birdnet-analyzer 2.0.0__py3-none-any.whl → 2.0.1__py3-none-any.whl

birdnet_analyzer/audio.py

@@ -1,372 +1,368 @@
-"""Module containing audio helper functions."""
-
-import librosa
-import numpy as np
-import soundfile as sf
-from scipy.signal import firwin, kaiserord, lfilter, find_peaks
-
-import birdnet_analyzer.config as cfg
-
-RANDOM = np.random.RandomState(cfg.RANDOM_SEED)
-
-
-def open_audio_file(path: str, sample_rate=48000, offset=0.0, duration=None, fmin=None, fmax=None, speed=1.0):
-    """Open an audio file.
-
-    Opens an audio file with librosa and the given settings.
-
-    Args:
-        path: Path to the audio file.
-        sample_rate: The sample rate at which the file should be processed.
-        offset: The starting offset.
-        duration: Maximum duration of the loaded content.
-        fmin: Minimum frequency for bandpass filter.
-        fmax: Maximum frequency for bandpass filter.
-        speed: Speed factor for audio playback.
-
-    Returns:
-        Returns the audio time series and the sampling rate.
-    """
-    # Open file with librosa (uses ffmpeg or libav)
-    if speed == 1.0:
-        sig, rate = librosa.load(
-            path, sr=sample_rate, offset=offset, duration=duration, mono=True, res_type="kaiser_fast"
-        )
-
-    else:
-        # Load audio with original sample rate
-        sig, rate = librosa.load(path, sr=None, offset=offset, duration=duration, mono=True)
-
-        # Resample with "fake" sample rate
-        sig = librosa.resample(sig, orig_sr=int(rate * speed), target_sr=sample_rate, res_type="kaiser_fast")
-        rate = sample_rate
-
-    # Bandpass filter
-    if fmin is not None and fmax is not None:
-        sig = bandpass(sig, rate, fmin, fmax)
-        # sig = bandpassKaiserFIR(sig, rate, fmin, fmax)
-
-    return sig, rate
-
-
-def get_audio_file_length(path):
-    """
-    Get the length of an audio file in seconds.
-
-    Args:
-        path (str): The file path to the audio file.
-
-    Returns:
-        float: The duration of the audio file in seconds.
-    """
-    # Open file with librosa (uses ffmpeg or libav)
-
-    return librosa.get_duration(filename=path, sr=None)
-
-
-def get_sample_rate(path: str):
-    """
-    Get the sample rate of an audio file.
-
-    Args:
-        path (str): The file path to the audio file.
-
-    Returns:
-        int: The sample rate of the audio file.
-    """
-    return librosa.get_samplerate(path)
-
-
-def save_signal(sig, fname: str, rate=48000):
-    """Saves a signal to file.
-
-    Args:
-        sig: The signal to be saved.
-        fname: The file path.
-
-    Returns:
-        None
-    """
-
-    sf.write(fname, sig, rate, "PCM_16")
-
-
-def pad(sig, seconds, srate, amount=None):
-    """Creates a noise vector with the given shape.
-
-    Args:
-        sig: The original audio signal.
-        shape: Shape of the noise.
-        amount: The noise intensity.
-
-    Returns:
-        An numpy array of noise with the given shape.
-    """
-
-    target_len = int(srate * seconds)
-
-    if len(sig) < target_len:
-        noise_shape = target_len - len(sig)
-
-        if not cfg.USE_NOISE:
-            noise = np.zeros(noise_shape, dtype=sig.dtype)
-        else:
-            # Random noise intensity
-            if amount is None:
-                amount = RANDOM.uniform(0.1, 0.5)
-
-            # Create Gaussian noise
-            try:
-                noise = RANDOM.normal(min(sig) * amount, max(sig) * amount, noise_shape).astype(sig.dtype)
-            except:
-                noise = np.zeros(noise_shape, dtype=sig.dtype)
-
-        return np.concatenate((sig, noise))
-
-    return sig
-
-
-def split_signal(sig, rate, seconds, overlap, minlen, amount=None):
-    """Split signal with overlap.
-
-    Args:
-        sig: The original signal to be split.
-        rate: The sampling rate.
-        seconds: The duration of a segment.
-        overlap: The overlapping seconds of segments.
-        minlen: Minimum length of a split.
-
-    Returns:
-        A list of splits.
-    """
-
-    # Split signal to chunks of duration with overlap, whereas each chunk still has minimum duration of signal
-    if rate is None or rate <= 0:
-        rate = cfg.SAMPLE_RATE
-    if seconds is None or seconds <= 0:
-        seconds = cfg.SIG_LENGTH
-    if overlap is None or overlap < 0:
-        overlap = cfg.SIG_OVERLAP
-    if minlen is None or minlen <= 0 or minlen > seconds:
-        minlen = cfg.SIG_MINLEN
-
-    # Make sure overlap is smaller then signal duration
-    if overlap >= seconds:
-        overlap = seconds - 0.01
-
-    # Number of frames per chunk, per step and per minimum signal
-    chunksize = int(rate * seconds)
-    stepsize = int(rate * (seconds - overlap))
-    minsize = int(rate * minlen)
-
-    # Start of last chunk
-    lastchunkpos = int((sig.size - chunksize + stepsize - 1) / stepsize) * stepsize
-    # Make sure at least one chunk is returned
-    if lastchunkpos < 0:
-        lastchunkpos = 0
-    # Omit last chunk if minimum signal duration is underrun
-    elif sig.size - lastchunkpos < minsize:
-        lastchunkpos = lastchunkpos - stepsize
-
-    # Append noise or empty signal of chunk duration, so all splits have desired length
-    if not cfg.USE_NOISE:
-        noise = np.zeros(shape=chunksize, dtype=sig.dtype)
-    else:
-        # Random noise intensity
-        if amount is None:
-            amount = RANDOM.uniform(0.1, 0.5)
-        # Create Gaussian noise
-        try:
-            noise = RANDOM.normal(loc=min(sig) * amount, scale=max(sig) * amount, size=chunksize).astype(sig.dtype)
-        except:
-            noise = np.zeros(shape=chunksize, dtype=sig.dtype)
-    data = np.concatenate((sig, noise))
-
-    # Split signal with overlap
-    sig_splits = []
-    for i in range(0, 1 + lastchunkpos, stepsize):
-        sig_splits.append(data[i : i + chunksize])
-
-    return sig_splits
-
-
-def crop_center(sig, rate, seconds):
-    """Crop signal to center.
-
-    Args:
-        sig: The original signal.
-        rate: The sampling rate.
-        seconds: The length of the signal.
-
-    Returns:
-        The cropped signal.
-    """
-    if len(sig) > int(seconds * rate):
-        start = int((len(sig) - int(seconds * rate)) / 2)
-        end = start + int(seconds * rate)
-        sig = sig[start:end]
-
-    # Pad with noise
-    else:
-        sig = pad(sig, seconds, rate, 0.5)
-
-    return sig
-
-def smart_crop_signal(sig, rate, sig_length, sig_overlap, sig_minlen):
-    """Smart crop audio signal based on peak detection.
-    
-    This function analyzes the audio signal to find peaks in energy/amplitude,
-    which are more likely to contain relevant target signals (e.g., bird calls).
-    Only the audio segments with the highest energy peaks are returned.
-    
-    Args:
-        sig: The audio signal.
-        rate: The sample rate of the audio signal.
-        sig_length: The desired length of each snippet in seconds.
-        sig_overlap: The overlap between snippets in seconds.
-        sig_minlen: The minimum length of a snippet in seconds.
-        
-    Returns:
-        A list of audio snippets with the highest energy/peaks.
-    """
-    
-    # If signal is too short, just return it
-    if len(sig) / rate <= sig_length:
-        return [sig]
-        
-    # Calculate the window size in samples
-    window_size = int(sig_length * rate)
-    hop_size = int((sig_length - sig_overlap) * rate)
-    
-    # Split the signal into overlapping windows
-    splits = split_signal(sig, rate, sig_length, sig_overlap, sig_minlen)
-    
-    if len(splits) <= 1:
-        return splits
-    
-    # Calculate energy for each window
-    energies = []
-    for split in splits:
-        # Calculate RMS energy
-        energy = np.sqrt(np.mean(split**2))
-        # Also consider peak values
-        peak = np.max(np.abs(split))
-        # Combine both metrics
-        energies.append(energy * 0.7 + peak * 0.3)  # Weighted combination
-    
-    # Find peaks in the energy curve
-    # Smooth energies first to avoid small fluctuations
-    smoothed_energies = np.convolve(energies, np.ones(3)/3, mode='same')
-    peaks, _ = find_peaks(smoothed_energies, height=np.mean(smoothed_energies), distance=2)
-    
-    # If no clear peaks found, fall back to selecting top energy segments
-    if len(peaks) < 2:
-        # Sort segments by energy and take top segments (up to 3 or 1/3 of total, whichever is more)
-        num_segments = max(3, len(splits) // 3)
-        indices = np.argsort(energies)[-num_segments:]
-        return [splits[i] for i in sorted(indices)]
-    
-    # Return the audio segments corresponding to the peaks
-    peak_splits = [splits[i] for i in peaks]
-    
-    # If we have too many peaks, select the strongest ones
-    if len(peak_splits) > 5:
-        peak_energies = [energies[i] for i in peaks]
-        sorted_indices = np.argsort(peak_energies)[::-1]  # Sort in descending order
-        peak_splits = [peak_splits[i] for i in sorted_indices[:5]]  # Take top 5
-        
-    return peak_splits
-
-
-def bandpass(sig, rate, fmin, fmax, order=5):
-    """
-    Apply a bandpass filter to the input signal.
-
-    Args:
-        sig (numpy.ndarray): The input signal to be filtered.
-        rate (int): The sampling rate of the input signal.
-        fmin (float): The minimum frequency for the bandpass filter.
-        fmax (float): The maximum frequency for the bandpass filter.
-        order (int, optional): The order of the filter. Default is 5.
-
-    Returns:
-        numpy.ndarray: The filtered signal as a float32 array.
-    """
-    # Check if we have to bandpass at all
-    if fmin == cfg.SIG_FMIN and fmax == cfg.SIG_FMAX or fmin > fmax:
-        return sig
-
-    from scipy.signal import butter, lfilter
-
-    nyquist = 0.5 * rate
-
-    # Highpass?
-    if fmin > cfg.SIG_FMIN and fmax == cfg.SIG_FMAX:
-        low = fmin / nyquist
-        b, a = butter(order, low, btype="high")
-        sig = lfilter(b, a, sig)
-
-    # Lowpass?
-    elif fmin == cfg.SIG_FMIN and fmax < cfg.SIG_FMAX:
-        high = fmax / nyquist
-        b, a = butter(order, high, btype="low")
-        sig = lfilter(b, a, sig)
-
-    # Bandpass?
-    elif fmin > cfg.SIG_FMIN and fmax < cfg.SIG_FMAX:
-        low = fmin / nyquist
-        high = fmax / nyquist
-        b, a = butter(order, [low, high], btype="band")
-        sig = lfilter(b, a, sig)
-
-    return sig.astype("float32")
-
-
-# Raven is using Kaiser window FIR filter, so we try to emulate it.
-# Raven uses the Window method for FIR filter design.
-# A Kaiser window is used with a default transition bandwidth of 0.02 times
-# the Nyquist frequency and a default stop band attenuation of 100 dB.
-# For a complete description of this method, see Discrete-Time Signal Processing
-# (Second Edition), by Alan Oppenheim, Ronald Schafer, and John Buck, Prentice Hall 1998, pp. 474-476.
-def bandpass_kaiser_fir(sig, rate, fmin, fmax, width=0.02, stopband_attenuation_db=100):
-    """
-    Applies a bandpass filter to the given signal using a Kaiser window FIR filter.
-    Args:
-        sig (numpy.ndarray): The input signal to be filtered.
-        rate (int): The sample rate of the input signal.
-        fmin (float): The minimum frequency of the bandpass filter.
-        fmax (float): The maximum frequency of the bandpass filter.
-        width (float, optional): The transition width of the filter. Default is 0.02.
-        stopband_attenuation_db (float, optional): The desired attenuation in the stopband, in decibels. Default is 100.
-    Returns:
-        numpy.ndarray: The filtered signal as a float32 numpy array.
-    """
-    # Check if we have to bandpass at all
-    if fmin == cfg.SIG_FMIN and fmax == cfg.SIG_FMAX or fmin > fmax:
-        return sig
-
-    nyquist = 0.5 * rate
-
-    # Calculate the order and Kaiser parameter for the desired specifications.
-    N, beta = kaiserord(stopband_attenuation_db, width)
-
-    # Highpass?
-    if fmin > cfg.SIG_FMIN and fmax == cfg.SIG_FMAX:
-        low = fmin / nyquist
-        taps = firwin(N, low, window=("kaiser", beta), pass_zero=False)
-
-    # Lowpass?
-    elif fmin == cfg.SIG_FMIN and fmax < cfg.SIG_FMAX:
-        high = fmax / nyquist
-        taps = firwin(N, high, window=("kaiser", beta), pass_zero=True)
-
-    # Bandpass?
-    elif fmin > cfg.SIG_FMIN and fmax < cfg.SIG_FMAX:
-        low = fmin / nyquist
-        high = fmax / nyquist
-        taps = firwin(N, [low, high], window=("kaiser", beta), pass_zero=False)
-
-    # Apply the filter to the signal.
-    sig = lfilter(taps, 1.0, sig)
-
-    return sig.astype("float32")
+"""Module containing audio helper functions."""
+
+import librosa
+import numpy as np
+import soundfile as sf
+from scipy.signal import find_peaks, firwin, kaiserord, lfilter
+
+import birdnet_analyzer.config as cfg
+
+RANDOM = np.random.RandomState(cfg.RANDOM_SEED)
+
+
+def open_audio_file(path: str, sample_rate=48000, offset=0.0, duration=None, fmin=None, fmax=None, speed=1.0):
+    """Open an audio file.
+
+    Opens an audio file with librosa and the given settings.
+
+    Args:
+        path: Path to the audio file.
+        sample_rate: The sample rate at which the file should be processed.
+        offset: The starting offset.
+        duration: Maximum duration of the loaded content.
+        fmin: Minimum frequency for bandpass filter.
+        fmax: Maximum frequency for bandpass filter.
+        speed: Speed factor for audio playback.
+
+    Returns:
+        Returns the audio time series and the sampling rate.
+    """
+    # Open file with librosa (uses ffmpeg or libav)
+    if speed == 1.0:
+        sig, rate = librosa.load(
+            path, sr=sample_rate, offset=offset, duration=duration, mono=True, res_type="kaiser_fast"
+        )
+
+    else:
+        # Load audio with original sample rate
+        sig, rate = librosa.load(path, sr=None, offset=offset, duration=duration, mono=True)
+
+        # Resample with "fake" sample rate
+        sig = librosa.resample(sig, orig_sr=int(rate * speed), target_sr=sample_rate, res_type="kaiser_fast")
+        rate = sample_rate
+
+    # Bandpass filter
+    if fmin is not None and fmax is not None:
+        sig = bandpass(sig, rate, fmin, fmax)
+        # sig = bandpassKaiserFIR(sig, rate, fmin, fmax)
+
+    return sig, rate
+
+
+def get_audio_file_length(path):
+    """
+    Get the length of an audio file in seconds.
+
+    Args:
+        path (str): The file path to the audio file.
+
+    Returns:
+        float: The duration of the audio file in seconds.
+    """
+    # Open file with librosa (uses ffmpeg or libav)
+
+    return librosa.get_duration(filename=path, sr=None)
+
+
+def get_sample_rate(path: str):
+    """
+    Get the sample rate of an audio file.
+
+    Args:
+        path (str): The file path to the audio file.
+
+    Returns:
+        int: The sample rate of the audio file.
+    """
+    return librosa.get_samplerate(path)
+
+
+def save_signal(sig, fname: str, rate=48000):
+    """Saves a signal to file.
+
+    Args:
+        sig: The signal to be saved.
+        fname: The file path.
+
+    Returns:
+        None
+    """
+
+    sf.write(fname, sig, rate, "PCM_16")
+
+
+def pad(sig, seconds, srate, amount=None):
+    """Creates a noise vector with the given shape.
+
+    Args:
+        sig: The original audio signal.
+        shape: Shape of the noise.
+        amount: The noise intensity.
+
+    Returns:
+        An numpy array of noise with the given shape.
+    """
+
+    target_len = int(srate * seconds)
+
+    if len(sig) < target_len:
+        noise_shape = target_len - len(sig)
+
+        if not cfg.USE_NOISE:
+            noise = np.zeros(noise_shape, dtype=sig.dtype)
+        else:
+            # Random noise intensity
+            if amount is None:
+                amount = RANDOM.uniform(0.1, 0.5)
+
+            # Create Gaussian noise
+            try:
+                noise = RANDOM.normal(min(sig) * amount, max(sig) * amount, noise_shape).astype(sig.dtype)
+            except:
+                noise = np.zeros(noise_shape, dtype=sig.dtype)
+
+        return np.concatenate((sig, noise))
+
+    return sig
+
+
+def split_signal(sig, rate, seconds, overlap, minlen, amount=None):
+    """Split signal with overlap.
+
+    Args:
+        sig: The original signal to be split.
+        rate: The sampling rate.
+        seconds: The duration of a segment.
+        overlap: The overlapping seconds of segments.
+        minlen: Minimum length of a split.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of splits.
+    """
+
+    # Split signal to chunks of duration with overlap, whereas each chunk still has minimum duration of signal
+    if rate is None or rate <= 0:
+        rate = cfg.SAMPLE_RATE
+    if seconds is None or seconds <= 0:
+        seconds = cfg.SIG_LENGTH
+    if overlap is None or overlap < 0:
+        overlap = cfg.SIG_OVERLAP
+    if minlen is None or minlen <= 0 or minlen > seconds:
+        minlen = cfg.SIG_MINLEN
+
+    # Make sure overlap is smaller then signal duration
+    if overlap >= seconds:
+        overlap = seconds - 0.01
+
+    # Number of frames per chunk, per step and per minimum signal
+    chunksize = int(rate * seconds)
+    stepsize = int(rate * (seconds - overlap))
+    minsize = int(rate * minlen)
+
+    # Start of last chunk
+    lastchunkpos = int((sig.size - chunksize + stepsize - 1) / stepsize) * stepsize
+    # Make sure at least one chunk is returned
+    if lastchunkpos < 0:
+        lastchunkpos = 0
+    # Omit last chunk if minimum signal duration is underrun
+    elif sig.size - lastchunkpos < minsize:
+        lastchunkpos = lastchunkpos - stepsize
+
+    # Append noise or empty signal of chunk duration, so all splits have desired length
+    if not cfg.USE_NOISE:
+        noise = np.zeros(shape=chunksize, dtype=sig.dtype)
+    else:
+        # Random noise intensity
+        if amount is None:
+            amount = RANDOM.uniform(0.1, 0.5)
+        # Create Gaussian noise
+        try:
+            noise = RANDOM.normal(loc=min(sig) * amount, scale=max(sig) * amount, size=chunksize).astype(sig.dtype)
+        except:
+            noise = np.zeros(shape=chunksize, dtype=sig.dtype)
+    data = np.concatenate((sig, noise))
+
+    # Split signal with overlap
+    sig_splits = []
+    sig_splits.extend(data[i : i + chunksize] for i in range(0, lastchunkpos, stepsize))
+
+    return sig_splits
+
+
+def crop_center(sig, rate, seconds):
+    """Crop signal to center.
+
+    Args:
+        sig: The original signal.
+        rate: The sampling rate.
+        seconds: The length of the signal.
+
+    Returns:
+        The cropped signal.
+    """
+    if len(sig) > int(seconds * rate):
+        start = int((len(sig) - int(seconds * rate)) / 2)
+        end = start + int(seconds * rate)
+        sig = sig[start:end]
+
+    # Pad with noise
+    else:
+        sig = pad(sig, seconds, rate, 0.5)
+
+    return sig
+
+
+def smart_crop_signal(sig, rate, sig_length, sig_overlap, sig_minlen):
+    """Smart crop audio signal based on peak detection.
+
+    This function analyzes the audio signal to find peaks in energy/amplitude,
+    which are more likely to contain relevant target signals (e.g., bird calls).
+    Only the audio segments with the highest energy peaks are returned.
+
+    Args:
+        sig: The audio signal.
+        rate: The sample rate of the audio signal.
+        sig_length: The desired length of each snippet in seconds.
+        sig_overlap: The overlap between snippets in seconds.
+        sig_minlen: The minimum length of a snippet in seconds.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of audio snippets with the highest energy/peaks.
+    """
+
+    # If signal is too short, just return it
+    if len(sig) / rate <= sig_length:
+        return [sig]
+
+    # Split the signal into overlapping windows
+    splits = split_signal(sig, rate, sig_length, sig_overlap, sig_minlen)
+
+    if len(splits) <= 1:
+        return splits
+
+    # Calculate energy for each window
+    energies = []
+    for split in splits:
+        # Calculate RMS energy
+        energy = np.sqrt(np.mean(split**2))
+        # Also consider peak values
+        peak = np.max(np.abs(split))
+        # Combine both metrics
+        energies.append(energy * 0.7 + peak * 0.3)  # Weighted combination
+
+    # Find peaks in the energy curve
+    # Smooth energies first to avoid small fluctuations
+    smoothed_energies = np.convolve(energies, np.ones(3) / 3, mode="same")
+    peaks, _ = find_peaks(smoothed_energies, height=np.mean(smoothed_energies), distance=2)
+
+    # If no clear peaks found, fall back to selecting top energy segments
+    if len(peaks) < 2:
+        # Sort segments by energy and take top segments (up to 3 or 1/3 of total, whichever is more)
+        num_segments = max(3, len(splits) // 3)
+        indices = np.argsort(energies)[-num_segments:]
+        return [splits[i] for i in sorted(indices)]
+
+    # Return the audio segments corresponding to the peaks
+    peak_splits = [splits[i] for i in peaks]
+
+    # If we have too many peaks, select the strongest ones
+    if len(peak_splits) > 5:
+        peak_energies = [energies[i] for i in peaks]
+        sorted_indices = np.argsort(peak_energies)[::-1]  # Sort in descending order
+        peak_splits = [peak_splits[i] for i in sorted_indices[:5]]  # Take top 5
+
+    return peak_splits
+
+
+def bandpass(sig, rate, fmin, fmax, order=5):
+    """
+    Apply a bandpass filter to the input signal.
+
+    Args:
+        sig (numpy.ndarray): The input signal to be filtered.
+        rate (int): The sampling rate of the input signal.
+        fmin (float): The minimum frequency for the bandpass filter.
+        fmax (float): The maximum frequency for the bandpass filter.
+        order (int, optional): The order of the filter. Default is 5.
+
+    Returns:
+        numpy.ndarray: The filtered signal as a float32 array.
+    """
+    # Check if we have to bandpass at all
+    if (fmin == cfg.SIG_FMIN and fmax == cfg.SIG_FMAX) or fmin > fmax:
+        return sig
+
+    from scipy.signal import butter, lfilter
+
+    nyquist = 0.5 * rate
+
+    # Highpass?
+    if fmin > cfg.SIG_FMIN and fmax == cfg.SIG_FMAX:
+        low = fmin / nyquist
+        b, a = butter(order, low, btype="high")
+        sig = lfilter(b, a, sig)
+
+    # Lowpass?
+    elif fmin == cfg.SIG_FMIN and fmax < cfg.SIG_FMAX:
+        high = fmax / nyquist
+        b, a = butter(order, high, btype="low")
+        sig = lfilter(b, a, sig)
+
+    # Bandpass?
+    elif fmin > cfg.SIG_FMIN and fmax < cfg.SIG_FMAX:
+        low = fmin / nyquist
+        high = fmax / nyquist
+        b, a = butter(order, [low, high], btype="band")
+        sig = lfilter(b, a, sig)
+
+    return sig.astype("float32")
+
+
+# Raven is using Kaiser window FIR filter, so we try to emulate it.
+# Raven uses the Window method for FIR filter design.
+# A Kaiser window is used with a default transition bandwidth of 0.02 times
+# the Nyquist frequency and a default stop band attenuation of 100 dB.
+# For a complete description of this method, see Discrete-Time Signal Processing
+# (Second Edition), by Alan Oppenheim, Ronald Schafer, and John Buck, Prentice Hall 1998, pp. 474-476.
+def bandpass_kaiser_fir(sig, rate, fmin, fmax, width=0.02, stopband_attenuation_db=100):
+    """
+    Applies a bandpass filter to the given signal using a Kaiser window FIR filter.
+    Args:
+        sig (numpy.ndarray): The input signal to be filtered.
+        rate (int): The sample rate of the input signal.
+        fmin (float): The minimum frequency of the bandpass filter.
+        fmax (float): The maximum frequency of the bandpass filter.
+        width (float, optional): The transition width of the filter. Default is 0.02.
+        stopband_attenuation_db (float, optional): The desired attenuation in the stopband, in decibels. Default is 100.
+    Returns:
+        numpy.ndarray: The filtered signal as a float32 numpy array.
+    """
+    # Check if we have to bandpass at all
+    if (fmin == cfg.SIG_FMIN and fmax == cfg.SIG_FMAX) or fmin > fmax:
+        return sig
+
+    nyquist = 0.5 * rate
+
+    # Calculate the order and Kaiser parameter for the desired specifications.
+    N, beta = kaiserord(stopband_attenuation_db, width)
+
+    # Highpass?
+    if fmin > cfg.SIG_FMIN and fmax == cfg.SIG_FMAX:
+        low = fmin / nyquist
+        taps = firwin(N, low, window=("kaiser", beta), pass_zero=False)
+
+    # Lowpass?
+    elif fmin == cfg.SIG_FMIN and fmax < cfg.SIG_FMAX:
+        high = fmax / nyquist
+        taps = firwin(N, high, window=("kaiser", beta), pass_zero=True)
+
+    # Bandpass?
+    elif fmin > cfg.SIG_FMIN and fmax < cfg.SIG_FMAX:
+        low = fmin / nyquist
+        high = fmax / nyquist
+        taps = firwin(N, [low, high], window=("kaiser", beta), pass_zero=False)
+
+    # Apply the filter to the signal.
+    sig = lfilter(taps, 1.0, sig)
+
+    return sig.astype("float32")