nrl-tracker 0.22.5__py3-none-any.whl → 1.7.5__py3-none-any.whl

pytcl/dynamic_estimation/kalman/square_root.py

@@ -8,11 +8,12 @@ and guarantees positive semi-definiteness of the covariance.
 
 Implementations include:
 - Square-root Kalman filter (Cholesky-based)
-- U-D factorization filter (Bierman's method)
-- Square-root versions of UKF and CKF
+
+For U-D factorization filters, see :mod:`pytcl.dynamic_estimation.kalman.ud_filter`.
+For square-root UKF, see :mod:`pytcl.dynamic_estimation.kalman.sr_ukf`.
 """
 
-from typing import Callable, NamedTuple, Optional
+from typing import NamedTuple, Optional
 
 import numpy as np
 import scipy.linalg
@@ -76,28 +77,9 @@ class SRKalmanUpdate(NamedTuple):
     likelihood: float
 
 
-class UDState(NamedTuple):
-    """State of a U-D factorization filter.
-
-    The covariance is represented as P = U @ D @ U.T where U is
-    unit upper triangular and D is diagonal.
-
-    Attributes
-    ----------
-    x : ndarray
-        State estimate.
-    U : ndarray
-        Unit upper triangular factor.
-    D : ndarray
-        Diagonal elements (1D array).
-    """
-
-    x: NDArray[np.floating]
-    U: NDArray[np.floating]
-    D: NDArray[np.floating]
-
-
-def cholesky_update(S: NDArray, v: NDArray, sign: float = 1.0) -> NDArray:
+def cholesky_update(
+    S: NDArray[np.floating], v: NDArray[np.floating], sign: float = 1.0
+) -> NDArray[np.floating]:
     """
     Rank-1 Cholesky update/downdate.
 
@@ -126,6 +108,16 @@ def cholesky_update(S: NDArray, v: NDArray, sign: float = 1.0) -> NDArray:
     .. [1] P. E. Gill, G. H. Golub, W. Murray, and M. A. Saunders,
            "Methods for modifying matrix factorizations,"
            Mathematics of Computation, vol. 28, pp. 505-535, 1974.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> S = np.linalg.cholesky(np.eye(2))
+    >>> v = np.array([0.5, 0.5])
+    >>> S_updated = cholesky_update(S, v, sign=1.0)
+    >>> P_updated = S_updated @ S_updated.T
+    >>> np.allclose(P_updated, np.eye(2) + np.outer(v, v))
+    True
     """
     S = np.asarray(S, dtype=np.float64).copy()
     v = np.asarray(v, dtype=np.float64).flatten().copy()
@@ -158,7 +150,11 @@ def cholesky_update(S: NDArray, v: NDArray, sign: float = 1.0) -> NDArray:
     return S
 
 
-def qr_update(S_x: NDArray, S_noise: NDArray, F: Optional[NDArray] = None) -> NDArray:
+def qr_update(
+    S_x: NDArray[np.floating],
+    S_noise: NDArray[np.floating],
+    F: Optional[NDArray[np.floating]] = None,
+) -> NDArray[np.floating]:
     """
     QR-based covariance square root update.
 
@@ -183,6 +179,14 @@ def qr_update(S_x: NDArray, S_noise: NDArray, F: Optional[NDArray] = None) -> ND
     -----
     Uses QR decomposition for numerical stability. The compound matrix
     [F @ S_x, S_noise].T is QR decomposed, and R.T gives the new Cholesky factor.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> S_x = np.linalg.cholesky(np.eye(2) * 0.1)
+    >>> S_noise = np.linalg.cholesky(np.eye(2) * 0.01)
+    >>> F = np.array([[1, 1], [0, 1]])
+    >>> S_new = qr_update(S_x, S_noise, F)
     """
     S_x = np.asarray(S_x, dtype=np.float64)
     S_noise = np.asarray(S_noise, dtype=np.float64)
@@ -424,559 +428,42 @@ def srkf_predict_update(
     -------
     result : SRKalmanUpdate
         Updated state and Cholesky factor.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> x = np.array([0.0, 1.0])
+    >>> S = np.linalg.cholesky(np.eye(2) * 0.1)
+    >>> F = np.array([[1, 1], [0, 1]])
+    >>> S_Q = np.linalg.cholesky(np.eye(2) * 0.01)
+    >>> H = np.array([[1, 0]])
+    >>> S_R = np.linalg.cholesky(np.array([[0.1]]))
+    >>> z = np.array([1.05])
+    >>> result = srkf_predict_update(x, S, z, F, S_Q, H, S_R)
     """
     pred = srkf_predict(x, S, F, S_Q, B, u)
     return srkf_update(pred.x, pred.S, z, H, S_R)
 
 
 # =============================================================================
-# U-D Factorization Filter (Bierman's Method)
-# =============================================================================
-
-
-def ud_factorize(P: ArrayLike) -> tuple[NDArray, NDArray]:
-    """
-    Compute U-D factorization of a symmetric positive definite matrix.
-
-    Decomposes P = U @ D @ U.T where U is unit upper triangular and D is diagonal.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    P : array_like
-        Symmetric positive definite matrix, shape (n, n).
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    U : ndarray
-        Unit upper triangular matrix.
-    D : ndarray
-        Diagonal elements (1D array).
-
-    Notes
-    -----
-    The U-D factorization is equivalent to a modified Cholesky decomposition
-    and requires only n(n+1)/2 storage elements.
-    """
-    P = np.asarray(P, dtype=np.float64).copy()  # Make a copy to avoid modifying input
-    n = P.shape[0]
-
-    U = np.eye(n)
-    D = np.zeros(n)
-
-    for j in range(n - 1, -1, -1):
-        D[j] = P[j, j]
-        if D[j] > 0:
-            alpha = 1.0 / D[j]
-            for k in range(j):
-                U[k, j] = P[k, j] * alpha
-            for i in range(j):
-                for k in range(i + 1):
-                    P[k, i] = P[k, i] - U[k, j] * D[j] * U[i, j]
-
-    return U, D
-
-
-def ud_reconstruct(U: ArrayLike, D: ArrayLike) -> NDArray:
-    """
-    Reconstruct covariance matrix from U-D factors.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    U : array_like
-        Unit upper triangular matrix.
-    D : array_like
-        Diagonal elements.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    P : ndarray
-        Covariance matrix P = U @ diag(D) @ U.T.
-    """
-    U = np.asarray(U, dtype=np.float64)
-    D = np.asarray(D, dtype=np.float64)
-    return U @ np.diag(D) @ U.T
-
-
-def ud_predict(
-    x: ArrayLike,
-    U: ArrayLike,
-    D: ArrayLike,
-    F: ArrayLike,
-    Q: ArrayLike,
-) -> tuple[NDArray, NDArray, NDArray]:
-    """
-    U-D filter prediction step.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    x : array_like
-        Current state estimate, shape (n,).
-    U : array_like
-        Unit upper triangular factor, shape (n, n).
-    D : array_like
-        Diagonal elements, shape (n,).
-    F : array_like
-        State transition matrix, shape (n, n).
-    Q : array_like
-        Process noise covariance, shape (n, n).
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    x_pred : ndarray
-        Predicted state.
-    U_pred : ndarray
-        Predicted unit upper triangular factor.
-    D_pred : ndarray
-        Predicted diagonal elements.
-    """
-    x = np.asarray(x, dtype=np.float64).flatten()
-    U = np.asarray(U, dtype=np.float64)
-    D = np.asarray(D, dtype=np.float64)
-    F = np.asarray(F, dtype=np.float64)
-    Q = np.asarray(Q, dtype=np.float64)
-
-    # Predicted state
-    x_pred = F @ x
-
-    # Predicted covariance: P_pred = F @ P @ F.T + Q
-    P = ud_reconstruct(U, D)
-    P_pred = F @ P @ F.T + Q
-
-    # Ensure symmetry
-    P_pred = (P_pred + P_pred.T) / 2
-
-    # Re-factorize
-    U_pred, D_pred = ud_factorize(P_pred)
-
-    return x_pred, U_pred, D_pred
-
-
-def ud_update_scalar(
-    x: ArrayLike,
-    U: ArrayLike,
-    D: ArrayLike,
-    z: float,
-    h: ArrayLike,
-    r: float,
-) -> tuple[NDArray, NDArray, NDArray]:
-    """
-    U-D filter scalar measurement update (Bierman's algorithm).
-
-    This is the most efficient form - for vector measurements,
-    process each component sequentially.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    x : array_like
-        Predicted state estimate, shape (n,).
-    U : array_like
-        Unit upper triangular factor, shape (n, n).
-    D : array_like
-        Diagonal elements, shape (n,).
-    z : float
-        Scalar measurement.
-    h : array_like
-        Measurement row vector, shape (n,).
-    r : float
-        Measurement noise variance.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    x_upd : ndarray
-        Updated state.
-    U_upd : ndarray
-        Updated unit upper triangular factor.
-    D_upd : ndarray
-        Updated diagonal elements.
-
-    Notes
-    -----
-    This implements Bierman's sequential scalar update algorithm which
-    is numerically stable and efficient for U-D filters.
-    """
-    x = np.asarray(x, dtype=np.float64).flatten()
-    U = np.asarray(U, dtype=np.float64).copy()
-    D = np.asarray(D, dtype=np.float64).copy()
-    h = np.asarray(h, dtype=np.float64).flatten()
-    n = len(x)
-
-    # f = U.T @ h
-    f = U.T @ h
-
-    # g = D * f (element-wise)
-    g = D * f
-
-    # alpha[0] = r + f[0] * g[0]
-    alpha = np.zeros(n + 1)
-    alpha[0] = r
-
-    for j in range(n):
-        alpha[j + 1] = alpha[j] + f[j] * g[j]
-
-    # Innovation
-    y = z - h @ x
-
-    # Update D and U
-    D_upd = D.copy()
-    U_upd = U.copy()
-
-    for j in range(n):
-        D_upd[j] = D[j] * alpha[j] / alpha[j + 1]
-        if j > 0:
-            gamma = g[j]
-            for i in range(j):
-                U_upd[i, j] = U[i, j] + (gamma / alpha[j]) * (f[i] - U[i, j] * f[j])
-                g[i] = g[i] + g[j] * U[i, j]
-
-    # Kalman gain
-    K = g / alpha[n]
-
-    # Updated state
-    x_upd = x + K * y
-
-    return x_upd, U_upd, D_upd
-
-
-def ud_update(
-    x: ArrayLike,
-    U: ArrayLike,
-    D: ArrayLike,
-    z: ArrayLike,
-    H: ArrayLike,
-    R: ArrayLike,
-) -> tuple[NDArray, NDArray, NDArray, NDArray, float]:
-    """
-    U-D filter vector measurement update.
-
-    Processes measurements sequentially using scalar updates.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    x : array_like
-        Predicted state estimate, shape (n,).
-    U : array_like
-        Unit upper triangular factor, shape (n, n).
-    D : array_like
-        Diagonal elements, shape (n,).
-    z : array_like
-        Measurement vector, shape (m,).
-    H : array_like
-        Measurement matrix, shape (m, n).
-    R : array_like
-        Measurement noise covariance, shape (m, m).
-        Should be diagonal for sequential processing.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    x_upd : ndarray
-        Updated state.
-    U_upd : ndarray
-        Updated unit upper triangular factor.
-    D_upd : ndarray
-        Updated diagonal elements.
-    y : ndarray
-        Innovation vector.
-    likelihood : float
-        Measurement likelihood.
-
-    Notes
-    -----
-    For correlated measurement noise (non-diagonal R), the measurements
-    are decorrelated first using a Cholesky decomposition.
-    """
-    x = np.asarray(x, dtype=np.float64).flatten()
-    U = np.asarray(U, dtype=np.float64)
-    D = np.asarray(D, dtype=np.float64)
-    z = np.asarray(z, dtype=np.float64).flatten()
-    H = np.asarray(H, dtype=np.float64)
-    R = np.asarray(R, dtype=np.float64)
-    m = len(z)
-
-    # Full innovation before update
-    y = z - H @ x
-
-    # Check if R is diagonal
-    is_diagonal = np.allclose(R, np.diag(np.diag(R)))
-
-    if is_diagonal:
-        # Sequential scalar updates
-        x_upd = x.copy()
-        U_upd = U.copy()
-        D_upd = D.copy()
-
-        for i in range(m):
-            x_upd, U_upd, D_upd = ud_update_scalar(
-                x_upd, U_upd, D_upd, z[i], H[i, :], R[i, i]
-            )
-    else:
-        # Decorrelate measurements
-        S_R = np.linalg.cholesky(R)
-        z_dec = scipy.linalg.solve_triangular(S_R, z, lower=True)
-        H_dec = scipy.linalg.solve_triangular(S_R, H, lower=True)
-
-        # Sequential scalar updates with unit variance
-        x_upd = x.copy()
-        U_upd = U.copy()
-        D_upd = D.copy()
-
-        for i in range(m):
-            x_upd, U_upd, D_upd = ud_update_scalar(
-                x_upd, U_upd, D_upd, z_dec[i], H_dec[i, :], 1.0
-            )
-
-    # Compute likelihood
-    P = ud_reconstruct(U, D)
-    S_innov = H @ P @ H.T + R
-    det_S = np.linalg.det(S_innov)
-    if det_S > 0:
-        mahal_sq = y @ np.linalg.solve(S_innov, y)
-        likelihood = np.exp(-0.5 * mahal_sq) / np.sqrt((2 * np.pi) ** m * det_S)
-    else:
-        likelihood = 0.0
-
-    return x_upd, U_upd, D_upd, y, likelihood
-
-
-# =============================================================================
-# Square-Root UKF
+# Backward compatibility: Re-export from submodules
 # =============================================================================
 
-
-def sr_ukf_predict(
-    x: ArrayLike,
-    S: ArrayLike,
-    f: Callable,
-    S_Q: ArrayLike,
-    alpha: float = 1e-3,
-    beta: float = 2.0,
-    kappa: float = 0.0,
-) -> SRKalmanPrediction:
-    """
-    Square-root Unscented Kalman Filter prediction step.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    x : array_like
-        Current state estimate, shape (n,).
-    S : array_like
-        Lower triangular Cholesky factor of covariance, shape (n, n).
-    f : callable
-        State transition function f(x) -> x_next.
-    S_Q : array_like
-        Cholesky factor of process noise covariance.
-    alpha : float, optional
-        Spread of sigma points around mean. Default 1e-3.
-    beta : float, optional
-        Prior knowledge about distribution. Default 2.0 (Gaussian).
-    kappa : float, optional
-        Secondary scaling parameter. Default 0.0.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    result : SRKalmanPrediction
-        Predicted state and Cholesky factor.
-    """
-    x = np.asarray(x, dtype=np.float64).flatten()
-    S = np.asarray(S, dtype=np.float64)
-    S_Q = np.asarray(S_Q, dtype=np.float64)
-    n = len(x)
-
-    # Sigma point parameters
-    lam = alpha**2 * (n + kappa) - n
-    gamma = np.sqrt(n + lam)
-
-    # Weights
-    W_m = np.zeros(2 * n + 1)
-    W_c = np.zeros(2 * n + 1)
-    W_m[0] = lam / (n + lam)
-    W_c[0] = lam / (n + lam) + (1 - alpha**2 + beta)
-    for i in range(1, 2 * n + 1):
-        W_m[i] = 1 / (2 * (n + lam))
-        W_c[i] = 1 / (2 * (n + lam))
-
-    # Generate sigma points
-    sigma_points = np.zeros((n, 2 * n + 1))
-    sigma_points[:, 0] = x
-    for i in range(n):
-        sigma_points[:, i + 1] = x + gamma * S[:, i]
-        sigma_points[:, n + i + 1] = x - gamma * S[:, i]
-
-    # Propagate sigma points
-    sigma_points_pred = np.zeros_like(sigma_points)
-    for i in range(2 * n + 1):
-        sigma_points_pred[:, i] = f(sigma_points[:, i])
-
-    # Predicted mean
-    x_pred = np.sum(W_m * sigma_points_pred, axis=1)
-
-    # Predicted covariance square root via QR
-    # Build matrix for QR: [sqrt(W_c[1]) * (X - x_mean), S_Q]
-    residuals = sigma_points_pred[:, 1:] - x_pred[:, np.newaxis]
-    sqrt_Wc = np.sqrt(np.abs(W_c[1:]))
-    weighted_residuals = residuals * sqrt_Wc
-
-    compound = np.hstack([weighted_residuals, S_Q]).T
-    _, R = np.linalg.qr(compound)
-    S_pred = R[:n, :n].T
-
-    # Handle negative weight for mean point
-    if W_c[0] < 0:
-        # Downdate for the mean point
-        v = sigma_points_pred[:, 0] - x_pred
-        try:
-            S_pred = cholesky_update(S_pred, np.sqrt(np.abs(W_c[0])) * v, sign=-1.0)
-        except ValueError:
-            # Fall back to direct computation
-            pass
-    else:
-        v = sigma_points_pred[:, 0] - x_pred
-        S_pred = cholesky_update(S_pred, np.sqrt(W_c[0]) * v, sign=1.0)
-
-    # Ensure lower triangular with positive diagonal
-    for i in range(n):
-        if S_pred[i, i] < 0:
-            S_pred[i:, i] = -S_pred[i:, i]
-
-    return SRKalmanPrediction(x=x_pred, S=S_pred)
-
-
-def sr_ukf_update(
-    x: ArrayLike,
-    S: ArrayLike,
-    z: ArrayLike,
-    h: Callable,
-    S_R: ArrayLike,
-    alpha: float = 1e-3,
-    beta: float = 2.0,
-    kappa: float = 0.0,
-) -> SRKalmanUpdate:
-    """
-    Square-root Unscented Kalman Filter update step.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    x : array_like
-        Predicted state estimate, shape (n,).
-    S : array_like
-        Lower triangular Cholesky factor of covariance, shape (n, n).
-    z : array_like
-        Measurement, shape (m,).
-    h : callable
-        Measurement function h(x) -> z.
-    S_R : array_like
-        Cholesky factor of measurement noise covariance.
-    alpha, beta, kappa : float
-        UKF scaling parameters.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    result : SRKalmanUpdate
-        Updated state and Cholesky factor.
-    """
-    x = np.asarray(x, dtype=np.float64).flatten()
-    S = np.asarray(S, dtype=np.float64)
-    z = np.asarray(z, dtype=np.float64).flatten()
-    S_R = np.asarray(S_R, dtype=np.float64)
-    n = len(x)
-    m = len(z)
-
-    # Sigma point parameters
-    lam = alpha**2 * (n + kappa) - n
-    gamma = np.sqrt(n + lam)
-
-    # Weights
-    W_m = np.zeros(2 * n + 1)
-    W_c = np.zeros(2 * n + 1)
-    W_m[0] = lam / (n + lam)
-    W_c[0] = lam / (n + lam) + (1 - alpha**2 + beta)
-    for i in range(1, 2 * n + 1):
-        W_m[i] = 1 / (2 * (n + lam))
-        W_c[i] = 1 / (2 * (n + lam))
-
-    # Generate sigma points
-    sigma_points = np.zeros((n, 2 * n + 1))
-    sigma_points[:, 0] = x
-    for i in range(n):
-        sigma_points[:, i + 1] = x + gamma * S[:, i]
-        sigma_points[:, n + i + 1] = x - gamma * S[:, i]
-
-    # Propagate through measurement function
-    Z = np.zeros((m, 2 * n + 1))
-    for i in range(2 * n + 1):
-        Z[:, i] = h(sigma_points[:, i])
-
-    # Predicted measurement mean
-    z_pred = np.sum(W_m * Z, axis=1)
-
-    # Innovation
-    y = z - z_pred
-
-    # Innovation covariance square root via QR
-    residuals_z = Z[:, 1:] - z_pred[:, np.newaxis]
-    sqrt_Wc = np.sqrt(np.abs(W_c[1:]))
-    weighted_residuals_z = residuals_z * sqrt_Wc
-
-    compound_z = np.hstack([weighted_residuals_z, S_R]).T
-    _, R_z = np.linalg.qr(compound_z)
-    S_y = R_z[:m, :m].T
-
-    # Handle mean point weight
-    v_z = Z[:, 0] - z_pred
-    if W_c[0] >= 0:
-        S_y = cholesky_update(S_y, np.sqrt(W_c[0]) * v_z, sign=1.0)
-
-    for i in range(m):
-        if S_y[i, i] < 0:
-            S_y[i:, i] = -S_y[i:, i]
-
-    # Cross covariance
-    residuals_x = sigma_points[:, 1:] - x[:, np.newaxis]
-    P_xz = (
-        W_c[0] * np.outer(sigma_points[:, 0] - x, Z[:, 0] - z_pred)
-        + (residuals_x * W_c[1:]) @ (Z[:, 1:] - z_pred[:, np.newaxis]).T
-    )
-
-    # Kalman gain
-    K = scipy.linalg.solve_triangular(
-        S_y.T, scipy.linalg.solve_triangular(S_y, P_xz.T, lower=True), lower=False
-    ).T
-
-    # Updated state
-    x_upd = x + K @ y
-
-    # Updated covariance square root
-    S_upd = S.copy()
-    KS_y = K @ S_y
-    for j in range(m):
-        try:
-            S_upd = cholesky_update(S_upd, KS_y[:, j], sign=-1.0)
-        except ValueError:
-            # Fallback: compute directly
-            P = S_upd @ S_upd.T - np.outer(KS_y[:, j], KS_y[:, j])
-            P = (P + P.T) / 2
-            eigvals = np.linalg.eigvalsh(P)
-            if np.min(eigvals) < 0:
-                P = P + (np.abs(np.min(eigvals)) + 1e-10) * np.eye(n)
-            S_upd = np.linalg.cholesky(P)
-
-    # Likelihood
-    det_S_y = np.prod(np.diag(S_y)) ** 2
-    if det_S_y > 0:
-        y_normalized = scipy.linalg.solve_triangular(S_y, y, lower=True)
-        mahal_sq = np.sum(y_normalized**2)
-        likelihood = np.exp(-0.5 * mahal_sq) / np.sqrt((2 * np.pi) ** m * det_S_y)
-    else:
-        likelihood = 0.0
-
-    return SRKalmanUpdate(
-        x=x_upd,
-        S=S_upd,
-        y=y,
-        S_y=S_y,
-        K=K,
-        likelihood=likelihood,
-    )
-
+# Square-root UKF (now in sr_ukf.py)
+from pytcl.dynamic_estimation.kalman.sr_ukf import (  # noqa: E402
+    sr_ukf_predict,
+    sr_ukf_update,
+)
+
+# U-D factorization filter (now in ud_filter.py)
+from pytcl.dynamic_estimation.kalman.ud_filter import (  # noqa: E402
+    UDState,
+    ud_factorize,
+    ud_predict,
+    ud_reconstruct,
+    ud_update,
+    ud_update_scalar,
+)
 
 __all__ = [
     # Square-root KF types
@@ -990,14 +477,14 @@ __all__ = [
     "srkf_predict",
     "srkf_update",
     "srkf_predict_update",
-    # U-D factorization
+    # U-D factorization (re-exported for backward compatibility)
     "UDState",
     "ud_factorize",
     "ud_reconstruct",
     "ud_predict",
     "ud_update_scalar",
     "ud_update",
-    # Square-root UKF
+    # Square-root UKF (re-exported for backward compatibility)
     "sr_ukf_predict",
     "sr_ukf_update",
 ]