opentrons 8.6.0__py3-none-any.whl

opentrons/protocol_api/instrument_context.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3272 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+import logging
+from contextlib import ExitStack
+from typing import Any, List, Optional, Sequence, Union, cast, Tuple
+from opentrons_shared_data.errors.exceptions import (
+    CommandPreconditionViolated,
+    CommandParameterLimitViolated,
+    UnexpectedTipRemovalError,
+    UnsupportedHardwareCommand,
+)
+
+from opentrons.legacy_broker import LegacyBroker
+from opentrons.hardware_control.dev_types import PipetteDict
+from opentrons import types
+from opentrons.legacy_commands import (
+    commands as cmds,
+    protocol_commands as protocol_cmds,
+)
+
+from opentrons.legacy_commands import publisher
+from opentrons.protocols.advanced_control.mix import mix_from_kwargs
+from opentrons.protocols.advanced_control.transfers import transfer as v1_transfer
+from opentrons.protocols.api_support.deck_type import NoTrashDefinedError
+from opentrons.protocols.api_support.types import APIVersion
+from opentrons.protocols.api_support import instrument
+from opentrons.protocols.api_support.util import (
+    FlowRates,
+    PlungerSpeeds,
+    clamp_value,
+    requires_version,
+    APIVersionError,
+    UnsupportedAPIError,
+)
+
+from .core.common import InstrumentCore, ProtocolCore, WellCore
+from .core.core_map import LoadedCoreMap
+from .core.engine import ENGINE_CORE_API_VERSION
+from .core.legacy.legacy_instrument_core import LegacyInstrumentCore
+from .config import Clearances
+from .disposal_locations import TrashBin, WasteChute
+from ._nozzle_layout import NozzleLayout
+from ._liquid import LiquidClass
+from ._transfer_liquid_validation import (
+    verify_and_normalize_transfer_args,
+    resolve_keep_last_tip,
+)
+from . import labware, validation
+from ..protocols.advanced_control.transfers.common import (
+    TransferTipPolicyV2,
+    TransferTipPolicyV2Type,
+)
+from ..protocol_engine.types import LiquidTrackingType
+
+_DEFAULT_ASPIRATE_CLEARANCE = 1.0
+_DEFAULT_DISPENSE_CLEARANCE = 1.0
+
+_log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+_PREP_AFTER_ADDED_IN = APIVersion(2, 13)
+"""The version after which the pick-up tip procedure should also prepare the plunger."""
+_PRESSES_INCREMENT_REMOVED_IN = APIVersion(2, 14)
+"""The version after which the pick-up tip procedure deprecates presses and increment arguments."""
+_DROP_TIP_LOCATION_ALTERNATING_ADDED_IN = APIVersion(2, 15)
+"""The version after which a drop-tip-into-trash procedure drops tips in different alternating locations within the trash well."""
+_PARTIAL_NOZZLE_CONFIGURATION_ADDED_IN = APIVersion(2, 16)
+"""The version after which a partial nozzle configuration became available for the 96 Channel Pipette."""
+_PARTIAL_NOZZLE_CONFIGURATION_AUTOMATIC_TIP_TRACKING_IN = APIVersion(2, 18)
+"""The version after which automatic tip tracking supported partially configured nozzle layouts."""
+_DISPOSAL_LOCATION_OFFSET_ADDED_IN = APIVersion(2, 18)
+"""The version after which offsets for deck configured trash containers and changes to alternating tip drop behavior were introduced."""
+_PARTIAL_NOZZLE_CONFIGURATION_SINGLE_ROW_PARTIAL_COLUMN_ADDED_IN = APIVersion(2, 20)
+"""The version after which partial nozzle configurations of single, row, and partial column layouts became available."""
+_AIR_GAP_TRACKING_ADDED_IN = APIVersion(2, 22)
+"""The version after which air gaps should be implemented with a separate call instead of an aspirate for better liquid volume tracking."""
+_LIQUID_CLASS_TRANSFER_TIP_RACKS_ARG_ADDED_IN = APIVersion(2, 25)
+"""The version after which the user can supply liquid class transfers with non-assigned tip racks."""
+
+
+AdvancedLiquidHandling = v1_transfer.AdvancedLiquidHandling
+
+
+class _Unset:
+    """A sentinel value when no value has been supplied for an argument.
+    User code should never use this explicitly."""
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        # Without this, the generated docs render the argument as
+        # "<opentrons.protocol_api.instrument_context._Unset object at 0x1234>"
+        return self.__class__.__name__
+
+
+class InstrumentContext(publisher.CommandPublisher):
+    """
+    A context for a specific pipette or instrument.
+
+    The InstrumentContext class provides the objects, attributes, and methods that allow
+    you to use pipettes in your protocols.
+
+    Methods generally fall into one of two categories.
+
+      - They can change the state of the InstrumentContext object, like how fast it
+        moves liquid or where it disposes of used tips.
+
+      - They can command the instrument to perform an action, like picking up tips,
+        moving to certain locations, and aspirating or dispensing liquid.
+
+    Objects in this class should not be instantiated directly. Instead, instances are
+    returned by :py:meth:`ProtocolContext.load_instrument`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        core: InstrumentCore,
+        protocol_core: ProtocolCore,
+        broker: LegacyBroker,
+        api_version: APIVersion,
+        tip_racks: List[labware.Labware],
+        trash: Optional[Union[labware.Labware, TrashBin, WasteChute]],
+        requested_as: str,
+        core_map: LoadedCoreMap,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(broker)
+        self._api_version = api_version
+        self._core = core
+        self._protocol_core = protocol_core
+        self._tip_racks = tip_racks
+        self._starting_tip: Union[labware.Well, None] = None
+        self._well_bottom_clearances = Clearances(
+            default_aspirate=_DEFAULT_ASPIRATE_CLEARANCE,
+            default_dispense=_DEFAULT_DISPENSE_CLEARANCE,
+        )
+        self._user_specified_trash: Union[
+            labware.Labware, TrashBin, WasteChute, None
+        ] = trash
+        self.requested_as = requested_as
+        self._core_map = core_map
+
+    @property
+    @requires_version(2, 0)
+    def api_version(self) -> APIVersion:
+        return self._api_version
+
+    @property
+    @requires_version(2, 0)
+    def starting_tip(self) -> Union[labware.Well, None]:
+        """
+        Which well of a tip rack the pipette should start at when automatically choosing tips to pick up.
+
+        See :py:meth:`.pick_up_tip()`.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            In robot software versions 6.3.0 and 6.3.1, protocols specifying API level
+            2.14 ignored ``starting_tip`` on the second and subsequent calls to
+            :py:meth:`.InstrumentContext.pick_up_tip` with no argument. This is fixed
+            for all API levels as of robot software version 7.0.0.
+        """
+        return self._starting_tip
+
+    @starting_tip.setter
+    def starting_tip(self, location: Union[labware.Well, None]) -> None:
+        self._starting_tip = location
+
+    @requires_version(2, 0)
+    def reset_tipracks(self) -> None:
+        """Reload all tips in each tip rack and reset the starting tip."""
+        for tiprack in self.tip_racks:
+            tiprack.reset()
+        self.starting_tip = None
+
+    @property
+    @requires_version(2, 0)
+    def default_speed(self) -> float:
+        """The speed at which the robot's gantry moves in mm/s.
+
+        The default speed for Flex varies between 300 and 350 mm/s. The OT-2 default is
+        400 mm/s. In addition to changing the default, the speed of individual motions
+        can be changed with the ``speed`` argument of the
+        :py:meth:`InstrumentContext.move_to` method. See :ref:`gantry_speed`.
+        """
+        return self._core.get_default_speed()
+
+    @default_speed.setter
+    def default_speed(self, speed: float) -> None:
+        self._core.set_default_speed(speed)
+
+    @requires_version(2, 21)
+    def get_minimum_liquid_sense_height(self) -> float:
+        """Get the minimum allowed height for liquid-level detection."""
+        return self._core.get_minimum_liquid_sense_height()
+
+    @requires_version(2, 0)
+    def aspirate(  # noqa: C901
+        self,
+        volume: Optional[float] = None,
+        location: Optional[Union[types.Location, labware.Well]] = None,
+        rate: float = 1.0,
+        flow_rate: Optional[float] = None,
+    ) -> InstrumentContext:
+        """
+        Draw liquid into a pipette tip.
+
+        See :ref:`new-aspirate` for more details and examples.
+
+        :param volume: The volume to aspirate, measured in µL. If unspecified,
+                    defaults to the maximum volume for the pipette and its currently
+                    attached tip.
+
+                    If ``aspirate`` is called with a volume of precisely 0, its behavior
+                    depends on the API level of the protocol. On API levels below 2.16,
+                    it will behave the same as a volume of ``None``/unspecified: aspirate
+                    until the pipette is full. On API levels at or above 2.16, no liquid
+                    will be aspirated.
+        :type volume: int or float
+        :param location: Tells the robot where to aspirate from. The location can be
+                         a :py:class:`.Well` or a :py:class:`.Location`.
+
+                            - If the location is a ``Well``, the robot will aspirate at
+                              or above the bottom center of the well. The distance (in mm)
+                              from the well bottom is specified by
+                              :py:obj:`well_bottom_clearance.aspirate
+                              <well_bottom_clearance>`.
+
+                            - If the location is a ``Location`` (e.g., the result of
+                              :py:meth:`.Well.top` or :py:meth:`.Well.bottom`), the robot
+                              will aspirate from that specified position.
+
+                            - If the ``location`` is unspecified, the robot will
+                              aspirate from its current position.
+        :param rate: A multiplier for the default flow rate of the pipette. Calculated
+                     as ``rate`` multiplied by :py:attr:`flow_rate.aspirate
+                     <flow_rate>`. If not specified, defaults to 1.0. See
+                     :ref:`new-plunger-flow-rates`.
+        :type rate: float
+        :param flow_rate: The absolute flow rate in µL/s. If ``flow_rate`` is specified,
+                          ``rate`` must not be set.
+        :type flow_rate: float
+        :returns: This instance.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            If ``aspirate`` is called with a single, unnamed argument, it will treat
+            that argument as ``volume``. If you want to call ``aspirate`` with only
+            ``location``, specify it as a keyword argument:
+            ``pipette.aspirate(location=plate['A1'])``
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.24
+            Added the ``flow_rate`` parameter.
+        """
+        if flow_rate is not None:
+            if self.api_version < APIVersion(2, 24):
+                raise APIVersionError(
+                    api_element="flow_rate",
+                    until_version="2.24",
+                    current_version=f"{self.api_version}",
+                )
+            if rate != 1.0:
+                raise ValueError("rate must not be set if flow_rate is specified")
+            rate = flow_rate / self._core.get_aspirate_flow_rate()
+        else:
+            flow_rate = self._core.get_aspirate_flow_rate(rate)
+
+        _log.debug(
+            "aspirate {} from {} at {} µL/s".format(
+                volume, location if location else "current position", flow_rate
+            )
+        )
+
+        move_to_location: types.Location
+        well: Optional[labware.Well]
+        last_location = self._get_last_location_by_api_version()
+        try:
+            target = validation.validate_location(
+                location=location, last_location=last_location
+            )
+        except validation.NoLocationError as e:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "If aspirate is called without an explicit location, another"
+                " method that moves to a location (such as move_to or "
+                "dispense) must previously have been called so the robot "
+                "knows where it is."
+            ) from e
+
+        if isinstance(target, validation.DisposalTarget):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Trash Bin and Waste Chute are not acceptable location parameters for Aspirate commands."
+            )
+        move_to_location, well, meniscus_tracking = self._handle_aspirate_target(
+            target=target
+        )
+        if self.api_version >= APIVersion(2, 11):
+            instrument.validate_takes_liquid(
+                location=move_to_location,
+                reject_module=self.api_version >= APIVersion(2, 13),
+                reject_adapter=self.api_version >= APIVersion(2, 15),
+            )
+
+        if self.api_version >= APIVersion(2, 16):
+            c_vol = self._core.get_available_volume() if volume is None else volume
+        else:
+            c_vol = self._core.get_available_volume() if not volume else volume
+
+        if (
+            self.api_version >= APIVersion(2, 20)
+            and well is not None
+            and self.liquid_presence_detection
+            and self._core.nozzle_configuration_valid_for_lld()
+            and self._core.get_current_volume() == 0
+            and self._core.get_has_clean_tip()
+        ):
+            self._raise_if_pressure_not_supported_by_pipette()
+            self.require_liquid_presence(well=well)
+
+        with publisher.publish_context(
+            broker=self.broker,
+            command=cmds.aspirate(
+                instrument=self,
+                volume=c_vol,
+                location=move_to_location,
+                flow_rate=flow_rate,
+                rate=rate,
+            ),
+        ):
+            self._core.aspirate(
+                location=move_to_location,
+                well_core=well._core if well is not None else None,
+                volume=c_vol,
+                rate=rate,
+                flow_rate=flow_rate,
+                in_place=target.in_place,
+                meniscus_tracking=meniscus_tracking,
+            )
+
+        return self
+
+    @requires_version(2, 0)
+    def dispense(  # noqa: C901
+        self,
+        volume: Optional[float] = None,
+        location: Optional[
+            Union[types.Location, labware.Well, TrashBin, WasteChute]
+        ] = None,
+        rate: float = 1.0,
+        push_out: Optional[float] = None,
+        flow_rate: Optional[float] = None,
+    ) -> InstrumentContext:
+        """
+        Dispense liquid from a pipette tip.
+
+        See :ref:`new-dispense` for more details and examples.
+
+        :param volume: The volume to dispense, measured in µL.
+
+                         - If unspecified or ``None``, dispense the :py:attr:`current_volume`.
+
+                         - If 0, the behavior of ``dispense()`` depends on the API level
+                           of the protocol. In API version 2.16 and earlier, dispense all
+                           liquid in the pipette (same as unspecified or ``None``). In API
+                           version 2.17 and later, dispense no liquid.
+
+                         - If greater than :py:obj:`.current_volume`, the behavior of
+                           ``dispense()`` depends on the API level of the protocol. In API
+                           version 2.16 and earlier, dispense all liquid in the pipette.
+                           In API version 2.17 and later, raise an error.
+
+        :type volume: int or float
+
+        :param location: Tells the robot where to dispense liquid held in the pipette.
+            The location can be a :py:class:`.Well`, :py:class:`.Location`,
+            :py:class:`.TrashBin`, or :py:class:`.WasteChute`.
+
+                            - If a ``Well``, the pipette will dispense
+                              at or above the bottom center of the well. The distance (in
+                              mm) from the well bottom is specified by
+                              :py:obj:`well_bottom_clearance.dispense
+                              <well_bottom_clearance>`.
+
+                            - If a ``Location`` (e.g., the result of
+                              :py:meth:`.Well.top` or :py:meth:`.Well.bottom`), the pipette
+                              will dispense at that specified position.
+
+                            - If a trash container, the pipette will dispense at a location
+                              relative to its center and the trash container's top center.
+                              See :ref:`position-relative-trash` for details.
+
+                            - If unspecified, the pipette will
+                              dispense at its current position.
+
+                            If only a ``location`` is passed (e.g.,
+                            ``pipette.dispense(location=plate['A1'])``), all of the
+                            liquid aspirated into the pipette will be dispensed (the
+                            amount is accessible through :py:attr:`current_volume`).
+
+            .. versionchanged:: 2.16
+                Accepts ``TrashBin`` and ``WasteChute`` values.
+
+        :param rate: How quickly a pipette dispenses liquid. The speed in µL/s is
+                     calculated as ``rate`` multiplied by :py:attr:`flow_rate.dispense
+                     <flow_rate>`. If not specified, defaults to 1.0. See
+                     :ref:`new-plunger-flow-rates`.
+        :type rate: float
+
+        :param push_out: Continue past the plunger bottom to help ensure all liquid
+                         leaves the tip. Measured in µL. The default value is ``None``.
+
+                         When not specified or set to ``None``, the plunger moves by a non-zero default amount.
+
+                         For a table of default values, see :ref:`push-out-dispense`.
+        :type push_out: float
+
+        :param flow_rate: The absolute flow rate in µL/s. If ``flow_rate`` is specified,
+                          ``rate`` must not be set.
+        :type flow_rate: float
+
+        :returns: This instance.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            If ``dispense`` is called with a single, unnamed argument, it will treat
+            that argument as ``volume``. If you want to call ``dispense`` with only
+            ``location``, specify it as a keyword argument:
+            ``pipette.dispense(location=plate['A1'])``.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.15
+            Added the ``push_out`` parameter.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.17
+            Behavior of the ``volume`` parameter.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.24
+            Added the ``flow_rate`` parameter.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.24
+            ``location`` is no longer required if the pipette just moved to, dispensed, or blew out
+            into a trash bin or waste chute.
+        """
+        if self.api_version < APIVersion(2, 15) and push_out:
+            raise APIVersionError(
+                api_element="Parameter push_out",
+                until_version="2.15",
+                current_version=f"{self.api_version}",
+            )
+
+        if flow_rate is not None:
+            if self.api_version < APIVersion(2, 24):
+                raise APIVersionError(
+                    api_element="flow_rate",
+                    until_version="2.24",
+                    current_version=f"{self.api_version}",
+                )
+            if rate != 1.0:
+                raise ValueError("rate must not be set if flow_rate is specified")
+            rate = flow_rate / self._core.get_dispense_flow_rate()
+        else:
+            flow_rate = self._core.get_dispense_flow_rate(rate)
+
+        _log.debug(
+            "dispense {} from {} at {} µL/s".format(
+                volume, location if location else "current position", flow_rate
+            )
+        )
+
+        last_location = self._get_last_location_by_api_version()
+        try:
+            target = validation.validate_location(
+                location=location, last_location=last_location
+            )
+        except validation.NoLocationError as e:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "If dispense is called without an explicit location, another"
+                " method that moves to a location (such as move_to or "
+                "aspirate) must previously have been called so the robot "
+                "knows where it is."
+            ) from e
+
+        if self.api_version >= APIVersion(2, 16):
+            c_vol = self._core.get_current_volume() if volume is None else volume
+        else:
+            c_vol = self._core.get_current_volume() if not volume else volume
+
+        if isinstance(target, validation.DisposalTarget):
+            with publisher.publish_context(
+                broker=self.broker,
+                command=cmds.dispense_in_disposal_location(
+                    instrument=self,
+                    volume=c_vol,
+                    location=target.location,
+                    rate=rate,
+                    flow_rate=flow_rate,
+                ),
+            ):
+                self._core.dispense(
+                    volume=c_vol,
+                    rate=rate,
+                    location=target.location,
+                    well_core=None,
+                    flow_rate=flow_rate,
+                    in_place=target.in_place,
+                    push_out=push_out,
+                    meniscus_tracking=None,
+                )
+            return self
+
+        move_to_location, well, meniscus_tracking = self._handle_dispense_target(
+            target=target
+        )
+
+        if self.api_version >= APIVersion(2, 11):
+            instrument.validate_takes_liquid(
+                location=move_to_location,
+                reject_module=self.api_version >= APIVersion(2, 13),
+                reject_adapter=self.api_version >= APIVersion(2, 15),
+            )
+
+        with publisher.publish_context(
+            broker=self.broker,
+            command=cmds.dispense(
+                instrument=self,
+                volume=c_vol,
+                location=move_to_location,
+                rate=rate,
+                flow_rate=flow_rate,
+            ),
+        ):
+            self._core.dispense(
+                volume=c_vol,
+                rate=rate,
+                location=move_to_location,
+                well_core=well._core if well is not None else None,
+                flow_rate=flow_rate,
+                in_place=target.in_place,
+                push_out=push_out,
+                meniscus_tracking=meniscus_tracking,
+            )
+
+        return self
+
+    @requires_version(2, 0)
+    def mix(  # noqa: C901
+        self,
+        repetitions: int = 1,
+        volume: Optional[float] = None,
+        location: Optional[Union[types.Location, labware.Well]] = None,
+        rate: float = 1.0,
+        aspirate_flow_rate: Optional[float] = None,
+        dispense_flow_rate: Optional[float] = None,
+        aspirate_delay: Optional[float] = None,
+        dispense_delay: Optional[float] = None,
+        final_push_out: Optional[float] = None,
+    ) -> InstrumentContext:
+        """
+        Mix a volume of liquid by repeatedly aspirating and dispensing it in a single location.
+
+        See :ref:`mix` for examples.
+
+        :param repetitions: Number of times to mix (default is 1).
+        :param volume: The volume to mix, measured in µL. If unspecified, defaults
+                       to the maximum volume for the pipette and its attached tip.
+
+                       If ``mix`` is called with a volume of precisely 0, its behavior
+                       depends on the API level of the protocol. On API levels below 2.16,
+                       it will behave the same as a volume of ``None``/unspecified: mix
+                       the full working volume of the pipette. On API levels at or above 2.16,
+                       no liquid will be mixed.
+        :param location: The :py:class:`.Well` or :py:class:`~.types.Location` where the
+                        pipette will mix. If unspecified, the pipette will mix at its
+                        current position.
+        :param rate: How quickly the pipette aspirates and dispenses liquid while
+                     mixing. The aspiration flow rate is calculated as ``rate``
+                     multiplied by :py:attr:`flow_rate.aspirate <flow_rate>`. The
+                     dispensing flow rate is calculated as ``rate`` multiplied by
+                     :py:attr:`flow_rate.dispense <flow_rate>`. See
+                     :ref:`new-plunger-flow-rates`.
+        :param aspirate_flow_rate: The absolute flow rate for each aspirate in the mix, in µL/s.
+                                   If this is specified, ``rate`` must not be set.
+        :param dispense_flow_rate: The absolute flow rate for each dispense in the mix, in µL/s.
+                                   If this is specified, ``rate`` must not be set.
+        :param aspirate_delay: How long to wait after each aspirate in the mix, in seconds.
+        :param dispense_delay: How long to wait after each dispense in the mix, in seconds.
+        :param final_push_out: How much volume to push out after the final mix repetition. The
+                               pipette will not push out after earlier repetitions. If
+                               not specified or ``None``, the pipette will push out the
+                               default non-zero amount. See :ref:`push-out-dispense`.
+        :raises: ``UnexpectedTipRemovalError`` -- If no tip is attached to the pipette.
+        :returns: This instance.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            All the arguments of ``mix`` are optional. However, if you omit one of them,
+            all subsequent arguments must be passed as keyword arguments. For instance,
+            ``pipette.mix(1, location=wellplate['A1'])`` is a valid call, but
+            ``pipette.mix(1, wellplate['A1'])`` is not.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.21
+            Does not repeatedly check for liquid presence.
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.24
+            Adds the ``aspirate_flow_rate``, ``dispense_flow_rate``, ``aspirate_delay``,
+            ``dispense_delay``, and ``final_push_out`` parameters.
+        """
+        _log.debug(
+            "mixing {}uL with {} repetitions in {} at rate={}".format(
+                volume, repetitions, location if location else "current position", rate
+            )
+        )
+        if not self._core.has_tip():
+            raise UnexpectedTipRemovalError("mix", self.name, self.mount)
+
+        if self.api_version >= APIVersion(2, 16):
+            c_vol = self._core.get_available_volume() if volume is None else volume
+        else:
+            c_vol = self._core.get_available_volume() if not volume else volume
+
+        if aspirate_flow_rate:
+            if self.api_version < APIVersion(2, 24):
+                raise APIVersionError(
+                    api_element="aspirate_flow_rate",
+                    until_version="2.24",
+                    current_version=f"{self._api_version}",
+                )
+            if rate != 1.0:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "rate must not be set if aspirate_flow_rate is specified"
+                )
+        if dispense_flow_rate:
+            if self.api_version < APIVersion(2, 24):
+                raise APIVersionError(
+                    api_element="dispense_flow_rate",
+                    until_version="2.24",
+                    current_version=f"{self._api_version}",
+                )
+            if rate != 1.0:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "rate must not be set if dispense_flow_rate is specified"
+                )
+        if aspirate_delay and self.api_version < APIVersion(2, 24):
+            raise APIVersionError(
+                api_element="aspirate_delay",
+                until_version="2.24",
+                current_version=f"{self._api_version}",
+            )
+        if dispense_delay and self.api_version < APIVersion(2, 24):
+            raise APIVersionError(
+                api_element="dispense_delay",
+                until_version="2.24",
+                current_version=f"{self._api_version}",
+            )
+        if final_push_out and self.api_version < APIVersion(2, 24):
+            raise APIVersionError(
+                api_element="final_push_out",
+                until_version="2.24",
+                current_version=f"{self._api_version}",
+            )
+
+        def delay_with_publish(seconds: float) -> None:
+            # We don't have access to ProtocolContext.delay() which would automatically
+            # publish a message to the broker, so we have to do it manually:
+            with publisher.publish_context(
+                broker=self.broker,
+                command=protocol_cmds.delay(seconds=seconds, minutes=0, msg=None),
+            ):
+                self._protocol_core.delay(seconds=seconds, msg=None)
+
+        def aspirate_with_delay(
+            location: Optional[types.Location | labware.Well],
+        ) -> None:
+            self.aspirate(volume, location, rate, flow_rate=aspirate_flow_rate)
+            if aspirate_delay:
+                delay_with_publish(aspirate_delay)
+
+        def dispense_with_delay(push_out: Optional[float]) -> None:
+            self.dispense(
+                volume, None, rate, flow_rate=dispense_flow_rate, push_out=push_out
+            )
+            if dispense_delay:
+                delay_with_publish(dispense_delay)
+
+        with publisher.publish_context(
+            broker=self.broker,
+            command=cmds.mix(
+                instrument=self,
+                repetitions=repetitions,
+                volume=c_vol,
+                location=location,
+            ),
+        ):
+            aspirate_with_delay(location=location)
+            with AutoProbeDisable(self):
+                while repetitions - 1 > 0:
+                    # starting in 2.16, we disable push_out on all but the last
+                    # dispense() to prevent the tip from jumping out of the liquid
+                    # during the mix (PR #14004):
+                    dispense_with_delay(
+                        push_out=0 if self.api_version >= APIVersion(2, 16) else None
+                    )
+                    # aspirate location was set above, do subsequent aspirates in-place:
+                    aspirate_with_delay(location=None)
+                    repetitions -= 1
+                if final_push_out is not None:
+                    dispense_with_delay(push_out=final_push_out)
+                else:
+                    dispense_with_delay(push_out=None)
+        return self
+
+    @requires_version(2, 0)
+    def blow_out(
+        self,
+        location: Optional[
+            Union[types.Location, labware.Well, TrashBin, WasteChute]
+        ] = None,
+    ) -> InstrumentContext:
+        """
+        Blow an extra amount of air through a pipette's tip to clear it.
+
+        If :py:meth:`dispense` is used to empty a pipette, usually a small amount of
+        liquid remains in the tip. During a blowout, the pipette moves the plunger
+        beyond its normal limits to help remove all liquid from the pipette tip. See
+        :ref:`blow-out`.
+
+        :param location: The blowout location. If no location is specified, the pipette
+            will blow out from its current position.
+
+            .. versionchanged:: 2.16
+                Accepts ``TrashBin`` and ``WasteChute`` values.
+
+        :type location: :py:class:`.Well` or :py:class:`.Location` or ``None``
+
+        :raises RuntimeError: If no location is specified and the location cache is
+                              ``None``. This should happen if ``blow_out()`` is called
+                              without first calling a method that takes a location, like
+                              :py:meth:`.aspirate` or :py:meth:`dispense`.
+        :returns: This instance.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.24
+            ``location`` is no longer required if the pipette just moved to, dispensed, or blew out
+            into a trash bin or waste chute.
+        """
+        well: Optional[labware.Well] = None
+        move_to_location: types.Location
+
+        last_location = self._get_last_location_by_api_version()
+        try:
+            target = validation.validate_location(
+                location=location, last_location=last_location
+            )
+        except validation.NoLocationError as e:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "If blow out is called without an explicit location, another"
+                " method that moves to a location (such as move_to or "
+                "dispense) must previously have been called so the robot "
+                "knows where it is."
+            ) from e
+
+        if isinstance(target, validation.WellTarget):
+            if target.well.parent.is_tiprack:
+                _log.warning(
+                    "Blow_out being performed on a tiprack. "
+                    "Please re-check your code"
+                )
+            if target.location:
+                # because the lower levels of blowout don't handle LiquidHandlingWellLocation and
+                # there is no "operation_volume" for blowout we need to convert the relative location
+                # given with a .meniscus to an absolute point. To maintain the meniscus behavior
+                # we can just add the offset to the current liquid height.
+                if target.location.meniscus_tracking:
+                    move_to_location = target.well.bottom(
+                        target.well.current_liquid_height()  # type: ignore [arg-type]
+                        + target.location.point.z
+                    )
+                else:
+                    move_to_location = target.location
+            else:
+                move_to_location = target.well.top()
+            well = target.well
+        elif isinstance(target, validation.PointTarget):
+            move_to_location = target.location
+        elif isinstance(target, validation.DisposalTarget):
+            with publisher.publish_context(
+                broker=self.broker,
+                command=cmds.blow_out_in_disposal_location(
+                    instrument=self, location=target.location
+                ),
+            ):
+                self._core.blow_out(
+                    location=target.location,
+                    well_core=None,
+                    in_place=target.in_place,
+                )
+            return self
+
+        with publisher.publish_context(
+            broker=self.broker,
+            command=cmds.blow_out(instrument=self, location=move_to_location),
+        ):
+            self._core.blow_out(
+                location=move_to_location,
+                well_core=well._core if well is not None else None,
+                in_place=target.in_place,
+            )
+
+        return self
+
+    def _determine_speed(self, speed: float) -> float:
+        if self.api_version < APIVersion(2, 4):
+            return clamp_value(speed, 80, 20, "touch_tip:")
+        else:
+            return clamp_value(speed, 80, 1, "touch_tip:")
+
+    @publisher.publish(command=cmds.touch_tip)
+    @requires_version(2, 0)
+    def touch_tip(  # noqa: C901
+        self,
+        location: Optional[labware.Well] = None,
+        radius: float = 1.0,
+        v_offset: float = -1.0,
+        speed: float = 60.0,
+        mm_from_edge: Union[float, _Unset] = _Unset(),
+    ) -> InstrumentContext:
+        """
+        Touch the pipette tip to the sides of a well, with the intent of removing leftover droplets.
+
+        See :ref:`touch-tip` for more details and examples.
+
+        :param location: If no location is passed, the pipette will touch its tip at the
+                         edges of the current well.
+        :type location: :py:class:`.Well` or ``None``
+        :param radius: How far to move, as a proportion of the target well's radius.
+                       When ``radius=1.0``, the pipette tip will move all the way to the
+                       edge of the target well. When ``radius=0.5``, it will move to 50%
+                       of the well's radius. Default is 1.0 (100%)
+        :type radius: float
+        :param v_offset: How far above or below the well to touch the tip, measured in mm.
+                         A positive offset moves the tip higher above the well.
+                         A negative offset moves the tip lower into the well.
+                         Default is -1.0 mm.
+        :type v_offset: float
+        :param speed: The speed for touch tip motion, in mm/s.
+
+                        - Default: 60.0 mm/s
+                        - Maximum: 80.0 mm/s
+                        - Minimum: 1.0 mm/s
+        :type speed: float
+        :param mm_from_edge: How far to move inside the well, as a distance from the
+                             well's edge.
+                             When ``mm_from_edge=0``, the pipette will move to the target well's edge to touch the tip. When ``mm_from_edge=1``,
+                             the pipette will move to 1 mm from the target well's edge to touch the tip.
+                             Values lower than 0 will press the tip harder into the target well's
+                             walls; higher values will touch the well more lightly, or
+                             not at all.
+                             ``mm_from_edge`` and ``radius`` are mutually exclusive: to
+                             use ``mm_from_edge``, ``radius`` must be unspecified (left
+                             to its default value of 1.0).
+        :type mm_from_edge: float
+        :raises: ``UnexpectedTipRemovalError`` -- If no tip is attached to the pipette.
+        :raises RuntimeError: If no location is specified and the location cache is
+                              ``None``. This should happen if ``touch_tip`` is called
+                              without first calling a method that takes a location, like
+                              :py:meth:`.aspirate` or :py:meth:`dispense`.
+        :raises: ValueError: If both ``mm_from_edge`` and ``radius`` are specified.
+        :returns: This instance.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.24
+                Added the ``mm_from_edge`` parameter.
+        """
+        if not self._core.has_tip():
+            raise UnexpectedTipRemovalError("touch_tip", self.name, self.mount)
+
+        checked_speed = self._determine_speed(speed)
+
+        # If location is a valid well, move to the well first
+        if location is None:
+            last_location = self._protocol_core.get_last_location()
+            if last_location is None or isinstance(
+                last_location, (TrashBin, WasteChute)
+            ):
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    f"Cached location of {last_location} is not valid for touch tip."
+                )
+            parent_labware, well = last_location.labware.get_parent_labware_and_well()
+            if not well or not parent_labware:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    f"Last location {location} has no associated well or labware."
+                )
+        elif isinstance(location, labware.Well):
+            well = location
+            parent_labware = well.parent
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(f"location should be a Well, but it is {location}")
+
+        if not isinstance(mm_from_edge, _Unset):
+            if self.api_version < APIVersion(2, 24):
+                raise APIVersionError(
+                    api_element="mm_from_edge",
+                    until_version="2.24",
+                    current_version=f"{self.api_version}",
+                )
+            if radius != 1.0:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "radius must be set to 1.0 if mm_from_edge is specified"
+                )
+
+        if "touchTipDisabled" in parent_labware.quirks:
+            _log.info(f"Ignoring touch tip on labware {well}")
+            return self
+        if parent_labware.is_tiprack:
+            _log.warning(
+                "Touch_tip being performed on a tiprack. Please re-check your code"
+            )
+
+        if self.api_version < APIVersion(2, 4):
+            move_to_location = well.top()
+        else:
+            move_to_location = well.top(z=v_offset)
+
+        self._core.touch_tip(
+            location=move_to_location,
+            well_core=well._core,
+            radius=radius,
+            z_offset=v_offset,
+            speed=checked_speed,
+            mm_from_edge=mm_from_edge if not isinstance(mm_from_edge, _Unset) else None,
+        )
+        return self
+
+    @publisher.publish(command=cmds.air_gap)
+    @requires_version(2, 0)
+    def air_gap(  # noqa: C901
+        self,
+        volume: Optional[float] = None,
+        height: Optional[float] = None,
+        in_place: Optional[bool] = None,
+        rate: Optional[float] = None,
+        flow_rate: Optional[float] = None,
+    ) -> InstrumentContext:
+        """
+        Draw air into the pipette's tip at the current well.
+
+        See :ref:`air-gap`.
+
+        :param volume: The amount of air, measured in µL. Calling ``air_gap()`` with no
+                       arguments uses the entire remaining volume in the pipette.
+        :type volume: float
+
+        :param height: The height, in mm, to move above the current well before creating
+                       the air gap. The default is 5 mm above the current well.
+        :type height: float
+
+        :param in_place: Air gap at the pipette's current position, without moving to
+                         some height above the well. If ``in_place`` is specified,
+                         ``height`` must be unset.
+        :type in_place: bool
+
+        :param rate: A multiplier for the default flow rate of the pipette. Calculated
+                     as ``rate`` multiplied by :py:attr:`flow_rate.aspirate
+                     <flow_rate>`. If neither rate nor flow_rate is specified, the pipette
+                     will aspirate at a rate of 1.0 * InstrumentContext.flow_rate.aspirate. See
+                     :ref:`new-plunger-flow-rates`.
+        :type rate: float
+
+        :param flow_rate: The rate, in µL/s, at which the pipette will draw in air.
+        :type flow_rate: float
+
+        :raises: ``UnexpectedTipRemovalError`` -- If no tip is attached to the pipette.
+
+        :raises RuntimeError: If location cache is ``None`` and the air gap is not
+                              ``in_place``. This would happen if ``air_gap()`` is called
+                              without first calling a method that takes a location (e.g.,
+                              :py:meth:`.aspirate`, :py:meth:`dispense`)
+
+        :returns: This instance.
+
+        Both ``volume`` and ``height`` are optional, but if you want to specify only
+        ``height`` you must do it as a keyword argument:
+        ``pipette.air_gap(height=2)``. If you call ``air_gap`` with a single,
+        unnamed argument, it will always be interpreted as a volume.
+
+        .. note::
+
+           In API version 2.21 and earlier, this function was implemented as an aspirate, and
+           dispensing into a well would add the air gap volume to the liquid tracked in
+           the well. In API version 2.22 and later, air gap volume is not tracked as liquid
+           when dispensing into a well.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.22
+            No longer implemented as an aspirate.
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.24
+            Added the ``in_place`` option.
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.24
+            Adds the ``rate`` and ``flow_rate`` parameter. You can only define one or the other. If
+            both are unspecified then ``rate`` is by default set to 1.0.
+            Can air gap over a trash bin or waste chute.
+        """
+        if not self._core.has_tip():
+            raise UnexpectedTipRemovalError("air_gap", self.name, self.mount)
+
+        if rate is not None and self.api_version < APIVersion(2, 24):
+            raise APIVersionError(
+                api_element="rate",
+                until_version="2.24",
+                current_version=f"{self._api_version}",
+            )
+
+        if flow_rate is not None and self.api_version < APIVersion(2, 24):
+            raise APIVersionError(
+                api_element="flow_rate",
+                until_version="2.24",
+                current_version=f"{self._api_version}",
+            )
+
+        if flow_rate is not None and rate is not None:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot define both flow_rate and rate.")
+
+        if in_place:
+            if self.api_version < APIVersion(2, 24):
+                raise APIVersionError(
+                    api_element="in_place",
+                    until_version="2.24",
+                    current_version=f"{self._api_version}",
+                )
+            if height is not None:
+                raise ValueError("height must be unset if air gapping in_place")
+        else:
+            if height is None:
+                height = 5
+            last_location = self._protocol_core.get_last_location()
+            if self.api_version < APIVersion(2, 24) and isinstance(
+                last_location, (TrashBin, WasteChute)
+            ):
+                last_location = None
+            if last_location is None or (
+                isinstance(last_location, types.Location)
+                and not last_location.labware.is_well
+            ):
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    f"Cached location of {last_location} is not valid for air gap."
+                )
+            target: Union[types.Location, TrashBin, WasteChute]
+            if isinstance(last_location, types.Location):
+                target = last_location.labware.as_well().top(height)
+            else:
+                target = last_location.top(height)
+            self.move_to(target, publish=False)
+
+        if self.api_version >= _AIR_GAP_TRACKING_ADDED_IN:
+            self._core.prepare_to_aspirate()
+            c_vol = self._core.get_available_volume() if volume is None else volume
+            if flow_rate is not None:
+                calculated_rate = flow_rate
+            elif rate is not None:
+                calculated_rate = rate * self._core.get_aspirate_flow_rate()
+            else:
+                calculated_rate = self._core.get_aspirate_flow_rate()
+
+            self._core.air_gap_in_place(c_vol, calculated_rate)
+        else:
+            self.aspirate(volume)
+        return self
+
+    @publisher.publish(command=cmds.return_tip)
+    @requires_version(2, 0)
+    def return_tip(self, home_after: Optional[bool] = None) -> InstrumentContext:
+        """
+        Drop the currently attached tip in its original location in the tip rack.
+
+        Returning a tip does not reset tip tracking, so :py:obj:`.Well.has_tip` will
+        remain ``False`` for the destination.
+
+        :returns: This instance.
+
+        :param home_after: See the ``home_after`` parameter of :py:meth:`drop_tip`.
+        """
+        if not self._core.has_tip():
+            _log.warning("Pipette has no tip to return")
+
+        loc = self._get_current_tip_source_well()
+
+        # TODO rewrite this error message
+        if not isinstance(loc, labware.Well):
+            raise TypeError(f"Last tip location should be a Well but it is: {loc}")
+
+        self.drop_tip(loc, home_after=home_after)
+
+        return self
+
+    @requires_version(2, 0)
+    def pick_up_tip(  # noqa: C901
+        self,
+        location: Union[types.Location, labware.Well, labware.Labware, None] = None,
+        presses: Optional[int] = None,
+        increment: Optional[float] = None,
+        prep_after: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> InstrumentContext:
+        """
+        Pick up a tip for the pipette to run liquid-handling commands.
+
+        See :ref:`basic-tip-pickup`.
+
+        If no location is passed, the pipette will pick up the next available tip in its
+        :py:attr:`~.InstrumentContext.tip_racks` list. Within each tip rack, tips will
+        be picked up in the order specified by the labware definition and
+        :py:meth:`.Labware.wells`. To adjust where the sequence starts, use
+        :py:obj:`.starting_tip`.
+
+        The exact position for tip pickup accounts for the length of the tip and how
+        much the tip overlaps with the pipette nozzle. These measurements are fixed
+        values on Flex, and are based on the results of tip length calibration on OT-2.
+
+        .. note::
+            API version 2.19 updates the tip overlap values for Flex. When updating a
+            protocol from 2.18 (or lower) to 2.19 (or higher), pipette performance
+            should improve without additional changes to your protocol. Nevertheless, it
+            is good practice after updating to do the following:
+
+            - Run Labware Position Check.
+            - Perform a dry run of your protocol.
+            - If tip position is slightly higher than expected, adjust the ``location``
+              parameter of pipetting actions to achieve the desired result.
+
+        :param location: The location from which to pick up a tip. The ``location``
+                         argument can be specified in several ways:
+
+                           * As a :py:class:`.Well`. For example,
+                             ``pipette.pick_up_tip(tiprack.wells()[0])`` will always pick
+                             up the first tip in ``tiprack``, even if the rack is not a
+                             member of :py:obj:`.InstrumentContext.tip_racks`.
+
+                           * As a labware. ``pipette.pick_up_tip(tiprack)`` will pick up
+                             the next available tip in ``tiprack``, even if the rack is
+                             not a member of :py:obj:`.InstrumentContext.tip_racks`.
+
+                           * As a :py:class:`~.types.Location`. Use this to make fine
+                             adjustments to the pickup location. For example, to tell
+                             the robot to start its pick up tip routine 1 mm closer to
+                             the top of the well in the tip rack, call
+                             ``pipette.pick_up_tip(tiprack["A1"].top(z=-1))``.
+        :type location: :py:class:`.Well` or :py:class:`.Labware` or :py:class:`.types.Location`
+        :param presses: The number of times to lower and then raise the pipette when
+                        picking up a tip, to ensure a good seal. Zero (``0``) will
+                        result in the pipette hovering over the tip but not picking it
+                        up (generally not desirable, but could be used for a dry run).
+
+                            .. deprecated:: 2.14
+                                Use the Opentrons App to change pipette pick-up settings.
+        :type presses: int
+        :param increment: The additional distance to travel on each successive press.
+                          For example, if ``presses=3`` and ``increment=1.0``, then the
+                          first press will travel down into the tip by 3.5 mm, the
+                          second by 4.5 mm, and the third by 5.5 mm).
+
+                              .. deprecated:: 2.14
+                                  Use the Opentrons App to change pipette pick-up settings.
+        :type increment: float
+        :param prep_after: Whether the pipette plunger should prepare itself to aspirate
+                           immediately after picking up a tip.
+
+                           If ``True``, the pipette will move its plunger position to
+                           bottom in preparation for any following calls to
+                           :py:meth:`.aspirate`.
+
+                           If ``False``, the pipette will prepare its plunger later,
+                           during the next call to :py:meth:`.aspirate`. This is
+                           accomplished by moving the tip to the top of the well, and
+                           positioning the plunger outside any potential liquids.
+
+                           .. warning::
+                               This is provided for compatibility with older Python
+                               Protocol API behavior. You should normally leave this
+                               unset.
+
+                               Setting ``prep_after=False`` may create an unintended
+                               pipette movement, when the pipette automatically moves
+                               the tip to the top of the well to prepare the plunger.
+        :type prep_after: bool
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.13
+            Adds the ``prep_after`` argument. In version 2.12 and earlier, the plunger
+            can't prepare itself for aspiration during :py:meth:`.pick_up_tip`, and will
+            instead always prepare during :py:meth:`.aspirate`. Version 2.12 and earlier
+            will raise an ``APIVersionError`` if a value is set for ``prep_after``.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.19
+            Uses new values for how much a tip overlaps with the pipette nozzle.
+
+        :returns: This instance.
+        """
+
+        if presses is not None and self._api_version >= _PRESSES_INCREMENT_REMOVED_IN:
+            raise UnsupportedAPIError(
+                api_element="presses",
+                since_version=f"{_PRESSES_INCREMENT_REMOVED_IN}",
+                current_version=f"{self._api_version}",
+            )
+
+        if increment is not None and self._api_version >= _PRESSES_INCREMENT_REMOVED_IN:
+            raise UnsupportedAPIError(
+                api_element="increment",
+                since_version=f"{_PRESSES_INCREMENT_REMOVED_IN}",
+                current_version=f"{self._api_version}",
+            )
+
+        if prep_after is not None and self._api_version < _PREP_AFTER_ADDED_IN:
+            raise APIVersionError(
+                api_element="prep_after",
+                until_version=f"{_PREP_AFTER_ADDED_IN}",
+                current_version=f"{self._api_version}",
+            )
+
+        well: labware.Well
+        tip_rack: labware.Labware
+        move_to_location: Optional[types.Location] = None
+        active_channels = (
+            self.active_channels
+            if self._api_version >= _PARTIAL_NOZZLE_CONFIGURATION_ADDED_IN
+            else self.channels
+        )
+        nozzle_map = (
+            self._core.get_nozzle_map()
+            if self._api_version
+            >= _PARTIAL_NOZZLE_CONFIGURATION_AUTOMATIC_TIP_TRACKING_IN
+            else None
+        )
+
+        if location is None:
+            if (
+                nozzle_map is not None
+                and nozzle_map.configuration != types.NozzleConfigurationType.FULL
+                and self.starting_tip is not None
+            ):
+                # Disallowing this avoids concerning the system with the direction
+                # in which self.starting_tip consumes tips. It would currently vary
+                # depending on the configuration layout of a pipette at a given
+                # time, which means that some combination of starting tip and partial
+                # configuration are incompatible under the current understanding of
+                # starting tip behavior. Replacing starting_tip with an un-deprecated
+                # Labware.has_tip may solve this.
+                raise CommandPreconditionViolated(
+                    "Automatic tip tracking is not available when using a partial pipette"
+                    " nozzle configuration and InstrumentContext.starting_tip."
+                    " Switch to a full configuration or set starting_tip to None."
+                )
+            if not self._core.is_tip_tracking_available():
+                raise CommandPreconditionViolated(
+                    "Automatic tip tracking is not available for the current pipette"
+                    " nozzle configuration. We suggest switching to a configuration"
+                    " that supports automatic tip tracking or specifying the exact tip"
+                    " to pick up."
+                )
+            tip_rack, well = labware.next_available_tip(
+                starting_tip=self.starting_tip,
+                tip_racks=self.tip_racks,
+                channels=active_channels,
+                nozzle_map=nozzle_map,
+            )
+
+        elif isinstance(location, labware.Well):
+            well = location
+            tip_rack = well.parent
+
+        elif isinstance(location, labware.Labware):
+            tip_rack, well = labware.next_available_tip(
+                starting_tip=None,
+                tip_racks=[location],
+                channels=active_channels,
+                nozzle_map=nozzle_map,
+            )
+
+        elif isinstance(location, types.Location):
+            maybe_tip_rack, maybe_well = location.labware.get_parent_labware_and_well()
+
+            if maybe_well is not None:
+                well = maybe_well
+                tip_rack = well.parent
+                move_to_location = location
+
+            elif maybe_tip_rack is not None:
+                tip_rack, well = labware.next_available_tip(
+                    starting_tip=None,
+                    tip_racks=[maybe_tip_rack],
+                    channels=active_channels,
+                    nozzle_map=nozzle_map,
+                )
+            else:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "If specified as a `types.Location`,"
+                    " `location` should refer to a ``Labware` or `Well` location."
+                    f" However, it refers to {location.labware}"
+                )
+
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "If specified, location should be an instance of"
+                " `types.Location` (e.g. the return value from `Well.top()`),"
+                "  `Labware` or `Well` (e.g. `tiprack.wells()[0]`)."
+                f" However, it is {location}"
+            )
+
+        instrument.validate_tiprack(self.name, tip_rack, _log)
+
+        move_to_location = move_to_location or well.top()
+        prep_after = (
+            prep_after
+            if prep_after is not None
+            else self.api_version >= _PREP_AFTER_ADDED_IN
+        )
+
+        with publisher.publish_context(
+            broker=self.broker,
+            command=cmds.pick_up_tip(instrument=self, location=well),
+        ):
+            self._core.pick_up_tip(
+                location=move_to_location,
+                well_core=well._core,
+                presses=presses,
+                increment=increment,
+                prep_after=prep_after,
+            )
+
+        return self
+
+    @requires_version(2, 0)
+    def drop_tip(
+        self,
+        location: Optional[
+            Union[
+                types.Location,
+                labware.Well,
+                TrashBin,
+                WasteChute,
+            ]
+        ] = None,
+        home_after: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> InstrumentContext:
+        """
+        Drop the current tip.
+
+        See :ref:`pipette-drop-tip` for examples.
+
+        If no location is passed (e.g. ``pipette.drop_tip()``), the pipette will drop
+        the attached tip into its :py:attr:`trash_container`.
+
+        The location in which to drop the tip can be manually specified with the
+        ``location`` argument. The ``location`` argument can be specified in several
+        ways:
+
+            - As a :py:class:`.Well`. This uses a default location relative to the well.
+              This style of call can be used to make the robot drop a tip into labware
+              like a well plate or a reservoir. For example,
+              ``pipette.drop_tip(location=reservoir["A1"])``.
+            - As a :py:class:`~.types.Location`. For example, to drop a tip from an
+              unusually large height above the tip rack, you could call
+              ``pipette.drop_tip(tip_rack["A1"].top(z=10))``.
+            - As a :py:class:`.TrashBin`. This uses a default location relative to the
+              ``TrashBin`` object. For example,
+              ``pipette.drop_tip(location=trash_bin)``.
+            - As a :py:class:`.WasteChute`. This uses a default location relative to
+              the ``WasteChute`` object. For example,
+              ``pipette.drop_tip(location=waste_chute)``.
+
+        In API versions 2.15 to 2.17, if ``location`` is a ``TrashBin`` or not
+        specified, the API will instruct the pipette to drop tips in different locations
+        within the bin. Varying the tip drop location helps prevent tips
+        from piling up in a single location.
+
+        Starting with API version 2.18, the API will only vary the tip drop location if
+        ``location`` is not specified. Specifying a ``TrashBin`` as the ``location``
+        behaves the same as specifying :py:meth:`.TrashBin.top`, which is a fixed position.
+
+        :param location:
+            Where to drop the tip.
+
+            .. versionchanged:: 2.16
+                Accepts ``TrashBin`` and ``WasteChute`` values.
+
+        :type location:
+            :py:class:`~.types.Location` or :py:class:`.Well` or ``None``
+        :param home_after:
+            Whether to home the pipette's plunger after dropping the tip. If not
+            specified, defaults to ``True`` on an OT-2.
+
+            When ``False``, the pipette does not home its plunger. This can save a few
+            seconds, but is not recommended. Homing helps the robot track the pipette's
+            position.
+
+        :returns: This instance.
+        """
+        alternate_drop_location: bool = False
+        if location is None:
+            trash_container = self.trash_container
+            if self.api_version >= _DROP_TIP_LOCATION_ALTERNATING_ADDED_IN:
+                alternate_drop_location = True
+            if isinstance(trash_container, labware.Labware):
+                well = trash_container.wells()[0]
+            else:  # implicit drop tip in disposal location, not well
+                with publisher.publish_context(
+                    broker=self.broker,
+                    command=cmds.drop_tip_in_disposal_location(
+                        instrument=self, location=trash_container
+                    ),
+                ):
+                    self._core.drop_tip_in_disposal_location(
+                        trash_container,
+                        home_after=home_after,
+                        alternate_tip_drop=True,
+                    )
+                return self
+
+        elif isinstance(location, labware.Well):
+            well = location
+            location = None
+
+        elif isinstance(location, types.Location):
+            _, maybe_well = location.labware.get_parent_labware_and_well()
+
+            if maybe_well is None:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "If a location is specified as a `types.Location`"
+                    " (for instance, as the result of a call to `Well.top()`),"
+                    " it must be a location relative to a well,"
+                    " since that is where a tip is dropped."
+                    f" However, the given location refers to {location.labware}"
+                )
+
+            well = maybe_well
+
+        elif isinstance(location, (TrashBin, WasteChute)):
+            # In 2.16 and 2.17, we would always automatically use automatic alternate tip drop locations regardless
+            # of whether you explicitly passed the disposal location as a location or if none was provided. Now, in
+            # 2.18 and moving forward, passing it in will bypass the automatic behavior and instead go to the set
+            # offset or the XY center if none is provided.
+            if self.api_version < _DISPOSAL_LOCATION_OFFSET_ADDED_IN:
+                alternate_drop_location = True
+            with publisher.publish_context(
+                broker=self.broker,
+                command=cmds.drop_tip_in_disposal_location(
+                    instrument=self, location=location
+                ),
+            ):
+                self._core.drop_tip_in_disposal_location(
+                    location,
+                    home_after=home_after,
+                    alternate_tip_drop=alternate_drop_location,
+                )
+            return self
+
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "If specified, location should be an instance of"
+                " `types.Location` (e.g. the return value from `Well.top()`)"
+                " or `Well` (e.g. `tiprack.wells()[0]`)."
+                f" However, it is {location}"
+            )
+
+        with publisher.publish_context(
+            broker=self.broker,
+            command=cmds.drop_tip(instrument=self, location=well),
+        ):
+            self._core.drop_tip(
+                location=location,
+                well_core=well._core,
+                home_after=home_after,
+                alternate_drop_location=alternate_drop_location,
+            )
+
+        return self
+
+    @requires_version(2, 0)
+    def home(self) -> InstrumentContext:
+        """Home the robot.
+
+        See :ref:`utility-homing`.
+
+        :returns: This instance.
+        """
+
+        mount_name = self._core.get_mount().name.lower()
+
+        with publisher.publish_context(
+            broker=self.broker, command=cmds.home(mount_name)
+        ):
+            self._core.home()
+
+        return self
+
+    @requires_version(2, 0)
+    def home_plunger(self) -> InstrumentContext:
+        """Home the plunger associated with this mount.
+
+        :returns: This instance.
+        """
+        self._core.home_plunger()
+        return self
+
+    @publisher.publish(command=cmds.distribute)
+    @requires_version(2, 0)
+    def distribute(
+        self,
+        volume: Union[float, Sequence[float]],
+        source: labware.Well,
+        dest: List[labware.Well],
+        *args: Any,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> InstrumentContext:
+        """
+        Move a volume of liquid from one source to multiple destinations.
+
+        :param volume: The amount, in µL, to dispense into each destination well.
+        :param source: A single well to aspirate liquid from.
+        :param dest: A list of wells to dispense liquid into.
+        :param kwargs: See :py:meth:`transfer` and the :ref:`complex_params` page.
+            Some parameters behave differently than when transferring.
+
+              - ``disposal_volume`` aspirates additional liquid to improve the accuracy
+                of each dispense. Defaults to the minimum volume of the pipette. See
+                :ref:`param-disposal-volume` for details.
+
+              - ``mix_after`` is ignored.
+
+
+        :returns: This instance.
+        """
+        _log.debug("Distributing {} from {} to {}".format(volume, source, dest))
+        kwargs["mode"] = "distribute"
+        kwargs["disposal_volume"] = kwargs.get("disposal_volume", self.min_volume)
+        kwargs["mix_after"] = (0, 0)
+        blowout_location = kwargs.get("blowout_location")
+        instrument.validate_blowout_location(
+            self.api_version, "distribute", blowout_location
+        )
+
+        return self.transfer(volume, source, dest, **kwargs)
+
+    @publisher.publish(command=cmds.consolidate)
+    @requires_version(2, 0)
+    def consolidate(
+        self,
+        volume: Union[float, Sequence[float]],
+        source: List[labware.Well],
+        dest: labware.Well,
+        *args: Any,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> InstrumentContext:
+        """
+        Move liquid from multiple source wells to a single destination well.
+
+        :param volume: The amount, in µL, to aspirate from each source well.
+        :param source: A list of wells to aspirate liquid from.
+        :param dest: A single well to dispense liquid into.
+        :param kwargs: See :py:meth:`transfer` and the :ref:`complex_params` page.
+                       Some parameters behave differently than when transferring.
+                       ``disposal_volume`` and ``mix_before`` are ignored.
+        :returns: This instance.
+        """
+        _log.debug("Consolidate {} from {} to {}".format(volume, source, dest))
+        kwargs["mode"] = "consolidate"
+        kwargs["mix_before"] = (0, 0)
+        kwargs["disposal_volume"] = 0
+        blowout_location = kwargs.get("blowout_location")
+        instrument.validate_blowout_location(
+            self.api_version, "consolidate", blowout_location
+        )
+
+        return self.transfer(volume, source, dest, **kwargs)
+
+    @publisher.publish(command=cmds.transfer)
+    @requires_version(2, 0)
+    def transfer(  # noqa: C901
+        self,
+        volume: Union[float, Sequence[float]],
+        source: AdvancedLiquidHandling,
+        dest: AdvancedLiquidHandling,
+        trash: bool = True,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> InstrumentContext:
+        # source: Union[Well, List[Well], List[List[Well]]],
+        # dest: Union[Well, List[Well], List[List[Well]]],
+        # TODO: Reach consensus on kwargs
+        # TODO: Decide if to use a disposal_volume
+        # TODO: Accordingly decide if remaining liquid should be blown out to
+        # TODO: ..trash or the original well.
+        # TODO: What should happen if the user passes a non-first-row well
+        # TODO: ..as src/dest *while using multichannel pipette?
+        """
+        Move liquid from one well or group of wells to another.
+
+        Transfer is a higher-level command, incorporating other
+        :py:class:`InstrumentContext` commands, like :py:meth:`aspirate` and
+        :py:meth:`dispense`. It makes writing a protocol easier at the cost of
+        specificity. See :ref:`v2-complex-commands` for details on how transfer and
+        other complex commands perform their component steps.
+
+        :param volume: The amount, in µL, to aspirate from each source and dispense to
+                       each destination. If ``volume`` is a list, each amount will be
+                       used for the source and destination at the matching index. A list
+                       item of ``0`` will skip the corresponding wells entirely. See
+                       :ref:`complex-list-volumes` for details and examples.
+        :param source: A single well or a list of wells to aspirate liquid from.
+        :param dest: A single well or a list of wells to dispense liquid into.
+
+        :Keyword Arguments: Transfer accepts a number of optional parameters that give
+            you greater control over the exact steps it performs. See
+            :ref:`complex_params` or the links under each argument's entry below for
+            additional details and examples.
+
+            * **new_tip** (*string*) --
+              When to pick up and drop tips during the command. Defaults to ``"once"``.
+
+                - ``"once"``: Use one tip for the entire command.
+                - ``"always"``: Use a new tip for each set of aspirate and dispense steps.
+                - ``"never"``: Do not pick up or drop tips at all.
+
+              See :ref:`param-tip-handling` for details.
+
+            * **trash** (*boolean*) --
+              If ``True`` (default), the pipette will drop tips in its
+              :py:meth:`~.InstrumentContext.trash_container`.
+              If ``False``, the pipette will return tips to their tip rack.
+
+              See :ref:`param-trash` for details.
+
+            * **touch_tip** (*boolean*) --
+              If ``True``, perform a :py:meth:`touch_tip` following each
+              :py:meth:`aspirate` and :py:meth:`dispense`. Defaults to ``False``.
+
+              See :ref:`param-touch-tip` for details.
+
+            * **blow_out** (*boolean*) --
+              If ``True``, a :py:meth:`blow_out` will occur following each
+              :py:meth:`dispense`, but only if the pipette has no liquid left
+              in it. If ``False`` (default), the pipette will not blow out liquid.
+
+              See :ref:`param-blow-out` for details.
+
+            * **blowout_location** (*string*) --
+              Accepts one of three string values: ``"trash"``, ``"source well"``, or
+              ``"destination well"``.
+
+              If ``blow_out`` is ``False`` (its default), this parameter is ignored.
+
+              If ``blow_out`` is ``True`` and this parameter is not set:
+
+                - Blow out into the trash, if the pipette is empty or only contains the
+                  disposal volume.
+
+                - Blow out into the source well, if the pipette otherwise contains liquid.
+
+            * **mix_before** (*tuple*) --
+              Perform a :py:meth:`mix` before each :py:meth:`aspirate` during the
+              transfer. The first value of the tuple is the number of repetitions, and
+              the second value is the amount of liquid to mix in µL.
+
+              See :ref:`param-mix-before` for details.
+
+            * **mix_after** (*tuple*) --
+              Perform a :py:meth:`mix` after each :py:meth:`dispense` during the
+              transfer. The first value of the tuple is the number of repetitions, and
+              the second value is the amount of liquid to mix in µL.
+
+              See :ref:`param-mix-after` for details.
+
+            * **disposal_volume** (*float*) --
+              Transfer ignores the numeric value of this parameter. If set, the pipette
+              will not aspirate additional liquid, but it will perform a very small blow
+              out after each dispense.
+
+              See :ref:`param-disposal-volume` for details.
+
+        :returns: This instance.
+        """
+        _log.debug("Transfer {} from {} to {}".format(volume, source, dest))
+
+        blowout_location = kwargs.get("blowout_location")
+        instrument.validate_blowout_location(
+            self.api_version, "transfer", blowout_location
+        )
+
+        kwargs["mode"] = kwargs.get("mode", "transfer")
+
+        mix_strategy, mix_opts = mix_from_kwargs(kwargs)
+
+        if trash:
+            drop_tip = v1_transfer.DropTipStrategy.TRASH
+        else:
+            drop_tip = v1_transfer.DropTipStrategy.RETURN
+
+        new_tip = kwargs.get("new_tip")
+        if isinstance(new_tip, str):
+            new_tip = types.TransferTipPolicy[new_tip.upper()]
+
+        blow_out = kwargs.get("blow_out")
+        blow_out_strategy = None
+        active_channels = (
+            self.active_channels
+            if self._api_version >= _PARTIAL_NOZZLE_CONFIGURATION_ADDED_IN
+            else self.channels
+        )
+        nozzle_map = (
+            self._core.get_nozzle_map()
+            if self._api_version
+            >= _PARTIAL_NOZZLE_CONFIGURATION_AUTOMATIC_TIP_TRACKING_IN
+            else None
+        )
+
+        if blow_out and not blowout_location:
+            if self.current_volume:
+                blow_out_strategy = v1_transfer.BlowOutStrategy.SOURCE
+            else:
+                blow_out_strategy = v1_transfer.BlowOutStrategy.TRASH
+        elif blow_out and blowout_location:
+            if blowout_location == "source well":
+                blow_out_strategy = v1_transfer.BlowOutStrategy.SOURCE
+            elif blowout_location == "destination well":
+                blow_out_strategy = v1_transfer.BlowOutStrategy.DEST
+            elif blowout_location == "trash":
+                blow_out_strategy = v1_transfer.BlowOutStrategy.TRASH
+
+        if new_tip != types.TransferTipPolicy.NEVER:
+            _, next_tip = labware.next_available_tip(
+                self.starting_tip,
+                self.tip_racks,
+                active_channels,
+                nozzle_map=nozzle_map,
+            )
+            max_volume = min(next_tip.max_volume, self.max_volume)
+        else:
+            max_volume = self._core.get_working_volume()
+
+        touch_tip = None
+        if kwargs.get("touch_tip"):
+            touch_tip = v1_transfer.TouchTipStrategy.ALWAYS
+
+        default_args = v1_transfer.Transfer()
+
+        disposal = kwargs.get("disposal_volume")
+        if disposal is None:
+            disposal = default_args.disposal_volume
+
+        air_gap = kwargs.get("air_gap", default_args.air_gap)
+        if air_gap < 0 or air_gap >= max_volume:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "air_gap must be between 0uL and the pipette's expected "
+                f"working volume, {max_volume}uL"
+            )
+
+        transfer_args = v1_transfer.Transfer(
+            new_tip=new_tip or default_args.new_tip,
+            air_gap=air_gap,
+            carryover=kwargs.get("carryover") or default_args.carryover,
+            gradient_function=(
+                kwargs.get("gradient_function") or default_args.gradient_function
+            ),
+            disposal_volume=disposal,
+            mix_strategy=mix_strategy,
+            drop_tip_strategy=drop_tip,
+            blow_out_strategy=blow_out_strategy or default_args.blow_out_strategy,
+            touch_tip_strategy=(touch_tip or default_args.touch_tip_strategy),
+        )
+        transfer_options = v1_transfer.TransferOptions(
+            transfer=transfer_args, mix=mix_opts
+        )
+        plan = v1_transfer.TransferPlan(
+            volume,
+            source,
+            dest,
+            self,
+            max_volume,
+            self.api_version,
+            kwargs["mode"],
+            transfer_options,
+        )
+        self._execute_transfer(plan)
+        return self
+
+    def _execute_transfer(self, plan: v1_transfer.TransferPlan) -> None:
+        for cmd in plan:
+            getattr(self, cmd["method"])(*cmd["args"], **cmd["kwargs"])
+
+    @requires_version(2, 24)
+    def transfer_with_liquid_class(
+        self,
+        liquid_class: LiquidClass,
+        volume: float,
+        source: Union[
+            labware.Well, Sequence[labware.Well], Sequence[Sequence[labware.Well]]
+        ],
+        dest: Union[
+            labware.Well,
+            Sequence[labware.Well],
+            Sequence[Sequence[labware.Well]],
+            TrashBin,
+            WasteChute,
+        ],
+        new_tip: TransferTipPolicyV2Type = "once",
+        trash_location: Optional[
+            Union[types.Location, labware.Well, TrashBin, WasteChute]
+        ] = None,
+        return_tip: bool = False,
+        group_wells: bool = True,
+        keep_last_tip: Optional[bool] = None,
+        tip_racks: Optional[List[labware.Labware]] = None,
+    ) -> InstrumentContext:
+        """Move a particular type of liquid from one well or group of wells to another.
+
+        :param liquid_class: The type of liquid to move. You must specify the liquid class,
+            even if you have used :py:meth:`.Labware.load_liquid` to indicate what liquid the
+            source contains.
+        :type liquid_class: :py:class:`.LiquidClass`
+
+        :param volume: The amount, in µL, to aspirate from each source and dispense to
+                       each destination.
+        :param source: A single well or a list of wells to aspirate liquid from.
+        :param dest: A single well, list of wells, trash bin, or waste chute to dispense liquid into.
+        :param new_tip: When to pick up and drop tips during the command.
+            Defaults to ``"once"``.
+
+              - ``"once"``: Use one tip for the entire command.
+              - ``"always"``: Use a new tip for each set of aspirate and dispense steps.
+              - ``"per source"``: Use one tip for each source well, even if
+                :ref:`tip refilling <complex-tip-refilling>` is required.
+              - ``"per destination"``: Use one tip for each destination well, even if
+                :ref:`tip refilling <complex-tip-refilling>` is required.
+              - ``"never"``: Do not pick up or drop tips at all.
+
+            See :ref:`param-tip-handling` for details.
+
+        :param trash_location: A trash container, well, or other location to dispose of
+            tips. Depending on the liquid class, the pipette may also blow out liquid here.
+            If not specified, the pipette will dispose of tips in its :py:obj:`~.InstrumentContext.trash_container`.
+        :param return_tip: Whether to drop used tips in their original locations
+            in the tip rack, instead of the trash.
+        :param group_wells: For multi-channel transfers only. If set to ``True``, group together contiguous wells
+            given into a single transfer step, taking into account the tip configuration. If ``False``, target
+            each well given with the primary nozzle. Defaults to ``True``.
+        :param keep_last_tip: When ``True``, the pipette keeps the last tip used in the transfer attached. When
+            ``False``, the last tip will be dropped or returned. If not set, behavior depends on the value of
+            ``new_tip``. ``new_tip="never"`` keeps the tip, and all other values of ``new_tip`` drop or return the tip.
+        :param tip_racks: A list of tip racks to pick up from for this command. If not provided, the pipette will pick
+            up from its associated :py:obj:`.InstrumentContext.tip_racks`. Providing this argument does not change the
+            value of ``InstrumentContext.tip_racks``.
+
+            .. versionchanged:: 2.25
+                Added the ``tip_racks`` parameter.
+
+        """
+        if volume == 0.0:
+            _log.info(
+                f"Transfer of {liquid_class.name} specified with a volume of 0uL."
+                f" Skipping."
+            )
+            return self
+
+        if (
+            tip_racks is not None
+            and self.api_version < _LIQUID_CLASS_TRANSFER_TIP_RACKS_ARG_ADDED_IN
+        ):
+            raise APIVersionError(
+                api_element="tip_racks",
+                until_version=f"{_LIQUID_CLASS_TRANSFER_TIP_RACKS_ARG_ADDED_IN}",
+                current_version=f"{self.api_version}",
+            )
+
+        transfer_args = verify_and_normalize_transfer_args(
+            source=source,
+            dest=dest,
+            tip_policy=new_tip,
+            last_tip_well=self._get_current_tip_source_well(),
+            tip_racks=tip_racks or self._tip_racks,
+            nozzle_map=self._core.get_nozzle_map(),
+            group_wells_for_multi_channel=group_wells,
+            current_volume=self.current_volume,
+            trash_location=(
+                trash_location if trash_location is not None else self.trash_container
+            ),
+        )
+        verified_keep_last_tip = resolve_keep_last_tip(
+            keep_last_tip, transfer_args.tip_policy
+        )
+
+        verified_dest: Union[
+            List[Tuple[types.Location, WellCore]], TrashBin, WasteChute
+        ]
+        if isinstance(transfer_args.dest, (TrashBin, WasteChute)):
+            verified_dest = transfer_args.dest
+        else:
+            if len(transfer_args.source) != len(transfer_args.dest):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Sources and destinations should be of the same length in order to perform a transfer."
+                    " To transfer liquid from one source to many destinations, use 'distribute_liquid',"
+                    " to transfer liquid to one destination from many sources, use 'consolidate_liquid'."
+                )
+            verified_dest = [
+                (types.Location(types.Point(), labware=well), well._core)
+                for well in transfer_args.dest
+            ]
+
+        for tip_rack in transfer_args.tip_racks:
+            instrument.validate_tiprack(self.name, tip_rack, _log)
+
+        with publisher.publish_context(
+            broker=self.broker,
+            command=cmds.transfer_with_liquid_class(
+                instrument=self,
+                liquid_class=liquid_class,
+                volume=volume,
+                source=source,
+                destination=dest,
+            ),
+        ):
+            self._core.transfer_with_liquid_class(
+                liquid_class=liquid_class,
+                volume=volume,
+                source=[
+                    (types.Location(types.Point(), labware=well), well._core)
+                    for well in transfer_args.source
+                ],
+                dest=verified_dest,
+                new_tip=transfer_args.tip_policy,
+                tip_racks=[
+                    (types.Location(types.Point(), labware=rack), rack._core)
+                    for rack in transfer_args.tip_racks
+                ],
+                starting_tip=(
+                    self.starting_tip._core if self.starting_tip is not None else None
+                ),
+                trash_location=transfer_args.trash_location,
+                return_tip=return_tip,
+                keep_last_tip=verified_keep_last_tip,
+            )
+
+        return self
+
+    @requires_version(2, 24)
+    def distribute_with_liquid_class(
+        self,
+        liquid_class: LiquidClass,
+        volume: float,
+        source: Union[labware.Well, Sequence[labware.Well]],
+        dest: Union[
+            labware.Well, Sequence[labware.Well], Sequence[Sequence[labware.Well]]
+        ],
+        new_tip: TransferTipPolicyV2Type = "once",
+        trash_location: Optional[
+            Union[types.Location, labware.Well, TrashBin, WasteChute]
+        ] = None,
+        return_tip: bool = False,
+        group_wells: bool = True,
+        keep_last_tip: Optional[bool] = None,
+        tip_racks: Optional[List[labware.Labware]] = None,
+    ) -> InstrumentContext:
+        """
+        Distribute a particular type of liquid from one well to a group of wells.
+
+        :param liquid_class: The type of liquid to move. You must specify the liquid class,
+            even if you have used :py:meth:`.Labware.load_liquid` to indicate what liquid the
+            source contains.
+        :type liquid_class: :py:class:`.LiquidClass`
+
+        :param volume: The amount, in µL, to dispense to each destination.
+        :param source: A single well for the pipette to target, or a group of wells to
+                       target in a single aspirate for a multi-channel pipette.
+        :param dest: A list of wells to dispense liquid into.
+        :param new_tip: When to pick up and drop tips during the command.
+            Defaults to ``"once"``.
+
+              - ``"once"``: Use one tip for the entire command.
+              - ``"always"``: Use a new tip before each aspirate.
+              - ``"never"``: Do not pick up or drop tips at all.
+
+            See :ref:`param-tip-handling` for details.
+
+        :param trash_location: A trash container, well, or other location to dispose of
+            tips. Depending on the liquid class, the pipette may also blow out liquid here.
+            If not specified, the pipette will dispose of tips in its :py:obj:`~.InstrumentContext.trash_container`.
+        :param return_tip: Whether to drop used tips in their original locations
+            in the tip rack, instead of the trash.
+        :param group_wells: For multi-channel transfers only. If set to ``True``, group together contiguous wells
+            given into a single transfer step, taking into account the tip configuration. If ``False``, target
+            each well given with the primary nozzle. Defaults to ``True``.
+        :param keep_last_tip: When ``True``, the pipette keeps the last tip used in the distribute attached. When
+            ``False``, the last tip will be dropped or returned. If not set, behavior depends on the value of
+            ``new_tip``. ``new_tip="never"`` keeps the tip, and all other values of ``new_tip`` drop or return the tip.
+        :param tip_racks: A list of tip racks to pick up from for this command. If not provided, the pipette will pick
+            up from its associated :py:obj:`.InstrumentContext.tip_racks`. Providing this argument does not change the
+            value of ``InstrumentContext.tip_racks``.
+
+            .. versionchanged:: 2.25
+                Added the ``tip_racks`` parameter.
+
+        """
+        if volume == 0.0:
+            _log.info(
+                f"Distribution of {liquid_class.name} specified with a volume of 0uL."
+                f" Skipping."
+            )
+            return self
+
+        if (
+            tip_racks is not None
+            and self.api_version < _LIQUID_CLASS_TRANSFER_TIP_RACKS_ARG_ADDED_IN
+        ):
+            raise APIVersionError(
+                api_element="tip_racks",
+                until_version=f"{_LIQUID_CLASS_TRANSFER_TIP_RACKS_ARG_ADDED_IN}",
+                current_version=f"{self.api_version}",
+            )
+
+        transfer_args = verify_and_normalize_transfer_args(
+            source=source,
+            dest=dest,
+            tip_policy=new_tip,
+            last_tip_well=self._get_current_tip_source_well(),
+            tip_racks=tip_racks or self._tip_racks,
+            nozzle_map=self._core.get_nozzle_map(),
+            group_wells_for_multi_channel=group_wells,
+            current_volume=self.current_volume,
+            trash_location=(
+                trash_location if trash_location is not None else self.trash_container
+            ),
+        )
+        verified_keep_last_tip = resolve_keep_last_tip(
+            keep_last_tip, transfer_args.tip_policy
+        )
+
+        if isinstance(transfer_args.dest, (TrashBin, WasteChute)):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "distribute_with_liquid_class() does not support trash bin or waste chute"
+                " as a destination."
+            )
+        if len(transfer_args.source) != 1:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Source should be a single well (or resolve to a single transfer for multi-channel) "
+                f"but received {transfer_args.source}."
+            )
+        if transfer_args.tip_policy not in [
+            TransferTipPolicyV2.ONCE,
+            TransferTipPolicyV2.NEVER,
+            TransferTipPolicyV2.ALWAYS,
+        ]:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Incompatible `new_tip` value of {new_tip}."
+                f" `distribute_with_liquid_class()` only supports `new_tip` values of"
+                f" 'once', 'never' and 'always'."
+            )
+
+        for tip_rack in transfer_args.tip_racks:
+            instrument.validate_tiprack(self.name, tip_rack, _log)
+
+        verified_source = transfer_args.source[0]
+        with publisher.publish_context(
+            broker=self.broker,
+            command=cmds.distribute_with_liquid_class(
+                instrument=self,
+                liquid_class=liquid_class,
+                volume=volume,
+                source=source,
+                destination=dest,
+            ),
+        ):
+            self._core.distribute_with_liquid_class(
+                liquid_class=liquid_class,
+                volume=volume,
+                source=(
+                    types.Location(types.Point(), labware=verified_source),
+                    verified_source._core,
+                ),
+                dest=[
+                    (types.Location(types.Point(), labware=well), well._core)
+                    for well in transfer_args.dest
+                ],
+                new_tip=transfer_args.tip_policy,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                tip_racks=[
+                    (types.Location(types.Point(), labware=rack), rack._core)
+                    for rack in transfer_args.tip_racks
+                ],
+                starting_tip=(
+                    self.starting_tip._core if self.starting_tip is not None else None
+                ),
+                trash_location=transfer_args.trash_location,
+                return_tip=return_tip,
+                keep_last_tip=verified_keep_last_tip,
+            )
+
+        return self
+
+    @requires_version(2, 24)
+    def consolidate_with_liquid_class(
+        self,
+        liquid_class: LiquidClass,
+        volume: float,
+        source: Union[
+            labware.Well, Sequence[labware.Well], Sequence[Sequence[labware.Well]]
+        ],
+        dest: Union[labware.Well, Sequence[labware.Well], TrashBin, WasteChute],
+        new_tip: TransferTipPolicyV2Type = "once",
+        trash_location: Optional[
+            Union[types.Location, labware.Well, TrashBin, WasteChute]
+        ] = None,
+        return_tip: bool = False,
+        group_wells: bool = True,
+        keep_last_tip: Optional[bool] = None,
+        tip_racks: Optional[List[labware.Labware]] = None,
+    ) -> InstrumentContext:
+        """
+        Consolidate a particular type of liquid from a group of wells to one well.
+
+        :param liquid_class: The type of liquid to move. You must specify the liquid class,
+            even if you have used :py:meth:`.Labware.load_liquid` to indicate what liquid the
+            source contains.
+        :type liquid_class: :py:class:`.LiquidClass`
+
+        :param volume: The amount, in µL, to aspirate from each source well.
+        :param source: A list of wells to aspirate liquid from.
+        :param dest: A single well, list of wells, trash bin, or waste chute to dispense liquid into.
+                     Multiple wells can only be given for multi-channel pipette configurations, and
+                     must be able to be dispensed to in a single dispense.
+        :param new_tip: When to pick up and drop tips during the command.
+            Defaults to ``"once"``.
+
+              - ``"once"``: Use one tip for the entire command.
+              - ``"always"``: Use a new tip after each aspirate and dispense, even when visiting the same source again.
+              - ``"never"``: Do not pick up or drop tips at all.
+
+            See :ref:`param-tip-handling` for details.
+
+        :param trash_location: A trash container, well, or other location to dispose of
+            tips. Depending on the liquid class, the pipette may also blow out liquid here.
+            If not specified, the pipette will dispose of tips in its :py:obj:`~.InstrumentContext.trash_container`.
+        :param return_tip: Whether to drop used tips in their original locations
+            in the tip rack, instead of the trash.
+        :param group_wells: For multi-channel transfers only. If set to ``True``, group together contiguous wells
+            given into a single transfer step, taking into account the tip configuration. If ``False``, target
+            each well given with the primary nozzle. Defaults to ``True``.
+        :param keep_last_tip: When ``True``, the pipette keeps the last tip used in the consolidate attached. When
+            ``False``, the last tip will be dropped or returned. If not set, behavior depends on the value of
+            ``new_tip``. ``new_tip="never"`` keeps the tip, and all other values of ``new_tip`` drop or return the tip.
+        :param tip_racks: A list of tip racks to pick up from for this command. If not provided, the pipette will pick
+            up from its associated :py:obj:`.InstrumentContext.tip_racks`. Providing this argument does not change the
+            value of ``InstrumentContext.tip_racks``.
+
+            .. versionchanged:: 2.25
+                Added the ``tip_racks`` parameter.
+
+        """
+        if volume == 0.0:
+            _log.info(
+                f"Consolidation of {liquid_class.name} specified with a volume of 0uL."
+                f" Skipping."
+            )
+            return self
+
+        if (
+            tip_racks is not None
+            and self.api_version < _LIQUID_CLASS_TRANSFER_TIP_RACKS_ARG_ADDED_IN
+        ):
+            raise APIVersionError(
+                api_element="tip_racks",
+                until_version=f"{_LIQUID_CLASS_TRANSFER_TIP_RACKS_ARG_ADDED_IN}",
+                current_version=f"{self.api_version}",
+            )
+
+        transfer_args = verify_and_normalize_transfer_args(
+            source=source,
+            dest=dest,
+            tip_policy=new_tip,
+            last_tip_well=self._get_current_tip_source_well(),
+            tip_racks=tip_racks or self._tip_racks,
+            nozzle_map=self._core.get_nozzle_map(),
+            group_wells_for_multi_channel=group_wells,
+            current_volume=self.current_volume,
+            trash_location=(
+                trash_location if trash_location is not None else self.trash_container
+            ),
+        )
+        verified_keep_last_tip = resolve_keep_last_tip(
+            keep_last_tip, transfer_args.tip_policy
+        )
+
+        verified_dest: Union[Tuple[types.Location, WellCore], TrashBin, WasteChute]
+        if isinstance(transfer_args.dest, (TrashBin, WasteChute)):
+            verified_dest = transfer_args.dest
+        else:
+            if len(transfer_args.dest) != 1:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Destination should be a single well (or resolve to a single transfer for multi-channel) "
+                    f"but received {transfer_args.dest}."
+                )
+            verified_dest = (
+                types.Location(types.Point(), labware=transfer_args.dest[0]),
+                transfer_args.dest[0]._core,
+            )
+        if transfer_args.tip_policy not in [
+            TransferTipPolicyV2.ONCE,
+            TransferTipPolicyV2.NEVER,
+            TransferTipPolicyV2.ALWAYS,
+        ]:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Incompatible `new_tip` value of {new_tip}."
+                f" `consolidate_with_liquid_class()` only supports `new_tip` values of"
+                f" 'once', 'never' and 'always'."
+            )
+
+        for tip_rack in transfer_args.tip_racks:
+            instrument.validate_tiprack(self.name, tip_rack, _log)
+
+        with publisher.publish_context(
+            broker=self.broker,
+            command=cmds.consolidate_with_liquid_class(
+                instrument=self,
+                liquid_class=liquid_class,
+                volume=volume,
+                source=source,
+                destination=dest,
+            ),
+        ):
+            self._core.consolidate_with_liquid_class(
+                liquid_class=liquid_class,
+                volume=volume,
+                source=[
+                    (types.Location(types.Point(), labware=well), well._core)
+                    for well in transfer_args.source
+                ],
+                dest=verified_dest,
+                new_tip=transfer_args.tip_policy,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                tip_racks=[
+                    (types.Location(types.Point(), labware=rack), rack._core)
+                    for rack in transfer_args.tip_racks
+                ],
+                starting_tip=(
+                    self.starting_tip._core if self.starting_tip is not None else None
+                ),
+                trash_location=transfer_args.trash_location,
+                return_tip=return_tip,
+                keep_last_tip=verified_keep_last_tip,
+            )
+
+        return self
+
+    @requires_version(2, 0)
+    def delay(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """
+        .. deprecated:: 2.0
+           Use :py:obj:`ProtocolContext.delay` instead.
+           This method does nothing.
+           It will be removed from a future version of the Python Protocol API.
+        """
+        if args or kwargs:
+            # Former implementations of this method did not take any args, so users
+            # would get a TypeError if they tried to call it like delay(minutes=10).
+            # Without changing the ultimate behavior that such a call fails the
+            # protocol, we can provide a more descriptive message as a courtesy.
+            raise UnsupportedAPIError(
+                message="InstrumentContext.delay() is not supported in Python Protocol API v2. Use ProtocolContext.delay() instead."
+            )
+        else:
+            # Former implementations of this method, when called without any args,
+            # called ProtocolContext.delay() with a duration of 0, which was
+            # approximately a no-op.
+            # Preserve that allowed way to call this method for the very remote chance
+            # that a protocol out in the wild does it, for some reason.
+            pass
+
+    @requires_version(2, 0)
+    def move_to(
+        self,
+        location: Union[types.Location, TrashBin, WasteChute],
+        force_direct: bool = False,
+        minimum_z_height: Optional[float] = None,
+        speed: Optional[float] = None,
+        publish: bool = True,
+    ) -> InstrumentContext:
+        """Move the instrument.
+
+        See :ref:`move-to` for examples.
+
+        :param location: Where to move to.
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 2.16
+               Accepts ``TrashBin`` and ``WasteChute`` values.
+
+        :type location: :py:class:`~.types.Location`
+        :param force_direct: If ``True``, move directly to the destination without arc
+                             motion.
+
+                             .. warning::
+                                Forcing direct motion can cause the pipette to crash
+                                into labware, modules, or other objects on the deck.
+
+        :param minimum_z_height: An amount, measured in mm, to raise the mid-arc height.
+                                 The mid-arc height can't be lowered.
+        :param speed: The speed at which to move. By default,
+                      :py:attr:`InstrumentContext.default_speed`. This controls the
+                      straight linear speed of the motion. To limit individual axis
+                      speeds, use :py:obj:`.ProtocolContext.max_speeds`.
+
+        :param publish: Whether to list this function call in the run preview.
+                        Default is ``True``.
+        """
+        with ExitStack() as contexts:
+            if isinstance(location, (TrashBin, WasteChute)):
+                if publish:
+                    contexts.enter_context(
+                        publisher.publish_context(
+                            broker=self.broker,
+                            command=cmds.move_to_disposal_location(
+                                instrument=self, location=location
+                            ),
+                        )
+                    )
+
+                self._core.move_to(
+                    location=location,
+                    well_core=None,
+                    force_direct=force_direct,
+                    minimum_z_height=minimum_z_height,
+                    speed=speed,
+                    check_for_movement_conflicts=False,
+                )
+            else:
+                if publish:
+                    contexts.enter_context(
+                        publisher.publish_context(
+                            broker=self.broker,
+                            command=cmds.move_to(instrument=self, location=location),
+                        )
+                    )
+
+                _, well = location.labware.get_parent_labware_and_well()
+
+                self._core.move_to(
+                    location=location,
+                    well_core=well._core if well is not None else None,
+                    force_direct=force_direct,
+                    minimum_z_height=minimum_z_height,
+                    speed=speed,
+                    check_for_movement_conflicts=False,
+                )
+
+        return self
+
+    @requires_version(2, 23)
+    def resin_tip_seal(
+        self,
+        location: Union[labware.Well, labware.Labware],
+    ) -> InstrumentContext:
+        """Seal resin tips onto the pipette.
+
+        The location provided should contain resin tips. The pipette will attach itself
+        to the resin tips but does not check any tip presence sensors. Before the pipette
+        seals to the tips, the plunger will rise to the top of its working range so that
+        it can perform a :py:func:`resin_tip_dispense` immediately.
+
+        :param location: A location containing resin tips, must be a Labware or a Well.
+        :type location: :py:class:`~.types.Location`
+        """
+        if isinstance(location, labware.Labware):
+            well = location.wells()[0]
+        else:
+            well = location
+
+        with publisher.publish_context(
+            broker=self.broker,
+            command=cmds.seal(
+                instrument=self,
+                location=well,
+            ),
+        ):
+            self._core.resin_tip_seal(
+                location=well.top(), well_core=well._core, in_place=False
+            )
+        return self
+
+    @requires_version(2, 23)
+    def resin_tip_unseal(
+        self,
+        location: Union[labware.Well, labware.Labware],
+    ) -> InstrumentContext:
+        """Release resin tips from the pipette.
+
+        The location provided should be a valid location to drop resin tips.
+
+        :param location: A location containing that can accept tips.
+
+        :type location: :py:class:`~.types.Location`
+
+        :param home_after:
+            Whether to home the pipette after dropping the tip. If not specified
+            defaults to ``True`` on a Flex. The plunger will not home on an unseal.
+
+            When ``False``, the pipette does not home its plunger. This can save a few
+            seconds, but is not recommended. Homing helps the robot track the pipette's
+            position.
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(location, labware.Labware):
+            well = location.wells()[0]
+        else:
+            well = location
+
+        with publisher.publish_context(
+            broker=self.broker,
+            command=cmds.unseal(
+                instrument=self,
+                location=well,
+            ),
+        ):
+            self._core.resin_tip_unseal(location=None, well_core=well._core)
+
+        return self
+
+    @requires_version(2, 23)
+    def resin_tip_dispense(
+        self,
+        location: types.Location,
+        volume: Optional[float] = None,
+        rate: Optional[float] = None,
+    ) -> InstrumentContext:
+        """Push liquid out of resin tips that are currently sealed to a pipette.
+
+        The volume and rate parameters for this function control the motion of the plunger
+        to create a desired pressure profile inside the pipette chamber. Unlike a regular
+        dispense action, the volume and rate do not correspond to liquid volume or flow rate
+        dispensed from the resin tips. Select your values for volume and flow rate based on
+        experimentation with the resin tips to create a pressure profile.
+
+        The common way to use this function is as follows:
+
+        #. Seal resin tips to the pipette using :py:meth:`InstrumentContext.resin_tip_seal`.
+
+        #. Use :py:meth:`InstrumentContext.resin_tip_dispense` to displace an experimentally
+           derived volume at an experimentally derived rate to create an experimentally derived
+           target pressure inside the pipette.
+
+        #. Use :py:meth:`ProtocolContext.delay` to wait an experimentally derived amount of
+           time for the pressure inside the pipette to push liquid into and through the resin tip
+           and out the other side.
+
+        #. As liquid passes through the resin tip, the pressure inside the pipette will
+           fall. If not all liquid has been dispensed from the resin tip, repeat steps 2
+           and 3.
+
+        #. Unseal resin tips from the pipette using :py:meth:`InstrumentContext.resin_tip_unseal`.
+
+        Flex pipette pressure sensors will raise an overpressure when a differential pressure
+        inside the pipette chamber above sensor limits is detected. You may need to disable the
+        pressure sensor to create the required pressure profile.
+
+        .. warning::
+            Building excessive pressure inside the pipette chamber (significantly above the sensor
+            limit) with the pressure sensors disabled can damage the pipette.
+
+
+        :param location: Tells the robot where to dispense.
+        :type location: :py:class:`~.types.Location`
+
+        :param volume: The volume that the plunger should displace, in µL. Does not directly relate
+                       to the volume of liquid that will be dispensed.
+        :type volume: float
+
+        :param rate: How quickly the plunger moves to displace the commanded volume, in µL/s. This rate does not directly relate to
+                     the flow rate of liquid out of the resin tip.
+
+                     Defaults to ``10.0`` µL/s.
+        :type rate: float
+        """
+        well: Optional[labware.Well] = None
+        last_location = self._get_last_location_by_api_version()
+
+        try:
+            target = validation.validate_location(
+                location=location, last_location=last_location
+            )
+        except validation.NoLocationError as e:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "If dispense is called without an explicit location, another"
+                " method that moves to a location (such as move_to or "
+                "aspirate) must previously have been called so the robot "
+                "knows where it is."
+            ) from e
+
+        if isinstance(target, validation.WellTarget):
+            well = target.well
+            if target.location:
+                move_to_location = target.location
+            elif well.parent._core.is_fixed_trash():
+                move_to_location = target.well.top()
+            else:
+                move_to_location = target.well.bottom(
+                    z=self._well_bottom_clearances.dispense
+                )
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "A well must be specified when using `resin_tip_dispense`."
+            )
+
+        with publisher.publish_context(
+            broker=self.broker,
+            command=cmds.resin_tip_dispense(
+                instrument=self,
+                flow_rate=rate,
+            ),
+        ):
+            self._core.resin_tip_dispense(
+                move_to_location,
+                well_core=well._core,
+                volume=volume,
+                flow_rate=rate,
+            )
+        return self
+
+    @requires_version(2, 18)
+    def _retract(
+        self,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._core.retract()
+
+    @property
+    @requires_version(2, 0)
+    def mount(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Return the name of the mount the pipette is attached to.
+
+        The possible names are ``"left"`` and ``"right"``.
+        """
+        return self._core.get_mount().name.lower()
+
+    @property
+    @requires_version(2, 0)
+    def speed(self) -> "PlungerSpeeds":
+        """The speeds (in mm/s) configured for the pipette plunger.
+
+        This is an object with attributes ``aspirate``, ``dispense``, and ``blow_out``
+        holding the plunger speeds for the corresponding operation.
+
+        .. note::
+          Setting values of :py:attr:`flow_rate` will override the values in
+          :py:attr:`speed`.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.14
+            This property has been removed because it's fundamentally misaligned with
+            the step-wise nature of a pipette's plunger speed configuration. Use
+            :py:attr:`.flow_rate` instead.
+        """
+        if self._api_version >= ENGINE_CORE_API_VERSION:
+            raise UnsupportedAPIError(
+                message="InstrumentContext.speed has been removed. Use InstrumentContext.flow_rate, instead."
+            )
+
+        # TODO(mc, 2023-02-13): this assert should be enough for mypy
+        # investigate if upgrading mypy allows the `cast` to be removed
+        assert isinstance(self._core, LegacyInstrumentCore)
+        return cast(LegacyInstrumentCore, self._core).get_speed()
+
+    @property
+    @requires_version(2, 0)
+    def flow_rate(self) -> "FlowRates":
+        """The speeds, in µL/s, configured for the pipette.
+
+        See :ref:`new-plunger-flow-rates`.
+
+        This is an object with attributes ``aspirate``, ``dispense``, and ``blow_out``
+        holding the flow rate for the corresponding operation.
+
+        .. note::
+          Setting values of :py:attr:`speed`, which is deprecated, will override the
+          values in :py:attr:`flow_rate`.
+
+        """
+        return self._core.get_flow_rate()
+
+    @property
+    @requires_version(2, 0)
+    def type(self) -> str:
+        """``'single'`` if this is a 1-channel pipette, or ``'multi'`` otherwise.
+
+        See also :py:obj:`.channels`, which can distinguish between 8-channel and 96-channel
+        pipettes.
+        """
+        if self.channels == 1:
+            return "single"
+        else:
+            return "multi"
+
+    @property
+    @requires_version(2, 0)
+    def tip_racks(self) -> List[labware.Labware]:
+        """
+        The tip racks that have been linked to this pipette.
+
+        This is the property used to determine which tips to pick up next when calling
+        :py:meth:`pick_up_tip` without arguments. See :ref:`basic-tip-pickup`.
+        """
+        return self._tip_racks
+
+    @tip_racks.setter
+    def tip_racks(self, racks: List[labware.Labware]) -> None:
+        self._tip_racks = racks
+
+    @property
+    @requires_version(2, 20)
+    def liquid_presence_detection(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Whether the pipette will perform automatic liquid presence detection.
+
+        When ``True``, the pipette will check for liquid on every aspiration.
+        Defaults to ``False``. See :ref:`lpd`.
+        """
+        return self._core.get_liquid_presence_detection()
+
+    @liquid_presence_detection.setter
+    @requires_version(2, 20)
+    def liquid_presence_detection(self, enable: bool) -> None:
+        if enable:
+            self._raise_if_pressure_not_supported_by_pipette()
+        self._core.set_liquid_presence_detection(enable)
+
+    @property
+    @requires_version(2, 0)
+    def trash_container(self) -> Union[labware.Labware, TrashBin, WasteChute]:
+        """The trash container associated with this pipette.
+
+        This is the property used to determine where to drop tips and blow out liquids
+        when calling :py:meth:`drop_tip` or :py:meth:`blow_out` without arguments.
+
+        You can set this to a :py:obj:`Labware`, :py:class:`.TrashBin`, or :py:class:`.WasteChute`.
+
+        The default value depends on the robot type and API version:
+
+        - :py:obj:`ProtocolContext.fixed_trash`, if it exists.
+        - Otherwise, the first item previously loaded with
+          :py:obj:`ProtocolContext.load_trash_bin()` or
+          :py:obj:`ProtocolContext.load_waste_chute()`.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.16
+            Added support for ``TrashBin`` and ``WasteChute`` objects.
+        """
+        if self._user_specified_trash is None:
+            disposal_locations = self._protocol_core.get_disposal_locations()
+            if len(disposal_locations) == 0:
+                raise NoTrashDefinedError(
+                    "No trash container has been defined in this protocol."
+                )
+            return disposal_locations[0]
+        return self._user_specified_trash
+
+    @trash_container.setter
+    def trash_container(
+        self, trash: Union[labware.Labware, TrashBin, WasteChute]
+    ) -> None:
+        self._user_specified_trash = trash
+
+    @property
+    @requires_version(2, 0)
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        """
+        The name string for the pipette.
+
+        From API version 2.15 to 2.22, this property returned an internal name for Flex
+        pipettes. (e.g., ``"p1000_single_flex"``).
+
+        In API version 2.23 and later, this property returns the Python Protocol API
+        :ref:`load name <new-pipette-models>` of Flex pipettes (e.g.,
+        ``"flex_1channel_1000"``).
+        """
+        return self._core.get_pipette_name()
+
+    @property
+    @requires_version(2, 0)
+    def model(self) -> str:
+        """
+        The model string for the pipette (e.g., ``'p300_single_v1.3'``)
+        """
+        return self._core.get_model()
+
+    @property
+    @requires_version(2, 0)
+    def min_volume(self) -> float:
+        """
+        The minimum volume, in µL, that the pipette can hold. This value may change
+        based on the :ref:`volume mode <pipette-volume-modes>` that the pipette is
+        currently configured for.
+        """
+        return self._core.get_min_volume()
+
+    @property
+    @requires_version(2, 0)
+    def max_volume(self) -> float:
+        """
+        The maximum volume, in µL, that the pipette can hold.
+
+        The maximum volume that you can actually aspirate might be lower than this,
+        depending on what kind of tip is attached to this pipette. For example, a P300
+        Single-Channel pipette always has a ``max_volume`` of 300 µL, but if it's using
+        a 200 µL filter tip, its usable volume would be limited to 200 µL.
+        """
+        return self._core.get_max_volume()
+
+    @property
+    @requires_version(2, 0)
+    def current_volume(self) -> float:
+        """
+        The current amount of liquid held in the pipette, measured in µL.
+        """
+        return self._core.get_current_volume()
+
+    @property
+    @requires_version(2, 7)
+    def has_tip(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether this instrument has a tip attached or not.
+
+        The value of this property is determined logically by the API, not by detecting
+        the physical presence of a tip. This is the case even on Flex, which has sensors
+        to detect tip attachment.
+        """
+        return self._core.has_tip()
+
+    @property
+    def _has_tip(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Internal function used to check whether this instrument has a
+        tip attached or not.
+        """
+        return self._core.has_tip()
+
+    @property
+    @requires_version(2, 0)
+    def hw_pipette(self) -> PipetteDict:
+        """View the information returned by the hardware API directly.
+
+        :raises: :py:class:`.types.PipetteNotAttachedError` if the pipette is
+                 no longer attached (should not happen).
+        """
+        return self._core.get_hardware_state()
+
+    @property
+    @requires_version(2, 0)
+    def channels(self) -> int:
+        """The number of channels on the pipette.
+
+        Possible values are 1, 8, or 96.
+
+        See also :py:obj:`.type`.
+        """
+        return self._core.get_channels()
+
+    @property
+    @requires_version(2, 16)
+    def active_channels(self) -> int:
+        """The number of channels the pipette will use to pick up tips.
+
+        By default, all channels on the pipette. Use :py:meth:`.configure_nozzle_layout`
+        to set the pipette to use fewer channels.
+        """
+        return self._core.get_active_channels()
+
+    @property
+    @requires_version(2, 2)
+    def return_height(self) -> float:
+        """The height to return a tip to its tip rack.
+
+        :returns: A scaling factor to apply to the tip length.
+                  During :py:meth:`.drop_tip`, this factor is multiplied by the tip
+                  length to get the distance from the top of the well to drop the tip.
+        """
+        return self._core.get_return_height()
+
+    @property
+    @requires_version(2, 0)
+    def well_bottom_clearance(self) -> "Clearances":
+        """The distance above the bottom of a well to aspirate or dispense.
+
+        This is an object with attributes ``aspirate`` and ``dispense``, describing the
+        default height of the corresponding operation. The default is 1.0 mm for both
+        aspirate and dispense.
+
+        When :py:meth:`aspirate` or :py:meth:`dispense` is given a :py:class:`.Well`
+        rather than a full :py:class:`.Location`, the robot will move this distance
+        above the bottom of the well to aspirate or dispense.
+
+        To change, set the corresponding attribute::
+
+            pipette.well_bottom_clearance.aspirate = 2
+
+        """
+        return self._well_bottom_clearances
+
+    def _get_last_location_by_api_version(
+        self,
+    ) -> Optional[Union[types.Location, TrashBin, WasteChute]]:
+        """Get the last location accessed by this pipette, if any.
+
+        In pre-engine Protocol API versions, this call omits the pipette mount.
+        Between 2.14 (first engine PAPI version) and 2.23 this only returns None or a Location object.
+        This is to preserve pre-existing, potentially buggy behavior.
+        """
+        if self._api_version >= APIVersion(2, 24):
+            return self._protocol_core.get_last_location(mount=self._core.get_mount())
+        elif self._api_version >= ENGINE_CORE_API_VERSION:
+            last_location = self._protocol_core.get_last_location(
+                mount=self._core.get_mount()
+            )
+            return last_location if isinstance(last_location, types.Location) else None
+        else:
+            return self._protocol_core.get_last_location()
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "<{}: {} in {}>".format(
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self._core.get_model(),
+            self._core.get_mount().name,
+        )
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return "{} on {} mount".format(self._core.get_display_name(), self.mount)
+
+    @publisher.publish(command=cmds.configure_for_volume)
+    @requires_version(2, 15)
+    def configure_for_volume(self, volume: float) -> None:
+        """Configure a pipette to handle a specific volume of liquid, measured in µL.
+        The pipette enters a volume mode depending on the volume provided. Changing
+        pipette modes alters properties of the instance of
+        :py:class:`.InstrumentContext`, such as default flow rate, minimum volume, and
+        maximum volume. The pipette remains in the mode set by this function until it is
+        called again.
+
+        The Flex 1-Channel 50 µL and Flex 8-Channel 50 µL pipettes must operate in a
+        low-volume mode to accurately dispense very small volumes of liquid. Low-volume
+        mode can only be set by calling ``configure_for_volume()``. See
+        :ref:`pipette-volume-modes`.
+
+        .. note ::
+
+            Changing a pipette's mode will reset its :ref:`flow rates
+            <new-plunger-flow-rates>`.
+
+        This function will raise an error if called when the pipette's tip contains
+        liquid. It won't raise an error if a tip is not attached, but changing modes may
+        affect which tips the pipette can subsequently pick up without raising an error.
+
+        This function will also raise an error if ``volume`` is outside of the
+        :ref:`minimum and maximum capacities <new-pipette-models>` of the pipette (e.g.,
+        setting ``volume=1`` for a Flex 1000 µL pipette).
+
+        :param volume: The volume, in µL, that the pipette will prepare to handle.
+        :type volume: float
+        """
+        if self._core.get_current_volume():
+            raise CommandPreconditionViolated(
+                message=f"Cannot switch modes of {str(self)} while it contains liquid"
+            )
+        if volume < 0:
+            raise CommandParameterLimitViolated(
+                command_name="configure_for_volume",
+                parameter_name="volume",
+                limit_statement="must be greater than 0",
+                actual_value=str(volume),
+            )
+        last_location = self._get_last_location_by_api_version()
+        if (
+            last_location
+            and isinstance(last_location, types.Location)
+            and isinstance(last_location.labware, labware.Well)
+        ):
+            self.move_to(last_location.labware.top())
+        self._core.configure_for_volume(volume)
+
+    @requires_version(2, 16)
+    def prepare_to_aspirate(self) -> None:
+        """Prepare a pipette for aspiration.
+
+        Before a pipette can aspirate into an empty tip, the plunger must be in its
+        bottom position. After dropping a tip or blowing out, the plunger will be in a
+        different position. This function moves the plunger to the bottom position,
+        regardless of its current position, to make sure that the pipette is ready to
+        aspirate.
+
+        You rarely need to call this function. The API automatically prepares the
+        pipette for aspiration as part of other commands:
+
+            - After picking up a tip with :py:meth:`.pick_up_tip`.
+            - When calling :py:meth:`.aspirate`, if the pipette isn't already prepared.
+              If the pipette is in a well, it will move out of the well, move the plunger,
+              and then move back.
+
+        Use ``prepare_to_aspirate()`` when you need to control exactly when the plunger
+        motion will happen. A common use case is a pre-wetting routine, which requires
+        preparing for aspiration, moving into a well, and then aspirating *without
+        leaving the well*::
+
+             pipette.move_to(well.bottom(z=2))
+             protocol.delay(5)
+             pipette.mix(10, 10)
+             pipette.move_to(well.top(z=5))
+             pipette.blow_out()
+             pipette.prepare_to_aspirate()
+             pipette.move_to(well.bottom(z=2))
+             protocol.delay(5)
+             pipette.aspirate(10, well.bottom(z=2))
+
+        The call to ``prepare_to_aspirate()`` means that the plunger will be in the
+        bottom position before the call to ``aspirate()``. Since it doesn't need to
+        prepare again, it will not move up out of the well to move the plunger. It will
+        aspirate in place.
+        """
+        if self._core.get_current_volume():
+            raise CommandPreconditionViolated(
+                message=f"Cannot prepare {str(self)} for aspirate while it contains liquid."
+            )
+        self._core.prepare_to_aspirate()
+
+    @publisher.publish(command=cmds.configure_nozzle_layout)
+    @requires_version(2, 16)
+    def configure_nozzle_layout(
+        self,
+        style: NozzleLayout,
+        start: Optional[str] = None,
+        end: Optional[str] = None,
+        front_right: Optional[str] = None,
+        back_left: Optional[str] = None,
+        tip_racks: Optional[List[labware.Labware]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Configure how many tips the 8-channel or 96-channel pipette will pick up.
+
+        Changing the nozzle layout will affect gantry movement for all subsequent
+        pipetting actions that the pipette performs. It also alters the pipette's
+        behavior for picking up tips. The pipette will continue to use the specified
+        layout until this function is called again.
+
+        .. note::
+            When picking up fewer than 96 tips at once, the tip rack *must not* be
+            placed in a tip rack adapter in the deck. If you try to pick up fewer than 96
+            tips from a tip rack that is in an adapter, the API will raise an error.
+
+        :param style: The shape of the nozzle layout.
+            You must :ref:`import the layout constant <nozzle-layouts>` in order to use it.
+
+            - ``ALL`` resets the pipette to use all of its nozzles. Calling
+              ``configure_nozzle_layout`` with no arguments also resets the pipette.
+            - ``COLUMN`` sets a 96-channel pipette to use 8 nozzles, aligned from front to back
+              with respect to the deck. This corresponds to a column of wells on labware.
+              For 8-channel pipettes, use ``ALL`` instead.
+            - ``PARTIAL_COLUMN`` sets an 8-channel pipette to use 2--7 nozzles, aligned from front to back
+              with respect to the deck. Not compatible with the 96-channel pipette.
+            - ``ROW`` sets a 96-channel pipette to use 12 nozzles, aligned from left to right
+              with respect to the deck. This corresponds to a row of wells on labware.
+              Not compatible with 8-channel pipettes.
+            - ``SINGLE`` sets the pipette to use 1 nozzle. This corresponds to a single well on labware.
+
+        :type style: ``NozzleLayout`` or ``None``
+        :param start: The primary nozzle of the layout, which the robot uses
+            to determine how it will move to different locations on the deck. The string
+            should be of the same format used when identifying wells by name.
+            Required unless setting ``style=ALL``.
+
+            .. note::
+                If possible, don't use both ``start="A1"`` and ``start="A12"`` to pick up
+                tips *from the same rack*. Doing so can affect positional accuracy.
+
+        :type start: str or ``None``
+        :param end: The nozzle at the end of a linear layout, which is used
+            to determine how many tips will be picked up by a pipette. The string
+            should be of the same format used when identifying wells by name.
+            Required when setting ``style=PARTIAL_COLUMN``.
+
+        :type end: str or ``None``
+        :param tip_racks: Behaves the same as setting the ``tip_racks`` parameter of
+            :py:meth:`.load_instrument`. If not specified, the new configuration resets
+            :py:obj:`.InstrumentContext.tip_racks` and you must specify the location
+            every time you call :py:meth:`~.InstrumentContext.pick_up_tip`.
+        :type tip_racks: List[:py:class:`.Labware`]
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.20
+            Added partial column, row, and single layouts.
+        """
+        #       TODO: add the following back into the docstring when QUADRANT is supported
+        #
+        #       :param front_right: The nozzle at the front left of the layout. Only used for
+        #           NozzleLayout.QUADRANT configurations.
+        #       :type front_right: str or ``None``
+        #
+        #       NOTE: Disabled layouts error case can be removed once desired map configurations
+        #       have appropriate data regarding tip-type to map current values added to the
+        #       pipette definitions.
+
+        disabled_layouts = [
+            NozzleLayout.QUADRANT,
+        ]
+        if style in disabled_layouts:
+            # todo(mm, 2024-08-20): UnsupportedAPIError boils down to an API_REMOVED
+            # error code, which is not correct here.
+            raise UnsupportedAPIError(
+                message=f"Nozzle layout configuration of style {style.value} is currently unsupported."
+            )
+
+        original_enabled_layouts = [NozzleLayout.COLUMN, NozzleLayout.ALL]
+        if (
+            self._api_version
+            < _PARTIAL_NOZZLE_CONFIGURATION_SINGLE_ROW_PARTIAL_COLUMN_ADDED_IN
+        ) and (style not in original_enabled_layouts):
+            raise APIVersionError(
+                api_element=f"Nozzle layout configuration of style {style.value}",
+                until_version=f"{_PARTIAL_NOZZLE_CONFIGURATION_SINGLE_ROW_PARTIAL_COLUMN_ADDED_IN}",
+                current_version=f"{self._api_version}",
+            )
+
+        front_right_resolved = front_right
+        back_left_resolved = back_left
+        validated_start: Optional[str] = None
+        match style:
+            case NozzleLayout.SINGLE:
+                validated_start = _check_valid_start_nozzle(style, start)
+                _raise_if_has_end_or_front_right_or_back_left(
+                    style, end, front_right, back_left
+                )
+            case NozzleLayout.COLUMN | NozzleLayout.ROW:
+                self._raise_if_configuration_not_supported_by_pipette(style)
+                validated_start = _check_valid_start_nozzle(style, start)
+                _raise_if_has_end_or_front_right_or_back_left(
+                    style, end, front_right, back_left
+                )
+            case NozzleLayout.PARTIAL_COLUMN:
+                self._raise_if_configuration_not_supported_by_pipette(style)
+                validated_start = _check_valid_start_nozzle(style, start)
+                validated_end = _check_valid_end_nozzle(validated_start, end)
+                _raise_if_has_front_right_or_back_left_for_partial_column(
+                    front_right, back_left
+                )
+                # Convert 'validated_end' to front_right or back_left as appropriate
+                if validated_start == "H1" or validated_start == "H12":
+                    back_left_resolved = validated_end
+                    front_right_resolved = validated_start
+                elif start == "A1" or start == "A12":
+                    front_right_resolved = validated_end
+                    back_left_resolved = validated_start
+            case NozzleLayout.QUADRANT:
+                validated_start = _check_valid_start_nozzle(style, start)
+                _raise_if_has_end_nozzle_for_quadrant(end)
+                _raise_if_no_front_right_or_back_left_for_quadrant(
+                    front_right, back_left
+                )
+                if front_right is None:
+                    front_right_resolved = validated_start
+                elif back_left is None:
+                    back_left_resolved = validated_start
+            case NozzleLayout.ALL:
+                validated_start = start
+                if any([start, end, front_right, back_left]):
+                    _log.warning(
+                        "Parameters 'start', 'end', 'front_right', 'back_left' specified"
+                        " for ALL nozzle configuration will be ignored."
+                    )
+
+        self._core.configure_nozzle_layout(
+            style,
+            primary_nozzle=validated_start,
+            front_right_nozzle=front_right_resolved,
+            back_left_nozzle=back_left_resolved,
+        )
+        self._tip_racks = tip_racks or []
+
+    @requires_version(2, 20)
+    def detect_liquid_presence(self, well: labware.Well) -> bool:
+        """Checks for liquid in a well.
+
+        Returns ``True`` if liquid is present and ``False`` if liquid is not present. Will not raise an error if it does not detect liquid. When simulating a protocol, the check always succeeds (returns ``True``). Works with Flex 1-, 8-, and 96-channel pipettes. See :ref:`detect-liquid-presence`.
+
+        .. note::
+            The pressure sensors for the Flex 8-channel pipette are on channels 1 and 8 (positions A1 and H1). For the Flex 96-channel pipette, the pressure sensors are on channels 1 and 96 (positions A1 and H12). Other channels on multi-channel pipettes do not have sensors and cannot detect liquid.
+        """
+        self._raise_if_pressure_not_supported_by_pipette()
+        loc = well.top()
+        return self._core.detect_liquid_presence(well._core, loc)
+
+    @requires_version(2, 20)
+    def require_liquid_presence(self, well: labware.Well) -> None:
+        """Check for liquid in a well and raises an error if none is detected.
+
+        When this method raises an error, Flex will offer the opportunity to enter recovery mode. In recovery mode, you can manually add liquid to resolve the error. When simulating a protocol, the check always succeeds (does not raise an error). Works with Flex 1-, 8-, and 96-channel pipettes. See :ref:`lpd` and :ref:`require-liquid-presence`.
+
+        .. note::
+            The pressure sensors for the Flex 8-channel pipette are on channels 1 and 8 (positions A1 and H1). For the Flex 96-channel pipette, the pressure sensors are on channels 1 and 96 (positions A1 and H12). Other channels on multi-channel pipettes do not have sensors and cannot detect liquid.
+        """
+        self._raise_if_pressure_not_supported_by_pipette()
+        loc = well.top()
+        self._core.liquid_probe_with_recovery(well._core, loc)
+
+    @requires_version(2, 20)
+    def measure_liquid_height(self, well: labware.Well) -> LiquidTrackingType:
+        """Check the height of the liquid within a well.
+
+        :returns: The height, in mm, of the liquid from the bottom of the well.
+        """
+        self._raise_if_pressure_not_supported_by_pipette()
+        loc = well.top()
+        self._core.liquid_probe_with_recovery(well._core, loc)
+        return well.current_liquid_height()
+
+    def _raise_if_configuration_not_supported_by_pipette(
+        self, style: NozzleLayout
+    ) -> None:
+        match style:
+            case NozzleLayout.COLUMN | NozzleLayout.ROW:
+                if self.channels != 96:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        f"{style.value} configuration is only supported on 96-Channel pipettes."
+                    )
+            case NozzleLayout.PARTIAL_COLUMN:
+                if self.channels != 8:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "Partial column configuration is only supported on 8-Channel pipettes."
+                    )
+            # SINGLE, QUADRANT and ALL are supported by all pipettes
+
+    def _raise_if_pressure_not_supported_by_pipette(self) -> None:
+        if not self._core._pressure_supported_by_pipette():
+            raise UnsupportedHardwareCommand(
+                "Pressure sensor not available for this pipette"
+            )
+
+    def _handle_aspirate_target(
+        self, target: Union[validation.WellTarget, validation.PointTarget]
+    ) -> tuple[
+        types.Location, Optional[labware.Well], Optional[types.MeniscusTrackingTarget]
+    ]:
+        if isinstance(target, validation.WellTarget):
+            if target.location:
+                return target.location, target.well, target.location.meniscus_tracking
+
+            else:
+                return (
+                    target.well.bottom(z=self._well_bottom_clearances.aspirate),
+                    target.well,
+                    None,
+                )
+        if isinstance(target, validation.PointTarget):
+            return target.location, None, None
+
+    def _handle_dispense_target(
+        self, target: Union[validation.WellTarget, validation.PointTarget]
+    ) -> tuple[
+        types.Location, Optional[labware.Well], Optional[types.MeniscusTrackingTarget]
+    ]:
+        if isinstance(target, validation.WellTarget):
+            if target.location:
+                return target.location, target.well, target.location.meniscus_tracking
+            elif target.well.parent._core.is_fixed_trash():
+                return target.well.top(), target.well, None
+            else:
+                return (
+                    target.well.bottom(z=self._well_bottom_clearances.dispense),
+                    target.well,
+                    None,
+                )
+        if isinstance(target, validation.PointTarget):
+            return target.location, None, None
+
+    def _get_current_tip_source_well(self) -> Optional[labware.Well]:
+        tip_rack_cores = self._core.get_tip_origin()
+        if tip_rack_cores is None:
+            return None
+        labware_core, well_core = tip_rack_cores
+        tip_rack_labware = self._core_map.get(labware_core)
+        return labware.Well(
+            parent=tip_rack_labware, core=well_core, api_version=self._api_version
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _last_tip_picked_up_from(self) -> Optional[labware.Well]:
+        """
+        .. deprecated:: 2.25
+           Use :py:obj:`ProtocolContext.current_tip_source_well` instead.
+
+           If the pipette has a tip on it, returns the tip rack well it was picked up from.
+           Otherwise will return ``None``.
+        """
+        return self._get_current_tip_source_well()
+
+    @requires_version(2, 25)
+    def current_tip_source_well(self) -> Optional[labware.Well]:
+        """Returns the tip rack well the current tip has been picked up from.
+
+        If there is no tip currently on the pipette, this will return ``None``.
+        """
+        return self._get_current_tip_source_well()
+
+
+class AutoProbeDisable:
+    """Use this class to temporarily disable automatic liquid presence detection."""
+
+    def __init__(self, instrument: InstrumentContext):
+        self.instrument = instrument
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> None:
+        if self.instrument.api_version >= APIVersion(2, 21):
+            self.auto_presence = self.instrument.liquid_presence_detection
+            self.instrument.liquid_presence_detection = False
+
+    def __exit__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        if self.instrument.api_version >= APIVersion(2, 21):
+            self.instrument.liquid_presence_detection = self.auto_presence
+
+
+def _raise_if_has_end_or_front_right_or_back_left(
+    style: NozzleLayout,
+    end: Optional[str],
+    front_right: Optional[str],
+    back_left: Optional[str],
+) -> None:
+    if any([end, front_right, back_left]):
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Parameters 'end', 'front_right' and 'back_left' cannot be used with "
+            f"the {style.name} nozzle configuration."
+        )
+
+
+def _check_valid_start_nozzle(style: NozzleLayout, start: Optional[str]) -> str:
+    if start is None:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Cannot configure a nozzle layout of style {style.value} without a starting nozzle."
+        )
+    if start not in types.ALLOWED_PRIMARY_NOZZLES:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Starting nozzle specified is not one of {types.ALLOWED_PRIMARY_NOZZLES}."
+        )
+    return start
+
+
+def _check_valid_end_nozzle(start: str, end: Optional[str]) -> str:
+    if end is None:
+        raise ValueError("Partial column configurations require the 'end' parameter.")
+    if start[0] in end:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "The 'start' and 'end' parameters of a partial column configuration cannot be in the same row."
+        )
+    if start == "H1" or start == "H12":
+        if "A" in end:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"A partial column configuration with 'start'={start} cannot have its 'end' parameter be in row A. Use `ALL` configuration to utilize all nozzles."
+            )
+    elif start == "A1" or start == "A12":
+        if "H" in end:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"A partial column configuration with 'start'={start} cannot have its 'end' parameter be in row H. Use `ALL` configuration to utilize all nozzles."
+            )
+    return end
+
+
+def _raise_if_no_front_right_or_back_left_for_quadrant(
+    front_right: Optional[str], back_left: Optional[str]
+) -> None:
+    if front_right is None and back_left is None:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Cannot configure a QUADRANT layout without a front right or back left nozzle."
+        )
+
+
+def _raise_if_has_end_nozzle_for_quadrant(end: Optional[str]) -> None:
+    if end is not None:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Parameter 'end' is not supported for QUADRANT configuration."
+            " Use 'front_right' and 'back_left' arguments to specify the quadrant nozzle map instead."
+        )
+
+
+def _raise_if_has_front_right_or_back_left_for_partial_column(
+    front_right: Optional[str], back_left: Optional[str]
+) -> None:
+    if any([front_right, back_left]):
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Parameters 'front_right' and 'back_left' cannot be used with "
+            "the PARTIAL_COLUMN configuration."
+        )