Cython 3.1.0__py3-none-any.whl

Cython/Utility/MemoryView.pyx

@@ -0,0 +1,1481 @@
+#################### View.MemoryView ####################
+
+# cython: language_level=3
+# cython: binding=False
+
+# This utility provides cython.array and cython.view.memoryview
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+cimport cython
+
+# from cpython cimport ...
+cdef extern from "Python.h":
+    ctypedef struct PyObject
+    int PyIndex_Check(object)
+    PyObject *PyExc_IndexError
+    PyObject *PyExc_ValueError
+
+cdef extern from "pythread.h":
+    ctypedef void *PyThread_type_lock
+
+    PyThread_type_lock PyThread_allocate_lock()
+    void PyThread_free_lock(PyThread_type_lock)
+
+cdef extern from "<string.h>":
+    void *memset(void *b, int c, size_t len)
+
+cdef extern from *:
+    bint __PYX_CYTHON_ATOMICS_ENABLED()
+    bint __PYX_GET_CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING()
+    int PyObject_GetBuffer(object, Py_buffer *, int) except -1
+    void PyBuffer_Release(Py_buffer *)
+
+    ctypedef struct PyObject
+    ctypedef Py_ssize_t Py_intptr_t
+    void Py_INCREF(PyObject *)
+    void Py_DECREF(PyObject *)
+
+    void* PyMem_Malloc(size_t n)
+    void PyMem_Free(void *p)
+    void* PyObject_Malloc(size_t n)
+    void PyObject_Free(void *p)
+
+    cdef struct __pyx_memoryview "__pyx_memoryview_obj":
+        Py_buffer view
+        PyObject *obj
+        const __Pyx_TypeInfo *typeinfo
+
+    ctypedef struct {{memviewslice_name}}:
+        __pyx_memoryview *memview
+        char *data
+        Py_ssize_t shape[{{max_dims}}]
+        Py_ssize_t strides[{{max_dims}}]
+        Py_ssize_t suboffsets[{{max_dims}}]
+
+    void __PYX_INC_MEMVIEW({{memviewslice_name}} *memslice, int have_gil)
+    void __PYX_XCLEAR_MEMVIEW({{memviewslice_name}} *memslice, int have_gil)
+
+    ctypedef struct __pyx_buffer "Py_buffer":
+        PyObject *obj
+
+    PyObject *Py_None
+
+    cdef enum:
+        PyBUF_C_CONTIGUOUS,
+        PyBUF_F_CONTIGUOUS,
+        PyBUF_ANY_CONTIGUOUS
+        PyBUF_FORMAT
+        PyBUF_WRITABLE
+        PyBUF_STRIDES
+        PyBUF_INDIRECT
+        PyBUF_ND
+        PyBUF_RECORDS
+        PyBUF_RECORDS_RO
+
+    ctypedef struct __Pyx_TypeInfo:
+        pass
+
+cdef extern from *:
+    ctypedef int __pyx_atomic_int_type
+    {{memviewslice_name}} slice_copy_contig "__pyx_memoryview_copy_new_contig"(
+                                 {{memviewslice_name}} *from_mvs,
+                                 const char *mode, int ndim,
+                                 size_t sizeof_dtype, int contig_flag,
+                                 bint dtype_is_object) except * nogil
+    bint slice_is_contig "__pyx_memviewslice_is_contig" (
+                            {{memviewslice_name}} mvs, char order, int ndim) nogil
+    bint slices_overlap "__pyx_slices_overlap" ({{memviewslice_name}} *slice1,
+                                                {{memviewslice_name}} *slice2,
+                                                int ndim, size_t itemsize) nogil
+
+
+cdef extern from "<stdlib.h>":
+    void *malloc(size_t) nogil
+    void free(void *) nogil
+    void *memcpy(void *dest, void *src, size_t n) nogil
+
+# the sequence abstract base class
+cdef object __pyx_collections_abc_Sequence "__pyx_collections_abc_Sequence"
+try:
+    __pyx_collections_abc_Sequence = __import__("collections.abc").abc.Sequence
+except:
+    # it isn't a big problem if this fails
+    __pyx_collections_abc_Sequence = None
+
+#
+### cython.array class
+#
+
+@cython.collection_type("sequence")
+@cname("__pyx_array")
+cdef class array:
+
+    cdef:
+        char *data
+        Py_ssize_t len
+        char *format
+        int ndim
+        Py_ssize_t *_shape
+        Py_ssize_t *_strides
+        Py_ssize_t itemsize
+        unicode mode  # FIXME: this should have been a simple 'char'
+        bytes _format
+        void (*callback_free_data)(void *data) noexcept
+        # cdef object _memview
+        cdef bint free_data
+        cdef bint dtype_is_object
+
+    def __cinit__(array self, tuple shape, Py_ssize_t itemsize, format not None,
+                  mode="c", bint allocate_buffer=True):
+
+        cdef int idx
+        cdef Py_ssize_t dim
+
+        self.ndim = <int> len(shape)
+        self.itemsize = itemsize
+
+        if not self.ndim:
+            raise ValueError, "Empty shape tuple for cython.array"
+
+        if itemsize <= 0:
+            raise ValueError, "itemsize <= 0 for cython.array"
+
+        if not isinstance(format, bytes):
+            format = format.encode('ASCII')
+        self._format = format  # keep a reference to the byte string
+        self.format = self._format
+
+        # use single malloc() for both shape and strides
+        self._shape = <Py_ssize_t *> PyObject_Malloc(sizeof(Py_ssize_t)*self.ndim*2)
+        self._strides = self._shape + self.ndim
+
+        if not self._shape:
+            raise MemoryError, "unable to allocate shape and strides."
+
+        # cdef Py_ssize_t dim, stride
+        for idx, dim in enumerate(shape):
+            if dim <= 0:
+                raise ValueError, f"Invalid shape in axis {idx}: {dim}."
+            self._shape[idx] = dim
+
+        cdef char order
+        if mode == 'c':
+            order = b'C'
+            self.mode = u'c'
+        elif mode == 'fortran':
+            order = b'F'
+            self.mode = u'fortran'
+        else:
+            raise ValueError, f"Invalid mode, expected 'c' or 'fortran', got {mode}"
+
+        self.len = fill_contig_strides_array(self._shape, self._strides, itemsize, self.ndim, order)
+
+        self.free_data = allocate_buffer
+        self.dtype_is_object = format == b'O'
+
+        if allocate_buffer:
+            _allocate_buffer(self)
+
+    @cname('getbuffer')
+    def __getbuffer__(self, Py_buffer *info, int flags):
+        cdef int bufmode = -1
+        if flags & (PyBUF_C_CONTIGUOUS | PyBUF_F_CONTIGUOUS | PyBUF_ANY_CONTIGUOUS):
+            if self.mode == u"c":
+                bufmode = PyBUF_C_CONTIGUOUS | PyBUF_ANY_CONTIGUOUS
+            elif self.mode == u"fortran":
+                bufmode = PyBUF_F_CONTIGUOUS | PyBUF_ANY_CONTIGUOUS
+            if not (flags & bufmode):
+                raise ValueError, "Can only create a buffer that is contiguous in memory."
+        info.buf = self.data
+        info.len = self.len
+
+        if flags & PyBUF_STRIDES:
+            info.ndim = self.ndim
+            info.shape = self._shape
+            info.strides = self._strides
+        else:
+            info.ndim = 1
+            info.shape = &self.len if flags & PyBUF_ND else NULL
+            info.strides = NULL
+
+        info.suboffsets = NULL
+        info.itemsize = self.itemsize
+        info.readonly = 0
+        info.format = self.format if flags & PyBUF_FORMAT else NULL
+        info.obj = self
+
+    def __dealloc__(array self):
+        if self.callback_free_data != NULL:
+            self.callback_free_data(self.data)
+        elif self.free_data and self.data is not NULL:
+            if self.dtype_is_object:
+                refcount_objects_in_slice(self.data, self._shape, self._strides, self.ndim, inc=False)
+            free(self.data)
+        PyObject_Free(self._shape)
+
+    @property
+    def memview(self):
+        return self.get_memview()
+
+    @cname('get_memview')
+    cdef get_memview(self):
+        flags =  PyBUF_ANY_CONTIGUOUS|PyBUF_FORMAT|PyBUF_WRITABLE
+        return  memoryview(self, flags, self.dtype_is_object)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return self._shape[0]
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        return getattr(self.memview, attr)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, item):
+        return self.memview[item]
+
+    def __setitem__(self, item, value):
+        self.memview[item] = value
+
+    # Sequence methods
+    try:
+        count = __pyx_collections_abc_Sequence.count
+        index = __pyx_collections_abc_Sequence.index
+    except:
+        pass
+
+@cname("__pyx_array_allocate_buffer")
+cdef int _allocate_buffer(array self) except -1:
+    # use malloc() for backwards compatibility
+    # in case external code wants to change the data pointer
+    cdef Py_ssize_t i
+    cdef PyObject **p
+
+    self.free_data = True
+    self.data = <char *>malloc(self.len)
+    if not self.data:
+        raise MemoryError, "unable to allocate array data."
+
+    if self.dtype_is_object:
+        p = <PyObject **> self.data
+        for i in range(self.len // self.itemsize):
+            p[i] = Py_None
+            Py_INCREF(Py_None)
+    return 0
+
+
+@cname("__pyx_array_new")
+cdef array array_cwrapper(tuple shape, Py_ssize_t itemsize, char *format, const char *c_mode, char *buf):
+    cdef array result
+    cdef str mode = "fortran" if c_mode[0] == b'f' else "c"  # this often comes from a constant C string.
+
+    if buf is NULL:
+        result = array.__new__(array, shape, itemsize, format, mode)
+    else:
+        result = array.__new__(array, shape, itemsize, format, mode, allocate_buffer=False)
+        result.data = buf
+
+    return result
+
+
+#
+### Memoryview constants and cython.view.memoryview class
+#
+
+# Disable generic_contiguous, as it makes trouble verifying contiguity:
+#   - 'contiguous' or '::1' means the dimension is contiguous with dtype
+#   - 'indirect_contiguous' means a contiguous list of pointers
+#   - dtype contiguous must be contiguous in the first or last dimension
+#     from the start, or from the dimension following the last indirect dimension
+#
+#   e.g.
+#           int[::indirect_contiguous, ::contiguous, :]
+#
+#   is valid (list of pointers to 2d fortran-contiguous array), but
+#
+#           int[::generic_contiguous, ::contiguous, :]
+#
+#   would mean you'd have assert dimension 0 to be indirect (and pointer contiguous) at runtime.
+#   So it doesn't bring any performance benefit, and it's only confusing.
+
+@cname('__pyx_MemviewEnum')
+cdef class Enum(object):
+    cdef object name
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        self.name = name
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return self.name
+
+cdef generic = Enum("<strided and direct or indirect>")
+cdef strided = Enum("<strided and direct>") # default
+cdef indirect = Enum("<strided and indirect>")
+# Disable generic_contiguous, as it is a troublemaker
+#cdef generic_contiguous = Enum("<contiguous and direct or indirect>")
+cdef contiguous = Enum("<contiguous and direct>")
+cdef indirect_contiguous = Enum("<contiguous and indirect>")
+
+# 'follow' is implied when the first or last axis is ::1
+
+
+# pre-allocate thread locks for reuse
+## note that this could be implemented in a more beautiful way in "normal" Cython,
+## but this code gets merged into the user module and not everything works there.
+cdef int __pyx_memoryview_thread_locks_used = 0
+cdef PyThread_type_lock[{{THREAD_LOCKS_PREALLOCATED}}] __pyx_memoryview_thread_locks = [
+{{for _ in range(THREAD_LOCKS_PREALLOCATED)}}
+    PyThread_allocate_lock(),
+{{endfor}}
+]
+
+
+@cname('__pyx_memoryview')
+cdef class memoryview:
+
+    cdef object obj
+    cdef object _size
+    cdef object _array_interface
+    cdef PyThread_type_lock lock
+    cdef __pyx_atomic_int_type acquisition_count
+    cdef Py_buffer view
+    cdef int flags
+    cdef bint dtype_is_object
+    cdef const __Pyx_TypeInfo *typeinfo
+
+    def __cinit__(memoryview self, object obj, int flags, bint dtype_is_object=False):
+        self.obj = obj
+        self.flags = flags
+        if type(self) is memoryview or obj is not None:
+            PyObject_GetBuffer(obj, &self.view, flags)
+            if <PyObject *> self.view.obj == NULL:
+                (<__pyx_buffer *> &self.view).obj = Py_None
+                Py_INCREF(Py_None)
+
+        if not __PYX_CYTHON_ATOMICS_ENABLED():
+            global __pyx_memoryview_thread_locks_used
+            if (__pyx_memoryview_thread_locks_used < {{THREAD_LOCKS_PREALLOCATED}} and
+                    # preallocated locks cannot be made thread-safe in freethreading
+                    not __PYX_GET_CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING()):
+                self.lock = __pyx_memoryview_thread_locks[__pyx_memoryview_thread_locks_used]
+                __pyx_memoryview_thread_locks_used += 1
+            if self.lock is NULL:
+                self.lock = PyThread_allocate_lock()
+                if self.lock is NULL:
+                    raise MemoryError
+
+        if flags & PyBUF_FORMAT:
+            self.dtype_is_object = (self.view.format[0] == b'O' and self.view.format[1] == b'\0')
+        else:
+            self.dtype_is_object = dtype_is_object
+
+        assert <Py_intptr_t><void*>(&self.acquisition_count) % sizeof(__pyx_atomic_int_type) == 0
+        self.typeinfo = NULL
+
+    def __dealloc__(memoryview self):
+        if self.obj is not None:
+            PyBuffer_Release(&self.view)
+        elif (<__pyx_buffer *> &self.view).obj == Py_None:
+            # Undo the incref in __cinit__() above.
+            (<__pyx_buffer *> &self.view).obj = NULL
+            Py_DECREF(Py_None)
+
+        cdef int i
+        global __pyx_memoryview_thread_locks_used
+        if self.lock != NULL:
+            for i in range(0 if __PYX_GET_CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON_FREETHREADING() else __pyx_memoryview_thread_locks_used):
+                if __pyx_memoryview_thread_locks[i] is self.lock:
+                    __pyx_memoryview_thread_locks_used -= 1
+                    if i != __pyx_memoryview_thread_locks_used:
+                        __pyx_memoryview_thread_locks[i], __pyx_memoryview_thread_locks[__pyx_memoryview_thread_locks_used] = (
+                            __pyx_memoryview_thread_locks[__pyx_memoryview_thread_locks_used], __pyx_memoryview_thread_locks[i])
+                    break
+            else:
+                PyThread_free_lock(self.lock)
+
+    cdef char *get_item_pointer(memoryview self, object index) except NULL:
+        cdef Py_ssize_t dim
+        cdef char *itemp = <char *> self.view.buf
+
+        for dim, idx in enumerate(index):
+            itemp = pybuffer_index(&self.view, itemp, idx, dim)
+
+        return itemp
+
+    #@cname('__pyx_memoryview_getitem')
+    def __getitem__(memoryview self, object index):
+        if index is Ellipsis:
+            return self
+
+        have_slices, indices = _unellipsify(index, self.view.ndim)
+
+        cdef char *itemp
+        if have_slices:
+            return memview_slice(self, indices)
+        else:
+            itemp = self.get_item_pointer(indices)
+            return self.convert_item_to_object(itemp)
+
+    def __setitem__(memoryview self, object index, object value):
+        if self.view.readonly:
+            raise TypeError, "Cannot assign to read-only memoryview"
+
+        have_slices, index = _unellipsify(index, self.view.ndim)
+
+        if have_slices:
+            obj = self.is_slice(value)
+            if obj is not None:
+                self.setitem_slice_assignment(self[index], obj)
+            else:
+                self.setitem_slice_assign_scalar(self[index], value)
+        else:
+            self.setitem_indexed(index, value)
+
+    cdef is_slice(self, obj):
+        if not isinstance(obj, memoryview):
+            try:
+                obj = memoryview(obj, self.flags & ~PyBUF_WRITABLE | PyBUF_ANY_CONTIGUOUS,
+                                 self.dtype_is_object)
+            except TypeError:
+                return None
+
+        return obj
+
+    cdef setitem_slice_assignment(self, dst, src):
+        cdef {{memviewslice_name}} dst_slice
+        cdef {{memviewslice_name}} src_slice
+        cdef {{memviewslice_name}} msrc = get_slice_from_memview(src, &src_slice)[0]
+        cdef {{memviewslice_name}} mdst = get_slice_from_memview(dst, &dst_slice)[0]
+
+        memoryview_copy_contents(msrc, mdst, src.ndim, dst.ndim, self.dtype_is_object)
+
+    cdef setitem_slice_assign_scalar(self, memoryview dst, value):
+        cdef int array[128]
+        cdef void *tmp = NULL
+        cdef void *item
+
+        cdef {{memviewslice_name}} *dst_slice
+        cdef {{memviewslice_name}} tmp_slice
+        dst_slice = get_slice_from_memview(dst, &tmp_slice)
+
+        if <size_t>self.view.itemsize > sizeof(array):
+            tmp = PyMem_Malloc(self.view.itemsize)
+            if tmp == NULL:
+                raise MemoryError
+            item = tmp
+        else:
+            item = <void *> array
+
+        try:
+            if self.dtype_is_object:
+                (<PyObject **> item)[0] = <PyObject *> value
+            else:
+                self.assign_item_from_object(<char *> item, value)
+
+            # It would be easy to support indirect dimensions, but it's easier
+            # to disallow :)
+            if self.view.suboffsets != NULL:
+                assert_direct_dimensions(self.view.suboffsets, self.view.ndim)
+            slice_assign_scalar(dst_slice, dst.view.ndim, self.view.itemsize,
+                                item, self.dtype_is_object)
+        finally:
+            PyMem_Free(tmp)
+
+    cdef setitem_indexed(self, index, value):
+        cdef char *itemp = self.get_item_pointer(index)
+        self.assign_item_from_object(itemp, value)
+
+    cdef convert_item_to_object(self, char *itemp):
+        """Only used if instantiated manually by the user, or if Cython doesn't
+        know how to convert the type"""
+        import struct
+        cdef bytes bytesitem
+        # Do a manual and complete check here instead of this easy hack
+        bytesitem = itemp[:self.view.itemsize]
+        try:
+            result = struct.unpack(self.view.format, bytesitem)
+        except struct.error:
+            raise ValueError, "Unable to convert item to object"
+        else:
+            if len(self.view.format) == 1:
+                return result[0]
+            return result
+
+    cdef assign_item_from_object(self, char *itemp, object value):
+        """Only used if instantiated manually by the user, or if Cython doesn't
+        know how to convert the type"""
+        import struct
+        cdef char c
+        cdef bytes bytesvalue
+        cdef Py_ssize_t i
+
+        if isinstance(value, tuple):
+            bytesvalue = struct.pack(self.view.format, *value)
+        else:
+            bytesvalue = struct.pack(self.view.format, value)
+
+        for i, c in enumerate(bytesvalue):
+            itemp[i] = c
+
+    @cname('getbuffer')
+    def __getbuffer__(self, Py_buffer *info, int flags):
+        if flags & PyBUF_WRITABLE and self.view.readonly:
+            raise ValueError, "Cannot create writable memory view from read-only memoryview"
+
+        if flags & PyBUF_ND:
+            info.shape = self.view.shape
+        else:
+            info.shape = NULL
+
+        if flags & PyBUF_STRIDES:
+            info.strides = self.view.strides
+        else:
+            info.strides = NULL
+
+        if flags & PyBUF_INDIRECT:
+            info.suboffsets = self.view.suboffsets
+        else:
+            info.suboffsets = NULL
+
+        if flags & PyBUF_FORMAT:
+            info.format = self.view.format
+        else:
+            info.format = NULL
+
+        info.buf = self.view.buf
+        info.ndim = self.view.ndim
+        info.itemsize = self.view.itemsize
+        info.len = self.view.len
+        info.readonly = self.view.readonly
+        info.obj = self
+
+    # Some properties that have the same semantics as in NumPy
+    @property
+    def T(self):
+        cdef _memoryviewslice result = memoryview_copy(self)
+        transpose_memslice(&result.from_slice)
+        return result
+
+    @property
+    def base(self):
+        return self._get_base()
+
+    cdef _get_base(self):
+        return self.obj
+
+    @property
+    def shape(self):
+        return tuple([length for length in self.view.shape[:self.view.ndim]])
+
+    @property
+    def strides(self):
+        if self.view.strides == NULL:
+            # Note: we always ask for strides, so if this is not set it's a bug
+            raise ValueError, "Buffer view does not expose strides"
+
+        return tuple([stride for stride in self.view.strides[:self.view.ndim]])
+
+    @property
+    def suboffsets(self):
+        if self.view.suboffsets == NULL:
+            return (-1,) * self.view.ndim
+
+        return tuple([suboffset for suboffset in self.view.suboffsets[:self.view.ndim]])
+
+    @property
+    def ndim(self):
+        return self.view.ndim
+
+    @property
+    def itemsize(self):
+        return self.view.itemsize
+
+    @property
+    def nbytes(self):
+        return self.size * self.view.itemsize
+
+    @property
+    def size(self):
+        if self._size is None:
+            result = 1
+
+            for length in self.view.shape[:self.view.ndim]:
+                result *= length
+
+            self._size = result
+
+        return self._size
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        if self.view.ndim >= 1:
+            return self.view.shape[0]
+
+        return 0
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<MemoryView of %r at 0x%x>" % (self.base.__class__.__name__,
+                                               id(self))
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "<MemoryView of %r object>" % (self.base.__class__.__name__,)
+
+    # Support the same attributes as memoryview slices
+    def is_c_contig(self):
+        cdef {{memviewslice_name}} *mslice
+        cdef {{memviewslice_name}} tmp
+        mslice = get_slice_from_memview(self, &tmp)
+        return slice_is_contig(mslice[0], 'C', self.view.ndim)
+
+    def is_f_contig(self):
+        cdef {{memviewslice_name}} *mslice
+        cdef {{memviewslice_name}} tmp
+        mslice = get_slice_from_memview(self, &tmp)
+        return slice_is_contig(mslice[0], 'F', self.view.ndim)
+
+    def copy(self):
+        cdef {{memviewslice_name}} mslice
+        cdef int flags = self.flags & ~PyBUF_F_CONTIGUOUS
+
+        slice_copy(self, &mslice)
+        mslice = slice_copy_contig(&mslice, "c", self.view.ndim,
+                                   self.view.itemsize,
+                                   flags|PyBUF_C_CONTIGUOUS,
+                                   self.dtype_is_object)
+
+        return memoryview_copy_from_slice(self, &mslice)
+
+    def copy_fortran(self):
+        cdef {{memviewslice_name}} src, dst
+        cdef int flags = self.flags & ~PyBUF_C_CONTIGUOUS
+
+        slice_copy(self, &src)
+        dst = slice_copy_contig(&src, "fortran", self.view.ndim,
+                                self.view.itemsize,
+                                flags|PyBUF_F_CONTIGUOUS,
+                                self.dtype_is_object)
+
+        return memoryview_copy_from_slice(self, &dst)
+
+
+@cname('__pyx_memoryview_new')
+cdef memoryview_cwrapper(object o, int flags, bint dtype_is_object, const __Pyx_TypeInfo *typeinfo):
+    cdef memoryview result = memoryview(o, flags, dtype_is_object)
+    result.typeinfo = typeinfo
+    return result
+
+@cname('__pyx_memoryview_check')
+cdef inline bint memoryview_check(object o) noexcept:
+    return isinstance(o, memoryview)
+
+cdef tuple _unellipsify(object index, int ndim):
+    """
+    Replace all ellipses with full slices and fill incomplete indices with
+    full slices.
+    """
+    cdef Py_ssize_t idx
+    tup = <tuple>index if isinstance(index, tuple) else (index,)
+
+    result = [slice(None)] * ndim
+    have_slices = False
+    seen_ellipsis = False
+    idx = 0
+    for item in tup:
+        if item is Ellipsis:
+            if not seen_ellipsis:
+                idx += ndim - len(tup)
+                seen_ellipsis = True
+            have_slices = True
+        else:
+            if isinstance(item, slice):
+                have_slices = True
+            elif not PyIndex_Check(item):
+                raise TypeError, f"Cannot index with type '{type(item)}'"
+            result[idx] = item
+        idx += 1
+
+    nslices = ndim - idx
+    return have_slices or nslices, tuple(result)
+
+cdef int assert_direct_dimensions(Py_ssize_t *suboffsets, int ndim) except -1:
+    for suboffset in suboffsets[:ndim]:
+        if suboffset >= 0:
+            raise ValueError, "Indirect dimensions not supported"
+    return 0  # return type just used as an error flag
+
+#
+### Slicing a memoryview
+#
+
+@cname('__pyx_memview_slice')
+cdef memoryview memview_slice(memoryview memview, object indices):
+    cdef int new_ndim = 0, suboffset_dim = -1, dim
+    cdef bint negative_step
+    cdef {{memviewslice_name}} src, dst
+    cdef {{memviewslice_name}} *p_src
+
+    # dst is copied by value in memoryview_fromslice -- initialize it
+    # src is never copied
+    memset(&dst, 0, sizeof(dst))
+
+    cdef _memoryviewslice memviewsliceobj
+
+    assert memview.view.ndim > 0
+
+    if isinstance(memview, _memoryviewslice):
+        memviewsliceobj = memview
+        p_src = &memviewsliceobj.from_slice
+    else:
+        slice_copy(memview, &src)
+        p_src = &src
+
+    # Note: don't use variable src at this point
+    # SubNote: we should be able to declare variables in blocks...
+
+    # memoryview_fromslice() will inc our dst slice
+    dst.memview = p_src.memview
+    dst.data = p_src.data
+
+    # Put everything in temps to avoid this bloody warning:
+    # "Argument evaluation order in C function call is undefined and
+    #  may not be as expected"
+    cdef {{memviewslice_name}} *p_dst = &dst
+    cdef int *p_suboffset_dim = &suboffset_dim
+    cdef Py_ssize_t start, stop, step, cindex
+    cdef bint have_start, have_stop, have_step
+
+    for dim, index in enumerate(indices):
+        if PyIndex_Check(index):
+            cindex = index
+            slice_memviewslice(
+                p_dst, p_src.shape[dim], p_src.strides[dim], p_src.suboffsets[dim],
+                dim, new_ndim, p_suboffset_dim,
+                cindex, 0, 0, # start, stop, step
+                0, 0, 0, # have_{start,stop,step}
+                False)
+        elif index is None:
+            p_dst.shape[new_ndim] = 1
+            p_dst.strides[new_ndim] = 0
+            p_dst.suboffsets[new_ndim] = -1
+            new_ndim += 1
+        else:
+            start = index.start or 0
+            stop = index.stop or 0
+            step = index.step or 0
+
+            have_start = index.start is not None
+            have_stop = index.stop is not None
+            have_step = index.step is not None
+
+            slice_memviewslice(
+                p_dst, p_src.shape[dim], p_src.strides[dim], p_src.suboffsets[dim],
+                dim, new_ndim, p_suboffset_dim,
+                start, stop, step,
+                have_start, have_stop, have_step,
+                True)
+            new_ndim += 1
+
+    if isinstance(memview, _memoryviewslice):
+        return memoryview_fromslice(dst, new_ndim,
+                                    memviewsliceobj.to_object_func,
+                                    memviewsliceobj.to_dtype_func,
+                                    memview.dtype_is_object)
+    else:
+        return memoryview_fromslice(dst, new_ndim, NULL, NULL,
+                                    memview.dtype_is_object)
+
+
+#
+### Slicing in a single dimension of a memoryviewslice
+#
+
+@cname('__pyx_memoryview_slice_memviewslice')
+cdef int slice_memviewslice(
+        {{memviewslice_name}} *dst,
+        Py_ssize_t shape, Py_ssize_t stride, Py_ssize_t suboffset,
+        int dim, int new_ndim, int *suboffset_dim,
+        Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t stop, Py_ssize_t step,
+        int have_start, int have_stop, int have_step,
+        bint is_slice) except -1 nogil:
+    """
+    Create a new slice dst given slice src.
+
+    dim             - the current src dimension (indexing will make dimensions
+                                                 disappear)
+    new_dim         - the new dst dimension
+    suboffset_dim   - pointer to a single int initialized to -1 to keep track of
+                      where slicing offsets should be added
+    """
+
+    cdef Py_ssize_t new_shape
+    cdef bint negative_step
+
+    if not is_slice:
+        # index is a normal integer-like index
+        if start < 0:
+            start += shape
+        if not 0 <= start < shape:
+            _err_dim(PyExc_IndexError, "Index out of bounds (axis %d)", dim)
+    else:
+        # index is a slice
+        if have_step:
+            negative_step = step < 0
+            if step == 0:
+                _err_dim(PyExc_ValueError, "Step may not be zero (axis %d)", dim)
+        else:
+            negative_step = False
+            step = 1
+
+        # check our bounds and set defaults
+        if have_start:
+            if start < 0:
+                start += shape
+                if start < 0:
+                    start = 0
+            elif start >= shape:
+                if negative_step:
+                    start = shape - 1
+                else:
+                    start = shape
+        else:
+            if negative_step:
+                start = shape - 1
+            else:
+                start = 0
+
+        if have_stop:
+            if stop < 0:
+                stop += shape
+                if stop < 0:
+                    stop = 0
+            elif stop > shape:
+                stop = shape
+        else:
+            if negative_step:
+                stop = -1
+            else:
+                stop = shape
+
+        # len = ceil( (stop - start) / step )
+        with cython.cdivision(True):
+            new_shape = (stop - start) // step
+
+            if (stop - start) - step * new_shape:
+                new_shape += 1
+
+        if new_shape < 0:
+            new_shape = 0
+
+        # shape/strides/suboffsets
+        dst.strides[new_ndim] = stride * step
+        dst.shape[new_ndim] = new_shape
+        dst.suboffsets[new_ndim] = suboffset
+
+    # Add the slicing or indexing offsets to the right suboffset or base data *
+    if suboffset_dim[0] < 0:
+        dst.data += start * stride
+    else:
+        dst.suboffsets[suboffset_dim[0]] += start * stride
+
+    if suboffset >= 0:
+        if not is_slice:
+            if new_ndim == 0:
+                dst.data = (<char **> dst.data)[0] + suboffset
+            else:
+                _err_dim(PyExc_IndexError, "All dimensions preceding dimension %d "
+                                     "must be indexed and not sliced", dim)
+        else:
+            suboffset_dim[0] = new_ndim
+
+    return 0
+
+#
+### Index a memoryview
+#
+@cname('__pyx_pybuffer_index')
+cdef char *pybuffer_index(Py_buffer *view, char *bufp, Py_ssize_t index,
+                          Py_ssize_t dim) except NULL:
+    cdef Py_ssize_t shape, stride, suboffset = -1
+    cdef Py_ssize_t itemsize = view.itemsize
+    cdef char *resultp
+
+    if view.ndim == 0:
+        shape = view.len // itemsize
+        stride = itemsize
+    else:
+        shape = view.shape[dim]
+        stride = view.strides[dim]
+        if view.suboffsets != NULL:
+            suboffset = view.suboffsets[dim]
+
+    if index < 0:
+        index += view.shape[dim]
+        if index < 0:
+            raise IndexError, f"Out of bounds on buffer access (axis {dim})"
+
+    if index >= shape:
+        raise IndexError, f"Out of bounds on buffer access (axis {dim})"
+
+    resultp = bufp + index * stride
+    if suboffset >= 0:
+        resultp = (<char **> resultp)[0] + suboffset
+
+    return resultp
+
+#
+### Transposing a memoryviewslice
+#
+@cname('__pyx_memslice_transpose')
+cdef int transpose_memslice({{memviewslice_name}} *memslice) except -1 nogil:
+    cdef int ndim = memslice.memview.view.ndim
+
+    cdef Py_ssize_t *shape = memslice.shape
+    cdef Py_ssize_t *strides = memslice.strides
+
+    # reverse strides and shape
+    cdef int i, j
+    for i in range(ndim // 2):
+        j = ndim - 1 - i
+        strides[i], strides[j] = strides[j], strides[i]
+        shape[i], shape[j] = shape[j], shape[i]
+
+        if memslice.suboffsets[i] >= 0 or memslice.suboffsets[j] >= 0:
+            _err(PyExc_ValueError, "Cannot transpose memoryview with indirect dimensions")
+
+    return 0
+
+#
+### Creating new memoryview objects from slices and memoryviews
+#
+@cython.collection_type("sequence")
+@cname('__pyx_memoryviewslice')
+cdef class _memoryviewslice(memoryview):
+    "Internal class for passing memoryview slices to Python"
+
+    # We need this to keep our shape/strides/suboffset pointers valid
+    cdef {{memviewslice_name}} from_slice
+    # We need this only to print it's class' name
+    cdef object from_object
+
+    cdef object (*to_object_func)(char *)
+    cdef int (*to_dtype_func)(char *, object) except 0
+
+    def __dealloc__(self):
+        __PYX_XCLEAR_MEMVIEW(&self.from_slice, 1)
+
+    cdef convert_item_to_object(self, char *itemp):
+        if self.to_object_func != NULL:
+            return self.to_object_func(itemp)
+        else:
+            return memoryview.convert_item_to_object(self, itemp)
+
+    cdef assign_item_from_object(self, char *itemp, object value):
+        if self.to_dtype_func != NULL:
+            self.to_dtype_func(itemp, value)
+        else:
+            memoryview.assign_item_from_object(self, itemp, value)
+
+    cdef _get_base(self):
+        return self.from_object
+
+    # Sequence methods
+    try:
+        count = __pyx_collections_abc_Sequence.count
+        index = __pyx_collections_abc_Sequence.index
+    except:
+        pass
+
+try:
+    if __pyx_collections_abc_Sequence:
+        # The main value of registering _memoryviewslice as a
+        # Sequence is that it can be used in structural pattern
+        # matching in Python 3.10+
+        __pyx_collections_abc_Sequence.register(_memoryviewslice)
+        __pyx_collections_abc_Sequence.register(array)
+except:
+    pass  # ignore failure, it's a minor issue
+
+@cname('__pyx_memoryview_fromslice')
+cdef memoryview_fromslice({{memviewslice_name}} memviewslice,
+                          int ndim,
+                          object (*to_object_func)(char *),
+                          int (*to_dtype_func)(char *, object) except 0,
+                          bint dtype_is_object):
+
+    cdef _memoryviewslice result
+
+    if <PyObject *> memviewslice.memview == Py_None:
+        return None
+
+    # assert 0 < ndim <= memviewslice.memview.view.ndim, (
+    #                 ndim, memviewslice.memview.view.ndim)
+
+    result = _memoryviewslice.__new__(_memoryviewslice, None, 0, dtype_is_object)
+
+    result.from_slice = memviewslice
+    __PYX_INC_MEMVIEW(&memviewslice, 1)
+
+    result.from_object = (<memoryview> memviewslice.memview)._get_base()
+    result.typeinfo = memviewslice.memview.typeinfo
+
+    result.view = memviewslice.memview.view
+    result.view.buf = <void *> memviewslice.data
+    result.view.ndim = ndim
+    (<__pyx_buffer *> &result.view).obj = Py_None
+    Py_INCREF(Py_None)
+
+    if (<memoryview>memviewslice.memview).flags & PyBUF_WRITABLE:
+        result.flags = PyBUF_RECORDS
+    else:
+        result.flags = PyBUF_RECORDS_RO
+
+    result.view.shape = <Py_ssize_t *> result.from_slice.shape
+    result.view.strides = <Py_ssize_t *> result.from_slice.strides
+
+    # only set suboffsets if actually used, otherwise set to NULL to improve compatibility
+    result.view.suboffsets = NULL
+    for suboffset in result.from_slice.suboffsets[:ndim]:
+        if suboffset >= 0:
+            result.view.suboffsets = <Py_ssize_t *> result.from_slice.suboffsets
+            break
+
+    result.view.len = result.view.itemsize
+    for length in result.view.shape[:ndim]:
+        result.view.len *= length
+
+    result.to_object_func = to_object_func
+    result.to_dtype_func = to_dtype_func
+
+    return result
+
+@cname('__pyx_memoryview_get_slice_from_memoryview')
+cdef {{memviewslice_name}} *get_slice_from_memview(memoryview memview,
+                                                   {{memviewslice_name}} *mslice) except NULL:
+    cdef _memoryviewslice obj
+    if isinstance(memview, _memoryviewslice):
+        obj = memview
+        return &obj.from_slice
+    else:
+        slice_copy(memview, mslice)
+        return mslice
+
+@cname('__pyx_memoryview_slice_copy')
+cdef void slice_copy(memoryview memview, {{memviewslice_name}} *dst) noexcept:
+    cdef int dim
+    cdef (Py_ssize_t*) shape, strides, suboffsets
+
+    shape = memview.view.shape
+    strides = memview.view.strides
+    suboffsets = memview.view.suboffsets
+
+    dst.memview = <__pyx_memoryview *> memview
+    dst.data = <char *> memview.view.buf
+
+    for dim in range(memview.view.ndim):
+        dst.shape[dim] = shape[dim]
+        dst.strides[dim] = strides[dim]
+        dst.suboffsets[dim] = suboffsets[dim] if suboffsets else -1
+
+@cname('__pyx_memoryview_copy_object')
+cdef memoryview_copy(memoryview memview):
+    "Create a new memoryview object"
+    cdef {{memviewslice_name}} memviewslice
+    slice_copy(memview, &memviewslice)
+    return memoryview_copy_from_slice(memview, &memviewslice)
+
+@cname('__pyx_memoryview_copy_object_from_slice')
+cdef memoryview_copy_from_slice(memoryview memview, {{memviewslice_name}} *memviewslice):
+    """
+    Create a new memoryview object from a given memoryview object and slice.
+    """
+    cdef object (*to_object_func)(char *)
+    cdef int (*to_dtype_func)(char *, object) except 0
+
+    if isinstance(memview, _memoryviewslice):
+        to_object_func = (<_memoryviewslice> memview).to_object_func
+        to_dtype_func = (<_memoryviewslice> memview).to_dtype_func
+    else:
+        to_object_func = NULL
+        to_dtype_func = NULL
+
+    return memoryview_fromslice(memviewslice[0], memview.view.ndim,
+                                to_object_func, to_dtype_func,
+                                memview.dtype_is_object)
+
+
+#
+### Copy the contents of a memoryview slices
+#
+cdef Py_ssize_t abs_py_ssize_t(Py_ssize_t arg) noexcept nogil:
+    return -arg if arg < 0 else arg
+
+@cname('__pyx_get_best_slice_order')
+cdef char get_best_order({{memviewslice_name}} *mslice, int ndim) noexcept nogil:
+    """
+    Figure out the best memory access order for a given slice.
+    """
+    cdef int i
+    cdef Py_ssize_t c_stride = 0
+    cdef Py_ssize_t f_stride = 0
+
+    for i in range(ndim - 1, -1, -1):
+        if mslice.shape[i] > 1:
+            c_stride = mslice.strides[i]
+            break
+
+    for i in range(ndim):
+        if mslice.shape[i] > 1:
+            f_stride = mslice.strides[i]
+            break
+
+    if abs_py_ssize_t(c_stride) <= abs_py_ssize_t(f_stride):
+        return 'C'
+    else:
+        return 'F'
+
+@cython.cdivision(True)
+cdef void _copy_strided_to_strided(char *src_data, Py_ssize_t *src_strides,
+                                   char *dst_data, Py_ssize_t *dst_strides,
+                                   Py_ssize_t *src_shape, Py_ssize_t *dst_shape,
+                                   int ndim, size_t itemsize) noexcept nogil:
+    # Note: src_extent is 1 if we're broadcasting
+    # dst_extent always >= src_extent as we don't do reductions
+    cdef Py_ssize_t i
+    cdef Py_ssize_t src_extent = src_shape[0]
+    cdef Py_ssize_t dst_extent = dst_shape[0]
+    cdef Py_ssize_t src_stride = src_strides[0]
+    cdef Py_ssize_t dst_stride = dst_strides[0]
+
+    if ndim == 1:
+        if (src_stride > 0 and dst_stride > 0 and
+            <size_t> src_stride == itemsize == <size_t> dst_stride):
+            memcpy(dst_data, src_data, itemsize * dst_extent)
+        else:
+            for i in range(dst_extent):
+                memcpy(dst_data, src_data, itemsize)
+                src_data += src_stride
+                dst_data += dst_stride
+    else:
+        for i in range(dst_extent):
+            _copy_strided_to_strided(src_data, src_strides + 1,
+                                     dst_data, dst_strides + 1,
+                                     src_shape + 1, dst_shape + 1,
+                                     ndim - 1, itemsize)
+            src_data += src_stride
+            dst_data += dst_stride
+
+cdef void copy_strided_to_strided({{memviewslice_name}} *src,
+                                  {{memviewslice_name}} *dst,
+                                  int ndim, size_t itemsize) noexcept nogil:
+    _copy_strided_to_strided(src.data, src.strides, dst.data, dst.strides,
+                             src.shape, dst.shape, ndim, itemsize)
+
+@cname('__pyx_memoryview_slice_get_size')
+cdef Py_ssize_t slice_get_size({{memviewslice_name}} *src, int ndim) noexcept nogil:
+    "Return the size of the memory occupied by the slice in number of bytes"
+    cdef Py_ssize_t shape, size = src.memview.view.itemsize
+
+    for shape in src.shape[:ndim]:
+        size *= shape
+
+    return size
+
+@cname('__pyx_fill_contig_strides_array')
+cdef Py_ssize_t fill_contig_strides_array(
+                Py_ssize_t *shape, Py_ssize_t *strides, Py_ssize_t stride,
+                int ndim, char order) noexcept nogil:
+    """
+    Fill the strides array for a slice with C or F contiguous strides.
+    This is like PyBuffer_FillContiguousStrides, but compatible with py < 2.6
+    """
+    cdef int idx
+
+    if order == 'F':
+        for idx in range(ndim):
+            strides[idx] = stride
+            stride *= shape[idx]
+    else:
+        for idx in range(ndim - 1, -1, -1):
+            strides[idx] = stride
+            stride *= shape[idx]
+
+    return stride
+
+@cname('__pyx_memoryview_copy_data_to_temp')
+cdef void *copy_data_to_temp({{memviewslice_name}} *src,
+                             {{memviewslice_name}} *tmpslice,
+                             char order,
+                             int ndim) except NULL nogil:
+    """
+    Copy a direct slice to temporary contiguous memory. The caller should free
+    the result when done.
+    """
+    cdef int i
+    cdef void *result
+
+    cdef size_t itemsize = src.memview.view.itemsize
+    cdef size_t size = slice_get_size(src, ndim)
+
+    result = malloc(size)
+    if not result:
+        _err_no_memory()
+
+    # tmpslice[0] = src
+    tmpslice.data = <char *> result
+    tmpslice.memview = src.memview
+    for i in range(ndim):
+        tmpslice.shape[i] = src.shape[i]
+        tmpslice.suboffsets[i] = -1
+
+    fill_contig_strides_array(&tmpslice.shape[0], &tmpslice.strides[0], itemsize, ndim, order)
+
+    # We need to broadcast strides again
+    for i in range(ndim):
+        if tmpslice.shape[i] == 1:
+            tmpslice.strides[i] = 0
+
+    if slice_is_contig(src[0], order, ndim):
+        memcpy(result, src.data, size)
+    else:
+        copy_strided_to_strided(src, tmpslice, ndim, itemsize)
+
+    return result
+
+# Use 'with gil' functions and avoid 'with gil' blocks, as the code within the blocks
+# has temporaries that need the GIL to clean up
+@cname('__pyx_memoryview_err_extents')
+cdef int _err_extents(int i, Py_ssize_t extent1,
+                             Py_ssize_t extent2) except -1 with gil:
+    raise ValueError, f"got differing extents in dimension {i} (got {extent1} and {extent2})"
+
+@cname('__pyx_memoryview_err_dim')
+cdef int _err_dim(PyObject *error, str msg, int dim) except -1 with gil:
+    raise <object>error, msg % dim
+
+@cname('__pyx_memoryview_err')
+cdef int _err(PyObject *error, str msg) except -1 with gil:
+    raise <object>error, msg
+
+@cname('__pyx_memoryview_err_no_memory')
+cdef int _err_no_memory() except -1 with gil:
+    raise MemoryError
+
+
+@cname('__pyx_memoryview_copy_contents')
+cdef int memoryview_copy_contents({{memviewslice_name}} src,
+                                  {{memviewslice_name}} dst,
+                                  int src_ndim, int dst_ndim,
+                                  bint dtype_is_object) except -1 nogil:
+    """
+    Copy memory from slice src to slice dst.
+    Check for overlapping memory and verify the shapes.
+    """
+    cdef void *tmpdata = NULL
+    cdef size_t itemsize = src.memview.view.itemsize
+    cdef int i
+    cdef char order = get_best_order(&src, src_ndim)
+    cdef bint broadcasting = False
+    cdef bint direct_copy = False
+    cdef {{memviewslice_name}} tmp
+
+    if src_ndim < dst_ndim:
+        broadcast_leading(&src, src_ndim, dst_ndim)
+    elif dst_ndim < src_ndim:
+        broadcast_leading(&dst, dst_ndim, src_ndim)
+
+    cdef int ndim = max(src_ndim, dst_ndim)
+
+    for i in range(ndim):
+        if src.shape[i] != dst.shape[i]:
+            if src.shape[i] == 1:
+                broadcasting = True
+                src.strides[i] = 0
+            else:
+                _err_extents(i, dst.shape[i], src.shape[i])
+
+        if src.suboffsets[i] >= 0:
+            _err_dim(PyExc_ValueError, "Dimension %d is not direct", i)
+
+    if slices_overlap(&src, &dst, ndim, itemsize):
+        # slices overlap, copy to temp, copy temp to dst
+        if not slice_is_contig(src, order, ndim):
+            order = get_best_order(&dst, ndim)
+
+        tmpdata = copy_data_to_temp(&src, &tmp, order, ndim)
+        src = tmp
+
+    if not broadcasting:
+        # See if both slices have equal contiguity, in that case perform a
+        # direct copy. This only works when we are not broadcasting.
+        if slice_is_contig(src, 'C', ndim):
+            direct_copy = slice_is_contig(dst, 'C', ndim)
+        elif slice_is_contig(src, 'F', ndim):
+            direct_copy = slice_is_contig(dst, 'F', ndim)
+
+        if direct_copy:
+            # Contiguous slices with same order
+            refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=False)
+            memcpy(dst.data, src.data, slice_get_size(&src, ndim))
+            refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=True)
+            free(tmpdata)
+            return 0
+
+    if order == 'F' == get_best_order(&dst, ndim):
+        # see if both slices have Fortran order, transpose them to match our
+        # C-style indexing order
+        transpose_memslice(&src)
+        transpose_memslice(&dst)
+
+    refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=False)
+    copy_strided_to_strided(&src, &dst, ndim, itemsize)
+    refcount_copying(&dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=True)
+
+    free(tmpdata)
+    return 0
+
+@cname('__pyx_memoryview_broadcast_leading')
+cdef void broadcast_leading({{memviewslice_name}} *mslice,
+                            int ndim,
+                            int ndim_other) noexcept nogil:
+    cdef int i
+    cdef int offset = ndim_other - ndim
+
+    for i in range(ndim - 1, -1, -1):
+        mslice.shape[i + offset] = mslice.shape[i]
+        mslice.strides[i + offset] = mslice.strides[i]
+        mslice.suboffsets[i + offset] = mslice.suboffsets[i]
+
+    for i in range(offset):
+        mslice.shape[i] = 1
+        mslice.strides[i] = mslice.strides[0]
+        mslice.suboffsets[i] = -1
+
+#
+### Take care of refcounting the objects in slices. Do this separately from any copying,
+### to minimize acquiring the GIL
+#
+
+@cname('__pyx_memoryview_refcount_copying')
+cdef void refcount_copying({{memviewslice_name}} *dst, bint dtype_is_object, int ndim, bint inc) noexcept nogil:
+    # incref or decref the objects in the destination slice if the dtype is object
+    if dtype_is_object:
+        refcount_objects_in_slice_with_gil(dst.data, dst.shape, dst.strides, ndim, inc)
+
+@cname('__pyx_memoryview_refcount_objects_in_slice_with_gil')
+cdef void refcount_objects_in_slice_with_gil(char *data, Py_ssize_t *shape,
+                                             Py_ssize_t *strides, int ndim,
+                                             bint inc) noexcept with gil:
+    refcount_objects_in_slice(data, shape, strides, ndim, inc)
+
+@cname('__pyx_memoryview_refcount_objects_in_slice')
+cdef void refcount_objects_in_slice(char *data, Py_ssize_t *shape,
+                                    Py_ssize_t *strides, int ndim, bint inc) noexcept:
+    cdef Py_ssize_t i
+    cdef Py_ssize_t stride = strides[0]
+
+    for i in range(shape[0]):
+        if ndim == 1:
+            if inc:
+                Py_INCREF((<PyObject **> data)[0])
+            else:
+                Py_DECREF((<PyObject **> data)[0])
+        else:
+            refcount_objects_in_slice(data, shape + 1, strides + 1, ndim - 1, inc)
+
+        data += stride
+
+#
+### Scalar to slice assignment
+#
+@cname('__pyx_memoryview_slice_assign_scalar')
+cdef void slice_assign_scalar({{memviewslice_name}} *dst, int ndim,
+                              size_t itemsize, void *item,
+                              bint dtype_is_object) noexcept nogil:
+    refcount_copying(dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=False)
+    _slice_assign_scalar(dst.data, dst.shape, dst.strides, ndim, itemsize, item)
+    refcount_copying(dst, dtype_is_object, ndim, inc=True)
+
+
+@cname('__pyx_memoryview__slice_assign_scalar')
+cdef void _slice_assign_scalar(char *data, Py_ssize_t *shape,
+                              Py_ssize_t *strides, int ndim,
+                              size_t itemsize, void *item) noexcept nogil:
+    cdef Py_ssize_t i
+    cdef Py_ssize_t stride = strides[0]
+    cdef Py_ssize_t extent = shape[0]
+
+    if ndim == 1:
+        for i in range(extent):
+            memcpy(data, item, itemsize)
+            data += stride
+    else:
+        for i in range(extent):
+            _slice_assign_scalar(data, shape + 1, strides + 1, ndim - 1, itemsize, item)
+            data += stride
+
+
+############### BufferFormatFromTypeInfo ###############
+cdef extern from *:
+    ctypedef struct __Pyx_StructField
+
+    cdef enum:
+        __PYX_BUF_FLAGS_PACKED_STRUCT
+        __PYX_BUF_FLAGS_INTEGER_COMPLEX
+
+    ctypedef struct __Pyx_TypeInfo:
+        char* name
+        const __Pyx_StructField* fields
+        size_t size
+        size_t arraysize[8]
+        int ndim
+        char typegroup
+        char is_unsigned
+        int flags
+
+    ctypedef struct __Pyx_StructField:
+        const __Pyx_TypeInfo* type
+        char* name
+        size_t offset
+
+    ctypedef struct __Pyx_BufFmt_StackElem:
+        const __Pyx_StructField* field
+        size_t parent_offset
+
+    #ctypedef struct __Pyx_BufFmt_Context:
+    #  __Pyx_StructField root
+        __Pyx_BufFmt_StackElem* head
+
+    struct __pyx_typeinfo_string:
+        char string[3]
+
+    __pyx_typeinfo_string __Pyx_TypeInfoToFormat(const __Pyx_TypeInfo *)
+
+
+@cname('__pyx_format_from_typeinfo')
+cdef bytes format_from_typeinfo(const __Pyx_TypeInfo *type):
+    cdef const __Pyx_StructField *field
+    cdef __pyx_typeinfo_string fmt
+    cdef bytes part, result
+    cdef Py_ssize_t i
+
+    if type.typegroup == 'S':
+        assert type.fields != NULL
+        assert type.fields.type != NULL
+
+        if type.flags & __PYX_BUF_FLAGS_PACKED_STRUCT:
+            alignment = b'^'
+        else:
+            alignment = b''
+
+        parts = [b"T{"]
+        field = type.fields
+
+        while field.type:
+            part = format_from_typeinfo(field.type)
+            parts.append(part + b':' + field.name + b':')
+            field += 1
+
+        result = alignment.join(parts) + b'}'
+    else:
+        fmt = __Pyx_TypeInfoToFormat(type)
+        result = fmt.string
+        if type.arraysize[0]:
+            extents = [f"{type.arraysize[i]}" for i in range(type.ndim)]
+            result = f"({u','.join(extents)})".encode('ascii') + result
+
+    return result