numba-cuda 0.22.0__cp312-cp312-manylinux_2_24_aarch64.manylinux_2_28_aarch64.whl

numba_cuda/numba/cuda/cudadrv/driver.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3238 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) 2025 NVIDIA CORPORATION & AFFILIATES. All rights reserved.
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
+
+"""
+CUDA driver bridge implementation
+
+NOTE:
+The new driver implementation uses a *_PendingDeallocs* that help prevents a
+crashing the system (particularly OSX) when the CUDA context is corrupted at
+resource deallocation.  The old approach ties resource management directly
+into the object destructor; thus, at corruption of the CUDA context,
+subsequent deallocation could further corrupt the CUDA context and causes the
+system to freeze in some cases.
+
+"""
+
+import sys
+import os
+import ctypes
+import weakref
+import functools
+import warnings
+import logging
+import threading
+import asyncio
+import pathlib
+import subprocess
+import tempfile
+import re
+from itertools import product
+from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
+from ctypes import (
+    c_int,
+    byref,
+    c_size_t,
+    c_char,
+    c_char_p,
+    addressof,
+    c_void_p,
+    c_uint8,
+)
+import contextlib
+import importlib
+import numpy as np
+from collections import namedtuple, deque
+
+
+from numba.cuda.cext import mviewbuf
+from numba.cuda.core import config
+from numba.cuda import utils, serialize
+from .error import CudaSupportError, CudaDriverError
+from .drvapi import API_PROTOTYPES
+from .drvapi import cu_occupancy_b2d_size, cu_stream_callback_pyobj
+from .mappings import FILE_EXTENSION_MAP
+from .linkable_code import LinkableCode, LTOIR, Fatbin, Object
+from numba.cuda.utils import cached_file_read
+from numba.cuda.cudadrv import enums, drvapi, nvrtc
+
+from cuda.bindings import driver as binding
+from cuda.core.experimental import (
+    Linker,
+    LinkerOptions,
+    ObjectCode,
+)
+
+from cuda.bindings.utils import get_cuda_native_handle
+from cuda.core.experimental import (
+    Stream as ExperimentalStream,
+    Device as ExperimentalDevice,
+)
+
+
+# There is no definition of the default stream in the Nvidia bindings (nor
+# is there at the C/C++ level), so we define it here so we don't need to
+# use a magic number 0 in places where we want the default stream.
+CU_STREAM_DEFAULT = 0
+
+
+MIN_REQUIRED_CC = (3, 5)
+SUPPORTS_IPC = sys.platform.startswith("linux")
+
+
+_py_decref = ctypes.pythonapi.Py_DecRef
+_py_incref = ctypes.pythonapi.Py_IncRef
+_py_decref.argtypes = [ctypes.py_object]
+_py_incref.argtypes = [ctypes.py_object]
+
+
+def make_logger():
+    logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+    # is logging configured?
+    if not logger.hasHandlers():
+        # read user config
+        lvl = str(config.CUDA_LOG_LEVEL).upper()
+        lvl = getattr(logging, lvl, None)
+        if not isinstance(lvl, int):
+            # default to critical level
+            lvl = logging.CRITICAL
+        logger.setLevel(lvl)
+        # did user specify a level?
+        if config.CUDA_LOG_LEVEL:
+            # create a simple handler that prints to stderr
+            handler = logging.StreamHandler(sys.stderr)
+            fmt = "== CUDA [%(relativeCreated)d] %(levelname)5s -- %(message)s"
+            handler.setFormatter(logging.Formatter(fmt=fmt))
+            logger.addHandler(handler)
+        else:
+            # otherwise, put a null handler
+            logger.addHandler(logging.NullHandler())
+    return logger
+
+
+@functools.cache
+def _have_nvjitlink():
+    try:
+        from cuda.bindings._internal import nvjitlink as nvjitlink_internal
+        from cuda.bindings._internal.utils import NotSupportedError
+    except ImportError:
+        return False
+
+    try:
+        if (
+            nvjitlink_internal._inspect_function_pointer("__nvJitLinkVersion")
+            == 0
+        ):
+            return False
+        try:
+            from cuda.bindings import nvjitlink
+
+            if nvjitlink.version() < (12, 3):
+                return False
+        except Exception:
+            return False
+        return True
+    except (RuntimeError, NotSupportedError):
+        return False
+
+
+class DeadMemoryError(RuntimeError):
+    pass
+
+
+class LinkerError(RuntimeError):
+    pass
+
+
+class CudaAPIError(CudaDriverError):
+    def __init__(self, code, msg):
+        self.code = code
+        self.msg = msg
+        super(CudaAPIError, self).__init__(code, msg)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "[%s] %s" % (self.code, self.msg)
+
+
+def locate_driver_and_loader():
+    # Determine DLL type
+    if sys.platform == "win32":
+        dlloader = ctypes.WinDLL
+        dldir = ["\\windows\\system32"]
+        dlnames = ["nvcuda.dll"]
+    elif sys.platform == "darwin":
+        dlloader = ctypes.CDLL
+        dldir = ["/usr/local/cuda/lib"]
+        dlnames = ["libcuda.dylib"]
+    else:
+        # Assume to be *nix like
+        dlloader = ctypes.CDLL
+        dldir = ["/usr/lib", "/usr/lib64"]
+        dlnames = ["libcuda.so", "libcuda.so.1"]
+
+    # First search for the name in the default library path.
+    # If that is not found, try specific common paths.
+    candidates = dlnames + [
+        os.path.join(x, y) for x, y in product(dldir, dlnames)
+    ]
+
+    return dlloader, candidates
+
+
+def load_driver(dlloader, candidates):
+    # Load the driver; Collect driver error information
+    path_not_exist = []
+    driver_load_error = []
+
+    for path in candidates:
+        try:
+            dll = dlloader(path)
+        except OSError as e:
+            # Problem opening the DLL
+            path_not_exist.append(not os.path.isfile(path))
+            driver_load_error.append(e)
+        else:
+            return dll, path
+
+    # Problem loading driver
+    if all(path_not_exist):
+        _raise_driver_not_found()
+    else:
+        errmsg = "\n".join(str(e) for e in driver_load_error)
+        _raise_driver_error(errmsg)
+
+
+def find_driver():
+    dlloader, candidates = locate_driver_and_loader()
+    dll, path = load_driver(dlloader, candidates)
+    return dll
+
+
+DRIVER_NOT_FOUND_MSG = """
+CUDA driver library cannot be found.
+Ensure that a compatible NVIDIA driver is installed and available on your system path.
+"""
+
+DRIVER_LOAD_ERROR_MSG = """
+Possible CUDA driver libraries are found but error occurred during load:
+%s
+"""
+
+
+def _raise_driver_not_found():
+    raise CudaSupportError(DRIVER_NOT_FOUND_MSG)
+
+
+def _raise_driver_error(e):
+    raise CudaSupportError(DRIVER_LOAD_ERROR_MSG % e)
+
+
+def _build_reverse_error_map():
+    prefix = "CUDA_ERROR"
+    map = utils.UniqueDict()
+    for name in dir(enums):
+        if name.startswith(prefix):
+            code = getattr(enums, name)
+            map[code] = name
+    return map
+
+
+def _getpid():
+    return os.getpid()
+
+
+ERROR_MAP = _build_reverse_error_map()
+
+
+class Driver(object):
+    """
+    Driver API functions are lazily bound.
+    """
+
+    _singleton = None
+
+    def __new__(cls):
+        obj = cls._singleton
+        if obj is not None:
+            return obj
+        else:
+            obj = object.__new__(cls)
+            cls._singleton = obj
+        return obj
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.devices = utils.UniqueDict()
+        self.is_initialized = False
+        self.initialization_error = None
+        self.pid = None
+        try:
+            if config.DISABLE_CUDA:
+                msg = (
+                    "CUDA is disabled due to setting NUMBA_DISABLE_CUDA=1 "
+                    "in the environment, or because CUDA is unsupported on "
+                    "32-bit systems."
+                )
+                raise CudaSupportError(msg)
+            self.lib = find_driver()
+        except CudaSupportError as e:
+            self.is_initialized = True
+            self.initialization_error = e.msg
+
+    def ensure_initialized(self):
+        if self.is_initialized:
+            return
+
+        # lazily initialize logger
+        global _logger
+        _logger = make_logger()
+
+        self.is_initialized = True
+        try:
+            _logger.info("init")
+            self.cuInit(0)
+        except CudaAPIError as e:
+            description = f"{e.msg} ({e.code})"
+            self.initialization_error = description
+            raise CudaSupportError(f"Error at driver init: {description}")
+        else:
+            self.pid = _getpid()
+
+    @property
+    def is_available(self):
+        self.ensure_initialized()
+        return self.initialization_error is None
+
+    def __getattr__(self, fname):
+        # First request of a driver API function
+        self.ensure_initialized()
+
+        if self.initialization_error is not None:
+            raise CudaSupportError(
+                "Error at driver init: \n%s:" % self.initialization_error
+            )
+
+        return self._cuda_python_wrap_fn(fname)
+
+    def _ctypes_wrap_fn(self, fname, libfn=None):
+        # Wrap a CUDA driver function by default
+        if libfn is None:
+            try:
+                proto = API_PROTOTYPES[fname]
+            except KeyError:
+                raise AttributeError(fname)
+            restype = proto[0]
+            argtypes = proto[1:]
+
+            # Find function in driver library
+            libfn = self._find_api(fname)
+            libfn.restype = restype
+            libfn.argtypes = argtypes
+
+        def verbose_cuda_api_call(*args):
+            argstr = ", ".join([str(arg) for arg in args])
+            _logger.debug("call driver api: %s(%s)", libfn.__name__, argstr)
+            retcode = libfn(*args)
+            self._check_ctypes_error(fname, retcode)
+
+        def safe_cuda_api_call(*args):
+            _logger.debug("call driver api: %s", libfn.__name__)
+            retcode = libfn(*args)
+            self._check_ctypes_error(fname, retcode)
+
+        if config.CUDA_LOG_API_ARGS:
+            wrapper = verbose_cuda_api_call
+        else:
+            wrapper = safe_cuda_api_call
+
+        safe_call = functools.wraps(libfn)(wrapper)
+        setattr(self, fname, safe_call)
+        return safe_call
+
+    def _cuda_python_wrap_fn(self, fname):
+        libfn = getattr(binding, fname)
+
+        def verbose_cuda_api_call(*args):
+            argstr = ", ".join([str(arg) for arg in args])
+            _logger.debug("call driver api: %s(%s)", libfn.__name__, argstr)
+            return self._check_cuda_python_error(fname, libfn(*args))
+
+        def safe_cuda_api_call(*args):
+            _logger.debug("call driver api: %s", libfn.__name__)
+            return self._check_cuda_python_error(fname, libfn(*args))
+
+        if config.CUDA_LOG_API_ARGS:
+            wrapper = verbose_cuda_api_call
+        else:
+            wrapper = safe_cuda_api_call
+
+        safe_call = functools.wraps(libfn)(wrapper)
+        setattr(self, fname, safe_call)
+        return safe_call
+
+    def _find_api(self, fname):
+        # We use alternatively-named functions for PTDS with the Numba ctypes
+        # binding. It handles linking to the correct variant.
+        variants = ("_v2", "")
+
+        if fname in ("cuCtxGetDevice", "cuCtxSynchronize"):
+            return getattr(self.lib, fname)
+
+        for variant in variants:
+            try:
+                return getattr(self.lib, f"{fname}{variant}")
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+
+        # Not found.
+        # Delay missing function error to use
+        def absent_function(*args, **kws):
+            raise CudaDriverError(f"Driver missing function: {fname}")
+
+        setattr(self, fname, absent_function)
+        return absent_function
+
+    def _detect_fork(self):
+        if self.pid is not None and _getpid() != self.pid:
+            msg = "pid %s forked from pid %s after CUDA driver init"
+            _logger.critical(msg, _getpid(), self.pid)
+            raise CudaDriverError("CUDA initialized before forking")
+
+    def _check_ctypes_error(self, fname, retcode):
+        if retcode != enums.CUDA_SUCCESS:
+            errname = ERROR_MAP.get(retcode, "UNKNOWN_CUDA_ERROR")
+            msg = "Call to %s results in %s" % (fname, errname)
+            _logger.error(msg)
+            if retcode == enums.CUDA_ERROR_NOT_INITIALIZED:
+                self._detect_fork()
+            raise CudaAPIError(retcode, msg)
+
+    def _check_cuda_python_error(self, fname, returned):
+        retcode = returned[0]
+        retval = returned[1:]
+        if len(retval) == 1:
+            retval = retval[0]
+
+        if retcode != binding.CUresult.CUDA_SUCCESS:
+            msg = "Call to %s results in %s" % (fname, retcode.name)
+            _logger.error(msg)
+            if retcode == binding.CUresult.CUDA_ERROR_NOT_INITIALIZED:
+                self._detect_fork()
+            raise CudaAPIError(retcode, msg)
+
+        return retval
+
+    def get_device(self, devnum=0):
+        dev = self.devices.get(devnum)
+        if dev is None:
+            dev = Device(devnum)
+            self.devices[devnum] = dev
+        return weakref.proxy(dev)
+
+    def get_device_count(self):
+        return self.cuDeviceGetCount()
+
+    def list_devices(self):
+        """Returns a list of active devices"""
+        return list(self.devices.values())
+
+    def reset(self):
+        """Reset all devices"""
+        for dev in self.devices.values():
+            dev.reset()
+
+    def pop_active_context(self):
+        """Pop the active CUDA context and return the handle.
+        If no CUDA context is active, return None.
+        """
+        with self.get_active_context() as ac:
+            if ac.devnum is not None:
+                popped = drvapi.cu_context(int(driver.cuCtxPopCurrent()))
+                return popped
+
+    def get_active_context(self):
+        """Returns an instance of ``_ActiveContext``."""
+        return _ActiveContext()
+
+    def get_version(self):
+        """
+        Returns the CUDA Driver version as a tuple (major, minor).
+        """
+        # The version is encoded as (1000 * major) + (10 * minor)
+        version = driver.cuDriverGetVersion()
+        major = version // 1000
+        minor = (version - (major * 1000)) // 10
+        return (major, minor)
+
+
+class _ActiveContext(object):
+    """An contextmanager object to cache active context to reduce dependency
+    on querying the CUDA driver API.
+
+    Once entering the context, it is assumed that the active CUDA context is
+    not changed until the context is exited.
+    """
+
+    _tls_cache = threading.local()
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        is_top = False
+        # check TLS cache
+        cache = self._tls_cache
+        try:
+            hctx, devnum = cache.ctx_devnum
+        except AttributeError:
+            # Not cached. Query the driver API.
+            hctx = driver.cuCtxGetCurrent()
+            if int(hctx) == 0:
+                hctx = None
+            else:
+                hctx = drvapi.cu_context(int(hctx))
+
+            if hctx is None:
+                devnum = None
+            else:
+                devnum = int(driver.cuCtxGetDevice())
+
+                self._tls_cache.ctx_devnum = (hctx, devnum)
+                is_top = True
+
+        self._is_top = is_top
+        self.context_handle = hctx
+        self.devnum = devnum
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        if self._is_top:
+            del self._tls_cache.ctx_devnum
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        """Returns True is there's a valid and active CUDA context."""
+        return self.context_handle is not None
+
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__
+
+
+driver = Driver()
+
+
+def _build_reverse_device_attrs():
+    prefix = "CU_DEVICE_ATTRIBUTE_"
+    map = utils.UniqueDict()
+    for name in dir(enums):
+        if name.startswith(prefix):
+            map[name[len(prefix) :]] = getattr(enums, name)
+    return map
+
+
+DEVICE_ATTRIBUTES = _build_reverse_device_attrs()
+
+
+class Device:
+    """
+    The device object owns the CUDA contexts.  This is owned by the driver
+    object.  User should not construct devices directly.
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_identity(self, identity):
+        """Create Device object from device identity created by
+        ``Device.get_device_identity()``.
+        """
+        for devid in range(driver.get_device_count()):
+            d = driver.get_device(devid)
+            if d.get_device_identity() == identity:
+                return d
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"No device of {identity} is found. "
+                "Target device may not be visible in this process."
+            )
+
+    def __init__(self, devnum: int) -> None:
+        self._dev = ExperimentalDevice(devnum)
+        self.id = self._dev.device_id
+        self.compute_capability = self._dev.compute_capability
+        self.name = self._dev.name
+        self.uuid = f"GPU-{self._dev.uuid}"
+        self.primary_context = None
+
+    def get_device_identity(self):
+        return {
+            "pci_domain_id": self.PCI_DOMAIN_ID,
+            "pci_bus_id": self.PCI_BUS_ID,
+            "pci_device_id": self.PCI_DEVICE_ID,
+        }
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"<CUDA device {self.id:d} '{self.name}'>"
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        """Read attributes lazily"""
+        code = getattr(
+            binding.CUdevice_attribute, f"CU_DEVICE_ATTRIBUTE_{attr}"
+        )
+        value = driver.cuDeviceGetAttribute(code, self.id)
+
+        setattr(self, attr, value)
+        return value
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.id)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return isinstance(other, Device) and self.id == other.id
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not (self == other)
+
+    def get_primary_context(self):
+        """
+        Returns the primary context for the device.
+        Note: it is not pushed to the CPU thread.
+        """
+        if (ctx := self.primary_context) is not None:
+            return ctx
+
+        if self.compute_capability < MIN_REQUIRED_CC:
+            raise CudaSupportError(
+                f"{self} has compute capability < {MIN_REQUIRED_CC}"
+            )
+
+        self._dev.set_current()
+        self.primary_context = ctx = Context(
+            weakref.proxy(self),
+            ctypes.c_void_p(int(self._dev.context._handle)),
+        )
+        return ctx
+
+    def release_primary_context(self):
+        """
+        Release reference to primary context if it has been retained.
+        """
+        if self.primary_context:
+            driver.cuDevicePrimaryCtxRelease(self.id)
+            self.primary_context = None
+
+    def reset(self):
+        try:
+            if (ctx := self.primary_context) is not None:
+                ctx.reset()
+            self.release_primary_context()
+        finally:
+            # reset at the driver level
+            driver.cuDevicePrimaryCtxReset(self.id)
+
+    @property
+    def supports_float16(self):
+        return self.compute_capability >= (5, 3)
+
+    @property
+    def supports_bfloat16(self):
+        return self.compute_capability >= (8, 0)
+
+
+class BaseCUDAMemoryManager(object, metaclass=ABCMeta):
+    """Abstract base class for External Memory Management (EMM) Plugins."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if "context" not in kwargs:
+            raise RuntimeError("Memory manager requires a context")
+        self.context = kwargs.pop("context")
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def memalloc(self, size):
+        """
+        Allocate on-device memory in the current context.
+
+        :param size: Size of allocation in bytes
+        :type size: int
+        :return: A memory pointer instance that owns the allocated memory
+        :rtype: :class:`MemoryPointer`
+        """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def memhostalloc(self, size, mapped, portable, wc):
+        """
+        Allocate pinned host memory.
+
+        :param size: Size of the allocation in bytes
+        :type size: int
+        :param mapped: Whether the allocated memory should be mapped into the
+                       CUDA address space.
+        :type mapped: bool
+        :param portable: Whether the memory will be considered pinned by all
+                         contexts, and not just the calling context.
+        :type portable: bool
+        :param wc: Whether to allocate the memory as write-combined.
+        :type wc: bool
+        :return: A memory pointer instance that owns the allocated memory. The
+                 return type depends on whether the region was mapped into
+                 device memory.
+        :rtype: :class:`MappedMemory` or :class:`PinnedMemory`
+        """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def mempin(self, owner, pointer, size, mapped):
+        """
+        Pin a region of host memory that is already allocated.
+
+        :param owner: The object that owns the memory.
+        :param pointer: The pointer to the beginning of the region to pin.
+        :type pointer: int
+        :param size: The size of the region in bytes.
+        :type size: int
+        :param mapped: Whether the region should also be mapped into device
+                       memory.
+        :type mapped: bool
+        :return: A memory pointer instance that refers to the allocated
+                 memory.
+        :rtype: :class:`MappedMemory` or :class:`PinnedMemory`
+        """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def initialize(self):
+        """
+        Perform any initialization required for the EMM plugin instance to be
+        ready to use.
+
+        :return: None
+        """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_ipc_handle(self, memory):
+        """
+        Return an IPC handle from a GPU allocation.
+
+        :param memory: Memory for which the IPC handle should be created.
+        :type memory: :class:`MemoryPointer`
+        :return: IPC handle for the allocation
+        :rtype: :class:`IpcHandle`
+        """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_memory_info(self):
+        """
+        Returns ``(free, total)`` memory in bytes in the context. May raise
+        :class:`NotImplementedError`, if returning such information is not
+        practical (e.g. for a pool allocator).
+
+        :return: Memory info
+        :rtype: :class:`MemoryInfo`
+        """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def reset(self):
+        """
+        Clears up all memory allocated in this context.
+
+        :return: None
+        """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def defer_cleanup(self):
+        """
+        Returns a context manager that ensures the implementation of deferred
+        cleanup whilst it is active.
+
+        :return: Context manager
+        """
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def interface_version(self):
+        """
+        Returns an integer specifying the version of the EMM Plugin interface
+        supported by the plugin implementation. Should always return 1 for
+        implementations of this version of the specification.
+        """
+
+
+class HostOnlyCUDAMemoryManager(BaseCUDAMemoryManager):
+    """Base class for External Memory Management (EMM) Plugins that only
+    implement on-device allocation. A subclass need not implement the
+    ``memhostalloc`` and ``mempin`` methods.
+
+    This class also implements ``reset`` and ``defer_cleanup`` (see
+    :class:`numba.cuda.BaseCUDAMemoryManager`) for its own internal state
+    management. If an EMM Plugin based on this class also implements these
+    methods, then its implementations of these must also call the method from
+    ``super()`` to give ``HostOnlyCUDAMemoryManager`` an opportunity to do the
+    necessary work for the host allocations it is managing.
+
+    This class does not implement ``interface_version``, as it will always be
+    consistent with the version of Numba in which it is implemented. An EMM
+    Plugin subclassing this class should implement ``interface_version``
+    instead.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.allocations = utils.UniqueDict()
+        self.deallocations = _PendingDeallocs()
+
+    def _attempt_allocation(self, allocator):
+        """
+        Attempt allocation by calling *allocator*.  If an out-of-memory error
+        is raised, the pending deallocations are flushed and the allocation
+        is retried.  If it fails in the second attempt, the error is reraised.
+        """
+        try:
+            return allocator()
+        except CudaAPIError as e:
+            # is out-of-memory?
+            oom_code = binding.CUresult.CUDA_ERROR_OUT_OF_MEMORY
+            if e.code == oom_code:
+                # clear pending deallocations
+                self.deallocations.clear()
+                # try again
+                return allocator()
+            else:
+                raise
+
+    def memhostalloc(self, size, mapped=False, portable=False, wc=False):
+        """Implements the allocation of pinned host memory.
+
+        It is recommended that this method is not overridden by EMM Plugin
+        implementations - instead, use the :class:`BaseCUDAMemoryManager`.
+        """
+        flags = 0
+        if mapped:
+            flags |= enums.CU_MEMHOSTALLOC_DEVICEMAP
+        if portable:
+            flags |= enums.CU_MEMHOSTALLOC_PORTABLE
+        if wc:
+            flags |= enums.CU_MEMHOSTALLOC_WRITECOMBINED
+
+        def allocator():
+            return driver.cuMemHostAlloc(size, flags)
+
+        if mapped:
+            pointer = self._attempt_allocation(allocator)
+        else:
+            pointer = allocator()
+
+        alloc_key = pointer
+
+        finalizer = _hostalloc_finalizer(self, pointer, alloc_key, size, mapped)
+        ctx = weakref.proxy(self.context)
+
+        if mapped:
+            mem = MappedMemory(ctx, pointer, size, finalizer=finalizer)
+            self.allocations[alloc_key] = mem
+            return mem.own()
+        else:
+            return PinnedMemory(ctx, pointer, size, finalizer=finalizer)
+
+    def mempin(self, owner, pointer, size, mapped=False):
+        """Implements the pinning of host memory.
+
+        It is recommended that this method is not overridden by EMM Plugin
+        implementations - instead, use the :class:`BaseCUDAMemoryManager`.
+        """
+        alloc_key = pointer
+
+        # possible flags are "portable" (between context)
+        # and "device-map" (map host memory to device thus no need
+        # for memory transfer).
+        flags = 0
+
+        if mapped:
+            flags |= enums.CU_MEMHOSTREGISTER_DEVICEMAP
+
+        def allocator():
+            driver.cuMemHostRegister(pointer, size, flags)
+
+        if mapped:
+            self._attempt_allocation(allocator)
+        else:
+            allocator()
+
+        finalizer = _pin_finalizer(self, pointer, alloc_key, mapped)
+        ctx = weakref.proxy(self.context)
+
+        if mapped:
+            mem = MappedMemory(
+                ctx, pointer, size, owner=owner, finalizer=finalizer
+            )
+            self.allocations[alloc_key] = mem
+            return mem.own()
+        else:
+            return PinnedMemory(
+                ctx, pointer, size, owner=owner, finalizer=finalizer
+            )
+
+    def memallocmanaged(self, size, attach_global):
+        def allocator():
+            ma_flags = binding.CUmemAttach_flags
+
+            if attach_global:
+                flags = ma_flags.CU_MEM_ATTACH_GLOBAL.value
+            else:
+                flags = ma_flags.CU_MEM_ATTACH_HOST.value
+
+            return driver.cuMemAllocManaged(size, flags)
+
+        ptr = self._attempt_allocation(allocator)
+
+        alloc_key = ptr
+
+        finalizer = _alloc_finalizer(self, ptr, alloc_key, size)
+        ctx = weakref.proxy(self.context)
+        mem = ManagedMemory(ctx, ptr, size, finalizer=finalizer)
+        self.allocations[alloc_key] = mem
+        return mem.own()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        """Clears up all host memory (mapped and/or pinned) in the current
+        context.
+
+        EMM Plugins that override this method must call ``super().reset()`` to
+        ensure that host allocations are also cleaned up."""
+        self.allocations.clear()
+        self.deallocations.clear()
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def defer_cleanup(self):
+        """Returns a context manager that disables cleanup of mapped or pinned
+        host memory in the current context whilst it is active.
+
+        EMM Plugins that override this method must obtain the context manager
+        from this method before yielding to ensure that cleanup of host
+        allocations is also deferred."""
+        with self.deallocations.disable():
+            yield
+
+
+class GetIpcHandleMixin:
+    """A class that provides a default implementation of ``get_ipc_handle()``."""
+
+    def get_ipc_handle(self, memory):
+        """Open an IPC memory handle by using ``cuMemGetAddressRange`` to
+        determine the base pointer of the allocation. An IPC handle of type
+        ``cu_ipc_mem_handle`` is constructed and initialized with
+        ``cuIpcGetMemHandle``. A :class:`numba.cuda.IpcHandle` is returned,
+        populated with the underlying ``ipc_mem_handle``.
+        """
+        base, end = device_extents(memory)
+        ipchandle = driver.cuIpcGetMemHandle(base)
+        offset = int(memory.handle) - int(base)
+        source_info = self.context.device.get_device_identity()
+
+        return IpcHandle(
+            memory, ipchandle, memory.size, source_info, offset=offset
+        )
+
+
+class NumbaCUDAMemoryManager(GetIpcHandleMixin, HostOnlyCUDAMemoryManager):
+    """Internal on-device memory management for Numba. This is implemented using
+    the EMM Plugin interface, but is not part of the public API."""
+
+    def initialize(self):
+        # Set the memory capacity of *deallocations* as the memory manager
+        # becomes active for the first time
+        if self.deallocations.memory_capacity == _SizeNotSet:
+            self.deallocations.memory_capacity = self.get_memory_info().total
+
+    def memalloc(self, size):
+        def allocator():
+            return driver.cuMemAlloc(size)
+
+        ptr = self._attempt_allocation(allocator)
+        alloc_key = ptr
+
+        finalizer = _alloc_finalizer(self, ptr, alloc_key, size)
+        ctx = weakref.proxy(self.context)
+        mem = AutoFreePointer(ctx, ptr, size, finalizer=finalizer)
+        self.allocations[alloc_key] = mem
+        return mem.own()
+
+    def get_memory_info(self):
+        free, total = driver.cuMemGetInfo()
+        return MemoryInfo(free=free, total=total)
+
+    @property
+    def interface_version(self):
+        return _SUPPORTED_EMM_INTERFACE_VERSION
+
+
+_SUPPORTED_EMM_INTERFACE_VERSION = 1
+
+_memory_manager = None
+
+
+def _ensure_memory_manager():
+    global _memory_manager
+
+    if _memory_manager:
+        return
+
+    if config.CUDA_MEMORY_MANAGER == "default":
+        _memory_manager = NumbaCUDAMemoryManager
+        return
+
+    try:
+        mgr_module = importlib.import_module(config.CUDA_MEMORY_MANAGER)
+        set_memory_manager(mgr_module._numba_memory_manager)
+    except Exception:
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            "Failed to use memory manager from %s" % config.CUDA_MEMORY_MANAGER
+        )
+
+
+def set_memory_manager(mm_plugin):
+    """Configure Numba to use an External Memory Management (EMM) Plugin. If
+    the EMM Plugin version does not match one supported by this version of
+    Numba, a RuntimeError will be raised.
+
+    :param mm_plugin: The class implementing the EMM Plugin.
+    :type mm_plugin: BaseCUDAMemoryManager
+    :return: None
+    """
+    global _memory_manager
+
+    dummy = mm_plugin(context=None)
+    iv = dummy.interface_version
+    if iv != _SUPPORTED_EMM_INTERFACE_VERSION:
+        err = "EMM Plugin interface has version %d - version %d required" % (
+            iv,
+            _SUPPORTED_EMM_INTERFACE_VERSION,
+        )
+        raise RuntimeError(err)
+
+    _memory_manager = mm_plugin
+
+
+class _SizeNotSet(int):
+    """
+    Dummy object for _PendingDeallocs when *size* is not set.
+    """
+
+    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+        return super().__new__(cls, 0)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "?"
+
+
+_SizeNotSet = _SizeNotSet()
+
+
+class _PendingDeallocs(object):
+    """
+    Pending deallocations of a context (or device since we are using the primary
+    context). The capacity defaults to being unset (_SizeNotSet) but can be
+    modified later once the driver is initialized and the total memory capacity
+    known.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, capacity=_SizeNotSet):
+        self._cons = deque()
+        self._disable_count = 0
+        self._size = 0
+        self.memory_capacity = capacity
+
+    @property
+    def _max_pending_bytes(self):
+        return int(self.memory_capacity * config.CUDA_DEALLOCS_RATIO)
+
+    def add_item(self, dtor, handle, size=_SizeNotSet):
+        """
+        Add a pending deallocation.
+
+        The *dtor* arg is the destructor function that takes an argument,
+        *handle*.  It is used as ``dtor(handle)``.  The *size* arg is the
+        byte size of the resource added.  It is an optional argument.  Some
+        resources (e.g. CUModule) has an unknown memory footprint on the device.
+        """
+        _logger.info("add pending dealloc: %s %s bytes", dtor.__name__, size)
+        self._cons.append((dtor, handle, size))
+        self._size += int(size)
+        if (
+            len(self._cons) > config.CUDA_DEALLOCS_COUNT
+            or self._size > self._max_pending_bytes
+        ):
+            self.clear()
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """
+        Flush any pending deallocations unless it is disabled.
+        Do nothing if disabled.
+        """
+        if not self.is_disabled:
+            while self._cons:
+                [dtor, handle, size] = self._cons.popleft()
+                _logger.info("dealloc: %s %s bytes", dtor.__name__, size)
+                dtor(handle)
+
+            self._size = 0
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def disable(self):
+        """
+        Context manager to temporarily disable flushing pending deallocation.
+        This can be nested.
+        """
+        self._disable_count += 1
+        try:
+            yield
+        finally:
+            self._disable_count -= 1
+            assert self._disable_count >= 0
+
+    @property
+    def is_disabled(self):
+        return self._disable_count > 0
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        """
+        Returns number of pending deallocations.
+        """
+        return len(self._cons)
+
+
+MemoryInfo = namedtuple("MemoryInfo", "free,total")
+"""Free and total memory for a device.
+
+.. py:attribute:: free
+
+   Free device memory in bytes.
+
+.. py:attribute:: total
+
+    Total device memory in bytes.
+"""
+
+
+class Context(object):
+    """
+    This object wraps a CUDA Context resource.
+
+    Contexts should not be constructed directly by user code.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, device, handle):
+        self.device = device
+        self.handle = handle
+        self.allocations = utils.UniqueDict()
+        self.deallocations = _PendingDeallocs()
+        _ensure_memory_manager()
+        self.memory_manager = _memory_manager(context=self)
+        self.modules = utils.UniqueDict()
+        # For storing context specific data
+        self.extras = {}
+
+    def reset(self):
+        """
+        Clean up all owned resources in this context.
+        """
+        # Free owned resources
+        _logger.info("reset context of device %s", self.device.id)
+        self.memory_manager.reset()
+        self.modules.clear()
+        # Clear trash
+        self.deallocations.clear()
+
+    def get_memory_info(self):
+        """Returns (free, total) memory in bytes in the context."""
+        return self.memory_manager.get_memory_info()
+
+    def get_active_blocks_per_multiprocessor(
+        self, func, blocksize, memsize, flags=None
+    ):
+        """Return occupancy of a function.
+        :param func: kernel for which occupancy is calculated
+        :param blocksize: block size the kernel is intended to be launched with
+        :param memsize: per-block dynamic shared memory usage intended, in bytes
+        """
+        args = (func, blocksize, memsize, flags)
+        return self._cuda_python_active_blocks_per_multiprocessor(*args)
+
+    def _cuda_python_active_blocks_per_multiprocessor(
+        self, func, blocksize, memsize, flags
+    ):
+        ps = [func.handle, blocksize, memsize]
+
+        if not flags:
+            return driver.cuOccupancyMaxActiveBlocksPerMultiprocessor(*ps)
+
+        ps.append(flags)
+        return driver.cuOccupancyMaxActiveBlocksPerMultiprocessorWithFlags(*ps)
+
+    def _ctypes_active_blocks_per_multiprocessor(
+        self, func, blocksize, memsize, flags
+    ):
+        retval = c_int()
+        args = (byref(retval), func.handle, blocksize, memsize)
+
+        if not flags:
+            driver.cuOccupancyMaxActiveBlocksPerMultiprocessor(*args)
+        else:
+            driver.cuOccupancyMaxActiveBlocksPerMultiprocessorWithFlags(*args)
+
+        return retval.value
+
+    def get_max_potential_block_size(
+        self, func, b2d_func, memsize, blocksizelimit, flags=None
+    ):
+        """Suggest a launch configuration with reasonable occupancy.
+        :param func: kernel for which occupancy is calculated
+        :param b2d_func: function that calculates how much per-block dynamic
+                         shared memory 'func' uses based on the block size.
+                         Can also be the address of a C function.
+                         Use `0` to pass `NULL` to the underlying CUDA API.
+        :param memsize: per-block dynamic shared memory usage intended, in bytes
+        :param blocksizelimit: maximum block size the kernel is designed to
+                               handle
+        """
+        args = (func, b2d_func, memsize, blocksizelimit, flags)
+        return self._cuda_python_max_potential_block_size(*args)
+
+    def _ctypes_max_potential_block_size(
+        self, func, b2d_func, memsize, blocksizelimit, flags
+    ):
+        gridsize = c_int()
+        blocksize = c_int()
+        b2d_cb = cu_occupancy_b2d_size(b2d_func)
+        args = [
+            byref(gridsize),
+            byref(blocksize),
+            func.handle,
+            b2d_cb,
+            memsize,
+            blocksizelimit,
+        ]
+
+        if not flags:
+            driver.cuOccupancyMaxPotentialBlockSize(*args)
+        else:
+            args.append(flags)
+            driver.cuOccupancyMaxPotentialBlockSizeWithFlags(*args)
+
+        return (gridsize.value, blocksize.value)
+
+    def _cuda_python_max_potential_block_size(
+        self, func, b2d_func, memsize, blocksizelimit, flags
+    ):
+        b2d_cb = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(c_size_t, c_int)(b2d_func)
+        ptr = int.from_bytes(b2d_cb, byteorder="little")
+        driver_b2d_cb = binding.CUoccupancyB2DSize(ptr)
+        args = [func.handle, driver_b2d_cb, memsize, blocksizelimit]
+
+        if not flags:
+            return driver.cuOccupancyMaxPotentialBlockSize(*args)
+        else:
+            args.append(flags)
+            return driver.cuOccupancyMaxPotentialBlockSizeWithFlags(*args)
+
+    def prepare_for_use(self):
+        """Initialize the context for use.
+        It's safe to be called multiple times.
+        """
+        self.memory_manager.initialize()
+
+    def push(self):
+        """
+        Pushes this context on the current CPU Thread.
+        """
+        driver.cuCtxPushCurrent(self.handle.value)
+        self.prepare_for_use()
+
+    def pop(self):
+        """
+        Pops this context off the current CPU thread. Note that this context
+        must be at the top of the context stack, otherwise an error will occur.
+        """
+        popped = driver.pop_active_context()
+        assert popped.value == self.handle.value
+
+    def memalloc(self, bytesize):
+        return self.memory_manager.memalloc(bytesize)
+
+    def memallocmanaged(self, bytesize, attach_global=True):
+        return self.memory_manager.memallocmanaged(bytesize, attach_global)
+
+    def memhostalloc(self, bytesize, mapped=False, portable=False, wc=False):
+        return self.memory_manager.memhostalloc(bytesize, mapped, portable, wc)
+
+    def mempin(self, owner, pointer, size, mapped=False):
+        if mapped and not self.device.CAN_MAP_HOST_MEMORY:
+            raise CudaDriverError("%s cannot map host memory" % self.device)
+        return self.memory_manager.mempin(owner, pointer, size, mapped)
+
+    def get_ipc_handle(self, memory):
+        """
+        Returns an *IpcHandle* from a GPU allocation.
+        """
+        if not SUPPORTS_IPC:
+            raise OSError("OS does not support CUDA IPC")
+        return self.memory_manager.get_ipc_handle(memory)
+
+    def open_ipc_handle(self, handle, size):
+        # open the IPC handle to get the device pointer
+        flags = 1  # CU_IPC_MEM_LAZY_ENABLE_PEER_ACCESS
+        dptr = driver.cuIpcOpenMemHandle(handle, flags)
+
+        # wrap it
+        return MemoryPointer(
+            context=weakref.proxy(self), pointer=dptr, size=size
+        )
+
+    def enable_peer_access(self, peer_context, flags=0):
+        """Enable peer access between the current context and the peer context"""
+        assert flags == 0, "*flags* is reserved and MUST be zero"
+        driver.cuCtxEnablePeerAccess(peer_context, flags)
+
+    def can_access_peer(self, peer_device):
+        """Returns a bool indicating whether the peer access between the
+        current and peer device is possible.
+        """
+        peer_device = binding.CUdevice(peer_device)
+        can_access_peer = driver.cuDeviceCanAccessPeer(
+            self.device.id, peer_device
+        )
+
+        return bool(can_access_peer)
+
+    def create_module_ptx(self, ptx):
+        if isinstance(ptx, str):
+            ptx = ptx.encode("utf8")
+        image = ObjectCode.from_ptx(ptx)
+        return self.create_module_image(image)
+
+    def create_module_image(
+        self, image, setup_callbacks=None, teardown_callbacks=None
+    ):
+        module = load_module_image(
+            self, image, setup_callbacks, teardown_callbacks
+        )
+        key = module.handle
+        self.modules[key] = module
+        return weakref.proxy(module)
+
+    def unload_module(self, module):
+        key = module.handle
+        del self.modules[key]
+
+    def get_default_stream(self):
+        handle = drvapi.cu_stream(int(binding.CUstream(CU_STREAM_DEFAULT)))
+        return Stream(handle)
+
+    def get_legacy_default_stream(self):
+        handle = drvapi.cu_stream(
+            int(binding.CUstream(binding.CU_STREAM_LEGACY))
+        )
+        return Stream(handle)
+
+    def get_per_thread_default_stream(self):
+        handle = drvapi.cu_stream(
+            int(binding.CUstream(binding.CU_STREAM_PER_THREAD))
+        )
+        return Stream(handle)
+
+    def create_stream(self):
+        # The default stream creation flag, specifying that the created
+        # stream synchronizes with stream 0 (this is different from the
+        # default stream, which we define also as CU_STREAM_DEFAULT when
+        # the NV binding is in use).
+        flags = binding.CUstream_flags.CU_STREAM_DEFAULT.value
+        handle = drvapi.cu_stream(int(driver.cuStreamCreate(flags)))
+        return Stream(
+            handle, finalizer=_stream_finalizer(self.deallocations, handle)
+        )
+
+    def create_external_stream(self, ptr):
+        if not isinstance(ptr, int):
+            raise TypeError("ptr for external stream must be an int")
+        handle = drvapi.cu_stream(int(binding.CUstream(ptr)))
+        return Stream(handle, external=True)
+
+    def create_event(self, timing=True):
+        flags = 0
+        if not timing:
+            flags |= enums.CU_EVENT_DISABLE_TIMING
+        handle = drvapi.cu_event(int(driver.cuEventCreate(flags)))
+        return Event(
+            handle, finalizer=_event_finalizer(self.deallocations, handle)
+        )
+
+    def synchronize(self):
+        driver.cuCtxSynchronize()
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def defer_cleanup(self):
+        with self.memory_manager.defer_cleanup():
+            with self.deallocations.disable():
+                yield
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"<CUDA context {self.handle} of device {self.device.id:d}>"
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, Context):
+            return self.handle == other.handle
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+
+def load_module_image(
+    context, image, setup_callbacks=None, teardown_callbacks=None
+):
+    """
+    image must be a pointer
+    """
+    return load_module_image_cuda_python(
+        context, image, setup_callbacks, teardown_callbacks
+    )
+
+
+def load_module_image_ctypes(
+    context, image, setup_callbacks, teardown_callbacks
+):
+    logsz = config.CUDA_LOG_SIZE
+
+    jitinfo = (c_char * logsz)()
+    jiterrors = (c_char * logsz)()
+
+    options = {
+        enums.CU_JIT_INFO_LOG_BUFFER: addressof(jitinfo),
+        enums.CU_JIT_INFO_LOG_BUFFER_SIZE_BYTES: c_void_p(logsz),
+        enums.CU_JIT_ERROR_LOG_BUFFER: addressof(jiterrors),
+        enums.CU_JIT_ERROR_LOG_BUFFER_SIZE_BYTES: c_void_p(logsz),
+        enums.CU_JIT_LOG_VERBOSE: c_void_p(config.CUDA_VERBOSE_JIT_LOG),
+    }
+
+    option_keys = (drvapi.cu_jit_option * len(options))(*options.keys())
+    option_vals = (c_void_p * len(options))(*options.values())
+    handle = drvapi.cu_module()
+    try:
+        driver.cuModuleLoadDataEx(
+            byref(handle), image, len(options), option_keys, option_vals
+        )
+    except CudaAPIError as e:
+        msg = "cuModuleLoadDataEx error:\n%s" % jiterrors.value.decode("utf8")
+        raise CudaAPIError(e.code, msg)
+
+    info_log = jitinfo.value
+
+    return CtypesModule(
+        weakref.proxy(context),
+        handle,
+        info_log,
+        _module_finalizer(context, handle),
+        setup_callbacks,
+        teardown_callbacks,
+    )
+
+
+def load_module_image_cuda_python(
+    context, image, setup_callbacks, teardown_callbacks
+):
+    """
+    image must be a pointer
+    """
+    logsz = config.CUDA_LOG_SIZE
+
+    jitinfo = bytearray(logsz)
+    jiterrors = bytearray(logsz)
+
+    jit_option = binding.CUjit_option
+    options = {
+        jit_option.CU_JIT_INFO_LOG_BUFFER: jitinfo,
+        jit_option.CU_JIT_INFO_LOG_BUFFER_SIZE_BYTES: logsz,
+        jit_option.CU_JIT_ERROR_LOG_BUFFER: jiterrors,
+        jit_option.CU_JIT_ERROR_LOG_BUFFER_SIZE_BYTES: logsz,
+        jit_option.CU_JIT_LOG_VERBOSE: config.CUDA_VERBOSE_JIT_LOG,
+    }
+
+    option_keys = [k for k in options.keys()]
+    option_vals = [v for v in options.values()]
+
+    try:
+        handle = driver.cuModuleLoadDataEx(
+            image.code, len(options), option_keys, option_vals
+        )
+    except CudaAPIError as e:
+        err_string = jiterrors.decode("utf-8")
+        msg = "cuModuleLoadDataEx error:\n%s" % err_string
+        raise CudaAPIError(e.code, msg)
+
+    info_log = jitinfo.decode("utf-8")
+
+    return CudaPythonModule(
+        weakref.proxy(context),
+        handle,
+        info_log,
+        _module_finalizer(context, handle),
+        setup_callbacks,
+        teardown_callbacks,
+    )
+
+
+def _alloc_finalizer(memory_manager, ptr, alloc_key, size):
+    allocations = memory_manager.allocations
+    deallocations = memory_manager.deallocations
+
+    def core():
+        if allocations:
+            allocations.pop(alloc_key, None)
+        deallocations.add_item(driver.cuMemFree, ptr, size)
+
+    return core
+
+
+def _hostalloc_finalizer(memory_manager, ptr, alloc_key, size, mapped):
+    """
+    Finalize page-locked host memory allocated by `context.memhostalloc`.
+
+    This memory is managed by CUDA, and finalization entails deallocation. The
+    issues noted in `_pin_finalizer` are not relevant in this case, and the
+    finalization is placed in the `context.deallocations` queue along with
+    finalization of device objects.
+
+    """
+    allocations = memory_manager.allocations
+    deallocations = memory_manager.deallocations
+    if not mapped:
+        size = _SizeNotSet
+
+    def core():
+        if mapped and allocations:
+            del allocations[alloc_key]
+        deallocations.add_item(driver.cuMemFreeHost, ptr, size)
+
+    return core
+
+
+def _pin_finalizer(memory_manager, ptr, alloc_key, mapped):
+    """
+    Finalize temporary page-locking of host memory by `context.mempin`.
+
+    This applies to memory not otherwise managed by CUDA. Page-locking can
+    be requested multiple times on the same memory, and must therefore be
+    lifted as soon as finalization is requested, otherwise subsequent calls to
+    `mempin` may fail with `CUDA_ERROR_HOST_MEMORY_ALREADY_REGISTERED`, leading
+    to unexpected behavior for the context managers `cuda.{pinned,mapped}`.
+    This function therefore carries out finalization immediately, bypassing the
+    `context.deallocations` queue.
+
+    """
+    allocations = memory_manager.allocations
+
+    def core():
+        if mapped and allocations:
+            del allocations[alloc_key]
+        driver.cuMemHostUnregister(ptr)
+
+    return core
+
+
+def _event_finalizer(deallocs, handle):
+    def core():
+        deallocs.add_item(driver.cuEventDestroy, handle.value)
+
+    return core
+
+
+def _stream_finalizer(deallocs, handle):
+    def core():
+        deallocs.add_item(driver.cuStreamDestroy, handle.value)
+
+    return core
+
+
+def _module_finalizer(context, handle):
+    dealloc = context.deallocations
+    modules = context.modules
+    key = handle
+
+    def core():
+        shutting_down = utils.shutting_down  # early bind
+
+        def module_unload(handle):
+            # If we are not shutting down, we must be called due to
+            # Context.reset() of Context.unload_module().  Both must have
+            # cleared the module reference from the context.
+            assert shutting_down() or key not in modules
+            driver.cuModuleUnload(handle)
+
+        dealloc.add_item(module_unload, handle)
+
+    return core
+
+
+class _CudaIpcImpl(object):
+    """Implementation of GPU IPC using CUDA driver API.
+    This requires the devices to be peer accessible.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, parent):
+        self.base = parent.base
+        self.handle = parent.handle
+        self.size = parent.size
+        self.offset = parent.offset
+        # remember if the handle is already opened
+        self._opened_mem = None
+
+    def open(self, context):
+        """
+        Import the IPC memory and returns a raw CUDA memory pointer object
+        """
+        if self.base is not None:
+            raise ValueError("opening IpcHandle from original process")
+
+        if self._opened_mem is not None:
+            raise ValueError("IpcHandle is already opened")
+
+        mem = context.open_ipc_handle(self.handle, self.offset + self.size)
+        # this object owns the opened allocation
+        # note: it is required the memory be freed after the ipc handle is
+        #       closed by the importing context.
+        self._opened_mem = mem
+        return mem.own().view(self.offset)
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self._opened_mem is None:
+            raise ValueError("IpcHandle not opened")
+        driver.cuIpcCloseMemHandle(self._opened_mem.handle)
+        self._opened_mem = None
+
+
+class _StagedIpcImpl(object):
+    """Implementation of GPU IPC using custom staging logic to workaround
+    CUDA IPC limitation on peer accessibility between devices.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, source_info):
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.base = parent.base
+        self.handle = parent.handle
+        self.size = parent.size
+        self.source_info = source_info
+
+    def open(self, context):
+        from numba import cuda
+
+        srcdev = Device.from_identity(self.source_info)
+        srcdev_id = int(srcdev.id)
+
+        impl = _CudaIpcImpl(parent=self.parent)
+        # Open context on the source device.
+        with cuda.gpus[srcdev_id]:
+            source_ptr = impl.open(cuda.devices.get_context())
+
+        # Allocate GPU buffer.
+        newmem = context.memalloc(self.size)
+        # Do D->D from the source peer-context
+        # This performs automatic host staging
+        device_to_device(newmem, source_ptr, self.size)
+
+        # Cleanup source context
+        with cuda.gpus[srcdev_id]:
+            impl.close()
+
+        return newmem
+
+    def close(self):
+        # Nothing has to be done here
+        pass
+
+
+class IpcHandle(object):
+    """
+    CUDA IPC handle. Serialization of the CUDA IPC handle object is implemented
+    here.
+
+    :param base: A reference to the original allocation to keep it alive
+    :type base: MemoryPointer
+    :param handle: The CUDA IPC handle, as a ctypes array of bytes.
+    :param size: Size of the original allocation
+    :type size: int
+    :param source_info: The identity of the device on which the IPC handle was
+                        opened.
+    :type source_info: dict
+    :param offset: The offset into the underlying allocation of the memory
+                   referred to by this IPC handle.
+    :type offset: int
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, base, handle, size, source_info=None, offset=0):
+        self.base = base
+        self.handle = handle
+        self.size = size
+        self.source_info = source_info
+        self._impl = None
+        self.offset = offset
+
+    def _sentry_source_info(self):
+        if self.source_info is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("IPC handle doesn't have source info")
+
+    def can_access_peer(self, context):
+        """Returns a bool indicating whether the active context can peer
+        access the IPC handle
+        """
+        self._sentry_source_info()
+        if self.source_info == context.device.get_device_identity():
+            return True
+        source_device = Device.from_identity(self.source_info)
+        return context.can_access_peer(source_device.id)
+
+    def open_staged(self, context):
+        """Open the IPC by allowing staging on the host memory first."""
+        self._sentry_source_info()
+
+        if self._impl is not None:
+            raise ValueError("IpcHandle is already opened")
+
+        self._impl = _StagedIpcImpl(self, self.source_info)
+        return self._impl.open(context)
+
+    def open_direct(self, context):
+        """
+        Import the IPC memory and returns a raw CUDA memory pointer object
+        """
+        if self._impl is not None:
+            raise ValueError("IpcHandle is already opened")
+
+        self._impl = _CudaIpcImpl(self)
+        return self._impl.open(context)
+
+    def open(self, context):
+        """Open the IPC handle and import the memory for usage in the given
+        context.  Returns a raw CUDA memory pointer object.
+
+        This is enhanced over CUDA IPC that it will work regardless of whether
+        the source device is peer-accessible by the destination device.
+        If the devices are peer-accessible, it uses .open_direct().
+        If the devices are not peer-accessible, it uses .open_staged().
+        """
+        if self.source_info is None or self.can_access_peer(context):
+            fn = self.open_direct
+        else:
+            fn = self.open_staged
+        return fn(context)
+
+    def open_array(self, context, shape, dtype, strides=None):
+        """
+        Similar to `.open()` but returns an device array.
+        """
+        from . import devicearray
+
+        # by default, set strides to itemsize
+        if strides is None:
+            strides = dtype.itemsize
+        dptr = self.open(context)
+        # read the device pointer as an array
+        return devicearray.DeviceNDArray(
+            shape=shape, strides=strides, dtype=dtype, gpu_data=dptr
+        )
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self._impl is None:
+            raise ValueError("IpcHandle not opened")
+        self._impl.close()
+        self._impl = None
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        # Preprocess the IPC handle, which is defined as a byte array.
+        preprocessed_handle = self.handle.reserved
+        args = (
+            self.__class__,
+            preprocessed_handle,
+            self.size,
+            self.source_info,
+            self.offset,
+        )
+        return (serialize._rebuild_reduction, args)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _rebuild(cls, handle_ary, size, source_info, offset):
+        handle = binding.CUipcMemHandle()
+        handle.reserved = handle_ary
+        return cls(
+            base=None,
+            handle=handle,
+            size=size,
+            source_info=source_info,
+            offset=offset,
+        )
+
+
+class MemoryPointer(object):
+    """A memory pointer that owns a buffer, with an optional finalizer. Memory
+    pointers provide reference counting, and instances are initialized with a
+    reference count of 1.
+
+    The base ``MemoryPointer`` class does not use the
+    reference count for managing the buffer lifetime. Instead, the buffer
+    lifetime is tied to the memory pointer instance's lifetime:
+
+    - When the instance is deleted, the finalizer will be called.
+    - When the reference count drops to 0, no action is taken.
+
+    Subclasses of ``MemoryPointer`` may modify these semantics, for example to
+    tie the buffer lifetime to the reference count, so that the buffer is freed
+    when there are no more references.
+
+    :param context: The context in which the pointer was allocated.
+    :type context: Context
+    :param pointer: The address of the buffer.
+    :type pointer: ctypes.c_void_p
+    :param size: The size of the allocation in bytes.
+    :type size: int
+    :param owner: The owner is sometimes set by the internals of this class, or
+                  used for Numba's internal memory management. It should not be
+                  provided by an external user of the ``MemoryPointer`` class
+                  (e.g. from within an EMM Plugin); the default of `None`
+                  should always suffice.
+    :type owner: NoneType
+    :param finalizer: A function that is called when the buffer is to be freed.
+    :type finalizer: function
+    """
+
+    __cuda_memory__ = True
+
+    def __init__(self, context, pointer, size, owner=None, finalizer=None):
+        if isinstance(pointer, ctypes.c_void_p):
+            pointer = binding.CUdeviceptr(pointer.value)
+
+        self.context = context
+        self.device_pointer = pointer
+        self.size = size
+        self._cuda_memsize_ = size
+        self.is_managed = finalizer is not None
+        self.refct = 1
+        self.handle = self.device_pointer
+        self._owner = owner
+
+        if finalizer is not None:
+            self._finalizer = weakref.finalize(self, finalizer)
+
+    @property
+    def owner(self):
+        return self if self._owner is None else self._owner
+
+    def own(self):
+        return OwnedPointer(weakref.proxy(self))
+
+    def free(self):
+        """
+        Forces the device memory to the trash.
+        """
+        if self.is_managed:
+            if not self._finalizer.alive:
+                raise RuntimeError("Freeing dead memory")
+            self._finalizer()
+            assert not self._finalizer.alive
+
+    def memset(self, byte, count=None, stream=0):
+        count = self.size if count is None else count
+        if stream:
+            handle = stream.handle.value
+            driver.cuMemsetD8Async(self.device_pointer, byte, count, handle)
+        else:
+            driver.cuMemsetD8(self.device_pointer, byte, count)
+
+    def view(self, start, stop=None):
+        if stop is None:
+            size = self.size - start
+        else:
+            size = stop - start
+
+        # Handle NULL/empty memory buffer
+        if not self.device_pointer_value:
+            if size != 0:
+                raise RuntimeError("non-empty slice into empty slice")
+            view = self  # new view is just a reference to self
+        # Handle normal case
+        else:
+            base = self.device_pointer_value + start
+            if size < 0:
+                raise RuntimeError("size cannot be negative")
+            pointer = binding.CUdeviceptr()
+            ctypes_ptr = drvapi.cu_device_ptr.from_address(pointer.getPtr())
+            ctypes_ptr.value = base
+            view = MemoryPointer(self.context, pointer, size, owner=self.owner)
+
+        if isinstance(self.owner, (MemoryPointer, OwnedPointer)):
+            # Owned by a numba-managed memory segment, take an owned reference
+            return OwnedPointer(weakref.proxy(self.owner), view)
+        else:
+            # Owned by external alloc, return view with same external owner
+            return view
+
+    @property
+    def device_ctypes_pointer(self):
+        return drvapi.cu_device_ptr(int(self.device_pointer))
+
+    @property
+    def device_pointer_value(self):
+        return int(self.device_pointer) or None
+
+
+class AutoFreePointer(MemoryPointer):
+    """Modifies the ownership semantic of the MemoryPointer so that the
+    instance lifetime is directly tied to the number of references.
+
+    When the reference count reaches zero, the finalizer is invoked.
+
+    Constructor arguments are the same as for :class:`MemoryPointer`.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(AutoFreePointer, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        # Releease the self reference to the buffer, so that the finalizer
+        # is invoked if all the derived pointers are gone.
+        self.refct -= 1
+
+
+class MappedMemory(AutoFreePointer):
+    """A memory pointer that refers to a buffer on the host that is mapped into
+    device memory.
+
+    :param context: The context in which the pointer was mapped.
+    :type context: Context
+    :param pointer: The address of the buffer.
+    :type pointer: ctypes.c_void_p
+    :param size: The size of the buffer in bytes.
+    :type size: int
+    :param owner: The owner is sometimes set by the internals of this class, or
+                  used for Numba's internal memory management. It should not be
+                  provided by an external user of the ``MappedMemory`` class
+                  (e.g. from within an EMM Plugin); the default of `None`
+                  should always suffice.
+    :type owner: NoneType
+    :param finalizer: A function that is called when the buffer is to be freed.
+    :type finalizer: function
+    """
+
+    __cuda_memory__ = True
+
+    def __init__(self, context, pointer, size, owner=None, finalizer=None):
+        self.owned = owner
+        self.host_pointer = pointer
+
+        devptr = driver.cuMemHostGetDevicePointer(pointer, 0)
+        self._bufptr_ = self.host_pointer
+
+        self.device_pointer = devptr
+        super(MappedMemory, self).__init__(
+            context, devptr, size, finalizer=finalizer
+        )
+        self.handle = self.host_pointer
+
+        # For buffer interface
+        self._buflen_ = self.size
+
+    def own(self):
+        return MappedOwnedPointer(weakref.proxy(self))
+
+
+class PinnedMemory(mviewbuf.MemAlloc):
+    """A pointer to a pinned buffer on the host.
+
+    :param context: The context in which the pointer was mapped.
+    :type context: Context
+    :param owner: The object owning the memory. For EMM plugin implementation,
+                  this ca
+    :param pointer: The address of the buffer.
+    :type pointer: ctypes.c_void_p
+    :param size: The size of the buffer in bytes.
+    :type size: int
+    :param owner: An object owning the buffer that has been pinned. For EMM
+                  plugin implementation, the default of ``None`` suffices for
+                  memory allocated in ``memhostalloc`` - for ``mempin``, it
+                  should be the owner passed in to the ``mempin`` method.
+    :param finalizer: A function that is called when the buffer is to be freed.
+    :type finalizer: function
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, context, pointer, size, owner=None, finalizer=None):
+        self.context = context
+        self.owned = owner
+        self.size = size
+        self.host_pointer = pointer
+        self.is_managed = finalizer is not None
+        self.handle = self.host_pointer
+
+        # For buffer interface
+        self._buflen_ = self.size
+        self._bufptr_ = self.host_pointer
+
+        if finalizer is not None:
+            weakref.finalize(self, finalizer)
+
+    def own(self):
+        return self
+
+
+class ManagedMemory(AutoFreePointer):
+    """A memory pointer that refers to a managed memory buffer (can be accessed
+    on both host and device).
+
+    :param context: The context in which the pointer was mapped.
+    :type context: Context
+    :param pointer: The address of the buffer.
+    :type pointer: ctypes.c_void_p
+    :param size: The size of the buffer in bytes.
+    :type size: int
+    :param owner: The owner is sometimes set by the internals of this class, or
+                  used for Numba's internal memory management. It should not be
+                  provided by an external user of the ``ManagedMemory`` class
+                  (e.g. from within an EMM Plugin); the default of `None`
+                  should always suffice.
+    :type owner: NoneType
+    :param finalizer: A function that is called when the buffer is to be freed.
+    :type finalizer: function
+    """
+
+    __cuda_memory__ = True
+
+    def __init__(self, context, pointer, size, owner=None, finalizer=None):
+        self.owned = owner
+        devptr = pointer
+        super().__init__(context, devptr, size, finalizer=finalizer)
+
+        # For buffer interface
+        self._buflen_ = self.size
+        self._bufptr_ = self.device_pointer
+
+    def own(self):
+        return ManagedOwnedPointer(weakref.proxy(self))
+
+
+class OwnedPointer(object):
+    def __init__(self, memptr, view=None):
+        self._mem = memptr
+
+        if view is None:
+            self._view = self._mem
+        else:
+            assert not view.is_managed
+            self._view = view
+
+        mem = self._mem
+
+        def deref():
+            try:
+                mem.refct -= 1
+                assert mem.refct >= 0
+                if mem.refct == 0:
+                    mem.free()
+            except ReferenceError:
+                # ignore reference error here
+                pass
+
+        self._mem.refct += 1
+        weakref.finalize(self, deref)
+
+        # pull this attribute out for speed, because it's used often and
+        # there's overhead to going through `__getattr__`
+        self.device_ctypes_pointer = self._view.device_ctypes_pointer
+
+    def __getattr__(self, fname):
+        """Proxy MemoryPointer methods"""
+        return getattr(self._view, fname)
+
+
+class MappedOwnedPointer(OwnedPointer, mviewbuf.MemAlloc):
+    pass
+
+
+class ManagedOwnedPointer(OwnedPointer, mviewbuf.MemAlloc):
+    pass
+
+
+class Stream:
+    def __init__(self, handle, finalizer=None, external=False):
+        self.handle = handle
+        self.external = external
+        if finalizer is not None:
+            weakref.finalize(self, finalizer)
+
+    def __int__(self):
+        # The default stream's handle.value is 0, which gives `None`
+        return self.handle.value or drvapi.CU_STREAM_DEFAULT
+
+    def __cuda_stream__(self):
+        if not self.handle.value:
+            return (0, drvapi.CU_STREAM_DEFAULT)
+        return (0, self.handle.value)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        default_streams = {
+            drvapi.CU_STREAM_DEFAULT: "<Default CUDA stream>",
+            drvapi.CU_STREAM_LEGACY: "<Legacy default CUDA stream>",
+            drvapi.CU_STREAM_PER_THREAD: "<Per-thread default CUDA stream>",
+        }
+        ptr = self.handle.value or drvapi.CU_STREAM_DEFAULT
+
+        if ptr in default_streams:
+            return default_streams[ptr]
+        elif self.external:
+            return f"<External CUDA stream {ptr:d}>"
+        else:
+            return f"<CUDA stream {ptr:d}>"
+
+    def synchronize(self):
+        """
+        Wait for all commands in this stream to execute. This will commit any
+        pending memory transfers.
+        """
+        handle = self.handle.value
+        driver.cuStreamSynchronize(handle)
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def auto_synchronize(self):
+        """
+        A context manager that waits for all commands in this stream to execute
+        and commits any pending memory transfers upon exiting the context.
+        """
+        yield self
+        self.synchronize()
+
+    def add_callback(self, callback, arg=None):
+        """
+        Add a callback to a compute stream.
+        The user provided function is called from a driver thread once all
+        preceding stream operations are complete.
+
+        Callback functions are called from a CUDA driver thread, not from
+        the thread that invoked `add_callback`. No CUDA API functions may
+        be called from within the callback function.
+
+        The duration of a callback function should be kept short, as the
+        callback will block later work in the stream and may block other
+        callbacks from being executed.
+
+        .. warning::
+            There is a potential for deadlock due to a lock ordering issue
+            between the GIL and the CUDA driver lock when using libraries
+            that call CUDA functions without releasing the GIL. This can
+            occur when the callback function, which holds the CUDA driver lock,
+            attempts to acquire the GIL while another thread that holds the GIL
+            is waiting for the CUDA driver lock. Consider using libraries that
+            properly release the GIL around CUDA operations or restructure
+            your code to avoid this situation.
+
+        Note: The driver function underlying this method is marked for
+        eventual deprecation and may be replaced in a future CUDA release.
+
+        :param callback: Callback function with arguments (stream, status, arg).
+        :param arg: Optional user data to be passed to the callback function.
+        """
+        data = (self, callback, arg)
+        _py_incref(data)
+        ptr = int.from_bytes(self._stream_callback, byteorder="little")
+        stream_callback = binding.CUstreamCallback(ptr)
+        # The callback needs to receive a pointer to the data PyObject
+        data = id(data)
+        handle = self.handle.value
+        driver.cuStreamAddCallback(handle, stream_callback, data, 0)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    @cu_stream_callback_pyobj
+    def _stream_callback(handle, status, data):
+        try:
+            stream, callback, arg = data
+            callback(stream, status, arg)
+        except Exception as e:
+            warnings.warn(f"Exception in stream callback: {e}")
+        finally:
+            _py_decref(data)
+
+    def async_done(self) -> asyncio.futures.Future:
+        """
+        Return an awaitable that resolves once all preceding stream operations
+        are complete. The result of the awaitable is the current stream.
+
+        .. warning::
+            There is a potential for deadlock due to a lock ordering issue
+            between the GIL and the CUDA driver lock when using libraries
+            that call CUDA functions without releasing the GIL. This can
+            occur when the callback function (internally used by this method),
+            which holds the CUDA driver lock, attempts to acquire the GIL
+            while another thread that holds the GIL is waiting for the CUDA driver lock.
+            Consider using libraries that properly release the GIL around
+            CUDA operations or restructure your code to avoid this situation.
+        """
+        loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+        future = loop.create_future()
+
+        def resolver(future, status):
+            if future.done():
+                return
+            elif status == 0:
+                future.set_result(self)
+            else:
+                future.set_exception(Exception(f"Stream error {status}"))
+
+        def callback(stream, status, future):
+            loop.call_soon_threadsafe(resolver, future, status)
+
+        self.add_callback(callback, future)
+        return future
+
+
+class Event:
+    def __init__(self, handle, finalizer=None):
+        self.handle = handle
+        if finalizer is not None:
+            weakref.finalize(self, finalizer)
+
+    def query(self):
+        """
+        Returns True if all work before the most recent record has completed;
+        otherwise, returns False.
+        """
+        try:
+            driver.cuEventQuery(self.handle)
+        except CudaAPIError as e:
+            if e.code == enums.CUDA_ERROR_NOT_READY:
+                return False
+            else:
+                raise
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def record(self, stream=0):
+        """
+        Set the record point of the event to the current point in the given
+        stream.
+
+        The event will be considered to have occurred when all work that was
+        queued in the stream at the time of the call to ``record()`` has been
+        completed.
+        """
+        hstream = _stream_handle(stream)
+        handle = self.handle.value
+        driver.cuEventRecord(handle, hstream)
+
+    def synchronize(self):
+        """
+        Synchronize the host thread for the completion of the event.
+        """
+        handle = self.handle.value
+        driver.cuEventSynchronize(handle)
+
+    def wait(self, stream=0):
+        """
+        All future works submitted to stream will wait util the event completes.
+        """
+        hstream = _stream_handle(stream)
+        handle = self.handle.value
+        flags = 0
+        driver.cuStreamWaitEvent(hstream, handle, flags)
+
+    def elapsed_time(self, evtend):
+        return event_elapsed_time(self, evtend)
+
+
+def event_elapsed_time(evtstart, evtend):
+    """
+    Compute the elapsed time between two events in milliseconds.
+    """
+    return driver.cuEventElapsedTime(evtstart.handle.value, evtend.handle.value)
+
+
+class Module(metaclass=ABCMeta):
+    """Abstract base class for modules"""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        context,
+        handle,
+        info_log,
+        finalizer=None,
+        setup_callbacks=None,
+        teardown_callbacks=None,
+    ):
+        self.context = context
+        self.handle = handle
+        self.info_log = info_log
+        if finalizer is not None:
+            self._finalizer = weakref.finalize(self, finalizer)
+
+        self.initialized = False
+        self.setup_functions = setup_callbacks
+        self.teardown_functions = teardown_callbacks
+
+        self._set_finalizers()
+
+    def unload(self):
+        """Unload this module from the context"""
+        self.context.unload_module(self)
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_function(self, name):
+        """Returns a Function object encapsulating the named function"""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_global_symbol(self, name):
+        """Return a MemoryPointer referring to the named symbol"""
+
+    def setup(self):
+        """Call the setup functions for the module"""
+        if self.initialized:
+            raise RuntimeError("The module has already been initialized.")
+
+        if self.setup_functions is None:
+            return
+
+        for f in self.setup_functions:
+            f(self.handle)
+
+        self.initialized = True
+
+    def _set_finalizers(self):
+        """Create finalizers that tear down the module."""
+        if self.teardown_functions is None:
+            return
+
+        def _teardown(teardowns, handle):
+            for f in teardowns:
+                f(handle)
+
+        weakref.finalize(
+            self,
+            _teardown,
+            self.teardown_functions,
+            self.handle,
+        )
+
+
+class CtypesModule(Module):
+    def get_function(self, name):
+        handle = drvapi.cu_function()
+        driver.cuModuleGetFunction(
+            byref(handle), self.handle, name.encode("utf8")
+        )
+        return CtypesFunction(weakref.proxy(self), handle, name)
+
+    def get_global_symbol(self, name):
+        ptr = drvapi.cu_device_ptr()
+        size = drvapi.c_size_t()
+        driver.cuModuleGetGlobal(
+            byref(ptr), byref(size), self.handle, name.encode("utf8")
+        )
+        return MemoryPointer(self.context, ptr, size), size.value
+
+
+class CudaPythonModule(Module):
+    def get_function(self, name):
+        handle = driver.cuModuleGetFunction(self.handle, name.encode("utf8"))
+        return CudaPythonFunction(weakref.proxy(self), handle, name)
+
+    def get_global_symbol(self, name):
+        ptr, size = driver.cuModuleGetGlobal(self.handle, name.encode("utf8"))
+        return MemoryPointer(self.context, ptr, size), size
+
+
+FuncAttr = namedtuple(
+    "FuncAttr", ["regs", "shared", "local", "const", "maxthreads"]
+)
+
+
+class Function(metaclass=ABCMeta):
+    griddim = 1, 1, 1
+    blockdim = 1, 1, 1
+    stream = 0
+    sharedmem = 0
+
+    def __init__(self, module, handle, name):
+        self.module = module
+        self.handle = handle
+        self.name = name
+        self.attrs = self.read_func_attr_all()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<CUDA function %s>" % self.name
+
+    @property
+    def device(self):
+        return self.module.context.device
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def cache_config(
+        self, prefer_equal=False, prefer_cache=False, prefer_shared=False
+    ):
+        """Set the cache configuration for this function."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def read_func_attr(self, attrid):
+        """Return the value of the attribute with given ID."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def read_func_attr_all(self):
+        """Return a FuncAttr object with the values of various function
+        attributes."""
+
+
+class CtypesFunction(Function):
+    def cache_config(
+        self, prefer_equal=False, prefer_cache=False, prefer_shared=False
+    ):
+        prefer_equal = prefer_equal or (prefer_cache and prefer_shared)
+        if prefer_equal:
+            flag = enums.CU_FUNC_CACHE_PREFER_EQUAL
+        elif prefer_cache:
+            flag = enums.CU_FUNC_CACHE_PREFER_L1
+        elif prefer_shared:
+            flag = enums.CU_FUNC_CACHE_PREFER_SHARED
+        else:
+            flag = enums.CU_FUNC_CACHE_PREFER_NONE
+        driver.cuFuncSetCacheConfig(self.handle, flag)
+
+    def read_func_attr(self, attrid):
+        retval = c_int()
+        driver.cuFuncGetAttribute(byref(retval), attrid, self.handle)
+        return retval.value
+
+    def read_func_attr_all(self):
+        nregs = self.read_func_attr(enums.CU_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE_NUM_REGS)
+        cmem = self.read_func_attr(enums.CU_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_SIZE_BYTES)
+        lmem = self.read_func_attr(enums.CU_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE_LOCAL_SIZE_BYTES)
+        smem = self.read_func_attr(enums.CU_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE_SHARED_SIZE_BYTES)
+        maxtpb = self.read_func_attr(
+            enums.CU_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE_MAX_THREADS_PER_BLOCK
+        )
+        return FuncAttr(
+            regs=nregs, const=cmem, local=lmem, shared=smem, maxthreads=maxtpb
+        )
+
+
+class CudaPythonFunction(Function):
+    def cache_config(
+        self, prefer_equal=False, prefer_cache=False, prefer_shared=False
+    ):
+        prefer_equal = prefer_equal or (prefer_cache and prefer_shared)
+        attr = binding.CUfunction_attribute
+        if prefer_equal:
+            flag = attr.CU_FUNC_CACHE_PREFER_EQUAL
+        elif prefer_cache:
+            flag = attr.CU_FUNC_CACHE_PREFER_L1
+        elif prefer_shared:
+            flag = attr.CU_FUNC_CACHE_PREFER_SHARED
+        else:
+            flag = attr.CU_FUNC_CACHE_PREFER_NONE
+        driver.cuFuncSetCacheConfig(self.handle, flag)
+
+    def read_func_attr(self, attrid):
+        return driver.cuFuncGetAttribute(attrid, self.handle)
+
+    def read_func_attr_all(self):
+        attr = binding.CUfunction_attribute
+        nregs = self.read_func_attr(attr.CU_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE_NUM_REGS)
+        cmem = self.read_func_attr(attr.CU_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_SIZE_BYTES)
+        lmem = self.read_func_attr(attr.CU_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE_LOCAL_SIZE_BYTES)
+        smem = self.read_func_attr(attr.CU_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE_SHARED_SIZE_BYTES)
+        maxtpb = self.read_func_attr(
+            attr.CU_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE_MAX_THREADS_PER_BLOCK
+        )
+        return FuncAttr(
+            regs=nregs, const=cmem, local=lmem, shared=smem, maxthreads=maxtpb
+        )
+
+
+def launch_kernel(
+    cufunc_handle,
+    gx,
+    gy,
+    gz,
+    bx,
+    by,
+    bz,
+    sharedmem,
+    hstream,
+    args,
+    cooperative=False,
+):
+    param_ptrs = [addressof(arg) for arg in args]
+    params = (c_void_p * len(param_ptrs))(*param_ptrs)
+
+    params_for_launch = addressof(params)
+    extra = 0
+
+    if cooperative:
+        driver.cuLaunchCooperativeKernel(
+            cufunc_handle,
+            gx,
+            gy,
+            gz,
+            bx,
+            by,
+            bz,
+            sharedmem,
+            hstream,
+            params_for_launch,
+        )
+    else:
+        driver.cuLaunchKernel(
+            cufunc_handle,
+            gx,
+            gy,
+            gz,
+            bx,
+            by,
+            bz,
+            sharedmem,
+            hstream,
+            params_for_launch,
+            extra,
+        )
+
+
+class _LinkerBase(metaclass=ABCMeta):
+    """Abstract base class for linkers"""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def new(
+        cls,
+        max_registers=0,
+        lineinfo=False,
+        cc=None,
+        lto=None,
+        additional_flags=None,
+    ):
+        linker = _Linker
+
+        params = (max_registers, lineinfo, cc)
+        if linker is _Linker:
+            params = (*params, lto, additional_flags)
+        else:
+            if lto or additional_flags:
+                raise ValueError("LTO and additional flags require nvjitlink")
+
+        return linker(*params)
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def __init__(self, max_registers, lineinfo, cc):
+        # LTO unsupported in Numba at present, but the pynvjitlink linker
+        # (https://github.com/rapidsai/pynvjitlink) supports it,
+        self.lto = False
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def info_log(self):
+        """Return the info log from the linker invocation"""
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def error_log(self):
+        """Return the error log from the linker invocation"""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def add_ptx(self, ptx, name):
+        """Add PTX source in a string to the link"""
+
+    def add_cu(self, cu, name):
+        """Add CUDA source in a string to the link. The name of the source
+        file should be specified in `name`."""
+        ptx, log = nvrtc.compile(cu, name, self.cc)
+
+        if config.DUMP_ASSEMBLY:
+            print(("ASSEMBLY %s" % name).center(80, "-"))
+            print(ptx)
+            print("=" * 80)
+
+        # Link the program's PTX using the normal linker mechanism
+        ptx_name = os.path.splitext(name)[0] + ".ptx"
+        self.add_ptx(ptx.encode(), ptx_name)
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def add_data(self, data, kind, name):
+        """Add in-memory data to the link"""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def add_file(self, path, kind):
+        """Add code from a file to the link"""
+
+    def add_cu_file(self, path):
+        cu = cached_file_read(path, how="rb")
+        self.add_cu(cu, os.path.basename(path))
+
+    def add_file_guess_ext(self, path_or_code, ignore_nonlto=False):
+        """
+        Add a file or LinkableCode object to the link. If a file is
+        passed, the type will be inferred from the extension. A LinkableCode
+        object represents a file already in memory.
+
+        When `ignore_nonlto` is set to true, do not add code that will not
+        be LTO-ed in the linking process. This is useful in inspecting the
+        LTO-ed portion of the PTX when linker is added with objects that can be
+        both LTO-ed and not LTO-ed.
+        """
+        if isinstance(path_or_code, str):
+            ext = pathlib.Path(path_or_code).suffix
+            if ext == "":
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    "Don't know how to link file with no extension"
+                )
+            elif ext == ".cu":
+                self.add_cu_file(path_or_code)
+            else:
+                kind = FILE_EXTENSION_MAP.get(ext.lstrip("."), None)
+                if kind is None:
+                    raise RuntimeError(
+                        f"Don't know how to link file with extension {ext}"
+                    )
+
+                if ignore_nonlto:
+                    warn_and_return = False
+                    if kind in (
+                        FILE_EXTENSION_MAP["fatbin"],
+                        FILE_EXTENSION_MAP["o"],
+                    ):
+                        entry_types = inspect_obj_content(path_or_code)
+                        if "nvvm" not in entry_types:
+                            warn_and_return = True
+                    elif kind != FILE_EXTENSION_MAP["ltoir"]:
+                        warn_and_return = True
+
+                    if warn_and_return:
+                        warnings.warn(
+                            f"Not adding {path_or_code} as it is not "
+                            "optimizable at link time, and `ignore_nonlto == "
+                            "True`."
+                        )
+                        return
+
+                self.add_file(path_or_code, kind)
+            return
+        else:
+            # Otherwise, we should have been given a LinkableCode object
+            if not isinstance(path_or_code, LinkableCode):
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "Expected path to file or a LinkableCode object"
+                )
+
+            if path_or_code.kind == "cu":
+                self.add_cu(path_or_code.data, path_or_code.name)
+            else:
+                if ignore_nonlto:
+                    warn_and_return = False
+                    if isinstance(path_or_code, (Fatbin, Object)):
+                        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile("w") as fp:
+                            fp.write(path_or_code.data)
+                            entry_types = inspect_obj_content(fp.name)
+                        if "nvvm" not in entry_types:
+                            warn_and_return = True
+                    elif not isinstance(path_or_code, LTOIR):
+                        warn_and_return = True
+
+                    if warn_and_return:
+                        warnings.warn(
+                            f"Not adding {path_or_code.name} as it is not "
+                            "optimizable at link time, and `ignore_nonlto == "
+                            "True`."
+                        )
+                        return
+
+                self.add_data(
+                    path_or_code.data, path_or_code.kind, path_or_code.name
+                )
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def complete(self):
+        """Complete the link. Returns (cubin, size)
+
+        cubin is a pointer to a internal buffer of cubin owned by the linker;
+        thus, it should be loaded before the linker is destroyed.
+        """
+
+
+class _Linker(_LinkerBase):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        max_registers=None,
+        lineinfo=False,
+        cc=None,
+        lto=None,
+        additional_flags=None,
+    ):
+        arch = f"sm_{cc[0]}{cc[1]}"
+        self.max_registers = max_registers if max_registers else None
+        self.lineinfo = lineinfo
+        self.cc = cc
+        self.arch = arch
+        if lto is False:
+            # WAR for apparent nvjitlink issue
+            lto = None
+        self.lto = lto
+        self.additional_flags = additional_flags
+
+        self.options = LinkerOptions(
+            max_register_count=self.max_registers,
+            lineinfo=lineinfo,
+            arch=arch,
+            link_time_optimization=lto,
+        )
+        self._complete = False
+        self._object_codes = []
+        self.linker = None  # need at least one program
+
+    @property
+    def info_log(self):
+        if not self.linker:
+            raise ValueError("Not Initialized")
+        if self._complete:
+            return self._info_log
+        raise RuntimeError("Link not yet complete.")
+
+    @property
+    def error_log(self):
+        if not self.linker:
+            raise ValueError("Not Initialized")
+        if self._complete:
+            return self._error_log
+        raise RuntimeError("Link not yet complete.")
+
+    def add_ptx(self, ptx, name="<cudapy-ptx>"):
+        obj = ObjectCode.from_ptx(ptx, name=name)
+        self._object_codes.append(obj)
+
+    def add_cu(self, cu, name="<cudapy-cu>"):
+        obj, log = nvrtc.compile(cu, name, self.cc, ltoir=self.lto)
+
+        if not self.lto and config.DUMP_ASSEMBLY:
+            print(("ASSEMBLY %s" % name).center(80, "-"))
+            print(obj.code)
+
+        self._object_codes.append(obj)
+
+    def add_cubin(self, cubin, name="<cudapy-cubin>"):
+        obj = ObjectCode.from_cubin(cubin, name=name)
+        self._object_codes.append(obj)
+
+    def add_ltoir(self, ltoir, name="<cudapy-ltoir>"):
+        obj = ObjectCode.from_ltoir(ltoir, name=name)
+        self._object_codes.append(obj)
+
+    def add_fatbin(self, fatbin, name="<cudapy-fatbin>"):
+        obj = ObjectCode.from_fatbin(fatbin, name=name)
+        self._object_codes.append(obj)
+
+    def add_object(self, obj, name="<cudapy-object>"):
+        obj = ObjectCode.from_object(obj, name=name)
+        self._object_codes.append(obj)
+
+    def add_library(self, lib, name="<cudapy-lib>"):
+        obj = ObjectCode.from_library(lib, name=name)
+        self._object_codes.append(obj)
+
+    def add_file(self, path, kind):
+        try:
+            data = cached_file_read(path, how="rb")
+        except FileNotFoundError:
+            raise LinkerError(f"{path} not found")
+        name = pathlib.Path(path).name
+        self.add_data(data, kind, name)
+
+    def add_data(self, data, kind, name):
+        if kind == FILE_EXTENSION_MAP["ptx"]:
+            fn = self.add_ptx
+        elif kind == FILE_EXTENSION_MAP["cubin"]:
+            fn = self.add_cubin
+        elif kind == "cu":
+            fn = self.add_cu
+        elif (
+            kind == FILE_EXTENSION_MAP["lib"] or kind == FILE_EXTENSION_MAP["a"]
+        ):
+            fn = self.add_library
+        elif kind == FILE_EXTENSION_MAP["fatbin"]:
+            fn = self.add_fatbin
+        elif kind == FILE_EXTENSION_MAP["o"]:
+            fn = self.add_object
+        elif kind == FILE_EXTENSION_MAP["ltoir"]:
+            fn = self.add_ltoir
+        else:
+            raise LinkerError(f"Don't know how to link {kind}")
+
+        fn(data, name)
+
+    def get_linked_ptx(self):
+        options = LinkerOptions(
+            max_register_count=self.max_registers,
+            lineinfo=self.lineinfo,
+            arch=self.arch,
+            link_time_optimization=True,
+            ptx=True,
+        )
+
+        self.linker = Linker(*self._object_codes, options=options)
+
+        result = self.linker.link("ptx")
+        self.close()
+        self._complete = True
+        return result.code
+
+    def close(self):
+        self._info_log = self.linker.get_info_log()
+        self._error_log = self.linker.get_error_log()
+        self.linker.close()
+
+    def complete(self):
+        self.linker = Linker(*self._object_codes, options=self.options)
+        result = self.linker.link("cubin")
+        self.close()
+        self._complete = True
+        return result
+
+
+class CtypesLinker(_LinkerBase):
+    """
+    Links for current device if no CC given
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, max_registers=0, lineinfo=False, cc=None):
+        super().__init__(max_registers, lineinfo, cc)
+
+        logsz = config.CUDA_LOG_SIZE
+        linkerinfo = (c_char * logsz)()
+        linkererrors = (c_char * logsz)()
+
+        options = {
+            enums.CU_JIT_INFO_LOG_BUFFER: addressof(linkerinfo),
+            enums.CU_JIT_INFO_LOG_BUFFER_SIZE_BYTES: c_void_p(logsz),
+            enums.CU_JIT_ERROR_LOG_BUFFER: addressof(linkererrors),
+            enums.CU_JIT_ERROR_LOG_BUFFER_SIZE_BYTES: c_void_p(logsz),
+            enums.CU_JIT_LOG_VERBOSE: c_void_p(1),
+        }
+        if max_registers:
+            options[enums.CU_JIT_MAX_REGISTERS] = c_void_p(max_registers)
+        if lineinfo:
+            options[enums.CU_JIT_GENERATE_LINE_INFO] = c_void_p(1)
+
+        self.cc = cc
+        if cc is None:
+            # No option value is needed, but we need something as a placeholder
+            options[enums.CU_JIT_TARGET_FROM_CUCONTEXT] = 1
+        else:
+            cc_val = cc[0] * 10 + cc[1]
+            options[enums.CU_JIT_TARGET] = c_void_p(cc_val)
+
+        raw_keys = list(options.keys())
+        raw_values = list(options.values())
+
+        option_keys = (drvapi.cu_jit_option * len(raw_keys))(*raw_keys)
+        option_vals = (c_void_p * len(raw_values))(*raw_values)
+
+        self.handle = handle = drvapi.cu_link_state()
+        driver.cuLinkCreate(
+            len(raw_keys), option_keys, option_vals, byref(self.handle)
+        )
+
+        weakref.finalize(self, driver.cuLinkDestroy, handle)
+
+        self.linker_info_buf = linkerinfo
+        self.linker_errors_buf = linkererrors
+
+        self._keep_alive = [linkerinfo, linkererrors, option_keys, option_vals]
+
+    @property
+    def info_log(self):
+        return self.linker_info_buf.value.decode("utf8")
+
+    @property
+    def error_log(self):
+        return self.linker_errors_buf.value.decode("utf8")
+
+    def add_cubin(self, cubin, name="<unnamed-cubin>"):
+        return self._add_data(enums.CU_JIT_INPUT_CUBIN, cubin, name)
+
+    def add_ptx(self, ptx, name="<unnamed-ptx>"):
+        return self._add_data(enums.CU_JIT_INPUT_PTX, ptx, name)
+
+    def add_object(self, object_, name="<unnamed-object>"):
+        return self._add_data(enums.CU_JIT_INPUT_OBJECT, object_, name)
+
+    def add_fatbin(self, fatbin, name="<unnamed-fatbin>"):
+        return self._add_data(enums.CU_JIT_INPUT_FATBINARY, fatbin, name)
+
+    def add_library(self, library, name="<unnamed-library>"):
+        return self._add_data(enums.CU_JIT_INPUT_LIBRARY, library, name)
+
+    def _add_data(self, input_type, data, name):
+        data_buffer = c_char_p(data)
+        name_buffer = c_char_p(name.encode("utf8"))
+        self._keep_alive += [data_buffer, name_buffer]
+        try:
+            driver.cuLinkAddData(
+                self.handle,
+                input_type,
+                data_buffer,
+                len(data),
+                name_buffer,
+                0,
+                None,
+                None,
+            )
+        except CudaAPIError as e:
+            raise LinkerError("%s\n%s" % (e, self.error_log))
+
+    def add_data(self, data, kind, name=None):
+        # We pass the name as **kwargs to ensure the default name for the input
+        # type is used if none is supplied
+        kws = {}
+        if name is not None:
+            kws["name"] = name
+
+        if kind == FILE_EXTENSION_MAP["cubin"]:
+            self.add_cubin(data, **kws)
+        elif kind == FILE_EXTENSION_MAP["fatbin"]:
+            self.add_fatbin(data, **kws)
+        elif kind == FILE_EXTENSION_MAP["a"]:
+            self.add_library(data, **kws)
+        elif kind == FILE_EXTENSION_MAP["ptx"]:
+            self.add_ptx(data, **kws)
+        elif kind == FILE_EXTENSION_MAP["o"]:
+            self.add_object(data, **kws)
+        elif kind == FILE_EXTENSION_MAP["ltoir"]:
+            raise LinkerError("Ctypes linker cannot link LTO-IR")
+        else:
+            raise LinkerError(f"Don't know how to link {kind}")
+
+    def add_file(self, path, kind):
+        pathbuf = c_char_p(path.encode("utf8"))
+        self._keep_alive.append(pathbuf)
+
+        try:
+            driver.cuLinkAddFile(self.handle, kind, pathbuf, 0, None, None)
+        except CudaAPIError as e:
+            if e.code == enums.CUDA_ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND:
+                msg = f"{path} not found"
+            else:
+                msg = "%s\n%s" % (e, self.error_log)
+            raise LinkerError(msg)
+
+    def complete(self):
+        cubin_buf = c_void_p(0)
+        size = c_size_t(0)
+
+        try:
+            driver.cuLinkComplete(self.handle, byref(cubin_buf), byref(size))
+        except CudaAPIError as e:
+            raise LinkerError("%s\n%s" % (e, self.error_log))
+
+        size = size.value
+        assert size > 0, "linker returned a zero sized cubin"
+        del self._keep_alive[:]
+
+        # We return a copy of the cubin because it's owned by the linker
+        cubin_ptr = ctypes.cast(cubin_buf, ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_char))
+        return bytes(np.ctypeslib.as_array(cubin_ptr, shape=(size,)))
+
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+def get_devptr_for_active_ctx(ptr):
+    """Query the device pointer usable in the current context from an arbitrary
+    pointer.
+    """
+    if ptr != 0:
+        ptr_attrs = binding.CUpointer_attribute
+        attr = ptr_attrs.CU_POINTER_ATTRIBUTE_DEVICE_POINTER
+        ptrobj = binding.CUdeviceptr(ptr)
+        return driver.cuPointerGetAttribute(attr, ptrobj)
+    else:
+        return binding.CUdeviceptr()
+
+
+def device_extents(devmem):
+    """Find the extents (half open begin and end pointer) of the underlying
+    device memory allocation.
+
+    NOTE: it always returns the extents of the allocation but the extents
+    of the device memory view that can be a subsection of the entire allocation.
+    """
+    devptr = device_ctypes_pointer(devmem)
+    s, n = driver.cuMemGetAddressRange(devptr.value)
+    return int(s), int(binding.CUdeviceptr(int(s) + n))
+
+
+def device_memory_size(devmem):
+    """Check the memory size of the device memory.
+    The result is cached in the device memory object.
+    It may query the driver for the memory size of the device memory allocation.
+    """
+    sz = getattr(devmem, "_cuda_memsize_", None)
+    if sz is None:
+        s, e = device_extents(devmem)
+        sz = e - s
+        devmem._cuda_memsize_ = sz
+    assert sz >= 0, "{} length array".format(sz)
+    return sz
+
+
+def _is_datetime_dtype(obj):
+    """Returns True if the obj.dtype is datetime64 or timedelta64"""
+    dtype = getattr(obj, "dtype", None)
+    return dtype is not None and dtype.char in "Mm"
+
+
+def _workaround_for_datetime(obj):
+    """Workaround for numpy#4983: buffer protocol doesn't support
+    datetime64 or timedelta64.
+    """
+    if _is_datetime_dtype(obj):
+        obj = obj.view(np.int64)
+    return obj
+
+
+def host_pointer(obj, readonly=False):
+    """Get host pointer from an obj.
+
+    If `readonly` is False, the buffer must be writable.
+
+    NOTE: The underlying data pointer from the host data buffer is used and
+    it should not be changed until the operation which can be asynchronous
+    completes.
+    """
+    if isinstance(obj, int):
+        return obj
+
+    forcewritable = False
+    if not readonly:
+        forcewritable = isinstance(obj, np.void) or _is_datetime_dtype(obj)
+
+    obj = _workaround_for_datetime(obj)
+    return mviewbuf.memoryview_get_buffer(obj, forcewritable, readonly)
+
+
+def host_memory_extents(obj):
+    "Returns (start, end) the start and end pointer of the array (half open)."
+    obj = _workaround_for_datetime(obj)
+    return mviewbuf.memoryview_get_extents(obj)
+
+
+@functools.cache
+def memory_size_from_info(shape, strides, itemsize):
+    """Get the byte size of a contiguous memory buffer given the shape, strides
+    and itemsize.
+    """
+    assert len(shape) == len(strides), "# dim mismatch"
+    ndim = len(shape)
+    s, e = mviewbuf.memoryview_get_extents_info(shape, strides, ndim, itemsize)
+    return e - s
+
+
+def host_memory_size(obj):
+    "Get the size of the memory"
+    s, e = host_memory_extents(obj)
+    assert e >= s, "memory extend of negative size"
+    return e - s
+
+
+def device_pointer(obj):
+    "Get the device pointer as an integer"
+    return device_ctypes_pointer(obj).value
+
+
+def device_ctypes_pointer(obj):
+    "Get the ctypes object for the device pointer"
+    if obj is None:
+        return c_void_p(0)
+    require_device_memory(obj)
+    return obj.device_ctypes_pointer
+
+
+def is_device_memory(obj):
+    """All CUDA memory object is recognized as an instance with the attribute
+    "__cuda_memory__" defined and its value evaluated to True.
+
+    All CUDA memory object should also define an attribute named
+    "device_pointer" which value is an int object carrying the pointer
+    value of the device memory address.  This is not tested in this method.
+    """
+    try:
+        # This is cheaper than getattr in the non-exceptional case
+        return obj.__cuda_memory__
+    except AttributeError:
+        return False
+
+
+def require_device_memory(obj):
+    """A sentry for methods that accept CUDA memory object."""
+    if not is_device_memory(obj):
+        raise Exception("Not a CUDA memory object.")
+
+
+def device_memory_depends(devmem, *objs):
+    """Add dependencies to the device memory.
+
+    Mainly used for creating structures that points to other device memory,
+    so that the referees are not GC and released.
+    """
+    depset = getattr(devmem, "_depends_", [])
+    depset.extend(objs)
+
+
+def host_to_device(dst, src, size, stream=0):
+    """
+    NOTE: The underlying data pointer from the host data buffer is used and
+    it should not be changed until the operation which can be asynchronous
+    completes.
+    """
+    fn = driver.cuMemcpyHtoD
+    args = (device_pointer(dst), host_pointer(src, readonly=True), size)
+
+    if stream:
+        fn = driver.cuMemcpyHtoDAsync
+        args += (_stream_handle(stream),)
+
+    fn(*args)
+
+
+def device_to_host(dst, src, size, stream=0):
+    """
+    NOTE: The underlying data pointer from the host data buffer is used and
+    it should not be changed until the operation which can be asynchronous
+    completes.
+    """
+    fn = driver.cuMemcpyDtoH
+    args = (host_pointer(dst), device_pointer(src), size)
+
+    if stream:
+        fn = driver.cuMemcpyDtoHAsync
+        args += (_stream_handle(stream),)
+
+    fn(*args)
+
+
+def device_to_device(dst, src, size, stream=0):
+    """
+    NOTE: The underlying data pointer from the device buffer is used and
+    it should not be changed until the operation which can be asynchronous
+    completes.
+    """
+    fn = driver.cuMemcpyDtoD
+    args = (device_pointer(dst), device_pointer(src), size)
+
+    if stream:
+        fn = driver.cuMemcpyDtoDAsync
+        args += (_stream_handle(stream),)
+
+    fn(*args)
+
+
+def device_memset(dst, val, size, stream=0):
+    """
+    Memset on the device.
+    If stream is 0, the call is synchronous.
+    If stream is a Stream object, asynchronous mode is used.
+
+    dst: device memory
+    val: byte value to be written
+    size: number of bytes to be written
+    stream: 0 (synchronous) or a CUDA stream
+    """
+    fn = driver.cuMemsetD8
+    args = (device_pointer(dst), val, size)
+
+    if stream:
+        fn = driver.cuMemsetD8Async
+        args += (_stream_handle(stream),)
+
+    try:
+        fn(*args)
+    except CudaAPIError as e:
+        invalid = binding.CUresult.CUDA_ERROR_INVALID_VALUE
+        if (
+            e.code == invalid
+            and getattr(dst, "__cuda_memory__", False)
+            and getattr(dst, "is_managed", False)
+        ):
+            buf = (c_uint8 * size).from_address(host_pointer(dst))
+            byte = val & 0xFF
+            buf[:] = [byte] * size
+            return
+        raise
+
+
+def profile_start():
+    """
+    Enable profile collection in the current context.
+    """
+    driver.cuProfilerStart()
+
+
+def profile_stop():
+    """
+    Disable profile collection in the current context.
+    """
+    driver.cuProfilerStop()
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def profiling():
+    """
+    Context manager that enables profiling on entry and disables profiling on
+    exit.
+    """
+    profile_start()
+    yield
+    profile_stop()
+
+
+def get_version():
+    """
+    Return the driver version as a tuple of (major, minor)
+    """
+    return driver.get_version()
+
+
+def inspect_obj_content(objpath: str):
+    """
+    Given path to a fatbin or object, use `cuobjdump` to examine its content
+    Return the set of entries in the object.
+    """
+    code_types: set[str] = set()
+
+    try:
+        out = subprocess.run(
+            ["cuobjdump", objpath], check=True, capture_output=True
+        )
+    except FileNotFoundError as e:
+        msg = (
+            "cuobjdump has not been found. You may need "
+            "to install the CUDA toolkit and ensure that "
+            "it is available on your PATH.\n"
+        )
+        raise RuntimeError(msg) from e
+
+    objtable = out.stdout.decode("utf-8")
+    entry_pattern = r"Fatbin (.*) code"
+    for line in objtable.split("\n"):
+        if match := re.match(entry_pattern, line):
+            code_types.add(match.group(1))
+
+    return code_types
+
+
+def _stream_handle(stream):
+    """
+    Obtain the appropriate handle for various types of
+    acceptable stream objects. Acceptable types are
+    int (0 for default stream), Stream, ExperimentalStream
+    """
+
+    if stream == 0:
+        return stream
+    allowed = (Stream, ExperimentalStream)
+    if not isinstance(stream, allowed):
+        raise TypeError(
+            "Expected a Stream object or 0, got %s" % type(stream).__name__
+        )
+    elif hasattr(stream, "__cuda_stream__"):
+        ver, ptr = stream.__cuda_stream__()
+        assert ver == 0
+        if isinstance(ptr, binding.CUstream):
+            return get_cuda_native_handle(ptr)
+        else:
+            return ptr
+    else:
+        raise TypeError("Invalid Stream")