anuga 1.3.5__zip

Users/steve/Miniconda/envs/anuga/Lib/site-packages/anuga/culvert_flows/new_culvert_class.py

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+import sys
+
+from anuga.shallow_water.forcing import Inflow, General_forcing
+from anuga.culvert_flows.culvert_polygons import create_culvert_polygons
+from anuga.utilities.system_tools import log_to_file
+from anuga.geometry.polygon import inside_polygon, is_inside_polygon, plot_polygons
+
+from anuga.utilities.numerical_tools import mean
+from anuga.utilities.numerical_tools import ensure_numeric, sign
+        
+from anuga.config import g, epsilon
+from anuga.config import minimum_allowed_height, velocity_protection        
+import anuga.utilities.log as log
+
+import numpy as num
+from math import sqrt
+from math import sqrt
+
+class Below_interval(Exception): pass 
+class Above_interval(Exception): pass
+
+# FIXME(Ole): Take a good hard look at logging here
+
+
+# FIXME(Ole): Write in C and reuse this function by similar code 
+# in interpolate.py
+def interpolate_linearly(x, xvec, yvec):
+
+    msg = 'Input to function interpolate_linearly could not be converted '
+    msg += 'to numerical scalar: x = %s' % str(x)
+    try:
+        x = float(x)
+    except:
+        raise Exception(msg)
+
+
+    # Check bounds
+    if x < xvec[0]: 
+        msg = 'Value provided = %.2f, interpolation minimum = %.2f.'\
+            % (x, xvec[0])
+        raise Below_interval(msg)
+        
+    if x > xvec[-1]: 
+        msg = 'Value provided = %.2f, interpolation maximum = %.2f.'\
+            %(x, xvec[-1])
+        raise Above_interval(msg)
+        
+        
+    # Find appropriate slot within bounds            
+    i = 0
+    while x > xvec[i]: i += 1
+
+    
+    x0 = xvec[i-1]
+    x1 = xvec[i]            
+    alpha = (x - x0)/(x1 - x0) 
+            
+    y0 = yvec[i-1]
+    y1 = yvec[i]                        
+    y = alpha*y1 + (1-alpha)*y0
+    
+    return y 
+            
+
+            
+def read_culvert_description(culvert_description_filename):            
+    
+    # Read description file
+    fid = open(culvert_description_filename)
+    
+    read_rating_curve_data = False        
+    rating_curve = []
+    for i, line in enumerate(fid.readlines()):
+        
+        if read_rating_curve_data is True:
+            fields = line.split(',')
+            head_difference = float(fields[0].strip())
+            flow_rate = float(fields[1].strip())                
+            barrel_velocity = float(fields[2].strip())
+            
+            rating_curve.append([head_difference, flow_rate, barrel_velocity]) 
+        
+        if i == 0:
+            # Header
+            continue
+        if i == 1:
+            # Metadata
+            fields = line.split(',')
+            label=fields[0].strip()
+            type=fields[1].strip().lower()
+            assert type in ['box', 'pipe']
+            
+            width=float(fields[2].strip())
+            height=float(fields[3].strip())
+            length=float(fields[4].strip())
+            number_of_barrels=int(fields[5].strip())
+            #fields[6] refers to losses
+            description=fields[7].strip()                
+                
+        if line.strip() == '': continue # Skip blanks
+
+        if line.startswith('Rating'):
+            read_rating_curve_data = True
+            # Flow data follows
+                
+    fid.close()
+    
+    return label, type, width, height, length, number_of_barrels, description, rating_curve
+    
+
+    
+
+class Culvert_flow_general:
+    """Culvert flow - transfer water from one hole to another
+    
+    This version will work with either rating curve file or with culvert
+    routine.
+    
+    Input: Two points, pipe_size (either diameter or width, height), 
+    mannings_rougness,
+    """	
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 domain,
+                 culvert_description_filename=None,
+                 culvert_routine=None,
+                 end_point0=None, 
+                 end_point1=None,
+                 enquiry_point0=None, 
+                 enquiry_point1=None,
+                 type='box',
+                 width=None,
+                 height=None,
+                 length=None,
+                 number_of_barrels=1,
+                 number_of_smoothing_steps=2000,
+                 trigger_depth=0.01, # Depth below which no flow happens
+                 manning=None,          # Mannings Roughness for Culvert 
+                 sum_loss=None,
+                 use_velocity_head=False, # FIXME(Ole): Get rid of - always True
+                 use_momentum_jet=False, # FIXME(Ole): Not yet implemented
+                 label=None,
+                 description=None,
+                 update_interval=None,
+                 log_file=False,
+                 discharge_hydrograph=False,
+                 verbose=False):
+        
+
+        
+        # Input check
+        
+        if height is None: height = width
+        
+        assert number_of_barrels >= 1
+        assert use_velocity_head is True or use_velocity_head is False
+        
+        #msg = 'Momentum jet not yet moved to general culvert'
+        #assert use_momentum_jet is False, msg
+        self.use_momentum_jet = use_momentum_jet
+ 
+        self.culvert_routine = culvert_routine        
+        self.culvert_description_filename = culvert_description_filename
+        if culvert_description_filename is not None:
+            label, type, width, height, length, number_of_barrels, description, rating_curve = read_culvert_description(culvert_description_filename)
+            self.rating_curve = ensure_numeric(rating_curve)            
+
+        self.height = height
+        self.width = width
+
+        
+        self.domain = domain
+        self.trigger_depth = trigger_depth        
+                
+        if manning is None: 
+            self.manning = 0.012   # Default roughness for pipe
+        
+        if sum_loss is None:
+            self.sum_loss = 0.0
+            
+        
+                        
+        # Store culvert information
+        self.label = label
+        self.description = description
+        self.culvert_type = type
+        self.number_of_barrels = number_of_barrels
+        
+        # Store options        
+        self.use_velocity_head = use_velocity_head
+
+        if label is None: label = 'culvert_flow'
+        label += '_' + str(id(self)) 
+        self.label = label
+        
+        # File for storing discharge_hydrograph
+        if discharge_hydrograph is True:
+            self.timeseries_filename = label + '_timeseries.csv'
+            fid = open(self.timeseries_filename, 'w')
+            fid.write('time, discharge\n')
+            fid.close()
+
+        # Log file for storing general textual output
+        if log_file is True:        
+            self.log_filename = label + '.log'         
+            log_to_file(self.log_filename, self.label)        
+            log_to_file(self.log_filename, description)
+            log_to_file(self.log_filename, self.culvert_type)        
+        else:
+            self.log_filename = None
+
+
+        # Create the fundamental culvert polygons from polygon
+        P = create_culvert_polygons(end_point0,
+                                    end_point1,
+                                    width=width,   
+                                    height=height,
+                                    number_of_barrels=number_of_barrels)
+        self.culvert_polygons = P
+        
+        # Select enquiry points
+        if enquiry_point0 is None:
+            enquiry_point0 = P['enquiry_point0']
+            
+        if enquiry_point1 is None:
+            enquiry_point1 = P['enquiry_point1']            
+            
+        if verbose is True:
+            pass
+            #plot_polygons([[end_point0, end_point1],
+            #               P['exchange_polygon0'],
+            #               P['exchange_polygon1'],
+            #               [enquiry_point0, 1.005*enquiry_point0],
+            #               [enquiry_point1, 1.005*enquiry_point1]],
+            #              figname='culvert_polygon_output')
+
+            
+            
+        self.enquiry_points = [enquiry_point0, enquiry_point1]
+        self.enquiry_indices = self.get_enquiry_indices()                  
+        self.check_culvert_inside_domain()
+        
+                    
+        # Create inflow object at each end of the culvert. 
+        self.openings = []
+        self.openings.append(Inflow(domain,
+                                    polygon=P['exchange_polygon0']))
+        self.openings.append(Inflow(domain,
+                                    polygon=P['exchange_polygon1']))
+                                    
+        # Assume two openings for now: Referred to as 0 and 1
+        assert len(self.openings) == 2
+
+        # Establish initial values at each enquiry point
+        dq = domain.quantities 
+        for i, opening in enumerate(self.openings):
+            idx = self.enquiry_indices[i]
+            elevation = dq['elevation'].get_values(location='centroids',
+                                                   indices=[idx])[0]
+            stage = dq['stage'].get_values(location='centroids',
+                                           indices=[idx])[0]
+            opening.elevation = elevation
+            opening.stage = stage
+            opening.depth = stage-elevation
+
+            
+                            
+        # Determine initial pipe direction.
+        # This may change dynamically based on the total energy difference     
+        # Consequently, this may be superfluous
+        delta_z = self.openings[0].elevation - self.openings[1].elevation
+        if delta_z > 0.0:
+            self.inlet = self.openings[0]
+            self.outlet = self.openings[1]
+        else:                
+            self.outlet = self.openings[0]
+            self.inlet = self.openings[1]        
+        
+        
+        # Store basic geometry 
+        self.end_points = [end_point0, end_point1]
+        self.vector = P['vector']
+        self.length = P['length']; assert self.length > 0.0
+        if culvert_description_filename is not None:
+            if not num.allclose(self.length, length, rtol=1.0e-2, atol=1.0e-2):
+                msg = 'WARNING: barrel length specified in "%s" (%.2f m)'\
+                    % (culvert_description_filename, 
+                       length)
+                msg += ' does not match distance between specified'
+                msg += ' end points (%.2f m)' %self.length
+                log.critical(msg)
+        
+        self.verbose = verbose
+
+        # Circular index for flow averaging in culvert
+        self.N = N = number_of_smoothing_steps
+        self.Q_list = [0]*N
+        self.i = i
+        
+        # For use with update_interval                        
+        self.last_update = 0.0
+        self.update_interval = update_interval
+        
+        # Create objects to update momentum (a bit crude at this stage). This is used with the momentum jet.
+        xmom0 = General_forcing(domain, 'xmomentum',
+                                polygon=P['exchange_polygon0'])
+
+        xmom1 = General_forcing(domain, 'xmomentum',
+                                polygon=P['exchange_polygon1'])
+
+        ymom0 = General_forcing(domain, 'ymomentum',
+                                polygon=P['exchange_polygon0'])
+
+        ymom1 = General_forcing(domain, 'ymomentum',
+                                polygon=P['exchange_polygon1'])
+
+        self.opening_momentum = [[xmom0, ymom0], [xmom1, ymom1]]
+
+
+
+        # Print some diagnostics to log if requested
+        if self.log_filename is not None:
+            s = 'Culvert Effective Length = %.2f m' %(self.length)
+            log_to_file(self.log_filename, s)
+   
+            s = 'Culvert Direction is %s\n' %str(self.vector)
+            log_to_file(self.log_filename, s)        
+        
+        
+        
+        
+        
+    def __call__(self, domain):
+
+        # Time stuff
+        time = domain.get_time()
+        
+        
+        update = False
+        if self.update_interval is None:
+            # Use next timestep as has been computed in domain.py        
+            delta_t = domain.timestep            
+            update = True
+        else:    
+            # Use update interval 
+            delta_t = self.update_interval            
+            if time - self.last_update > self.update_interval or time == 0.0:
+                update = True
+            
+        if self.log_filename is not None:        
+            s = '\nTime = %.2f, delta_t = %f' %(time, delta_t)
+            log_to_file(self.log_filename, s)
+                
+                                
+        if update is True:
+            self.compute_rates(delta_t)
+            
+    
+        # Execute flow term for each opening
+        # This is where Inflow objects are evaluated using the last rate 
+        # that has been calculated
+        # 
+        # This will take place at every internal timestep and update the domain
+        stable_timestep = domain.get_evolve_max_timestep()
+        for opening in self.openings:
+            stable_timestep = min(opening(domain), stable_timestep)
+
+        return stable_timestep
+            
+
+
+    def get_enquiry_indices(self):
+        """Get indices for nearest centroids to self.enquiry_points
+        """
+        
+        domain = self.domain
+        
+        enquiry_indices = []                  
+        for point in self.enquiry_points:
+            # Find nearest centroid 
+            N = len(domain)    
+            points = domain.get_centroid_coordinates(absolute=True)
+
+            # Calculate indices in exchange area for this forcing term
+            
+            triangle_id = min_dist = sys.maxint
+            for k in range(N):
+                x, y = points[k,:] # Centroid
+
+                c = point                                
+                distance = (x-c[0])**2+(y-c[1])**2
+                if distance < min_dist:
+                    min_dist = distance
+                    triangle_id = k
+
+                    
+            if triangle_id < sys.maxint:
+                msg = 'found triangle with centroid (%f, %f)'\
+                    %tuple(points[triangle_id, :])
+                msg += ' for point (%f, %f)' %tuple(point)
+                
+                enquiry_indices.append(triangle_id)
+            else:
+                msg = 'Triangle not found for point (%f, %f)' %point
+                raise Exception(msg)
+        
+        return enquiry_indices
+
+        
+    def check_culvert_inside_domain(self):
+        """Check that all polygons and enquiry points lie within the mesh.
+        """
+        bounding_polygon = self.domain.get_boundary_polygon()
+        P = self.culvert_polygons
+        for key in P.keys():
+            if key in ['exchange_polygon0', 
+                       'exchange_polygon1']:
+                for point in list(P[key]) + self.enquiry_points:
+                    msg = 'Point %s in polygon %s for culvert %s did not'\
+                        %(str(point), key, self.label)
+                    msg += 'fall within the domain boundary.'
+                    assert is_inside_polygon(point, bounding_polygon), msg
+            
+
+    def adjust_flow_for_available_water_at_inlet(self, Q, delta_t):
+        """Adjust Q downwards depending on available water at inlet
+
+           This is a critical step in modelling bridges and Culverts
+           the predicted flow through a structure based on an abstract
+           algorithm can at times request for water that is simply not
+           available due to any number of constrictions that limit the
+           flow approaching the structure In order to ensure that
+           there is adequate flow available certain checks are
+           required There needs to be a check using the Static Water
+           Volume sitting infront of the structure, In addition if the
+           water is moving the available water will be larger than the
+           static volume
+           
+           NOTE To temporarily switch this off for Debugging purposes
+           rem out line in function def compute_rates below
+        """
+    
+        if delta_t < epsilon:
+            # No need to adjust if time step is very small or zero
+            # In this case the possible flow will be very large
+            # anyway.
+            return Q
+        
+        # Short hands
+        domain = self.domain        
+        dq = domain.quantities                
+        time = domain.get_time()
+        I = self.inlet
+        idx = I.exchange_indices    
+
+        # Find triangle with the smallest depth
+        stage = dq['stage'].get_values(location='centroids', 
+                                               indices=[idx])
+        elevation = dq['elevation'].get_values(location='centroids', 
+                                               indices=[idx])        
+        depth = stage-elevation
+        min_depth = min(depth.flat)  # This may lead to errors if edge of area is at a higher level !!!!
+        avg_depth = mean(depth.flat) # Yes, but this one violates the conservation unit tests
+
+
+
+        # FIXME (Ole): If you want these, use log.critical() and
+        # make the statements depend on verbose
+        #print I.depth
+        #print I.velocity
+        #print self.width
+
+        # max_Q Based on Volume Calcs
+
+
+        depth_term = min_depth*I.exchange_area/delta_t
+        if min_depth < 0.2:
+            # Only add velocity term in shallow waters (< 20 cm)
+            # This is a little ad hoc, but maybe it is reasonable
+            velocity_term = self.width*min_depth*I.velocity
+        else:
+            velocity_term = 0.0
+
+        # This one takes approaching water into account    
+        max_Q = max(velocity_term, depth_term)
+
+        # This one preserves Volume
+        #max_Q = depth_term
+
+
+        if self.verbose is True:
+            log.critical('Max_Q = %f' % max_Q)            
+            msg = 'Width = %.2fm, Depth at inlet = %.2f m, Velocity = %.2f m/s.      ' % (self.width, I.depth, I.velocity)
+            msg += 'Max Q = %.2f m^3/s' %(max_Q)
+            log.critical(msg)
+
+        if self.log_filename is not None:                
+            log_to_file(self.log_filename, msg)
+        # New Procedure for assessing the flow available to the Culvert 
+        # This routine uses the GET FLOW THROUGH CROSS SECTION
+        #   Need to check Several Polyline however
+        # Firstly 3 sides of the exchange Poly
+        # then only the Line Directly infront of the Polygon
+        # Access polygon Points from   self.inlet.polygon
+      
+        #  The Following computes the flow crossing over 3 sides of the exchange polygon for the structure
+        # Clearly the flow in the culvert can not be more than that flowing toward it through the exhange polygon
+        
+        #q1 = domain.get_flow_through_cross_section(self.culvert_polygons['exchange_polygon0'][1:3]) # First Side Segment
+        #q2 = domain.get_flow_through_cross_section(self.culvert_polygons['exchange_polygon0'][2:])   # Second Face Segment
+        #q3 =domain.get_flow_through_cross_section(self.culvert_polygons['exchange_polygon0'].take([3,0], axis=0)) # Third Side Segment
+        # q4 = domain.get_flow_through_cross_section([self.culvert_polygons['exchange_polygon0'][1:4]][0])
+        #q4=max(q1,0.0)+max(q2,0.0)+max(q3,0.0)
+        # To use only the Flow crossing the 3 sides of the Exchange Polygon use the following Line Only
+        #max_Q=max(q1,q2,q3,q4)
+        # Try Simple Smoothing using Average of 2 approaches
+        #max_Q=(max(q1,q2,q3,q4)+max_Q)/2.0
+        # Calculate the minimum in absolute terms of
+        # the requsted flow and the possible flow
+        Q_reduced = sign(Q)*min(abs(Q), abs(max_Q))
+        if self.verbose is True:
+            msg = 'Initial Q Reduced = %.2f m3/s.      ' % (Q_reduced)
+            log.critical(msg)
+
+        if self.log_filename is not None:                
+            log_to_file(self.log_filename, msg)
+        # Now Keep Rolling Average of Computed Discharge to Reduce / Remove Oscillations
+        #  can use delta_t if we want to averageover a time frame for example
+        # N = 5.0/delta_t  Will provide the average over 5 seconds
+
+        self.i=(self.i+1)%self.N
+        self.Q_list[self.i]=Q_reduced
+        Q_reduced = sum(self.Q_list)/len(self.Q_list)
+
+        if self.verbose is True:
+            msg = 'Final Q Reduced = %.2f m3/s.      ' % (Q_reduced)
+            log.critical(msg)
+
+        if self.log_filename is not None:                
+            log_to_file(self.log_filename, msg)
+
+
+        if abs(Q_reduced) < abs(Q): 
+            msg = '%.2fs: Requested flow is ' % time
+            msg += 'greater than what is supported by the smallest '
+            msg += 'depth at inlet exchange area:\n        '
+            msg += 'inlet exchange area: %.2f '% (I.exchange_area) 
+            msg += 'velocity at inlet :%.2f '% (I.velocity)
+            msg += 'Vel* Exch Area = : %.2f '% (I.velocity*avg_depth*self.width)
+            msg += 'h_min*inlet_area/delta_t = %.2f*%.2f/%.2f '\
+                % (avg_depth, I.exchange_area, delta_t)
+            msg += ' = %.2f m^3/s\n        ' % Q_reduced
+            msg += 'Q will be reduced from %.2f m^3/s to %.2f m^3/s.' % (Q, Q_reduced)
+            msg += 'Note calculate max_Q from V %.2f m^3/s ' % (max_Q)
+            if self.verbose is True:
+                log.critical(msg)
+                
+            if self.log_filename is not None:                
+                log_to_file(self.log_filename, msg)
+        
+        return Q_reduced    
+                        
+            
+    def compute_rates(self, delta_t):
+        """Compute new rates for inlet and outlet
+        """
+
+        # Short hands
+        domain = self.domain        
+        dq = domain.quantities                
+        
+        # Time stuff
+        time = domain.get_time()
+        self.last_update = time
+
+            
+        if hasattr(self, 'log_filename'):
+            log_filename = self.log_filename
+            
+        # Compute stage, energy and velocity at the 
+        # enquiry points at each end of the culvert
+        openings = self.openings
+        for i, opening in enumerate(openings):
+            idx = self.enquiry_indices[i]                
+            
+            stage = dq['stage'].get_values(location='centroids',
+                                           indices=[idx])[0]
+            depth = h = stage-opening.elevation
+                                                           
+            
+            # Get velocity                                 
+            xmomentum = dq['xmomentum'].get_values(location='centroids',
+                                                   indices=[idx])[0]
+            ymomentum = dq['xmomentum'].get_values(location='centroids',
+                                                   indices=[idx])[0]
+
+            if h > minimum_allowed_height:
+                u = xmomentum/(h + velocity_protection/h)
+                v = ymomentum/(h + velocity_protection/h)
+            else:
+                u = v = 0.0
+                
+            v_squared = u*u + v*v
+            
+            if self.use_velocity_head is True:
+                velocity_head = 0.5*v_squared/g    
+            else:
+                velocity_head = 0.0
+            
+            opening.total_energy = velocity_head + stage
+            opening.specific_energy = velocity_head + depth
+            opening.stage = stage
+            opening.depth = depth
+            opening.velocity = sqrt(v_squared)
+            
+
+        # We now need to deal with each opening individually
+        # Determine flow direction based on total energy difference
+        delta_total_energy = openings[0].total_energy - openings[1].total_energy
+        if delta_total_energy > 0:
+            inlet = openings[0]
+            outlet = openings[1]
+
+            # FIXME: I think this whole momentum jet thing could be a bit more elegant
+            inlet.momentum = self.opening_momentum[0]
+            outlet.momentum = self.opening_momentum[1]
+        else:
+            inlet = openings[1]
+            outlet = openings[0]
+            
+            inlet.momentum = self.opening_momentum[1]
+            outlet.momentum = self.opening_momentum[0]
+
+            delta_total_energy = -delta_total_energy
+
+        self.inlet = inlet
+        self.outlet = outlet
+            
+        msg = 'Total energy difference is negative'
+        assert delta_total_energy >= 0.0, msg
+
+        # Recompute slope and issue warning if flow is uphill
+        # These values do not enter the computation
+        delta_z = inlet.elevation - outlet.elevation
+        culvert_slope = (delta_z/self.length)
+        if culvert_slope < 0.0:
+            # Adverse gradient - flow is running uphill
+            # Flow will be purely controlled by uphill outlet face
+            if self.verbose is True:
+                log.critical('%.2fs - WARNING: Flow is running uphill.' % time)
+            
+        if self.log_filename is not None:
+            s = 'Time=%.2f, inlet stage = %.2f, outlet stage = %.2f'\
+                %(time, self.inlet.stage, self.outlet.stage)
+            log_to_file(self.log_filename, s)
+            s = 'Delta total energy = %.3f' %(delta_total_energy)
+            log_to_file(log_filename, s)
+
+            
+        # Determine controlling energy (driving head) for culvert
+        if inlet.specific_energy > delta_total_energy:
+            # Outlet control
+            driving_head = delta_total_energy
+        else:
+            # Inlet control
+            driving_head = inlet.specific_energy
+            
+
+
+        if self.inlet.depth <= self.trigger_depth:
+            Q = 0.0
+        else:
+            # Calculate discharge for one barrel and 
+            # set inlet.rate and outlet.rate
+            
+            if self.culvert_description_filename is not None:
+                try:
+                    Q = interpolate_linearly(driving_head, 
+                                             self.rating_curve[:,0], 
+                                             self.rating_curve[:,1]) 
+                except Below_interval, e:
+                    Q = self.rating_curve[0,1]             
+                    msg = '%.2fs: ' % time 
+                    msg += 'Delta head smaller than rating curve minimum: '
+                    msg += str(e)
+                    msg += '\n        '
+                    msg += 'I will use minimum discharge %.2f m^3/s ' % Q
+                    msg += 'for culvert "%s"' % self.label
+                    
+                    if hasattr(self, 'log_filename'):                    
+                        log_to_file(self.log_filename, msg)
+                except Above_interval, e:
+                    Q = self.rating_curve[-1,1]          
+                    msg = '%.2fs: ' % time                 
+                    msg += 'Delta head greater than rating curve maximum: '
+                    msg += str(e)
+                    msg += '\n        '
+                    msg += 'I will use maximum discharge %.2f m^3/s ' % Q
+                    msg += 'for culvert "%s"' % self.label 
+                    
+                    if self.log_filename is not None:                    
+                        log_to_file(self.log_filename, msg)
+            else:
+                # User culvert routine
+                Q, barrel_velocity, culvert_outlet_depth =\
+                    self.culvert_routine(inlet.depth,
+                                         outlet.depth,
+                                         inlet.velocity,
+                                         outlet.velocity,
+                                         inlet.specific_energy, 
+                                         delta_total_energy, 
+                                         g,
+                                         culvert_length=self.length,
+                                         culvert_width=self.width,
+                                         culvert_height=self.height,
+                                         culvert_type=self.culvert_type,
+                                         manning=self.manning,
+                                         sum_loss=self.sum_loss,
+                                         log_filename=self.log_filename)
+            
+            
+        
+        # Adjust discharge for multiple barrels
+        Q *= self.number_of_barrels
+
+        # Adjust discharge for available water at the inlet
+        Q = self.adjust_flow_for_available_water_at_inlet(Q, delta_t)
+        
+        self.inlet.rate = -Q
+        self.outlet.rate = Q
+
+
+        # Momentum jet stuff
+        if self.use_momentum_jet is True:
+
+
+            # Compute barrel momentum
+            barrel_momentum = barrel_velocity*culvert_outlet_depth
+
+            if self.log_filename is not None:                                    
+                s = 'Barrel velocity = %f' %barrel_velocity
+                log_to_file(self.log_filename, s)
+
+            # Compute momentum vector at outlet
+            outlet_mom_x, outlet_mom_y = self.vector * barrel_momentum
+                
+            if self.log_filename is not None:                
+                s = 'Directional momentum = (%f, %f)' %(outlet_mom_x, outlet_mom_y)
+                log_to_file(self.log_filename, s)
+
+
+            # Update momentum        
+            if delta_t > 0.0:
+                xmomentum_rate = outlet_mom_x - outlet.momentum[0].value
+                xmomentum_rate /= delta_t
+                    
+                ymomentum_rate = outlet_mom_y - outlet.momentum[1].value
+                ymomentum_rate /= delta_t
+                        
+                if self.log_filename is not None:                
+                    s = 'X Y MOM_RATE = (%f, %f) ' %(xmomentum_rate, ymomentum_rate)
+                    log_to_file(self.log_filename, s)                    
+            else:
+                xmomentum_rate = ymomentum_rate = 0.0
+
+
+            # Set momentum rates for outlet jet
+            outlet.momentum[0].rate = xmomentum_rate
+            outlet.momentum[1].rate = ymomentum_rate
+
+            # Remember this value for next step (IMPORTANT)
+            outlet.momentum[0].value = outlet_mom_x
+            outlet.momentum[1].value = outlet_mom_y                    
+
+            if int(domain.time*100) % 100 == 0:
+
+                if self.log_filename is not None:                
+                    s = 'T=%.5f, Culvert Discharge = %.3f f'\
+                        %(time, Q)
+                    s += ' Depth= %0.3f  Momentum = (%0.3f, %0.3f)'\
+                        %(culvert_outlet_depth, outlet_mom_x,outlet_mom_y)
+                    s += ' Momentum rate: (%.4f, %.4f)'\
+                        %(xmomentum_rate, ymomentum_rate)                    
+                    s+='Outlet Vel= %.3f'\
+                        %(barrel_velocity)
+                    log_to_file(self.log_filename, s)
+
+
+            # Execute momentum terms
+            # This is where Inflow objects are evaluated and update the domain
+                self.outlet.momentum[0](domain)
+                self.outlet.momentum[1](domain)        
+            
+
+            
+        # Log timeseries to file
+        try:
+            fid = open(self.timeseries_filename, 'a')        
+        except:
+            pass
+        else:    
+            fid.write('%.2f, %.2f\n' %(time, Q))
+            fid.close()
+
+        # Store value of time
+        self.last_time = time
+
+
+            
+
+
+
+                            
+# OBSOLETE (Except for momentum jet in Culvert_flow_energy)    
+class Culvert_flow_rating:
+    """Culvert flow - transfer water from one hole to another
+    
+
+    Input: Two points, pipe_size (either diameter or width, height), 
+    mannings_rougness,
+    inlet/outlet energy_loss_coefficients, internal_bend_coefficent,
+    top-down_blockage_factor and bottom_up_blockage_factor
+    
+    """	
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 domain,
+                 culvert_description_filename=None,
+                 end_point0=None, 
+                 end_point1=None,
+                 enquiry_point0=None, 
+                 enquiry_point1=None,
+                 update_interval=None,
+                 log_file=False,
+                 discharge_hydrograph=False,
+                 verbose=False):
+        
+
+        
+        label, type, width, height, length, number_of_barrels, description, rating_curve = read_culvert_description(culvert_description_filename)
+        
+                
+        # Store culvert information
+        self.label = label
+        self.description = description
+        self.culvert_type = type
+        self.rating_curve = ensure_numeric(rating_curve)
+        self.number_of_barrels = number_of_barrels
+
+        if label is None: label = 'culvert_flow'
+        label += '_' + str(id(self)) 
+        self.label = label
+        
+        # File for storing discharge_hydrograph
+        if discharge_hydrograph is True:
+            self.timeseries_filename = label + '_timeseries.csv'
+            fid = open(self.timeseries_filename, 'w')
+            fid.write('time, discharge\n')
+            fid.close()
+
+        # Log file for storing general textual output
+        if log_file is True:        
+            self.log_filename = label + '.log'         
+            log_to_file(self.log_filename, self.label)        
+            log_to_file(self.log_filename, description)
+            log_to_file(self.log_filename, self.culvert_type)        
+
+
+        # Create the fundamental culvert polygons from POLYGON
+        #if self.culvert_type == 'circle':
+        #    # Redefine width and height for use with create_culvert_polygons
+        #    width = height = diameter
+        
+        P = create_culvert_polygons(end_point0,
+                                    end_point1,
+                                    width=width,   
+                                    height=height,
+                                    number_of_barrels=number_of_barrels)
+        
+        # Select enquiry points
+        if enquiry_point0 is None:
+            enquiry_point0 = P['enquiry_point0']
+            
+        if enquiry_point1 is None:
+            enquiry_point1 = P['enquiry_point1']            
+            
+        if verbose is True:
+            pass
+            #plot_polygons([[end_point0, end_point1],
+            #               P['exchange_polygon0'],
+            #               P['exchange_polygon1'],
+            #               [enquiry_point0, 1.005*enquiry_point0],
+            #               [enquiry_point1, 1.005*enquiry_point1]],                           
+            #              figname='culvert_polygon_output')
+
+            
+            
+        self.enquiry_points = [enquiry_point0, enquiry_point1]                           
+
+        self.enquiry_indices = []                  
+        for point in self.enquiry_points:
+            # Find nearest centroid 
+            N = len(domain)    
+            points = domain.get_centroid_coordinates(absolute=True)
+
+            # Calculate indices in exchange area for this forcing term
+            
+            triangle_id = min_dist = sys.maxint
+            for k in range(N):
+                x, y = points[k,:] # Centroid
+
+                c = point                                
+                distance = (x-c[0])**2+(y-c[1])**2
+                if distance < min_dist:
+                    min_dist = distance
+                    triangle_id = k
+
+                    
+            if triangle_id < sys.maxint:
+                msg = 'found triangle with centroid (%f, %f)'\
+                    %tuple(points[triangle_id, :])
+                msg += ' for point (%f, %f)' %tuple(point)
+                
+                self.enquiry_indices.append(triangle_id)
+            else:
+                msg = 'Triangle not found for point (%f, %f)' %point
+                raise Exception(msg)
+        
+                          
+
+        # Check that all polygons lie within the mesh.
+        bounding_polygon = domain.get_boundary_polygon()
+        for key in P.keys():
+            if key in ['exchange_polygon0', 
+                       'exchange_polygon1']:
+                for point in list(P[key]) + self.enquiry_points:
+                    msg = 'Point %s in polygon %s for culvert %s did not'\
+                        %(str(point), key, self.label)
+                    msg += 'fall within the domain boundary.'
+                    assert is_inside_polygon(point, bounding_polygon), msg
+        
+                    
+        # Create inflow object at each end of the culvert. 
+        self.openings = []
+        self.openings.append(Inflow(domain,
+                                    polygon=P['exchange_polygon0']))
+
+        self.openings.append(Inflow(domain,
+                                    polygon=P['exchange_polygon1']))                                    
+
+
+
+        dq = domain.quantities                                            
+        for i, opening in enumerate(self.openings):                            
+            elevation = dq['elevation'].get_values(location='centroids',
+                                                   indices=[self.enquiry_indices[i]])            
+            opening.elevation = elevation
+            opening.stage = elevation # Simple assumption that culvert is dry initially
+
+        # Assume two openings for now: Referred to as 0 and 1
+        assert len(self.openings) == 2
+                            
+        # Determine pipe direction     
+        self.delta_z = delta_z = self.openings[0].elevation - self.openings[1].elevation
+        if delta_z > 0.0:
+            self.inlet = self.openings[0]
+            self.outlet = self.openings[1]
+        else:                
+            self.outlet = self.openings[0]
+            self.inlet = self.openings[1]        
+        
+        
+        # Store basic geometry 
+        self.end_points = [end_point0, end_point1]
+        self.vector = P['vector']
+        self.length = P['length']; assert self.length > 0.0
+        if not num.allclose(self.length, length, rtol=1.0e-2, atol=1.0e-2):
+            msg = 'WARNING: barrel length specified in "%s" (%.2f m)' %(culvert_description_filename, length)
+            msg += ' does not match distance between specified'
+            msg += ' end points (%.2f m)' %self.length
+            log.critical(msg)
+        
+        self.verbose = verbose
+        self.last_update = 0.0 # For use with update_interval        
+        self.last_time = 0.0                
+        self.update_interval = update_interval
+        
+
+        # Print something
+        if hasattr(self, 'log_filename'):
+            s = 'Culvert Effective Length = %.2f m' %(self.length)
+            log_to_file(self.log_filename, s)
+   
+            s = 'Culvert Direction is %s\n' %str(self.vector)
+            log_to_file(self.log_filename, s)        
+        
+        
+        
+        
+        
+    def __call__(self, domain):
+
+        # Time stuff
+        time = domain.get_time()
+        
+        
+        update = False
+        if self.update_interval is None:
+            update = True
+            delta_t = domain.timestep # Next timestep has been computed in domain.py
+        else:    
+            if time - self.last_update > self.update_interval or time == 0.0:
+                update = True
+            delta_t = self.update_interval
+            
+        s = '\nTime = %.2f, delta_t = %f' %(time, delta_t)
+        if hasattr(self, 'log_filename'):            
+            log_to_file(self.log_filename, s)
+                
+                                
+        if update is True:
+            self.last_update = time
+       
+            dq = domain.quantities
+                        
+            # Get average water depths at each opening        
+            openings = self.openings   # There are two Opening [0] and [1]
+            for i, opening in enumerate(openings):
+                
+                # Compute mean values of selected quantitites in the 
+                # enquiry area in front of the culvert
+                
+                stage = dq['stage'].get_values(location='centroids',
+                                               indices=[self.enquiry_indices[i]])
+                
+                # Store current average stage and depth with each opening object
+                opening.depth = stage - opening.elevation
+                opening.stage = stage
+
+                
+
+            #################  End of the FOR loop ################################################
+
+            # We now need to deal with each opening individually
+                
+            # Determine flow direction based on total energy difference
+
+            delta_w = self.inlet.stage - self.outlet.stage
+            
+            if hasattr(self, 'log_filename'):
+                s = 'Time=%.2f, inlet stage = %.2f, outlet stage = %.2f' %(time, 
+                                                                           self.inlet.stage,
+                                                                           self.outlet.stage)
+                log_to_file(self.log_filename, s)
+
+
+            if self.inlet.depth <= 0.01:
+                Q = 0.0
+            else:
+                # Calculate discharge for one barrel and set inlet.rate and outlet.rate
+                
+                try:
+                    Q = interpolate_linearly(delta_w, self.rating_curve[:,0], self.rating_curve[:,1]) 
+                except Below_interval, e:
+                    Q = self.rating_curve[0,1]             
+                    msg = '%.2fs: Delta head smaller than rating curve minimum: ' %time
+                    msg += str(e)
+                    msg += '\n        I will use minimum discharge %.2f m^3/s for culvert "%s"'\
+                        %(Q, self.label)
+                    if hasattr(self, 'log_filename'):                    
+                        log_to_file(self.log_filename, msg)
+                except Above_interval, e:
+                    Q = self.rating_curve[-1,1]          
+                    msg = '%.2fs: Delta head greater than rating curve maximum: ' %time
+                    msg += str(e)
+                    msg += '\n        I will use maximum discharge %.2f m^3/s for culvert "%s"'\
+                        %(Q, self.label)
+                    if hasattr(self, 'log_filename'):                    
+                        log_to_file(self.log_filename, msg)                    
+
+                
+                
+            
+            # Adjust discharge for multiple barrels
+            Q *= self.number_of_barrels
+            
+
+            # Adjust Q downwards depending on available water at inlet
+            stage = self.inlet.get_quantity_values(quantity_name='stage')
+            elevation = self.inlet.get_quantity_values(quantity_name='elevation')
+            depth = stage-elevation
+            
+            
+            V = 0
+            for i, d in enumerate(depth):
+                V += d * domain.areas[i]
+            
+            dt = delta_t            
+            if Q*dt > V:
+            
+                Q_reduced = 0.9*V/dt # Reduce with safety factor
+                
+                msg = '%.2fs: Computed extraction for this time interval (Q*dt) is ' % time
+                msg += 'greater than current volume (V) at inlet.\n'
+                msg += ' Q will be reduced from %.2f m^3/s to %.2f m^3/s.' % (Q, Q_reduced)
+                
+                if self.verbose is True:
+                    log.critical(msg)
+                if hasattr(self, 'log_filename'):                    
+                    log_to_file(self.log_filename, msg)                                        
+                
+                Q = Q_reduced
+        
+            self.inlet.rate = -Q
+            self.outlet.rate = Q
+
+            # Log timeseries to file
+            try:
+                fid = open(self.timeseries_filename, 'a')        
+            except:
+                pass
+            else:    
+                fid.write('%.2f, %.2f\n' %(time, Q))
+                fid.close()
+
+            # Store value of time
+            self.last_time = time
+
+            
+    
+        # Execute flow term for each opening
+        # This is where Inflow objects are evaluated using the last rate that has been calculated
+        # 
+        # This will take place at every internal timestep and update the domain
+        for opening in self.openings:
+            opening(domain)
+
+
+
+        
+        
+
+class Culvert_flow_energy:
+    """Culvert flow - transfer water from one hole to another
+    
+    Using Momentum as Calculated by Culvert Flow !!
+    Could be Several Methods Investigated to do This !!!
+
+    2008_May_08
+    To Ole:
+    OK so here we need to get the Polygon Creating code to create 
+    polygons for the culvert Based on
+    the two input Points (X0,Y0) and (X1,Y1) - need to be passed 
+    to create polygon
+
+    The two centers are now passed on to create_polygon.
+    
+
+    Input: Two points, pipe_size (either diameter or width, height), 
+    mannings_rougness,
+    inlet/outlet energy_loss_coefficients, internal_bend_coefficent,
+    top-down_blockage_factor and bottom_up_blockage_factor
+    
+    
+    And the Delta H enquiry should be change from Openings in line 412 
+    to the enquiry Polygons infront of the culvert
+    At the moment this script uses only Depth, later we can change it to 
+    Energy...
+
+    Once we have Delta H can calculate a Flow Rate and from Flow Rate 
+    an Outlet Velocity
+    The Outlet Velocity x Outlet Depth = Momentum to be applied at the Outlet...
+	
+    Invert levels are optional. If left out they will default to the 
+    elevation at the opening.
+        
+    """	
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 domain,
+                 label=None, 
+                 description=None,
+                 end_point0=None, 
+                 end_point1=None,
+                 width=None,
+                 height=None,
+                 diameter=None,
+                 manning=None,          # Mannings Roughness for Culvert
+                 invert_level0=None,    # Invert level at opening 0
+                 invert_level1=None,    # Invert level at opening 1
+                 loss_exit=None,
+                 loss_entry=None,
+                 loss_bend=None,
+                 loss_special=None,
+                 blockage_topdwn=None,
+                 blockage_bottup=None,
+                 culvert_routine=None,
+                 number_of_barrels=1,
+                 enquiry_point0=None, 
+                 enquiry_point1=None,
+                 update_interval=None,
+                 verbose=False):
+        
+        # Input check
+        if diameter is not None:
+            self.culvert_type = 'circle'
+            self.diameter = diameter
+            if height is not None or width is not None:
+                msg = 'Either diameter or width&height must be specified, '
+                msg += 'but not both.'
+                raise Exception(msg)
+        else:
+            if height is not None:
+                if width is None:
+                    self.culvert_type = 'square'                                
+                    width = height
+                else:
+                    self.culvert_type = 'rectangle'
+            elif width is not None:
+                if height is None:
+                    self.culvert_type = 'square'                                
+                    height = width
+            else:
+                msg = 'Either diameter or width&height must be specified.'
+                raise Exception(msg)
+                
+            if height == width:
+                self.culvert_type = 'square'                                                
+                
+            self.height = height
+            self.width = width
+
+            
+        assert self.culvert_type in ['circle', 'square', 'rectangle']
+        
+        assert number_of_barrels >= 1
+        self.number_of_barrels = number_of_barrels
+        
+        
+        # Set defaults
+        if manning is None: manning = 0.012   # Default roughness for pipe
+        if loss_exit is None: loss_exit = 1.00
+        if loss_entry is None: loss_entry = 0.50
+        if loss_bend is None: loss_bend=0.00
+        if loss_special is None: loss_special=0.00
+        if blockage_topdwn is None: blockage_topdwn=0.00
+        if blockage_bottup is None: blockage_bottup=0.00
+        if culvert_routine is None: 
+            culvert_routine=boyd_generalised_culvert_model
+            
+        if label is None: label = 'culvert_flow'
+        label += '_' + str(id(self)) 
+        self.label = label
+        
+        # File for storing culvert quantities
+        self.timeseries_filename = label + '_timeseries.csv'
+        fid = open(self.timeseries_filename, 'w')
+        fid.write('time, E0, E1, Velocity, Discharge\n')
+        fid.close()
+
+        # Log file for storing general textual output
+        self.log_filename = label + '.log'         
+        log_to_file(self.log_filename, self.label)        
+        log_to_file(self.log_filename, description)
+        log_to_file(self.log_filename, self.culvert_type)        
+
+
+        # Create the fundamental culvert polygons from POLYGON
+        if self.culvert_type == 'circle':
+            # Redefine width and height for use with create_culvert_polygons
+            width = height = diameter
+        
+        P = create_culvert_polygons(end_point0,
+                                    end_point1,
+                                    width=width,   
+                                    height=height,
+                                    number_of_barrels=number_of_barrels)
+        
+        # Select enquiry points
+        if enquiry_point0 is None:
+            enquiry_point0 = P['enquiry_point0']
+            
+        if enquiry_point1 is None:
+            enquiry_point1 = P['enquiry_point1']            
+            
+        if verbose is True:
+            pass
+            #plot_polygons([[end_point0, end_point1],
+            #               P['exchange_polygon0'],
+            #               P['exchange_polygon1'],
+            #               [enquiry_point0, 1.005*enquiry_point0],
+            #               [enquiry_point1, 1.005*enquiry_point1]],
+            #              figname='culvert_polygon_output')
+
+
+        self.enquiry_points = [enquiry_point0, enquiry_point1]                           
+        
+        
+        self.enquiry_indices = []                  
+        for point in self.enquiry_points:
+            # Find nearest centroid 
+            N = len(domain)    
+            points = domain.get_centroid_coordinates(absolute=True)
+
+            # Calculate indices in exchange area for this forcing term
+            
+            triangle_id = min_dist = sys.maxint
+            for k in range(N):
+                x, y = points[k,:] # Centroid
+
+                c = point                                
+                distance = (x-c[0])**2+(y-c[1])**2
+                if distance < min_dist:
+                    min_dist = distance
+                    triangle_id = k
+
+                    
+            if triangle_id < sys.maxint:
+                msg = 'found triangle with centroid (%f, %f)'\
+                    %tuple(points[triangle_id, :])
+                msg += ' for point (%f, %f)' %tuple(point)
+                
+                self.enquiry_indices.append(triangle_id)
+            else:
+                msg = 'Triangle not found for point (%f, %f)' %point
+                raise Exception(msg)
+        
+                          
+
+            
+            
+
+        # Check that all polygons lie within the mesh.
+        bounding_polygon = domain.get_boundary_polygon()
+        for key in P.keys():
+            if key in ['exchange_polygon0', 
+                       'exchange_polygon1']:
+                for point in P[key]:
+                
+                    msg = 'Point %s in polygon %s for culvert %s did not'\
+                        %(str(point), key, self.label)
+                    msg += 'fall within the domain boundary.'
+                    assert is_inside_polygon(point, bounding_polygon), msg
+        
+
+        # Create inflow object at each end of the culvert. 
+        self.openings = []
+        self.openings.append(Inflow(domain,
+                                    polygon=P['exchange_polygon0']))
+
+        self.openings.append(Inflow(domain,
+                                    polygon=P['exchange_polygon1']))                                    
+
+
+        # Assume two openings for now: Referred to as 0 and 1
+        assert len(self.openings) == 2
+        
+        # Store basic geometry 
+        self.end_points = [end_point0, end_point1]
+        self.invert_levels = [invert_level0, invert_level1]                
+        #self.enquiry_polygons = [P['enquiry_polygon0'], P['enquiry_polygon1']]
+        #self.enquiry_polylines = [P['enquiry_polygon0'][:2], 
+        #                          P['enquiry_polygon1'][:2]]
+        self.vector = P['vector']
+        self.length = P['length']; assert self.length > 0.0
+        self.verbose = verbose
+        self.last_time = 0.0        
+        self.last_update = 0.0 # For use with update_interval        
+        self.update_interval = update_interval
+        
+
+        # Store hydraulic parameters 
+        self.manning = manning
+        self.loss_exit = loss_exit
+        self.loss_entry = loss_entry
+        self.loss_bend = loss_bend
+        self.loss_special = loss_special
+        self.sum_loss = loss_exit + loss_entry + loss_bend + loss_special
+        self.blockage_topdwn = blockage_topdwn
+        self.blockage_bottup = blockage_bottup
+
+        # Store culvert routine
+        self.culvert_routine = culvert_routine
+
+        
+        # Create objects to update momentum (a bit crude at this stage)
+        xmom0 = General_forcing(domain, 'xmomentum',
+                                polygon=P['exchange_polygon0'])
+
+        xmom1 = General_forcing(domain, 'xmomentum',
+                                polygon=P['exchange_polygon1'])
+
+        ymom0 = General_forcing(domain, 'ymomentum',
+                                polygon=P['exchange_polygon0'])
+
+        ymom1 = General_forcing(domain, 'ymomentum',
+                                polygon=P['exchange_polygon1'])
+
+        self.opening_momentum = [ [xmom0, ymom0], [xmom1, ymom1] ]
+        
+
+        # Print something
+        s = 'Culvert Effective Length = %.2f m' %(self.length)
+        log_to_file(self.log_filename, s)
+   
+        s = 'Culvert Direction is %s\n' %str(self.vector)
+        log_to_file(self.log_filename, s)        
+        
+        
+    def __call__(self, domain):
+
+        log_filename = self.log_filename
+         
+        # Time stuff
+        time = domain.get_time()
+        
+        # Short hand
+        dq = domain.quantities
+                
+
+        update = False
+        if self.update_interval is None:
+            update = True
+            delta_t = domain.timestep # Next timestep has been computed in domain.py
+        else:    
+            if time - self.last_update > self.update_interval or time == 0.0:
+                update = True
+            delta_t = self.update_interval
+            
+        s = '\nTime = %.2f, delta_t = %f' %(time, delta_t)
+        if hasattr(self, 'log_filename'):            
+            log_to_file(log_filename, s)
+                
+                                
+        if update is True:
+            self.last_update = time
+                        
+            msg = 'Time did not advance'
+            if time > 0.0: assert delta_t > 0.0, msg
+
+
+            # Get average water depths at each opening        
+            openings = self.openings   # There are two Opening [0] and [1]
+            for i, opening in enumerate(openings):
+                
+                # Compute mean values of selected quantitites in the 
+                # exchange area in front of the culvert
+                     
+                stage = opening.get_quantity_values(quantity_name='stage')
+                w = mean(stage) # Average stage
+
+                # Use invert level instead of elevation if specified
+                invert_level = self.invert_levels[i]
+                if invert_level is not None:
+                    z = invert_level
+                else:
+                    elevation = opening.get_quantity_values(quantity_name='elevation')
+                    z = mean(elevation) # Average elevation
+
+                # Estimated depth above the culvert inlet
+                d = w - z  # Used for calculations involving depth
+                if d < 0.0:
+                    # This is possible since w and z are taken at different locations
+                    #msg = 'D < 0.0: %f' %d
+                    #raise Exception(msg)
+                    d = 0.0
+                
+
+                # Ratio of depth to culvert height.
+                # If ratio > 1 then culvert is running full
+                if self.culvert_type == 'circle':
+                    ratio = d/self.diameter
+                else:    
+                    ratio = d/self.height  
+                opening.ratio = ratio
+                    
+                    
+                # Average measures of energy in front of this opening
+                
+                id = [self.enquiry_indices[i]]
+                stage = dq['stage'].get_values(location='centroids',
+                                               indices=id)
+                elevation = dq['elevation'].get_values(location='centroids',
+                                                       indices=id)                                               
+                xmomentum = dq['xmomentum'].get_values(location='centroids',
+                                                       indices=id)                                               
+                ymomentum = dq['xmomentum'].get_values(location='centroids',
+                                                       indices=id)                                                                                              
+                depth = stage-elevation
+                if depth > 0.0:
+                    u = xmomentum/(depth + velocity_protection/depth)
+                    v = ymomentum/(depth + velocity_protection/depth)
+                else:
+                    u = v = 0.0
+
+                    
+                opening.total_energy = 0.5*(u*u + v*v)/g + stage
+
+                # Store current average stage and depth with each opening object
+                opening.depth = d
+                opening.depth_trigger = d # Use this for now
+                opening.stage = w
+                opening.elevation = z
+                
+
+            #################  End of the FOR loop ################################################
+
+            # We now need to deal with each opening individually
+                
+            # Determine flow direction based on total energy difference
+            delta_Et = openings[0].total_energy - openings[1].total_energy
+
+            if delta_Et > 0:
+                inlet = openings[0]
+                outlet = openings[1]
+
+                inlet.momentum = self.opening_momentum[0]
+                outlet.momentum = self.opening_momentum[1]
+
+            else:
+                inlet = openings[1]
+                outlet = openings[0]
+
+                inlet.momentum = self.opening_momentum[1]
+                outlet.momentum = self.opening_momentum[0]
+                
+                delta_Et = -delta_Et
+
+            self.inlet = inlet
+            self.outlet = outlet
+                
+            msg = 'Total energy difference is negative'
+            assert delta_Et > 0.0, msg
+
+            delta_h = inlet.stage - outlet.stage
+            delta_z = inlet.elevation - outlet.elevation
+            culvert_slope = (delta_z/self.length)
+
+            if culvert_slope < 0.0:
+                # Adverse gradient - flow is running uphill
+                # Flow will be purely controlled by uphill outlet face
+                if self.verbose is True:
+                    log.critical('WARNING: Flow is running uphill. Watch Out! '
+                                 'inlet.elevation=%s, outlet.elevation%s'
+                                 % (str(inlet.elevation), str(outlet.elevation)))
+
+
+            s = 'Delta total energy = %.3f' %(delta_Et)
+            log_to_file(log_filename, s)
+
+
+            # Calculate discharge for one barrel and set inlet.rate and outlet.rate
+            Q, barrel_velocity, culvert_outlet_depth = self.culvert_routine(self, inlet, outlet, delta_Et, g)
+        
+            # Adjust discharge for multiple barrels
+            Q *= self.number_of_barrels
+
+            # Compute barrel momentum
+            barrel_momentum = barrel_velocity*culvert_outlet_depth
+                    
+            s = 'Barrel velocity = %f' %barrel_velocity
+            log_to_file(log_filename, s)
+
+            # Compute momentum vector at outlet
+            outlet_mom_x, outlet_mom_y = self.vector * barrel_momentum
+                
+            s = 'Directional momentum = (%f, %f)' %(outlet_mom_x, outlet_mom_y)
+            log_to_file(log_filename, s)
+
+            # Log timeseries to file
+            fid = open(self.timeseries_filename, 'a')        
+            fid.write('%f, %f, %f, %f, %f\n'\
+                          %(time, 
+                            openings[0].total_energy,
+                            openings[1].total_energy,
+                            barrel_velocity,
+                            Q))
+            fid.close()
+
+            # Update momentum        
+            if delta_t > 0.0:
+                xmomentum_rate = outlet_mom_x - outlet.momentum[0].value
+                xmomentum_rate /= delta_t
+                    
+                ymomentum_rate = outlet_mom_y - outlet.momentum[1].value
+                ymomentum_rate /= delta_t
+                        
+                s = 'X Y MOM_RATE = (%f, %f) ' %(xmomentum_rate, ymomentum_rate)
+                log_to_file(log_filename, s)                    
+            else:
+                xmomentum_rate = ymomentum_rate = 0.0
+
+
+            # Set momentum rates for outlet jet
+            outlet.momentum[0].rate = xmomentum_rate
+            outlet.momentum[1].rate = ymomentum_rate
+
+            # Remember this value for next step (IMPORTANT)
+            outlet.momentum[0].value = outlet_mom_x
+            outlet.momentum[1].value = outlet_mom_y                    
+
+            if int(domain.time*100) % 100 == 0:
+                s = 'T=%.5f, Culvert Discharge = %.3f f'\
+                    %(time, Q)
+                s += ' Depth= %0.3f  Momentum = (%0.3f, %0.3f)'\
+                     %(culvert_outlet_depth, outlet_mom_x,outlet_mom_y)
+                s += ' Momentum rate: (%.4f, %.4f)'\
+                     %(xmomentum_rate, ymomentum_rate)                    
+                s+='Outlet Vel= %.3f'\
+                    %(barrel_velocity)
+                log_to_file(log_filename, s)
+            
+            # Store value of time
+            self.last_time = time
+                
+
+
+        # Execute flow term for each opening
+        # This is where Inflow objects are evaluated and update the domain
+        for opening in self.openings:
+            opening(domain)
+
+        # Execute momentum terms
+        # This is where Inflow objects are evaluated and update the domain
+        self.outlet.momentum[0](domain)
+        self.outlet.momentum[1](domain)        
+            
+
+
+Culvert_flow = Culvert_flow_general