^2 + X^3 + f*X*Z^4 + g*Z^6)
+        True
+
+        sage: from sage.schemes.toric.weierstrass import WeierstrassForm_P2
+        sage: from sage.schemes.toric.weierstrass_covering import WeierstrassMap_P2
+        sage: R.<x,y> = QQ[]
+        sage: equation =  x^3 + y^3 + 1
+        sage: f, g = WeierstrassForm_P2(equation)
+        sage: X,Y,Z = WeierstrassMap_P2(equation)
+        sage: equation.divides(-Y^2 + X^3 + f*X*Z^4 + g*Z^6)
+        True
+    """
+    x, y, z = _check_polynomial_P2(polynomial, variables)
+    cubic = invariant_theory.ternary_cubic(polynomial, x, y, z)
+    H = cubic.Hessian()
+    Theta = cubic.Theta_covariant()
+    J = cubic.J_covariant()
+    F = polynomial.parent().base_ring()
+    return (Theta, J / F(2), H)
+
+
+######################################################################
+#
+#  Weierstrass form of biquadric in P1 x P1
+#
+######################################################################
+
+def WeierstrassMap_P1xP1(polynomial, variables=None):
+    r"""
+    Map an anticanonical hypersurface in
+    `\mathbb{P}^1 \times \mathbb{P}^1` into Weierstrass form.
+
+    Input/output is the same as :func:`WeierstrassMap`, except that
+    the input polynomial must be a standard anticanonical hypersurface
+    in the toric surface `\mathbb{P}^1 \times \mathbb{P}^1`:
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.schemes.toric.weierstrass_covering import WeierstrassMap_P1xP1
+        sage: from sage.schemes.toric.weierstrass import WeierstrassForm_P1xP1
+        sage: R.<x0,x1,y0,y1,a> = QQ[]
+        sage: biquadric = (x0^2*y0^2 + x1^2*y0^2 + x0^2*y1^2 + x1^2*y1^2 +
+        ....:     a * x0*x1*y0*y1*5)
+        sage: f, g = WeierstrassForm_P1xP1(biquadric, [x0, x1, y0, y1]);  (f,g)
+        (-625/48*a^4 + 25/3*a^2 - 16/3, 15625/864*a^6 - 625/36*a^4 - 100/9*a^2 + 128/27)
+        sage: X, Y, Z = WeierstrassMap_P1xP1(biquadric, [x0, x1, y0, y1])
+        sage: (-Y^2 + X^3 + f*X*Z^4 + g*Z^6).reduce(R.ideal(biquadric))                 # needs sage.libs.singular
+        0
+
+        sage: R = PolynomialRing(QQ, 'x,y,s,t', order='lex')
+        sage: R.inject_variables()
+        Defining x, y, s, t
+        sage: equation = (s^2*(x^2+2*x*y+3*y^2) + s*t*(4*x^2+5*x*y+6*y^2)
+        ....:             + t^2*(7*x^2+8*x*y+9*y^2))
+        sage: X, Y, Z = WeierstrassMap_P1xP1(equation, [x,y,s,t])
+        sage: f, g = WeierstrassForm_P1xP1(equation, variables=[x,y,s,t])
+        sage: (-Y^2 + X^3 + f*X*Z^4 + g*Z^6).reduce(R.ideal(equation))                  # needs sage.libs.singular
+        0
+
+        sage: R = PolynomialRing(QQ, 'x,s', order='lex')
+        sage: R.inject_variables()
+        Defining x, s
+        sage: equation = s^2*(x^2+2*x+3) + s*(4*x^2+5*x+6) + (7*x^2+8*x+9)
+        sage: X, Y, Z = WeierstrassMap_P1xP1(equation)
+        sage: f, g = WeierstrassForm_P1xP1(equation)
+        sage: (-Y^2 + X^3 + f*X*Z^4 + g*Z^6).reduce(R.ideal(equation))                  # needs sage.libs.singular
+        0
+    """
+    x, y, s, t = _check_polynomial_P1xP1(polynomial, variables)
+    a00 = polynomial.coefficient({s: 2})
+    V = polynomial.coefficient({s: 1})
+    U = - _partial_discriminant(polynomial, s, t) / 4
+    Q = invariant_theory.binary_quartic(U, x, y)
+    g = Q.g_covariant()
+    h = Q.h_covariant()
+    if t is None:
+        t = 1
+    return (4 * g * t**2, 4 * h * t**3, (a00 * s + V / 2))
+
+
+######################################################################
+#
+#  Weierstrass form of anticanonical hypersurface in WP2[1,1,2]
+#
+######################################################################
+
+def WeierstrassMap_P2_112(polynomial, variables=None):
+    r"""
+    Map an anticanonical hypersurface in `\mathbb{P}^2[1,1,2]` into Weierstrass form.
+
+    Input/output is the same as :func:`WeierstrassMap`, except that
+    the input polynomial must be a standard anticanonical hypersurface
+    in weighted projective space `\mathbb{P}^2[1,1,2]`:
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        \begin{split}
+          p(x,y) =&\;
+          a_{40} x^4 +
+          a_{30} x^3 +
+          a_{21} x^2 y +
+          a_{20} x^2 +
+          \\ &\;
+          a_{11} x y +
+          a_{02} y^2 +
+          a_{10} x +
+          a_{01} y +
+          a_{00}
+        \end{split}
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.schemes.toric.weierstrass_covering import WeierstrassMap_P2_112
+        sage: from sage.schemes.toric.weierstrass import WeierstrassForm_P2_112
+        sage: R = PolynomialRing(QQ, 'x,y,a0,a1,a2,a3,a4', order='lex')
+        sage: R.inject_variables()
+        Defining x, y, a0, a1, a2, a3, a4
+        sage: equation = y^2 + a0*x^4 + 4*a1*x^3 + 6*a2*x^2 + 4*a3*x + a4
+        sage: X, Y, Z = WeierstrassMap_P2_112(equation, [x,y])
+        sage: f, g = WeierstrassForm_P2_112(equation, variables=[x,y])
+        sage: (-Y^2 + X^3 + f*X*Z^4 + g*Z^6).reduce(R.ideal(equation))                  # needs sage.libs.singular
+        0
+
+    Another example, this time in homogeneous coordinates::
+
+        sage: fan = Fan(rays=[(1,0),(0,1),(-1,-2),(0,-1)],
+        ....:           cones=[[0,1],[1,2],[2,3],[3,0]])
+        sage: P112.<x,y,z,t> = ToricVariety(fan)
+        sage: (-P112.K()).sections_monomials()
+        (z^4*t^2, x*z^3*t^2, x^2*z^2*t^2, x^3*z*t^2,
+         x^4*t^2, y*z^2*t, x*y*z*t, x^2*y*t, y^2)
+        sage: C_eqn = sum(_)
+        sage: C = P112.subscheme(C_eqn)
+        sage: WeierstrassForm_P2_112(C_eqn, [x,y,z,t])
+        (-97/48, 17/864)
+        sage: X, Y, Z = WeierstrassMap_P2_112(C_eqn, [x,y,z,t])
+        sage: (-Y^2 + X^3 - 97/48*X*Z^4 + 17/864*Z^6).reduce(C.defining_ideal())        # needs sage.libs.singular
+        0
+    """
+    x, y, z, t = _check_polynomial_P2_112(polynomial, variables)
+    a00 = polynomial.coefficient({y: 2})
+    V = polynomial.coefficient({y: 1})
+    U = - _partial_discriminant(polynomial, y, t) / 4
+    Q = invariant_theory.binary_quartic(U, x, z)
+    g = Q.g_covariant()
+    h = Q.h_covariant()
+    if t is None:
+        t = 1
+    return (4 * g * t**2, 4 * h * t**3, (a00 * y + V / 2))