HydPy 6.2.dev1__cp313-cp313-win_amd64.whl

hydpy/models/sw1d_network.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1219 @@
+# pylint: disable=line-too-long, unused-wildcard-import
+"""
+The |sw1d.DOCNAME.long| model family member |sw1d_network| allows combining different
+storage and routing submodels for representing the 1-dimensional flow processes within
+a complete channel network.
+
+Technically, |sw1d_network| is quite similar to |sw1d_channel|, but both serve
+different purposes and complement each other.  |sw1d_network| is a "composite model",
+of which *HydPy* automatically creates instances, each of them combining the
+submodels of multiple |sw1d_channel| instances.  So, framework users do usually not
+need to configure |sw1d_network| directly but do so indirectly by preparing seemingly
+independent |sw1d_channel| models for the individual reaches of a channel network.
+Nevertheless, reading the following notes (after reading the |sw1d_channel|
+documentation) might give some relevant insights as |sw1d_network| actually does the
+simulation job and makes some demands regarding the "completeness" of the underlying
+|sw1d_channel| models.
+
+Integration tests
+=================
+
+.. how_to_understand_integration_tests::
+
+The following examples build on the ones of the |sw1d_channel| documentation.  So, we
+select the same simulation period:
+
+>>> from hydpy import pub
+>>> pub.timegrids = "2000-01-01 00:00", "2000-01-01 05:00", "5m"
+
+We split the 20 km channel from the |sw1d_channel| documentation into two identical
+parts.
+
+We take the 20 km channel from the |sw1d_channel| documentation but split it into two
+identical parts.  So, one |sw1d_channel| model, handled by the |Element| `channel1a`,
+covers the first four segments and another one, handled by the |Element| `channel2`,
+covers the last four segments.  But first, we need to define three nodes that are
+connectable to the inlet sequence |sw1d_inlets.LongQ| and outlet sequence
+|sw1d_outlets.LongQ|, which is simplest by defining their variable via a string:
+
+>>> from hydpy import Node
+>>> q_1a_in = Node("q_1a_in", variable="LongQ")
+>>> q_1to2 = Node("q_1to2", variable="LongQ")
+>>> q_2_out = Node("q_2_out", variable="LongQ")
+
+The remarkable thing about defining the two elements is that we must associate them
+with the same |Element.collective| so that *HydPy* knows it must combine their "user
+models" into one "composite model":
+
+>>> from hydpy import Element
+>>> channel1a = Element("channel1a", collective="network", inlets=q_1a_in, outlets=q_1to2)
+>>> channel2 = Element("channel2", collective="network", inlets=q_1to2, outlets=q_2_out)
+
+Now, we set up all submodels as in the |sw1d_channel| documentation but assign each to
+one of two main models, which in turn are handled by the two already available
+elements:
+
+>>> from hydpy import prepare_model
+>>> from hydpy.models import sw1d_channel, sw1d_storage, sw1d_lias
+>>> lengths = 2.0, 3.0, 2.0, 3.0
+>>> for element in (channel1a, channel2):
+...     channel = prepare_model(sw1d_channel)
+...     channel.parameters.control.nmbsegments(4)
+...     for i, length_ in enumerate(lengths):
+...         with channel.add_storagemodel_v1(sw1d_storage, position=i):
+...             length(length_)
+...             with model.add_crosssection_v2("wq_trapeze"):
+...                 nmbtrapezes(1)
+...                 bottomlevels(5.0)
+...                 bottomwidths(5.0)
+...                 sideslopes(0.0)
+...     for i in range(1, 5 if element is channel1a else 4):
+...         with channel.add_routingmodel_v2(sw1d_lias, position=i):
+...             lengthupstream(2.0 if i % 2 else 3.0)
+...             lengthdownstream(3.0 if i % 2 else 2.0)
+...             stricklercoefficient(1.0/0.03)
+...             timestepfactor(0.7)
+...             diffusionfactor(0.2)
+...             with model.add_crosssection_v2("wq_trapeze"):
+...                 nmbtrapezes(1)
+...                 bottomlevels(5.0)
+...                 bottomwidths(5.0)
+...                 sideslopes(0.0)
+...     element.model = channel
+
+The following test function object finds all nodes and elements automatically upon
+initialisation:
+
+>>> from hydpy.core.testtools import IntegrationTest
+>>> test = IntegrationTest()
+
+We again define a convenience function for preparing the initial conditions.  This one
+accepts individual water depths for different elements but generally sets the "old"
+discharge to zero:
+
+>>> def prepare_inits(**name2depth):
+...     inits = []
+...     for name, h in name2depth.items():
+...         e = Element(name)
+...         for s in e.model.storagemodels:
+...             length = s.parameters.control.length
+...             c = s.crosssection.parameters.control
+...             v = h * (c.bottomwidths[0] + h * c.sideslopes[0]) * length
+...             inits.append((s.sequences.states.watervolume, v))
+...         for r in e.model.routingmodels:
+...             if r is not None:
+...                 inits.append((r.sequences.states.discharge, 0.0))
+...     test.inits = inits
+
+
+.. _sw1d_network_zero_inflow_and_outflow:
+
+Zero inflow and outflow
+_______________________
+
+The following water depths agree with the configuration of the
+:ref:`sw1d_channel_zero_inflow_and_outflow` example of |sw1d_channel|:
+
+>>> prepare_inits(channel1a=3.0, channel2=1.0)
+
+Albeit irrelevant for the first simulation, we set the inflow represented by the (still
+unused) node `q_1a_in` to zero to avoid `nan` values in the following result table:
+
+>>> q_1a_in.sequences.sim.series = 0.0
+
+The discharge simulated for node `q_1to2` is identical to the one simulated for the
+middle position in the :ref:`sw1d_channel_zero_inflow_and_outflow` example of
+|sw1d_channel|, which shows that the |sw1d_network| instance here works as a correct
+composite of the two user models:
+
+.. integration-test::
+
+    >>> conditions = test(get_conditions="2000-01-01 00:00")
+    |                date |  timestep | q_1a_in |    q_1to2 | q_2_out |
+    -------------------------------------------------------------------
+    | 2000-01-01 00:00:00 | 41.932744 |     0.0 | 17.116697 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:05:00 | 41.932744 |     0.0 |  6.434402 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:10:00 |  41.86989 |     0.0 |  7.317577 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:15:00 | 40.570615 |     0.0 |  6.771817 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:20:00 | 38.464288 |     0.0 |  6.441228 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:25:00 | 36.060713 |     0.0 |  6.111343 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:30:00 | 33.726739 |     0.0 |  5.814913 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:35:00 | 31.578426 |     0.0 |  5.548742 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:40:00 | 29.590331 |     0.0 |  5.307354 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:45:00 | 27.697934 |     0.0 |  5.084325 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:50:00 | 25.854608 |     0.0 |  4.875904 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:55:00 | 24.044617 |     0.0 |  4.680467 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:00:00 | 22.271186 |     0.0 |  4.497034 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:05:00 | 20.541621 |     0.0 |  4.324343 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:10:00 | 18.859766 |     0.0 |  4.160846 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:15:00 | 17.225223 |     0.0 |   4.00511 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:20:00 | 15.635338 |     0.0 |  3.856098 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:25:00 | 14.087165 |     0.0 |  3.713189 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:30:00 | 12.578396 |     0.0 |  3.576035 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:35:00 | 11.107466 |     0.0 |  3.444403 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:40:00 |   9.67329 |     0.0 |  3.318058 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:45:00 |  8.274999 |     0.0 |  3.196719 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:50:00 |   6.91179 |     0.0 |  3.080056 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:55:00 |  5.582889 |     0.0 |  2.967695 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:00:00 |  4.287568 |     0.0 |  2.859236 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:05:00 |  3.025166 |     0.0 |  2.754256 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:10:00 |  1.795106 |     0.0 |  2.652318 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:15:00 |  0.596896 |     0.0 |  2.552973 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:20:00 |     300.0 |     0.0 |  2.455693 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:25:00 |     300.0 |     0.0 |  2.370851 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:30:00 |     300.0 |     0.0 |  2.278535 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:35:00 |     300.0 |     0.0 |  2.186283 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:40:00 |     300.0 |     0.0 |  2.094209 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:45:00 |     300.0 |     0.0 |  2.001626 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:50:00 |     300.0 |     0.0 |  1.908479 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:55:00 |     300.0 |     0.0 |  1.814849 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:00:00 |     300.0 |     0.0 |  1.720515 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:05:00 |     300.0 |     0.0 |  1.625017 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:10:00 |     300.0 |     0.0 |  1.527933 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:15:00 |     300.0 |     0.0 |  1.429057 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:20:00 |     300.0 |     0.0 |  1.328408 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:25:00 |     300.0 |     0.0 |   1.22614 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:30:00 |     300.0 |     0.0 |  1.122462 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:35:00 |     300.0 |     0.0 |  1.017589 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:40:00 |     300.0 |     0.0 |  0.911751 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:45:00 |     300.0 |     0.0 |  0.805203 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:50:00 |     300.0 |     0.0 |  0.698243 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:55:00 |     300.0 |     0.0 |  0.591202 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:00:00 |     300.0 |     0.0 |  0.484427 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:05:00 |     300.0 |     0.0 |  0.378258 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:10:00 |     300.0 |     0.0 |  0.273014 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:15:00 |     300.0 |     0.0 |   0.16898 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:20:00 |     300.0 |     0.0 |  0.066424 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:25:00 |     300.0 |     0.0 | -0.034386 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:30:00 |     300.0 |     0.0 | -0.131043 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:35:00 |     300.0 |     0.0 | -0.214119 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:40:00 |     300.0 |     0.0 | -0.278681 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:45:00 |     300.0 |     0.0 | -0.323311 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:50:00 |     300.0 |     0.0 | -0.349079 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:55:00 |     300.0 |     0.0 | -0.358235 |     0.0 |
+
+There is no indication of an error in the water balance:
+
+>>> from hydpy import round_
+>>> round_(test.hydpy.collectives[0].model.check_waterbalance(conditions))
+0.0
+
+.. _sw1d_network_weir_outflow:
+
+Weir outflow
+____________
+
+Next, we repeat the :ref:`sw1d_channel_weir_outflow` example of |sw1d_channel| as a
+more complex example considering inflow and outflow.
+
+We add an identical |sw1d_q_in| submodel at the inflow position of the upper element's
+model:
+
+>>> from hydpy.models import sw1d_q_in
+>>> with channel1a.model.add_routingmodel_v1(sw1d_q_in, position=0):
+...     lengthdownstream(2.0)
+...     timestepfactor(0.7)
+...     with model.add_crosssection_v2("wq_trapeze"):
+...         nmbtrapezes(1)
+...         bottomlevels(5.0)
+...         bottomwidths(5.0)
+...         sideslopes(0.0)
+>>> channel1a.model.connect()
+
+And we add an identical |sw1d_weir_out| submodel at the outflow position of the lower
+element's model:
+
+>>> from hydpy.models import sw1d_weir_out
+>>> with channel2.model.add_routingmodel_v3(sw1d_weir_out, position=4):
+...     lengthupstream(3.0)
+...     crestheight(7.0)
+...     crestwidth(5.0)
+...     flowcoefficient(0.58)
+...     timestepfactor(0.7)
+>>> channel2.model.connect()
+
+Further, we set the time step factor, the constant inflow, and the initial conditions to
+the same values as in the :ref:`sw1d_channel_weir_outflow` example:
+
+>>> test = IntegrationTest()
+>>> for element in (channel1a, channel2):
+...     for routingmodel in element.model.routingmodels.submodels:
+...         if routingmodel is not None:
+...             routingmodel.parameters.control.timestepfactor(0.1)
+>>> q_1a_in.sequences.sim.series = 1.0
+>>> prepare_inits(channel1a=2.0, channel2=2.0)
+
+The following discharges are identical to those available in the results table of the
+:ref:`sw1d_channel_weir_outflow` example of |sw1d_channel|:
+
+.. integration-test::
+
+    >>> conditions = test(get_conditions="2000-01-01 00:00")
+    |                date |  timestep | q_1a_in |   q_1to2 |  q_2_out |
+    -------------------------------------------------------------------
+    | 2000-01-01 00:00:00 | 29.522473 |     1.0 | 0.000084 |      0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:05:00 | 30.437257 |     1.0 | 0.010297 |      0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:10:00 | 31.047327 |     1.0 | 0.057861 |      0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:15:00 | 31.487924 |     1.0 |  0.13627 | 0.000003 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:20:00 | 31.831217 |     1.0 | 0.223131 | 0.000031 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:25:00 | 32.115718 |     1.0 | 0.303889 | 0.000173 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:30:00 | 32.362765 |     1.0 | 0.372712 | 0.000611 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:35:00 | 32.584688 |     1.0 | 0.428534 | 0.001597 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:40:00 | 32.788919 |     1.0 | 0.472255 | 0.003371 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:45:00 | 32.980171 |     1.0 | 0.505411 | 0.006095 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:50:00 | 33.161638 |     1.0 |  0.52966 | 0.009817 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:55:00 | 33.335665 |     1.0 | 0.546602 | 0.014488 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:00:00 |   33.5041 |     1.0 | 0.557716 | 0.019988 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:05:00 | 33.668478 |     1.0 | 0.564322 |  0.02617 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:10:00 | 33.830091 |     1.0 | 0.567571 | 0.032882 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:15:00 | 33.990019 |     1.0 | 0.568434 | 0.039987 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:20:00 | 34.149135 |     1.0 | 0.567713 | 0.047372 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:25:00 | 34.308116 |     1.0 | 0.566046 | 0.054949 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:30:00 | 34.467448 |     1.0 | 0.563931 | 0.062652 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:35:00 | 34.627446 |     1.0 |  0.56174 | 0.070436 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:40:00 | 34.788273 |     1.0 | 0.559739 | 0.078272 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:45:00 | 34.949971 |     1.0 |  0.55811 | 0.086141 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:50:00 | 35.112477 |     1.0 | 0.556964 | 0.094032 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:55:00 | 35.275657 |     1.0 | 0.556359 | 0.101942 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:00:00 | 35.439325 |     1.0 | 0.556315 | 0.109869 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:05:00 | 35.603263 |     1.0 | 0.556821 | 0.117813 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:10:00 | 35.767241 |     1.0 | 0.557846 | 0.125776 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:15:00 | 35.931023 |     1.0 | 0.559348 | 0.133758 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:20:00 | 36.094387 |     1.0 | 0.561277 | 0.141761 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:25:00 | 36.257123 |     1.0 | 0.563583 | 0.149785 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:30:00 | 36.419042 |     1.0 | 0.566213 |  0.15783 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:35:00 | 36.579976 |     1.0 | 0.569119 | 0.165895 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:40:00 | 36.739783 |     1.0 | 0.572257 |  0.17398 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:45:00 |  36.89834 |     1.0 | 0.575586 | 0.182081 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:50:00 | 37.055547 |     1.0 |  0.57907 | 0.190197 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:55:00 |  37.21132 |     1.0 | 0.582678 | 0.198324 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:00:00 | 37.365596 |     1.0 | 0.586386 |  0.20646 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:05:00 | 37.518323 |     1.0 | 0.590169 |   0.2146 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:10:00 | 37.669464 |     1.0 | 0.594011 | 0.222742 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:15:00 |  37.81899 |     1.0 | 0.597895 | 0.230882 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:20:00 | 37.966882 |     1.0 |  0.60181 | 0.239015 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:25:00 | 38.113129 |     1.0 | 0.605746 | 0.247138 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:30:00 | 38.257724 |     1.0 | 0.609694 | 0.255248 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:35:00 | 38.400665 |     1.0 | 0.613648 | 0.263341 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:40:00 | 38.541953 |     1.0 | 0.617604 | 0.271413 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:45:00 | 38.681592 |     1.0 | 0.621557 | 0.279461 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:50:00 |  38.81959 |     1.0 | 0.625503 | 0.287482 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:55:00 | 38.955953 |     1.0 | 0.629441 | 0.295473 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:00:00 | 39.090692 |     1.0 | 0.633368 |  0.30343 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:05:00 | 39.223815 |     1.0 | 0.637282 | 0.311352 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:10:00 | 39.355334 |     1.0 | 0.641182 | 0.319235 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:15:00 |  39.48526 |     1.0 | 0.645068 | 0.327078 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:20:00 | 39.613604 |     1.0 | 0.648937 | 0.334877 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:25:00 | 39.740379 |     1.0 | 0.652788 | 0.342631 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:30:00 | 39.865596 |     1.0 | 0.656622 | 0.350339 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:35:00 | 39.989269 |     1.0 | 0.660437 | 0.357997 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:40:00 | 40.111408 |     1.0 | 0.664232 | 0.365604 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:45:00 | 40.232028 |     1.0 | 0.668006 |  0.37316 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:50:00 | 40.351141 |     1.0 |  0.67176 | 0.380661 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:55:00 |  40.46876 |     1.0 | 0.675491 | 0.388108 |
+
+There is no indication of an error in the water balance:
+
+>>> round_(test.hydpy.collectives[0].model.check_waterbalance(conditions))
+0.0
+
+.. _sw1d_network_confluences:
+
+Confluences
+___________
+
+Now, we illustrate how to build real networks by connecting more than two elements with
+the same node.  We will handle the existing two subchannels as a main channel.  The one
+upstream of the junction (`channel1a`) has a width of 8 mm, and the one downstream of
+the junction (`channel2`) has a width of 10 m:
+
+>>> for element, width in ([channel1a, 8.0], [channel2, 10.0]):
+...     for storagemodel in element.model.storagemodels:
+...         storagemodel.crosssection.parameters.control.bottomwidths(width)
+...     for routingmodel in element.model.routingmodels:
+...         if isinstance(routingmodel, (sw1d_lias.Model, sw1d_q_in.Model)):
+...             routingmodel.crosssection.parameters.control.bottomwidths(width)
+
+The new 10 km long side channel also consists of four segments but is only 2 m wide:
+
+>>> channel = prepare_model("sw1d_channel")
+>>> channel.parameters.control.nmbsegments(4)
+>>> for i, length_ in enumerate(lengths[:4]):
+...     with channel.add_storagemodel_v1(sw1d_storage, position=i):
+...         length(length_)
+...         with model.add_crosssection_v2("wq_trapeze"):
+...             nmbtrapezes(1)
+...             bottomlevels(5.0)
+...             bottomwidths(2.0)
+...             sideslopes(0.0)
+
+It receives a separate inflow via another |sw1d_q_in| instance:
+
+>>> with channel.add_routingmodel_v1(sw1d_q_in, position=0):
+...     lengthdownstream(2.0)
+...     timestepfactor(0.7)
+...     with model.add_crosssection_v2("wq_trapeze"):
+...         nmbtrapezes(1)
+...         bottomlevels(5.0)
+...         bottomwidths(2.0)
+...         sideslopes(0.0)
+
+We add |sw1d_lias| models for all other possible positions, including the last one:
+
+>>> for i in range(1, 5):
+...     with channel.add_routingmodel_v2(sw1d_lias, position=i):
+...         lengthupstream(2.0 if i % 2 else 3.0)
+...         lengthdownstream(3.0 if i % 2 else 2.0)
+...         stricklercoefficient(1.0/0.03)
+...         timestepfactor(0.7)
+...         diffusionfactor(0.2)
+...         with model.add_crosssection_v2("wq_trapeze"):
+...             nmbtrapezes(1)
+...             bottomlevels(5.0)
+...             bottomwidths(2.0)
+...             sideslopes(0.0)
+
+So, now the |sw1d_channel| models of the elements `channel1a` and `channel1b` have
+routing models at their outflow locations, and the one of element `channel2` does not
+have a routing model at its inflow location.  This is the typical configuration for
+modelling confluences, where one strives to couple each reach upstream of the junction
+with the single reach downstream.  This setting has the effect that `channel2`
+exchanges water with `channel1a` and `channel1b` directly, while `channel1a` and
+`channel1b` can do so only indirectly via the first segment of `channel2`.
+
+We assign the third channel model to another element, that we connect to a new inlet
+node (for adding inflow) and to the already existing node `q_1to2` (for coupling with
+the main channel):
+
+>>> q_1b_in = Node("q_1b_in", variable="LongQ")
+>>> channel1b = Element("channel1b", collective="network", inlets=q_1b_in, outlets=q_1to2)
+>>> channel1b.model = channel
+
+The initial water depth is 1 m throughout the whole network:
+
+>>> test = IntegrationTest()
+>>> prepare_inits(channel1a=1.0, channel1b=1.0, channel2=1.0)
+
+The main and the side channels receive constant inflows of 1 and 0.5 m³/s,
+respectively:
+
+>>> q_1a_in.sequences.sim.series = 1.0
+>>> q_1b_in.sequences.sim.series = 0.5
+
+Unfortunately, the usual standard table does not provide much information for in-depth
+evaluations:
+
+.. integration-test::
+
+    >>> conditions = test(get_conditions="2000-01-01 00:00")
+    |                date |  timestep | q_1a_in | q_1b_in |   q_1to2 | q_2_out |
+    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    | 2000-01-01 00:00:00 | 45.030299 |     1.0 |     0.5 |      0.0 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:05:00 | 46.242118 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.003008 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:10:00 | 47.155436 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.025525 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:15:00 | 47.892762 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.071726 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:20:00 | 48.522333 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.129271 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:25:00 | 49.080523 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.187172 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:30:00 | 49.587791 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.240134 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:35:00 | 50.056456 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.286648 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:40:00 | 50.494442 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.326895 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:45:00 |  50.90715 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.361611 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:50:00 | 51.298454 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.391611 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:55:00 | 51.671261 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.417633 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:00:00 | 52.027843 |     1.0 |     0.5 |  0.44031 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:05:00 | 52.370039 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.460176 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:10:00 | 52.699381 |     1.0 |     0.5 |  0.47769 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:15:00 | 53.017173 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.493237 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:20:00 | 53.324545 |     1.0 |     0.5 |  0.50715 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:25:00 | 53.622482 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.519705 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:30:00 | 53.911854 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.531136 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:35:00 | 54.193429 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.541633 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:40:00 | 54.467891 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.551355 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:45:00 | 54.735849 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.560428 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:50:00 | 54.997846 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.568953 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:55:00 | 55.254368 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.577012 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:00:00 | 55.505854 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.584668 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:05:00 | 55.752694 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.591971 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:10:00 | 55.995245 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.598961 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:15:00 | 56.233826 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.605669 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:20:00 | 56.468727 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.612118 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:25:00 | 56.700214 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.618328 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:30:00 | 56.928527 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.624314 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:35:00 | 57.153887 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.630087 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:40:00 | 57.376496 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.635659 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:45:00 |  57.59654 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.641038 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:50:00 | 57.814191 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.646232 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:55:00 | 58.029607 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.651246 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:00:00 | 58.242934 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.656087 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:05:00 |  58.45431 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.660761 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:10:00 | 58.663861 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.665273 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:15:00 | 58.871705 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.669628 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:20:00 | 59.077952 |     1.0 |     0.5 |  0.67383 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:25:00 | 59.282705 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.677885 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:30:00 |  59.48606 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.681797 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:35:00 | 59.688108 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.685571 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:40:00 | 59.888932 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.689211 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:45:00 |  0.135626 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.692729 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:50:00 |  0.384228 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.698366 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:55:00 |  0.632218 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.701582 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:00:00 |  0.879114 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.704443 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:05:00 |  1.124822 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.707155 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:10:00 |  1.369384 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.709781 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:15:00 |  1.612877 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.712341 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:20:00 |  1.855383 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.714841 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:25:00 |  2.096978 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.717279 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:30:00 |  2.337734 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.719653 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:35:00 |  2.577714 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.721961 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:40:00 |  2.816978 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.724201 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:45:00 |   3.05558 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.726373 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:50:00 |  3.293568 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.728475 |     0.0 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:55:00 |   3.53099 |     1.0 |     0.5 | 0.730509 |     0.0 |
+
+Therefore, we define the following function for plotting the water level profiles
+gained for the simulation period's end:
+
+>>> def plot_waterlevels(figname):
+...      import numpy
+...      from matplotlib import pyplot
+...      from hydpy.core.testtools import save_autofig
+...      stations = ((cs := numpy.cumsum((0.0,) + lengths))[:-1] + cs[1:]) / 2.0
+...      for element in (channel1a, channel1b, channel2):
+...          ss = [s + sum(lengths) * (element is channel2) for s in stations]
+...          ws = [sm.sequences.factors.waterlevel for sm in element.model.storagemodels]
+...          _ = pyplot.plot(ss, ws, label=element.name)
+...      for element in (channel1a, channel1b):
+...          ss = stations[-1], stations[0] + sum(lengths)
+...          ws = (element.model.storagemodels[-1].sequences.factors.waterlevel.value,
+...                channel2.model.storagemodels[0].sequences.factors.waterlevel.value)
+...          _ = pyplot.plot(ss, ws, color="grey")
+...      _ = pyplot.legend()
+...      _ = pyplot.xlabel("station [km]")
+...      _ = pyplot.ylabel("water level [m]")
+...      save_autofig(figname)
+
+The simulated water levels look reasonable and are sufficiently similar to those we
+calculated with a fully hydrodynamic model for comparison:
+
+>>> plot_waterlevels("sw1d_network_confluences.png")
+
+.. image:: sw1d_network_confluences.png
+
+There is no indication of an error in the water balance:
+
+>>> round_(test.hydpy.collectives[0].model.check_waterbalance(conditions))
+0.0
+
+.. _sw1d_network_bifurcations:
+
+Bifurcations
+____________
+
+|sw1d_network| also allows us to model the bifurcation of channels.  We could
+demonstrate this by building an entirely new setting but prefer to reuse the existing
+network and just let the water flow "upstream", which is the same in the end.
+
+First, we break the connections to the |sw1d_weir_out| submodel at the outlet location
+of `channel2`:
+
+>>> channel2.model.storagemodels[-1].routingmodelsdownstream.number = 0
+>>> channel2.model.routingmodels[-2].routingmodelsdownstream.number = 0
+
+Second, we replace the weir model with an instance of |sw1d_q_out|, which is
+functionally nearly identical to |sw1d_q_in| but to be placed at outlet locations:
+
+>>> from hydpy.models import sw1d_q_out
+>>> with channel2.model.add_routingmodel_v3(sw1d_q_out, position=4):
+...     lengthupstream(2.0)
+...     timestepfactor(0.7)
+...     with model.add_crosssection_v2("wq_trapeze"):
+...         nmbtrapezes(1)
+...         bottomlevels(5.0)
+...         bottomwidths(5.0)
+...         sideslopes(0.0)
+
+>>> channel2.model.connect()
+
+We set the initial conditions as in the :ref:`sw1d_network_confluences` example:
+
+>>> test = IntegrationTest()
+>>> prepare_inits(channel1a=1.0, channel1b=1.0, channel2=1.0)
+
+We let the same amount of water flow in the opposite direction by setting the inflow of
+`channel1a` and `channel1b` to zero and the outflow of `channel2` to -1.5 m³/s:
+
+>>> q_1a_in.sequences.sim.series = 0.0
+>>> q_1b_in.sequences.sim.series = 0.0
+>>> q_2_out.sequences.sim.series = -1.5
+
+The outlet node `q_2_out` needs further attention.  Usually, outlet nodes receive data
+from their entry elements, but this one is supposed to send data "upstream", which is
+possible by choosing one of the available "bidirectional" deploy modes.  We select
+`oldsim_bi` (the documentation on |Node.deploymode| explains this and the further
+options in more detail):
+
+>>> q_2_out.deploymode = "oldsim_bi"
+
+Considering the absolute amount, the discharge simulated at the central node `q_1to2`
+is quite similar to the one of the :ref:`sw1d_network_confluences` example:
+
+.. integration-test::
+
+    >>> conditions = test("sw1d_network_branch", get_conditions="2000-01-01 00:00")
+    |                date |  timestep | q_1a_in | q_1b_in |    q_1to2 | q_2_out |
+    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    | 2000-01-01 00:00:00 | 44.830004 |     0.0 |     0.0 |       0.0 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:05:00 | 45.741893 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.002955 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:10:00 | 46.659139 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.026069 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:15:00 | 47.456384 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.075937 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:20:00 | 48.151282 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.140683 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:25:00 | 48.772646 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.207348 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:30:00 | 49.341144 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.268565 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:35:00 | 49.870269 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.321749 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:40:00 | 50.368827 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.366871 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:45:00 | 50.842694 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.404905 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:50:00 | 51.295919 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.437038 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 00:55:00 | 51.731393 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.464363 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:00:00 | 52.151263 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.487801 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:05:00 | 52.557188 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.508095 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:10:00 |   52.9505 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.525847 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:15:00 | 53.332303 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.541542 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:20:00 | 53.703533 |     0.0 |     0.0 |  -0.55557 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:25:00 | 54.065003 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.568243 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:30:00 | 54.417423 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.579812 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:35:00 | 54.761425 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.590476 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:40:00 | 55.097571 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.600391 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:45:00 | 55.426366 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.609678 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:50:00 | 55.748265 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.618434 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 01:55:00 | 56.063683 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.626729 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:00:00 | 56.372995 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.634621 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:05:00 | 56.676546 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.642152 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:10:00 | 56.974651 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.649356 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:15:00 | 57.267603 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.656257 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:20:00 | 57.555671 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.662874 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:25:00 | 57.839105 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.669225 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:30:00 | 58.118138 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.675321 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:35:00 | 58.392989 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.681174 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:40:00 |  58.66386 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.686793 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:45:00 | 58.930943 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.692186 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:50:00 | 59.194418 |     0.0 |     0.0 |  -0.69736 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 02:55:00 | 59.454452 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.702325 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:00:00 | 59.711205 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.707085 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:05:00 | 59.964827 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.711648 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:10:00 |   0.30038 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.716007 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:15:00 |  0.611639 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.719329 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:20:00 |   0.92016 |     0.0 |     0.0 |  -0.72384 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:25:00 |  1.224742 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.728033 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:30:00 |   1.52568 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.731932 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:35:00 |   1.82326 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.735573 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:40:00 |  2.117718 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.738988 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:45:00 |  2.409252 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.742203 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:50:00 |  2.698035 |     0.0 |     0.0 |  -0.74524 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 03:55:00 |   2.98422 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.748116 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:00:00 |  3.267941 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.750845 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:05:00 |  3.549322 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.753437 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:10:00 |  3.828473 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.755902 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:15:00 |  4.105495 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.758246 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:20:00 |  4.380482 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.760477 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:25:00 |  4.653521 |     0.0 |     0.0 |   -0.7626 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:30:00 |  4.924693 |     0.0 |     0.0 |  -0.76462 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:35:00 |  5.194073 |     0.0 |     0.0 |  -0.76654 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:40:00 |  5.461733 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.768366 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:45:00 |  5.727738 |     0.0 |     0.0 |   -0.7701 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:50:00 |  5.992153 |     0.0 |     0.0 | -0.771747 |    -1.5 |
+    | 2000-01-01 04:55:00 |  6.255037 |     0.0 |     0.0 |  -0.77331 |    -1.5 |
+
+Again, the simulated water levels at the end of the simulation period seem reasonable
+and sufficiently similar to those we calculated with a fully hydrodynamic model:
+
+>>> plot_waterlevels("sw1d_network_bifurcations.png")
+
+.. image:: sw1d_network_bifurcations.png
+
+There is no indication of an error in the water balance:
+
+>>> round_(test.hydpy.collectives[0].model.check_waterbalance(conditions))
+0.0
+"""
+# import...
+# ...from standard library
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+# ...from HydPy
+from hydpy.core import devicetools
+from hydpy.core import importtools
+from hydpy.core import modeltools
+from hydpy.core import objecttools
+from hydpy.core.typingtools import *
+from hydpy.exe.modelimports import *
+from hydpy.interfaces import routinginterfaces
+
+# ...from sw1d
+from hydpy.models.sw1d import sw1d_model
+from hydpy.models.sw1d import sw1d_derived
+from hydpy.models import sw1d_channel
+
+ADDITIONAL_DERIVEDPARAMETERS = (sw1d_derived.Seconds,)
+
+
+class Model(modeltools.SubstepModel):
+    """|sw1d_network.DOCNAME.complete|."""
+
+    DOCNAME = modeltools.DocName(
+        short="SW1D-Network",
+        description=(
+            '"composite model" for solving the 1-dimensional shallow water equations '
+            "in channel networks"
+        ),
+    )
+    __HYDPY_ROOTMODEL__ = None
+
+    COMPOSITE = True
+    """|sw1d_network| is a composite model.  (One usually only works with it 
+    indirectly.)"""
+
+    INLET_METHODS = (sw1d_model.Trigger_Preprocessing_V1,)
+    RECEIVER_METHODS = ()
+    RUN_METHODS = (
+        sw1d_model.Calc_MaxTimeSteps_V1,
+        sw1d_model.Calc_TimeStep_V1,
+        sw1d_model.Send_TimeStep_V1,
+        sw1d_model.Calc_Discharges_V1,
+        sw1d_model.Update_Storages_V1,
+    )
+    INTERFACE_METHODS = ()
+    ADD_METHODS = ()
+    OUTLET_METHODS = (sw1d_model.Trigger_Postprocessing_V1,)
+    SENDER_METHODS = ()
+    SUBMODELINTERFACES = (
+        routinginterfaces.RoutingModel_V1,
+        routinginterfaces.RoutingModel_V2,
+        routinginterfaces.RoutingModel_V3,
+        routinginterfaces.StorageModel_V1,
+        routinginterfaces.ChannelModel_V1,
+    )
+    SUBMODELS = ()
+
+    channelmodels = modeltools.SubmodelsProperty(routinginterfaces.ChannelModel_V1)
+    storagemodels = modeltools.SubmodelsProperty(routinginterfaces.StorageModel_V1)
+    routingmodels = modeltools.SubmodelsProperty(
+        routinginterfaces.RoutingModel_V1,
+        routinginterfaces.RoutingModel_V2,
+        routinginterfaces.RoutingModel_V3,
+    )
+
+    def check_waterbalance(self, initial_conditions: ConditionsModel) -> float:
+        r"""Determine the water balance error of the previous simulation in 1000 m³.
+
+        Method |Model.check_waterbalance| calculates the balance error as follows:
+
+          .. math::
+            Error =  \Sigma In - \Sigma Out + \Sigma Lat - \Delta Vol \\
+            \\
+            \Sigma In = \sum_{t=t_0}^{t_1} \sum_{i=1}^{R_1} DischargeVolume_t^i  \\
+            \Sigma Out = \sum_{t=t_0}^{t_1} \sum_{i=1}^{R_3} DischargeVolume_t^i  \\
+            \Sigma Lat = Seconds \cdot
+            \sum_{t=t_0}^{t_1} \sum_{i=1}^{S_1} LateralFlow_t^i \\
+            \Delta Vol = 1000 \cdot
+            \sum_{i=1}^{S_1} WaterVolume_{t_1}^i - WaterVolume_{t_0}^i \\
+            \\
+            S_1 = N(StorageModel\_V1) \\
+            R_1 = N(RoutingModel\_V1) \\
+            R_3 = N(RoutingModel\_V3)
+
+        The returned error should always be in scale with numerical precision so that
+        it does not affect the simulation results in any relevant manner.
+
+        Pick the required initial conditions before starting the simulation run via
+        property |Sequences.conditions|.  See the application model |sw1d_network| for
+        integration tests some examples.
+
+        ToDo: So far, |Model.check_waterbalance| works only safely with application
+              models |sw1d_storage|, |sw1d_q_in|, |sw1d_lias|, |sw1d_q_out|, and
+              |sw1d_weir_out| and might fail for other models.  We need to implement a
+              more general solution when we implement incompatible models.
+        """
+
+        r1 = routinginterfaces.RoutingModel_V1
+        r3 = routinginterfaces.RoutingModel_V3
+        r2 = routinginterfaces.RoutingModel_V2
+        v2 = routinginterfaces.ChannelModel_V1
+
+        secs = self.parameters.derived.seconds.value
+        volume_old, volume_new, latflow = 0.0, 0.0, 0.0
+        inflow, outflow = 0.0, 0.0
+        for name, model in self.find_submodels(include_subsubmodels=False).items():
+            if isinstance(model, routinginterfaces.StorageModel_V1):
+                wv = initial_conditions[name]["states"]["watervolume"]
+                assert isinstance(wv, float)
+                volume_old += 1000.0 * wv
+                volume_new += 1000.0 * model.sequences.states.watervolume
+                latflow += secs * numpy.sum(model.sequences.fluxes.lateralflow.series)
+            elif isinstance(model, r1):
+                inflow += numpy.sum(model.sequences.fluxes.dischargevolume.series)
+            elif isinstance(model, r3):
+                outflow += numpy.sum(model.sequences.fluxes.dischargevolume.series)
+            else:
+                assert isinstance(model, (r2, v2))
+        return volume_old + inflow - outflow + latflow - volume_new
+
+
+@modeltools.define_modelcoupler(inputtypes=(sw1d_channel.Model,), outputtype=Model)
+def combine_channels(
+    *, nodes: devicetools.Nodes, elements: devicetools.Elements
+) -> Model:
+    """Combine all the submodels of the given |sw1d_channel| instances within a new
+    |sw1d_network| instance and build their missing connections.
+
+    |combine_channels| has to address many corner cases, especially for discovering
+    configuration errors.  We define a helper function that returns a (hopefully
+    sufficiently complex) valid setting containing six |sw1d_channel| models, including
+    one bifurcation and one confluence:
+
+    >>> from hydpy import Element, Nodes, prepare_model
+    >>> def prepare_example():
+    ...
+    ...     nodes = n12, n23, n34, n45 = Nodes("n12", "n23", "n34", "n45",
+    ...                                        defaultvariable="LongQ")
+    ...
+    ...     e1 = Element("e1", outlets=n12)
+    ...     e2 = Element("e2", inlets=n12, outlets=n23)
+    ...     e3a = Element("e3a", inlets=n23, outlets=n34)
+    ...     e3b = Element("e3b", inlets=n23, outlets=n34)
+    ...     e4 = Element("e4", inlets=n34, outlets=n45)
+    ...     e5 = Element("e5", inlets=n45)
+    ...     elements = e1, e2, e3a, e3b, e4, e5
+    ...
+    ...     m1 = prepare_model("sw1d_channel")
+    ...     m2 = prepare_model("sw1d_channel")
+    ...     m3a = prepare_model("sw1d_channel")
+    ...     m3b = prepare_model("sw1d_channel")
+    ...     m4 = prepare_model("sw1d_channel")
+    ...     m5 = prepare_model("sw1d_channel")
+    ...     models = m1, m2, m3a, m3b, m4, m5
+    ...
+    ...     m1.parameters.control.nmbsegments(1)
+    ...     m2.parameters.control.nmbsegments(1)
+    ...     m3a.parameters.control.nmbsegments(2)
+    ...     m3b.parameters.control.nmbsegments(1)
+    ...     m4.parameters.control.nmbsegments(1)
+    ...     m5.parameters.control.nmbsegments(1)
+    ...
+    ...     for m in models:
+    ...         for i in range(m.parameters.control.nmbsegments.value):
+    ...             with m.add_storagemodel_v1("sw1d_storage", position=i):
+    ...                 pass
+    ...     for m, ps in ((m1, [1]), (m3a, [0, 1, 2]), (m3b, [0, 1]), (m5, [0])):
+    ...         for p in ps:
+    ...             with m.add_routingmodel_v2("sw1d_lias", position=p, update=False):
+    ...                 pass
+    ...
+    ...     e1.model = m1
+    ...     e2.model = m2
+    ...     e3a.model = m3a
+    ...     e3b.model = m3b
+    ...     e4.model = m4
+    ...     e5.model = m5
+    ...
+    ...     return nodes, elements, models
+
+    The second helper function checks for this example if all |combine_channels| builds
+    all side-model connections correctly and does not break already existing ones:
+
+    >>> def apply_assertions(models):
+    ...     m1, m2, m3a, m3b, m4, m5 = models
+    ...
+    ...     sm = m1.storagemodels[0]
+    ...     assert (rmsd := sm.routingmodelsdownstream).number == 1
+    ...     assert m1.routingmodels[1] in rmsd
+    ...
+    ...     rm = m1.routingmodels[1]
+    ...     assert rm.routingmodelsupstream.number == 0
+    ...     assert rm.storagemodelupstream is m1.storagemodels[0]
+    ...     assert rm.storagemodeldownstream is m2.storagemodels[0]
+    ...     assert (rmsd := rm.routingmodelsdownstream).number == 2
+    ...     assert m3a.routingmodels[0] in rmsd
+    ...     assert m3b.routingmodels[0] in rmsd
+    ...
+    ...     sm = m2.storagemodels[0]
+    ...     assert (rmsu := sm.routingmodelsupstream).number == 1
+    ...     assert m1.routingmodels[1] in rmsu
+    ...     assert (rmsd := sm.routingmodelsdownstream).number == 2
+    ...     assert m3a.routingmodels[0] in rmsd
+    ...     assert m3a.routingmodels[0] in rmsd
+    ...
+    ...     rm = m3a.routingmodels[0]
+    ...     assert (rmsu := rm.routingmodelsupstream).number == 1
+    ...     assert m1.routingmodels[1] in rmsu
+    ...     assert rm.storagemodelupstream is m2.storagemodels[0]
+    ...     assert rm.storagemodeldownstream is m3a.storagemodels[0]
+    ...     assert (rmsd := rm.routingmodelsdownstream).number == 1
+    ...     assert m3a.routingmodels[1] in rmsd
+    ...
+    ...     sm = m3a.storagemodels[0]
+    ...     assert (rmsu := sm.routingmodelsupstream).number == 1
+    ...     assert m3a.routingmodels[0] in rmsu
+    ...     assert (rmsd := sm.routingmodelsdownstream).number == 1
+    ...     assert m3a.routingmodels[1] in rmsd
+    ...
+    ...     rm = m3a.routingmodels[1]
+    ...     assert (rmsu := rm.routingmodelsupstream).number == 1
+    ...     assert m3a.routingmodels[0] in rmsu
+    ...     assert rm.storagemodelupstream is m3a.storagemodels[0]
+    ...     assert rm.storagemodeldownstream is m3a.storagemodels[1]
+    ...     assert (rmsd := rm.routingmodelsdownstream).number == 1
+    ...     assert m3a.routingmodels[2] in rmsd
+    ...
+    ...     sm = m3a.storagemodels[1]
+    ...     assert (rmsu := sm.routingmodelsupstream).number == 1
+    ...     assert m3a.routingmodels[1] in rmsu
+    ...     assert (rmsd := sm.routingmodelsdownstream).number == 1
+    ...     assert m3a.routingmodels[2] in rmsd
+    ...
+    ...     rm = m3a.routingmodels[2]
+    ...     assert (rmsu := rm.routingmodelsupstream).number == 1
+    ...     assert m3a.routingmodels[1] in rmsu
+    ...     assert rm.storagemodelupstream is m3a.storagemodels[1]
+    ...     assert rm.storagemodeldownstream is m4.storagemodels[0]
+    ...     assert (rmsd := rm.routingmodelsdownstream).number == 1
+    ...     assert m5.routingmodels[0] in rmsd
+    ...
+    ...     rm = m3b.routingmodels[0]
+    ...     assert (rmsu := rm.routingmodelsupstream).number == 1
+    ...     assert m1.routingmodels[1] in rmsu
+    ...     assert rm.storagemodelupstream is m2.storagemodels[0]
+    ...     assert rm.storagemodeldownstream is m3b.storagemodels[0]
+    ...     assert (rmsd := rm.routingmodelsdownstream).number == 1
+    ...     assert m3b.routingmodels[1] in rmsd
+    ...
+    ...     sm = m3b.storagemodels[0]
+    ...     assert (rmsu := sm.routingmodelsupstream).number == 1
+    ...     assert m3b.routingmodels[0] in rmsu
+    ...     assert (rmsd := sm.routingmodelsdownstream).number == 1
+    ...     assert m3b.routingmodels[1] in rmsd
+    ...
+    ...     rm = m3b.routingmodels[1]
+    ...     assert (rmsu := rm.routingmodelsupstream).number == 1
+    ...     assert m3b.routingmodels[0] in rmsu
+    ...     assert rm.storagemodelupstream is m3b.storagemodels[0]
+    ...     assert rm.storagemodeldownstream is m4.storagemodels[0]
+    ...     assert (rmsd := rm.routingmodelsdownstream).number == 1
+    ...     assert m5.routingmodels[0] in rmsd
+    ...
+    ...     sm = m4.storagemodels[0]
+    ...     assert (rmsu := sm.routingmodelsupstream).number == 2
+    ...     assert m3a.routingmodels[2] in rmsu
+    ...     assert m3b.routingmodels[1] in rmsu
+    ...     assert (rmsd := sm.routingmodelsdownstream).number == 1
+    ...     assert m5.routingmodels[0] in rmsd
+    ...
+    ...     rm = m5.routingmodels[0]
+    ...     assert (rmsu := rm.routingmodelsupstream).number == 2
+    ...     assert m3a.routingmodels[2] in rmsu
+    ...     assert m3b.routingmodels[1] in rmsu
+    ...     assert rm.storagemodelupstream is m4.storagemodels[0]
+    ...     assert rm.storagemodeldownstream is m5.storagemodels[0]
+    ...     assert (rmsd := rm.routingmodelsdownstream).number == 0
+    ...
+    ...     sm = m5.storagemodels[0]
+    ...     assert (rmsu := sm.routingmodelsupstream).number == 1
+    ...     assert m5.routingmodels[0] in rmsu
+    ...     assert (rmsd := sm.routingmodelsdownstream).number == 0
+
+    According to the test functions, |combine_channels| works correctly:
+
+    >>> nodes, elements, models = prepare_example()
+    >>> from hydpy.models.sw1d_network import combine_channels
+    >>> network = combine_channels(nodes=nodes, elements=elements)
+    >>> apply_assertions(models)
+
+    Before building new connections, |combine_channels| deletes existing ones that it
+    is responsible for and might have ,ade in an earlier call.  This preprocessing step
+    allows to use |combine_channels| multiple times without risking duplicate
+    connections:
+
+    >>> network = combine_channels(nodes=nodes, elements=elements)
+    >>> apply_assertions(models)
+
+    |combine_channels| performs various checks.  We shortly explain the covered
+    configuration errors.
+
+    There must be one routing model between all neighbouring segments of a single
+    channel:
+
+    >>> models[2].routingmodels.delete_submodel(1)
+    >>> combine_channels(nodes=nodes, elements=elements)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    RuntimeError: While trying to couple the given model instances to a composite \
+model of type `sw1d_network` based on function `combine_channels`, the following \
+error occurred: Model `sw1d_channel` of element `e3a` requires a routing model at \
+position `1`, which is missing.
+
+    There must be one storage model for each channel segment:
+
+    >>> models[1].storagemodels.delete_submodel(0)
+    >>> combine_channels(nodes=nodes, elements=elements)  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    RuntimeError: ... Model `sw1d_channel` of element `e2` requires a storage model \
+at position `0`, which is missing.
+
+    There must be one routing model between each pair of a channel's neighbouring
+    segments:
+
+    >>> nodes, elements, models = prepare_example()
+    >>> models[5].routingmodels.delete_submodel(0)
+    >>> combine_channels(nodes=nodes, elements=elements)  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    RuntimeError: ... Either model `sw1d_channel` of element `e4` requires a routing \
+model at its last position or model `sw1d_channel` of element `e5` at its first \
+position, but both are missing.
+
+    All routing models between two segments must allow building connections to upstream
+    models:
+
+    >>> with models[5].add_routingmodel_v1("sw1d_q_in", position=0, update=False):
+    ...     pass
+    >>> elements[5].model = models[5]
+    >>> combine_channels(nodes=nodes, elements=elements)  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    RuntimeError: ... Submodel `sw1d_q_in` of element `e5` does not allow to build an \
+upstream connection to model `sw1d_channel` of element `e4`.
+
+    All routing models between two segments must allow building connections to
+    downstream models:
+
+    >>> with models[0].add_routingmodel_v3("sw1d_q_out", position=1, update=False):
+    ...     pass
+    >>> elements[0].model = models[0]
+    >>> combine_channels(nodes=nodes, elements=elements)  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    RuntimeError: ... Submodel `sw1d_q_out` of element `e1` does not allow to build \
+a downstream connection to model `sw1d_channel` of element `e2`.
+
+    There cannot be multiple routing models between two segments:
+
+    >>> nodes, elements, models = prepare_example()
+    >>> with models[4].add_routingmodel_v2("sw1d_lias", position=1, update=False):
+    ...     pass
+    >>> combine_channels(nodes=nodes, elements=elements)  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    RuntimeError: ... Either model `sw1d_channel` of element `e4` must provide a \
+routing model at its last position or model `sw1d_channel` of element `e5` at its \
+first position, but both do.
+
+    One cannot connect a routing model to multiple upstream storage models:
+
+    >>> models[2].routingmodels.delete_submodel(2)
+    >>> models[3].routingmodels.delete_submodel(1)
+    >>> with models[4].add_routingmodel_v2("sw1d_lias", position=0, update=False):
+    ...     pass
+    >>> elements[4].model = models[4]
+    >>> combine_channels(nodes=nodes, elements=elements)  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    RuntimeError: ... The first routing submodel, `sw1d_lias` of element `e4`, can \
+only be connected to one upstream storage submodel but is requested to be at least \
+connected to `sw1d_storage` of element `e3a` and `sw1d_storage` of element `e3b`.
+
+    One cannot connect a routing model to multiple downstream storage models:
+
+    >>> models[2].routingmodels.delete_submodel(0)
+    >>> models[3].routingmodels.delete_submodel(0)
+    >>> with models[1].add_routingmodel_v2("sw1d_lias", position=1, update=False):
+    ...     pass
+    >>> elements[1].model = models[1]
+    >>> combine_channels(nodes=nodes, elements=elements)  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    RuntimeError: ... The last routing submodel, `sw1d_lias` of element `e2`, can \
+only be connected to one downstream storage submodel but is requested to be at least \
+connected to `sw1d_storage` of element `e3a` and `sw1d_storage` of element `e3b`.
+    """
+    # pylint: disable=too-many-nested-blocks,too-many-branches,too-many-statements
+
+    c1 = routinginterfaces.ChannelModel_V1
+    r1 = routinginterfaces.RoutingModel_V1
+    r2 = routinginterfaces.RoutingModel_V2
+    r3 = routinginterfaces.RoutingModel_V3
+    network = importtools.prepare_model("sw1d_network")
+    assert isinstance(network, Model)
+    channelmodels = network.channelmodels
+    storagemodels = network.storagemodels
+    routingmodels = network.routingmodels
+    ep = objecttools.elementphrase
+
+    for element in elements:
+        cm = element.model
+        assert isinstance(cm, c1)
+
+        # First check if all definitely required submodels are actually available:
+        for i, sm in enumerate(cm.storagemodels):
+            if sm is None:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    f"Model {ep(cm)} requires a storage model at position `{i}`, "
+                    f"which is missing."
+                )
+        for i, rm in enumerate(cm.routingmodels.submodels[1:-1]):
+            if rm is None:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    f"Model {ep(cm)} requires a routing model at position `{i + 1}`, "
+                    f"which is missing."
+                )
+
+        # Link the network to its submodels:
+        channelmodels.append_submodel(submodel=cm)
+        for sm in cm.storagemodels.submodels:
+            if sm is not None:
+                storagemodels.append_submodel(submodel=sm)
+        for rm in cm.routingmodels.submodels:
+            if rm is not None:
+                routingmodels.append_submodel(submodel=rm)
+
+        # Prevent duplicate links when calling `combine_channels` twice:
+        if (r_d1 := cm.routingmodels[0]) is None:
+            assert (sm := cm.storagemodels[0]) is not None
+            sm.routingmodelsupstream.number = 0
+            if (r_d2 := cm.routingmodels[1]) is not None:
+                if isinstance(r_d2, (r2, r3)):
+                    r_d2.routingmodelsupstream.number = 0
+                else:
+                    assert not isinstance(r_d2, r1)
+                    assert_never(r_d2)
+        else:
+            if isinstance(r_d1, r2):
+                r_d1.routingmodelsupstream.number = 0
+                r_d1.storagemodelupstream = None
+                r_d1.storagemodelupstream_typeid = 0
+            elif isinstance(r_d1, r1):
+                pass
+            else:
+                assert not isinstance(r_d1, r3)
+                assert_never(r_d1)
+
+        if (r_u1 := cm.routingmodels[-1]) is None:
+            assert (sm := cm.storagemodels[-1]) is not None
+            sm.routingmodelsdownstream.number = 0
+            if (r_u2 := cm.routingmodels[-2]) is not None:
+                if isinstance(r_u2, (r1, r2)):
+                    r_u2.routingmodelsdownstream.number = 0
+                else:
+                    assert not isinstance(r_u2, r3)
+                    assert_never(r_u2)
+        else:
+            if isinstance(r_u1, r2):
+                r_u1.routingmodelsdownstream.number = 0
+                r_u1.storagemodeldownstream = None
+                r_u1.storagemodeldownstream_typeid = 0
+            elif isinstance(r_u1, r3):
+                pass
+            else:
+                assert not isinstance(r_u1, r1)
+                assert_never(r_u1)
+
+    # Link the submodels at the channel end points:
+    for node in nodes:
+        for e_up in (e_up for e_up in node.entries if e_up in elements):
+            assert isinstance(c_u := e_up.model, c1)
+            if (r_u := c_u.routingmodels[-1]) is None:
+                for e_down in (e_down for e_down in node.exits if e_down in elements):
+                    assert isinstance(c_d := e_down.model, c1)
+                    assert (s_u := c_u.storagemodels[-1]) is not None
+                    if (r_d := c_d.routingmodels[0]) is None:
+                        raise RuntimeError(
+                            f"Either model {ep(c_u)} requires a routing model at its "
+                            f"last position or model {ep(c_d)} at its first position, "
+                            f"but both are missing."
+                        )
+                    if isinstance(r_d, r2):
+                        pass
+                    elif isinstance(r_d, r1):
+                        raise RuntimeError(
+                            f"Submodel {ep(r_d)} does not allow to build an upstream "
+                            f"connection to model {ep(c_u)}."
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        assert not isinstance(r_d, r3)
+                        assert_never(r_d)
+                    if r_d.storagemodelupstream is not None:
+                        raise RuntimeError(
+                            f"The first routing submodel, {ep(r_d)}, can only be "
+                            f"connected to one upstream storage submodel but is "
+                            f"requested to be at least connected to "
+                            f"{ep(r_d.storagemodelupstream)} and {ep(s_u)}."
+                        )
+                    r_d.storagemodelupstream = s_u
+                    r_d.storagemodelupstream_typeid = c_u.storagemodels.typeids[-1]
+                    s_u.routingmodelsdownstream.append_submodel(r_d)
+                    if (r_uu := c_u.routingmodels[-2]) is None:
+                        # hint: this "None part" does not need to be repeated below
+                        n_u = e_up.inlets[0]
+                        for e_uu in (e_uu for e_uu in n_u.entries if e_uu in elements):
+                            assert isinstance(c_uu := e_uu.model, c1)
+                            if (r_uu := c_uu.routingmodels[-1]) is not None:
+                                # hint: exception for the None case handled above
+                                if isinstance(r_uu, r2):
+                                    pass
+                                else:
+                                    assert not isinstance(r_uu, (r1, r3))
+                                    assert_never(r_uu)
+                                r_d.routingmodelsupstream.append_submodel(r_uu)
+                                r_uu.routingmodelsdownstream.append_submodel(r_d)
+                    else:
+                        if isinstance(r_uu, (r1, r2)):
+                            r_d.routingmodelsupstream.append_submodel(r_uu)
+                            r_uu.routingmodelsdownstream.append_submodel(r_d)
+                        else:
+                            assert not isinstance(r_uu, r3)
+                            assert_never(r_uu)
+            else:
+                for e_down in (e_down for e_down in node.exits if e_down in elements):
+                    assert isinstance(c_d := e_down.model, c1)
+                    if c_d.routingmodels[0] is not None:
+                        raise RuntimeError(
+                            f"Either model {ep(c_u)} must provide a routing model at "
+                            f"its last position or model {ep(c_d)} at its first "
+                            f"position, but both do."
+                        )
+
+        for e_down in (e_down for e_down in node.exits if e_down in elements):
+            assert isinstance(c_d := e_down.model, c1)
+            if (r_d := c_d.routingmodels[0]) is None:
+                for e_up in (e_up for e_up in node.entries if e_up in elements):
+                    assert isinstance(c_u := e_up.model, c1)
+                    assert (s_d := c_d.storagemodels[0]) is not None
+                    assert (r_u := c_u.routingmodels[-1]) is not None
+                    if isinstance(r_u, r3):
+                        raise RuntimeError(
+                            f"Submodel {ep(r_u)} does not allow to build a "
+                            f"downstream connection to model {ep(c_d)}."
+                        )
+                    assert not isinstance(r_u, r1)
+                    if r_u.storagemodeldownstream is not None:
+                        raise RuntimeError(
+                            f"The last routing submodel, {ep(r_u)}, can only be "
+                            f"connected to one downstream storage submodel but is "
+                            f"requested to be at least connected to "
+                            f"{ep(r_u.storagemodeldownstream)} and {ep(s_d)}."
+                        )
+                    r_u.storagemodeldownstream = s_d
+                    r_u.storagemodeldownstream_typeid = c_d.storagemodels.typeids[0]
+                    s_d.routingmodelsupstream.append_submodel(r_u)
+                    if (r_dd := c_d.routingmodels[1]) is not None:
+                        # hint: the "None part" is already handled above
+                        if isinstance(r_dd, (r2, r3)):
+                            r_u.routingmodelsdownstream.append_submodel(r_dd)
+                            r_dd.routingmodelsupstream.append_submodel(r_u)
+                        else:
+                            assert not isinstance(r_dd, r1)
+                            assert_never(r_dd)
+
+    return network
+
+
+tester = Tester()
+cythonizer = Cythonizer()