eslint 8.57.1 → 9.39.1

package/lib/rule-tester/rule-tester.js

@@ -1,70 +1,47 @@
 /**
- * @fileoverview Mocha test wrapper
+ * @fileoverview Mocha/Jest test wrapper
  * @author Ilya Volodin
  */
 "use strict";
 
 /* globals describe, it -- Mocha globals */
 
-/*
- * This is a wrapper around mocha to allow for DRY unittests for eslint
- * Format:
- * RuleTester.run("{ruleName}", {
- *      valid: [
- *          "{code}",
- *          { code: "{code}", options: {options}, globals: {globals}, parser: "{parser}", settings: {settings} }
- *      ],
- *      invalid: [
- *          { code: "{code}", errors: {numErrors} },
- *          { code: "{code}", errors: ["{errorMessage}"] },
- *          { code: "{code}", options: {options}, globals: {globals}, parser: "{parser}", settings: {settings}, errors: [{ message: "{errorMessage}", type: "{errorNodeType}"}] }
- *      ]
- *  });
- *
- * Variables:
- * {code} - String that represents the code to be tested
- * {options} - Arguments that are passed to the configurable rules.
- * {globals} - An object representing a list of variables that are
- *             registered as globals
- * {parser} - String representing the parser to use
- * {settings} - An object representing global settings for all rules
- * {numErrors} - If failing case doesn't need to check error message,
- *               this integer will specify how many errors should be
- *               received
- * {errorMessage} - Message that is returned by the rule on failure
- * {errorNodeType} - AST node type that is returned by they rule as
- *                   a cause of the failure.
- */
-
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Requirements
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-const
-    assert = require("assert"),
-    path = require("path"),
-    util = require("util"),
-    merge = require("lodash.merge"),
-    equal = require("fast-deep-equal"),
-    Traverser = require("../../lib/shared/traverser"),
-    { getRuleOptionsSchema, validate } = require("../shared/config-validator"),
-    { Linter, SourceCodeFixer, interpolate } = require("../linter"),
-    CodePath = require("../linter/code-path-analysis/code-path");
+const assert = require("node:assert"),
+	util = require("node:util"),
+	path = require("node:path"),
+	equal = require("fast-deep-equal"),
+	Traverser = require("../shared/traverser"),
+	{ Config } = require("../config/config"),
+	{ Linter, SourceCodeFixer } = require("../linter"),
+	{ interpolate, getPlaceholderMatcher } = require("../linter/interpolate"),
+	stringify = require("json-stable-stringify-without-jsonify");
+
+const { FlatConfigArray } = require("../config/flat-config-array");
+const {
+	defaultConfig,
+	defaultRuleTesterConfig,
+} = require("../config/default-config");
 
 const ajv = require("../shared/ajv")({ strictDefaults: true });
 
-const espreePath = require.resolve("espree");
 const parserSymbol = Symbol.for("eslint.RuleTester.parser");
+const { ConfigArraySymbol } = require("@eslint/config-array");
+const { isSerializable } = require("../shared/serialization");
 
-const { SourceCode } = require("../source-code");
+const jslang = require("../languages/js");
+const { SourceCode } = require("../languages/js/source-code");
 
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Typedefs
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/** @typedef {import("../shared/types").Parser} Parser */
-/** @typedef {import("../shared/types").Rule} Rule */
+/** @import { LanguageOptions, RuleDefinition } from "@eslint/core" */
 
+/** @typedef {import("../types").Linter.Parser} Parser */
 
 /**
  * A test case that is expected to pass lint.
@@ -72,12 +49,11 @@ const { SourceCode } = require("../source-code");
  * @property {string} [name] Name for the test case.
  * @property {string} code Code for the test case.
  * @property {any[]} [options] Options for the test case.
+ * @property {Function} [before] Function to execute before testing the case.
+ * @property {Function} [after] Function to execute after testing the case regardless of its result.
+ * @property {LanguageOptions} [languageOptions] The language options to use in the test case.
  * @property {{ [name: string]: any }} [settings] Settings for the test case.
  * @property {string} [filename] The fake filename for the test case. Useful for rules that make assertion about filenames.
- * @property {string} [parser] The absolute path for the parser.
- * @property {{ [name: string]: any }} [parserOptions] Options for the parser.
- * @property {{ [name: string]: "readonly" | "writable" | "off" }} [globals] The additional global variables.
- * @property {{ [name: string]: boolean }} [env] Environments for the test case.
  * @property {boolean} [only] Run only this test case or the subset of test cases with this property.
  */
 
@@ -89,12 +65,11 @@ const { SourceCode } = require("../source-code");
  * @property {number | Array<TestCaseError | string | RegExp>} errors Expected errors.
  * @property {string | null} [output] The expected code after autofixes are applied. If set to `null`, the test runner will assert that no autofix is suggested.
  * @property {any[]} [options] Options for the test case.
+ * @property {Function} [before] Function to execute before testing the case.
+ * @property {Function} [after] Function to execute after testing the case regardless of its result.
  * @property {{ [name: string]: any }} [settings] Settings for the test case.
  * @property {string} [filename] The fake filename for the test case. Useful for rules that make assertion about filenames.
- * @property {string} [parser] The absolute path for the parser.
- * @property {{ [name: string]: any }} [parserOptions] Options for the parser.
- * @property {{ [name: string]: "readonly" | "writable" | "off" }} [globals] The additional global variables.
- * @property {{ [name: string]: boolean }} [env] Environments for the test case.
+ * @property {LanguageOptions} [languageOptions] The language options to use in the test case.
  * @property {boolean} [only] Run only this test case or the subset of test cases with this property.
  */
 
@@ -120,35 +95,42 @@ const { SourceCode } = require("../source-code");
  * the initial default configuration
  */
 const testerDefaultConfig = { rules: {} };
-let defaultConfig = { rules: {} };
+
+/*
+ * RuleTester uses this config as its default. This can be overwritten via
+ * setDefaultConfig().
+ */
+let sharedDefaultConfig = { rules: {} };
 
 /*
  * List every parameters possible on a test case that are not related to eslint
  * configuration
  */
 const RuleTesterParameters = [
-    "name",
-    "code",
-    "filename",
-    "options",
-    "errors",
-    "output",
-    "only"
+	"name",
+	"code",
+	"filename",
+	"options",
+	"before",
+	"after",
+	"errors",
+	"output",
+	"only",
 ];
 
 /*
  * All allowed property names in error objects.
  */
 const errorObjectParameters = new Set([
-    "message",
-    "messageId",
-    "data",
-    "type",
-    "line",
-    "column",
-    "endLine",
-    "endColumn",
-    "suggestions"
+	"message",
+	"messageId",
+	"data",
+	"type",
+	"line",
+	"column",
+	"endLine",
+	"endColumn",
+	"suggestions",
 ]);
 const friendlyErrorObjectParameterList = `[${[...errorObjectParameters].map(key => `'${key}'`).join(", ")}]`;
 
@@ -156,49 +138,30 @@ const friendlyErrorObjectParameterList = `[${[...errorObjectParameters].map(key
  * All allowed property names in suggestion objects.
  */
 const suggestionObjectParameters = new Set([
-    "desc",
-    "messageId",
-    "data",
-    "output"
+	"desc",
+	"messageId",
+	"data",
+	"output",
 ]);
 const friendlySuggestionObjectParameterList = `[${[...suggestionObjectParameters].map(key => `'${key}'`).join(", ")}]`;
 
+/*
+ * Ignored test case properties when checking for test case duplicates.
+ */
+const duplicationIgnoredParameters = new Set(["name", "errors", "output"]);
+
 const forbiddenMethods = [
-    "applyInlineConfig",
-    "applyLanguageOptions",
-    "finalize"
+	"applyInlineConfig",
+	"applyLanguageOptions",
+	"finalize",
 ];
 
-const hasOwnProperty = Function.call.bind(Object.hasOwnProperty);
+/** @type {Map<string,WeakSet>} */
+const forbiddenMethodCalls = new Map(
+	forbiddenMethods.map(methodName => [methodName, new WeakSet()]),
+);
 
-const DEPRECATED_SOURCECODE_PASSTHROUGHS = {
-    getSource: "getText",
-    getSourceLines: "getLines",
-    getAllComments: "getAllComments",
-    getNodeByRangeIndex: "getNodeByRangeIndex",
-
-    // getComments: "getComments", -- already handled by a separate error
-    getCommentsBefore: "getCommentsBefore",
-    getCommentsAfter: "getCommentsAfter",
-    getCommentsInside: "getCommentsInside",
-    getJSDocComment: "getJSDocComment",
-    getFirstToken: "getFirstToken",
-    getFirstTokens: "getFirstTokens",
-    getLastToken: "getLastToken",
-    getLastTokens: "getLastTokens",
-    getTokenAfter: "getTokenAfter",
-    getTokenBefore: "getTokenBefore",
-    getTokenByRangeStart: "getTokenByRangeStart",
-    getTokens: "getTokens",
-    getTokensAfter: "getTokensAfter",
-    getTokensBefore: "getTokensBefore",
-    getTokensBetween: "getTokensBetween",
-
-    getScope: "getScope",
-    getAncestors: "getAncestors",
-    getDeclaredVariables: "getDeclaredVariables",
-    markVariableAsUsed: "markVariableAsUsed"
-};
+const hasOwnProperty = Function.call.bind(Object.hasOwnProperty);
 
 /**
  * Clones a given value deeply.
@@ -207,43 +170,51 @@ const DEPRECATED_SOURCECODE_PASSTHROUGHS = {
  * @returns {any} A cloned value.
  */
 function cloneDeeplyExcludesParent(x) {
-    if (typeof x === "object" && x !== null) {
-        if (Array.isArray(x)) {
-            return x.map(cloneDeeplyExcludesParent);
-        }
+	if (typeof x === "object" && x !== null) {
+		if (Array.isArray(x)) {
+			return x.map(cloneDeeplyExcludesParent);
+		}
 
-        const retv = {};
+		const retv = {};
 
-        for (const key in x) {
-            if (key !== "parent" && hasOwnProperty(x, key)) {
-                retv[key] = cloneDeeplyExcludesParent(x[key]);
-            }
-        }
+		for (const key in x) {
+			if (key !== "parent" && hasOwnProperty(x, key)) {
+				retv[key] = cloneDeeplyExcludesParent(x[key]);
+			}
+		}
 
-        return retv;
-    }
+		return retv;
+	}
 
-    return x;
+	return x;
 }
 
 /**
  * Freezes a given value deeply.
  * @param {any} x A value to freeze.
+ * @param {Set<Object>} seenObjects Objects already seen during the traversal.
  * @returns {void}
  */
-function freezeDeeply(x) {
-    if (typeof x === "object" && x !== null) {
-        if (Array.isArray(x)) {
-            x.forEach(freezeDeeply);
-        } else {
-            for (const key in x) {
-                if (key !== "parent" && hasOwnProperty(x, key)) {
-                    freezeDeeply(x[key]);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        Object.freeze(x);
-    }
+function freezeDeeply(x, seenObjects = new Set()) {
+	if (typeof x === "object" && x !== null) {
+		if (seenObjects.has(x)) {
+			return; // skip to avoid infinite recursion
+		}
+		seenObjects.add(x);
+
+		if (Array.isArray(x)) {
+			x.forEach(element => {
+				freezeDeeply(element, seenObjects);
+			});
+		} else {
+			for (const key in x) {
+				if (key !== "parent" && hasOwnProperty(x, key)) {
+					freezeDeeply(x[key], seenObjects);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		Object.freeze(x);
+	}
 }
 
 /**
@@ -252,13 +223,13 @@ function freezeDeeply(x) {
  * @returns {string} The sanitized text.
  */
 function sanitize(text) {
-    if (typeof text !== "string") {
-        return "";
-    }
-    return text.replace(
-        /[\u0000-\u0009\u000b-\u001a]/gu, // eslint-disable-line no-control-regex -- Escaping controls
-        c => `\\u${c.codePointAt(0).toString(16).padStart(4, "0")}`
-    );
+	if (typeof text !== "string") {
+		return "";
+	}
+	return text.replace(
+		/[\u0000-\u0009\u000b-\u001a]/gu, // eslint-disable-line no-control-regex -- Escaping controls
+		c => `\\u${c.codePointAt(0).toString(16).padStart(4, "0")}`,
+	);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -268,25 +239,28 @@ function sanitize(text) {
  * @returns {void}
  */
 function defineStartEndAsError(objName, node) {
-    Object.defineProperties(node, {
-        start: {
-            get() {
-                throw new Error(`Use ${objName}.range[0] instead of ${objName}.start`);
-            },
-            configurable: true,
-            enumerable: false
-        },
-        end: {
-            get() {
-                throw new Error(`Use ${objName}.range[1] instead of ${objName}.end`);
-            },
-            configurable: true,
-            enumerable: false
-        }
-    });
+	Object.defineProperties(node, {
+		start: {
+			get() {
+				throw new Error(
+					`Use ${objName}.range[0] instead of ${objName}.start`,
+				);
+			},
+			configurable: true,
+			enumerable: false,
+		},
+		end: {
+			get() {
+				throw new Error(
+					`Use ${objName}.range[1] instead of ${objName}.end`,
+				);
+			},
+			configurable: true,
+			enumerable: false,
+		},
+	});
 }
 
-
 /**
  * Define `start`/`end` properties of all nodes of the given AST as throwing error.
  * @param {ASTNode} ast The root node to errorize `start`/`end` properties.
@@ -294,9 +268,12 @@ function defineStartEndAsError(objName, node) {
  * @returns {void}
  */
 function defineStartEndAsErrorInTree(ast, visitorKeys) {
-    Traverser.traverse(ast, { visitorKeys, enter: defineStartEndAsError.bind(null, "node") });
-    ast.tokens.forEach(defineStartEndAsError.bind(null, "token"));
-    ast.comments.forEach(defineStartEndAsError.bind(null, "token"));
+	Traverser.traverse(ast, {
+		visitorKeys,
+		enter: defineStartEndAsError.bind(null, "node"),
+	});
+	ast.tokens.forEach(defineStartEndAsError.bind(null, "token"));
+	ast.comments.forEach(defineStartEndAsError.bind(null, "token"));
 }
 
 /**
@@ -306,130 +283,97 @@ function defineStartEndAsErrorInTree(ast, visitorKeys) {
  * @returns {Parser} Wrapped parser object.
  */
 function wrapParser(parser) {
-
-    if (typeof parser.parseForESLint === "function") {
-        return {
-            [parserSymbol]: parser,
-            parseForESLint(...args) {
-                const ret = parser.parseForESLint(...args);
-
-                defineStartEndAsErrorInTree(ret.ast, ret.visitorKeys);
-                return ret;
-            }
-        };
-    }
-
-    return {
-        [parserSymbol]: parser,
-        parse(...args) {
-            const ast = parser.parse(...args);
-
-            defineStartEndAsErrorInTree(ast);
-            return ast;
-        }
-    };
-}
-
-/**
- * Function to replace `SourceCode.prototype.getComments`.
- * @returns {void}
- * @throws {Error} Deprecation message.
- */
-function getCommentsDeprecation() {
-    throw new Error(
-        "`SourceCode#getComments()` is deprecated and will be removed in a future major version. Use `getCommentsBefore()`, `getCommentsAfter()`, and `getCommentsInside()` instead."
-    );
+	if (typeof parser.parseForESLint === "function") {
+		return {
+			[parserSymbol]: parser,
+			parseForESLint(...args) {
+				const ret = parser.parseForESLint(...args);
+
+				defineStartEndAsErrorInTree(ret.ast, ret.visitorKeys);
+				return ret;
+			},
+		};
+	}
+
+	return {
+		[parserSymbol]: parser,
+		parse(...args) {
+			const ast = parser.parse(...args);
+
+			defineStartEndAsErrorInTree(ast);
+			return ast;
+		},
+	};
 }
 
 /**
- * Function to replace forbidden `SourceCode` methods.
+ * Function to replace forbidden `SourceCode` methods. Allows just one call per method.
  * @param {string} methodName The name of the method to forbid.
+ * @param {Function} prototype The prototype with the original method to call.
  * @returns {Function} The function that throws the error.
  */
-function throwForbiddenMethodError(methodName) {
-    return () => {
-        throw new Error(
-            `\`SourceCode#${methodName}()\` cannot be called inside a rule.`
-        );
-    };
-}
+function throwForbiddenMethodError(methodName, prototype) {
+	const original = prototype[methodName];
 
-/**
- * Emit a deprecation warning if function-style format is being used.
- * @param {string} ruleName Name of the rule.
- * @returns {void}
- */
-function emitLegacyRuleAPIWarning(ruleName) {
-    if (!emitLegacyRuleAPIWarning[`warned-${ruleName}`]) {
-        emitLegacyRuleAPIWarning[`warned-${ruleName}`] = true;
-        process.emitWarning(
-            `"${ruleName}" rule is using the deprecated function-style format and will stop working in ESLint v9. Please use object-style format: https://eslint.org/docs/latest/extend/custom-rules`,
-            "DeprecationWarning"
-        );
-    }
-}
+	return function (...args) {
+		const called = forbiddenMethodCalls.get(methodName);
 
-/**
- * Emit a deprecation warning if rule has options but is missing the "meta.schema" property
- * @param {string} ruleName Name of the rule.
- * @returns {void}
- */
-function emitMissingSchemaWarning(ruleName) {
-    if (!emitMissingSchemaWarning[`warned-${ruleName}`]) {
-        emitMissingSchemaWarning[`warned-${ruleName}`] = true;
-        process.emitWarning(
-            `"${ruleName}" rule has options but is missing the "meta.schema" property and will stop working in ESLint v9. Please add a schema: https://eslint.org/docs/latest/extend/custom-rules#options-schemas`,
-            "DeprecationWarning"
-        );
-    }
-}
+		/* eslint-disable no-invalid-this -- needed to operate as a method. */
+		if (!called.has(this)) {
+			called.add(this);
 
-/**
- * Emit a deprecation warning if a rule uses a deprecated `context` method.
- * @param {string} ruleName Name of the rule.
- * @param {string} methodName The name of the method on `context` that was used.
- * @returns {void}
- */
-function emitDeprecatedContextMethodWarning(ruleName, methodName) {
-    if (!emitDeprecatedContextMethodWarning[`warned-${ruleName}-${methodName}`]) {
-        emitDeprecatedContextMethodWarning[`warned-${ruleName}-${methodName}`] = true;
-        process.emitWarning(
-            `"${ruleName}" rule is using \`context.${methodName}()\`, which is deprecated and will be removed in ESLint v9. Please use \`sourceCode.${DEPRECATED_SOURCECODE_PASSTHROUGHS[methodName]}()\` instead.`,
-            "DeprecationWarning"
-        );
-    }
+			return original.apply(this, args);
+		}
+		/* eslint-enable no-invalid-this -- not needed past this point */
+
+		throw new Error(
+			`\`SourceCode#${methodName}()\` cannot be called inside a rule.`,
+		);
+	};
 }
 
 /**
- * Emit a deprecation warning if rule uses CodePath#currentSegments.
- * @param {string} ruleName Name of the rule.
- * @returns {void}
+ * Extracts names of {{ placeholders }} from the reported message.
+ * @param   {string} message Reported message
+ * @returns {string[]} Array of placeholder names
  */
-function emitCodePathCurrentSegmentsWarning(ruleName) {
-    if (!emitCodePathCurrentSegmentsWarning[`warned-${ruleName}`]) {
-        emitCodePathCurrentSegmentsWarning[`warned-${ruleName}`] = true;
-        process.emitWarning(
-            `"${ruleName}" rule uses CodePath#currentSegments and will stop working in ESLint v9. Please read the documentation for how to update your code: https://eslint.org/docs/latest/extend/code-path-analysis#usage-examples`,
-            "DeprecationWarning"
-        );
-    }
+function getMessagePlaceholders(message) {
+	const matcher = getPlaceholderMatcher();
+
+	return Array.from(message.matchAll(matcher), ([, name]) => name.trim());
 }
 
 /**
- * Emit a deprecation warning if `context.parserServices` is used.
- * @param {string} ruleName Name of the rule.
- * @returns {void}
+ * Returns the placeholders in the reported messages but
+ * only includes the placeholders available in the raw message and not in the provided data.
+ * @param {string} message The reported message
+ * @param {string} raw The raw message specified in the rule meta.messages
+ * @param {undefined|Record<unknown, unknown>} data The passed
+ * @returns {string[]} Missing placeholder names
  */
-function emitParserServicesWarning(ruleName) {
-    if (!emitParserServicesWarning[`warned-${ruleName}`]) {
-        emitParserServicesWarning[`warned-${ruleName}`] = true;
-        process.emitWarning(
-            `"${ruleName}" rule is using \`context.parserServices\`, which is deprecated and will be removed in ESLint v9. Please use \`sourceCode.parserServices\` instead.`,
-            "DeprecationWarning"
-        );
-    }
+function getUnsubstitutedMessagePlaceholders(message, raw, data = {}) {
+	const unsubstituted = getMessagePlaceholders(message);
+
+	if (unsubstituted.length === 0) {
+		return [];
+	}
+
+	// Remove false positives by only counting placeholders in the raw message, which were not provided in the data matcher or added with a data property
+	const known = getMessagePlaceholders(raw);
+	const provided = Object.keys(data);
+
+	return unsubstituted.filter(
+		name => known.includes(name) && !provided.includes(name),
+	);
 }
 
+const metaSchemaDescription = `
+\t- If the rule has options, set \`meta.schema\` to an array or non-empty object to enable options validation.
+\t- If the rule doesn't have options, omit \`meta.schema\` to enforce that no options can be passed to the rule.
+\t- You can also set \`meta.schema\` to \`false\` to opt-out of options validation (not recommended).
+
+\thttps://eslint.org/docs/latest/extend/custom-rules#options-schemas
+`;
 
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Public Interface
@@ -449,14 +393,14 @@ const IT_ONLY = Symbol("itOnly");
  * @returns {any} Returned value of `method`.
  */
 function itDefaultHandler(text, method) {
-    try {
-        return method.call(this);
-    } catch (err) {
-        if (err instanceof assert.AssertionError) {
-            err.message += ` (${util.inspect(err.actual)} ${err.operator} ${util.inspect(err.expected)})`;
-        }
-        throw err;
-    }
+	try {
+		return method.call(this);
+	} catch (err) {
+		if (err instanceof assert.AssertionError) {
+			err.message += ` (${util.inspect(err.actual)} ${err.operator} ${util.inspect(err.expected)})`;
+		}
+		throw err;
+	}
 }
 
 /**
@@ -467,738 +411,1167 @@ function itDefaultHandler(text, method) {
  * @returns {any} Returned value of `method`.
  */
 function describeDefaultHandler(text, method) {
-    return method.call(this);
+	return method.call(this);
 }
 
 /**
  * Mocha test wrapper.
  */
 class RuleTester {
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new instance of RuleTester.
-     * @param {Object} [testerConfig] Optional, extra configuration for the tester
-     */
-    constructor(testerConfig) {
-
-        /**
-         * The configuration to use for this tester. Combination of the tester
-         * configuration and the default configuration.
-         * @type {Object}
-         */
-        this.testerConfig = merge(
-            {},
-            defaultConfig,
-            testerConfig,
-            { rules: { "rule-tester/validate-ast": "error" } }
-        );
-
-        /**
-         * Rule definitions to define before tests.
-         * @type {Object}
-         */
-        this.rules = {};
-        this.linter = new Linter();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Set the configuration to use for all future tests
-     * @param {Object} config the configuration to use.
-     * @throws {TypeError} If non-object config.
-     * @returns {void}
-     */
-    static setDefaultConfig(config) {
-        if (typeof config !== "object" || config === null) {
-            throw new TypeError("RuleTester.setDefaultConfig: config must be an object");
-        }
-        defaultConfig = config;
-
-        // Make sure the rules object exists since it is assumed to exist later
-        defaultConfig.rules = defaultConfig.rules || {};
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Get the current configuration used for all tests
-     * @returns {Object} the current configuration
-     */
-    static getDefaultConfig() {
-        return defaultConfig;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Reset the configuration to the initial configuration of the tester removing
-     * any changes made until now.
-     * @returns {void}
-     */
-    static resetDefaultConfig() {
-        defaultConfig = merge({}, testerDefaultConfig);
-    }
-
-
-    /*
-     * If people use `mocha test.js --watch` command, `describe` and `it` function
-     * instances are different for each execution. So `describe` and `it` should get fresh instance
-     * always.
-     */
-    static get describe() {
-        return (
-            this[DESCRIBE] ||
-            (typeof describe === "function" ? describe : describeDefaultHandler)
-        );
-    }
-
-    static set describe(value) {
-        this[DESCRIBE] = value;
-    }
-
-    static get it() {
-        return (
-            this[IT] ||
-            (typeof it === "function" ? it : itDefaultHandler)
-        );
-    }
-
-    static set it(value) {
-        this[IT] = value;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Adds the `only` property to a test to run it in isolation.
-     * @param {string | ValidTestCase | InvalidTestCase} item A single test to run by itself.
-     * @returns {ValidTestCase | InvalidTestCase} The test with `only` set.
-     */
-    static only(item) {
-        if (typeof item === "string") {
-            return { code: item, only: true };
-        }
-
-        return { ...item, only: true };
-    }
-
-    static get itOnly() {
-        if (typeof this[IT_ONLY] === "function") {
-            return this[IT_ONLY];
-        }
-        if (typeof this[IT] === "function" && typeof this[IT].only === "function") {
-            return Function.bind.call(this[IT].only, this[IT]);
-        }
-        if (typeof it === "function" && typeof it.only === "function") {
-            return Function.bind.call(it.only, it);
-        }
-
-        if (typeof this[DESCRIBE] === "function" || typeof this[IT] === "function") {
-            throw new Error(
-                "Set `RuleTester.itOnly` to use `only` with a custom test framework.\n" +
-                "See https://eslint.org/docs/latest/integrate/nodejs-api#customizing-ruletester for more."
-            );
-        }
-        if (typeof it === "function") {
-            throw new Error("The current test framework does not support exclusive tests with `only`.");
-        }
-        throw new Error("To use `only`, use RuleTester with a test framework that provides `it.only()` like Mocha.");
-    }
-
-    static set itOnly(value) {
-        this[IT_ONLY] = value;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Define a rule for one particular run of tests.
-     * @param {string} name The name of the rule to define.
-     * @param {Function | Rule} rule The rule definition.
-     * @returns {void}
-     */
-    defineRule(name, rule) {
-        if (typeof rule === "function") {
-            emitLegacyRuleAPIWarning(name);
-        }
-        this.rules[name] = rule;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Adds a new rule test to execute.
-     * @param {string} ruleName The name of the rule to run.
-     * @param {Function | Rule} rule The rule to test.
-     * @param {{
-     *   valid: (ValidTestCase | string)[],
-     *   invalid: InvalidTestCase[]
-     * }} test The collection of tests to run.
-     * @throws {TypeError|Error} If non-object `test`, or if a required
-     * scenario of the given type is missing.
-     * @returns {void}
-     */
-    run(ruleName, rule, test) {
-
-        const testerConfig = this.testerConfig,
-            requiredScenarios = ["valid", "invalid"],
-            scenarioErrors = [],
-            linter = this.linter;
-
-        if (!test || typeof test !== "object") {
-            throw new TypeError(`Test Scenarios for rule ${ruleName} : Could not find test scenario object`);
-        }
-
-        requiredScenarios.forEach(scenarioType => {
-            if (!test[scenarioType]) {
-                scenarioErrors.push(`Could not find any ${scenarioType} test scenarios`);
-            }
-        });
-
-        if (scenarioErrors.length > 0) {
-            throw new Error([
-                `Test Scenarios for rule ${ruleName} is invalid:`
-            ].concat(scenarioErrors).join("\n"));
-        }
-
-        if (typeof rule === "function") {
-            emitLegacyRuleAPIWarning(ruleName);
-        }
-
-        linter.defineRule(ruleName, Object.assign({}, rule, {
-
-            // Create a wrapper rule that freezes the `context` properties.
-            create(context) {
-                freezeDeeply(context.options);
-                freezeDeeply(context.settings);
-                freezeDeeply(context.parserOptions);
-
-                // wrap all deprecated methods
-                const newContext = Object.create(
-                    context,
-                    Object.fromEntries(Object.keys(DEPRECATED_SOURCECODE_PASSTHROUGHS).map(methodName => [
-                        methodName,
-                        {
-                            value(...args) {
-
-                                // emit deprecation warning
-                                emitDeprecatedContextMethodWarning(ruleName, methodName);
-
-                                // call the original method
-                                return context[methodName].call(this, ...args);
-                            },
-                            enumerable: true
-                        }
-                    ]))
-                );
-
-                // emit warning about context.parserServices
-                const parserServices = context.parserServices;
-
-                Object.defineProperty(newContext, "parserServices", {
-                    get() {
-                        emitParserServicesWarning(ruleName);
-                        return parserServices;
-                    }
-                });
-
-                Object.freeze(newContext);
-
-                return (typeof rule === "function" ? rule : rule.create)(newContext);
-            }
-        }));
-
-        linter.defineRules(this.rules);
-
-        /**
-         * Run the rule for the given item
-         * @param {string|Object} item Item to run the rule against
-         * @throws {Error} If an invalid schema.
-         * @returns {Object} Eslint run result
-         * @private
-         */
-        function runRuleForItem(item) {
-            let config = merge({}, testerConfig),
-                code, filename, output, beforeAST, afterAST;
-
-            if (typeof item === "string") {
-                code = item;
-            } else {
-                code = item.code;
-
-                /*
-                 * Assumes everything on the item is a config except for the
-                 * parameters used by this tester
-                 */
-                const itemConfig = { ...item };
-
-                for (const parameter of RuleTesterParameters) {
-                    delete itemConfig[parameter];
-                }
-
-                /*
-                 * Create the config object from the tester config and this item
-                 * specific configurations.
-                 */
-                config = merge(
-                    config,
-                    itemConfig
-                );
-            }
-
-            if (item.filename) {
-                filename = item.filename;
-            }
-
-            if (hasOwnProperty(item, "options")) {
-                assert(Array.isArray(item.options), "options must be an array");
-                if (
-                    item.options.length > 0 &&
-                    typeof rule === "object" &&
-                    (
-                        !rule.meta || (rule.meta && (typeof rule.meta.schema === "undefined" || rule.meta.schema === null))
-                    )
-                ) {
-                    emitMissingSchemaWarning(ruleName);
-                }
-                config.rules[ruleName] = [1].concat(item.options);
-            } else {
-                config.rules[ruleName] = 1;
-            }
-
-            const schema = getRuleOptionsSchema(rule);
-
-            /*
-             * Setup AST getters.
-             * The goal is to check whether or not AST was modified when
-             * running the rule under test.
-             */
-            linter.defineRule("rule-tester/validate-ast", {
-                create() {
-                    return {
-                        Program(node) {
-                            beforeAST = cloneDeeplyExcludesParent(node);
-                        },
-                        "Program:exit"(node) {
-                            afterAST = node;
-                        }
-                    };
-                }
-            });
-
-            if (typeof config.parser === "string") {
-                assert(path.isAbsolute(config.parser), "Parsers provided as strings to RuleTester must be absolute paths");
-            } else {
-                config.parser = espreePath;
-            }
-
-            linter.defineParser(config.parser, wrapParser(require(config.parser)));
-
-            if (schema) {
-                ajv.validateSchema(schema);
-
-                if (ajv.errors) {
-                    const errors = ajv.errors.map(error => {
-                        const field = error.dataPath[0] === "." ? error.dataPath.slice(1) : error.dataPath;
-
-                        return `\t${field}: ${error.message}`;
-                    }).join("\n");
-
-                    throw new Error([`Schema for rule ${ruleName} is invalid:`, errors]);
-                }
-
-                /*
-                 * `ajv.validateSchema` checks for errors in the structure of the schema (by comparing the schema against a "meta-schema"),
-                 * and it reports those errors individually. However, there are other types of schema errors that only occur when compiling
-                 * the schema (e.g. using invalid defaults in a schema), and only one of these errors can be reported at a time. As a result,
-                 * the schema is compiled here separately from checking for `validateSchema` errors.
-                 */
-                try {
-                    ajv.compile(schema);
-                } catch (err) {
-                    throw new Error(`Schema for rule ${ruleName} is invalid: ${err.message}`);
-                }
-            }
-
-            validate(config, "rule-tester", id => (id === ruleName ? rule : null));
-
-            // Verify the code.
-            const { getComments, applyLanguageOptions, applyInlineConfig, finalize } = SourceCode.prototype;
-            const originalCurrentSegments = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(CodePath.prototype, "currentSegments");
-            let messages;
-
-            try {
-                SourceCode.prototype.getComments = getCommentsDeprecation;
-                Object.defineProperty(CodePath.prototype, "currentSegments", {
-                    get() {
-                        emitCodePathCurrentSegmentsWarning(ruleName);
-                        return originalCurrentSegments.get.call(this);
-                    }
-                });
-
-                forbiddenMethods.forEach(methodName => {
-                    SourceCode.prototype[methodName] = throwForbiddenMethodError(methodName);
-                });
-
-                messages = linter.verify(code, config, filename);
-            } finally {
-                SourceCode.prototype.getComments = getComments;
-                Object.defineProperty(CodePath.prototype, "currentSegments", originalCurrentSegments);
-                SourceCode.prototype.applyInlineConfig = applyInlineConfig;
-                SourceCode.prototype.applyLanguageOptions = applyLanguageOptions;
-                SourceCode.prototype.finalize = finalize;
-            }
-
-            const fatalErrorMessage = messages.find(m => m.fatal);
-
-            assert(!fatalErrorMessage, `A fatal parsing error occurred: ${fatalErrorMessage && fatalErrorMessage.message}`);
-
-            // Verify if autofix makes a syntax error or not.
-            if (messages.some(m => m.fix)) {
-                output = SourceCodeFixer.applyFixes(code, messages).output;
-                const errorMessageInFix = linter.verify(output, config, filename).find(m => m.fatal);
-
-                assert(!errorMessageInFix, [
-                    "A fatal parsing error occurred in autofix.",
-                    `Error: ${errorMessageInFix && errorMessageInFix.message}`,
-                    "Autofix output:",
-                    output
-                ].join("\n"));
-            } else {
-                output = code;
-            }
-
-            return {
-                messages,
-                output,
-                beforeAST,
-                afterAST: cloneDeeplyExcludesParent(afterAST)
-            };
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Check if the AST was changed
-         * @param {ASTNode} beforeAST AST node before running
-         * @param {ASTNode} afterAST AST node after running
-         * @returns {void}
-         * @private
-         */
-        function assertASTDidntChange(beforeAST, afterAST) {
-            if (!equal(beforeAST, afterAST)) {
-                assert.fail("Rule should not modify AST.");
-            }
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Check if the template is valid or not
-         * all valid cases go through this
-         * @param {string|Object} item Item to run the rule against
-         * @returns {void}
-         * @private
-         */
-        function testValidTemplate(item) {
-            const code = typeof item === "object" ? item.code : item;
-
-            assert.ok(typeof code === "string", "Test case must specify a string value for 'code'");
-            if (item.name) {
-                assert.ok(typeof item.name === "string", "Optional test case property 'name' must be a string");
-            }
-
-            const result = runRuleForItem(item);
-            const messages = result.messages;
-
-            assert.strictEqual(messages.length, 0, util.format("Should have no errors but had %d: %s",
-                messages.length,
-                util.inspect(messages)));
-
-            assertASTDidntChange(result.beforeAST, result.afterAST);
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Asserts that the message matches its expected value. If the expected
-         * value is a regular expression, it is checked against the actual
-         * value.
-         * @param {string} actual Actual value
-         * @param {string|RegExp} expected Expected value
-         * @returns {void}
-         * @private
-         */
-        function assertMessageMatches(actual, expected) {
-            if (expected instanceof RegExp) {
-
-                // assert.js doesn't have a built-in RegExp match function
-                assert.ok(
-                    expected.test(actual),
-                    `Expected '${actual}' to match ${expected}`
-                );
-            } else {
-                assert.strictEqual(actual, expected);
-            }
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Check if the template is invalid or not
-         * all invalid cases go through this.
-         * @param {string|Object} item Item to run the rule against
-         * @returns {void}
-         * @private
-         */
-        function testInvalidTemplate(item) {
-            assert.ok(typeof item.code === "string", "Test case must specify a string value for 'code'");
-            if (item.name) {
-                assert.ok(typeof item.name === "string", "Optional test case property 'name' must be a string");
-            }
-            assert.ok(item.errors || item.errors === 0,
-                `Did not specify errors for an invalid test of ${ruleName}`);
-
-            if (Array.isArray(item.errors) && item.errors.length === 0) {
-                assert.fail("Invalid cases must have at least one error");
-            }
-
-            const ruleHasMetaMessages = hasOwnProperty(rule, "meta") && hasOwnProperty(rule.meta, "messages");
-            const friendlyIDList = ruleHasMetaMessages ? `[${Object.keys(rule.meta.messages).map(key => `'${key}'`).join(", ")}]` : null;
-
-            const result = runRuleForItem(item);
-            const messages = result.messages;
-
-            if (typeof item.errors === "number") {
-
-                if (item.errors === 0) {
-                    assert.fail("Invalid cases must have 'error' value greater than 0");
-                }
-
-                assert.strictEqual(messages.length, item.errors, util.format("Should have %d error%s but had %d: %s",
-                    item.errors,
-                    item.errors === 1 ? "" : "s",
-                    messages.length,
-                    util.inspect(messages)));
-            } else {
-                assert.strictEqual(
-                    messages.length, item.errors.length, util.format(
-                        "Should have %d error%s but had %d: %s",
-                        item.errors.length,
-                        item.errors.length === 1 ? "" : "s",
-                        messages.length,
-                        util.inspect(messages)
-                    )
-                );
-
-                const hasMessageOfThisRule = messages.some(m => m.ruleId === ruleName);
-
-                for (let i = 0, l = item.errors.length; i < l; i++) {
-                    const error = item.errors[i];
-                    const message = messages[i];
-
-                    assert(hasMessageOfThisRule, "Error rule name should be the same as the name of the rule being tested");
-
-                    if (typeof error === "string" || error instanceof RegExp) {
-
-                        // Just an error message.
-                        assertMessageMatches(message.message, error);
-                    } else if (typeof error === "object" && error !== null) {
-
-                        /*
-                         * Error object.
-                         * This may have a message, messageId, data, node type, line, and/or
-                         * column.
-                         */
-
-                        Object.keys(error).forEach(propertyName => {
-                            assert.ok(
-                                errorObjectParameters.has(propertyName),
-                                `Invalid error property name '${propertyName}'. Expected one of ${friendlyErrorObjectParameterList}.`
-                            );
-                        });
-
-                        if (hasOwnProperty(error, "message")) {
-                            assert.ok(!hasOwnProperty(error, "messageId"), "Error should not specify both 'message' and a 'messageId'.");
-                            assert.ok(!hasOwnProperty(error, "data"), "Error should not specify both 'data' and 'message'.");
-                            assertMessageMatches(message.message, error.message);
-                        } else if (hasOwnProperty(error, "messageId")) {
-                            assert.ok(
-                                ruleHasMetaMessages,
-                                "Error can not use 'messageId' if rule under test doesn't define 'meta.messages'."
-                            );
-                            if (!hasOwnProperty(rule.meta.messages, error.messageId)) {
-                                assert(false, `Invalid messageId '${error.messageId}'. Expected one of ${friendlyIDList}.`);
-                            }
-                            assert.strictEqual(
-                                message.messageId,
-                                error.messageId,
-                                `messageId '${message.messageId}' does not match expected messageId '${error.messageId}'.`
-                            );
-                            if (hasOwnProperty(error, "data")) {
-
-                                /*
-                                 *  if data was provided, then directly compare the returned message to a synthetic
-                                 *  interpolated message using the same message ID and data provided in the test.
-                                 *  See https://github.com/eslint/eslint/issues/9890 for context.
-                                 */
-                                const unformattedOriginalMessage = rule.meta.messages[error.messageId];
-                                const rehydratedMessage = interpolate(unformattedOriginalMessage, error.data);
-
-                                assert.strictEqual(
-                                    message.message,
-                                    rehydratedMessage,
-                                    `Hydrated message "${rehydratedMessage}" does not match "${message.message}"`
-                                );
-                            }
-                        }
-
-                        assert.ok(
-                            hasOwnProperty(error, "data") ? hasOwnProperty(error, "messageId") : true,
-                            "Error must specify 'messageId' if 'data' is used."
-                        );
-
-                        if (error.type) {
-                            assert.strictEqual(message.nodeType, error.type, `Error type should be ${error.type}, found ${message.nodeType}`);
-                        }
-
-                        if (hasOwnProperty(error, "line")) {
-                            assert.strictEqual(message.line, error.line, `Error line should be ${error.line}`);
-                        }
-
-                        if (hasOwnProperty(error, "column")) {
-                            assert.strictEqual(message.column, error.column, `Error column should be ${error.column}`);
-                        }
-
-                        if (hasOwnProperty(error, "endLine")) {
-                            assert.strictEqual(message.endLine, error.endLine, `Error endLine should be ${error.endLine}`);
-                        }
-
-                        if (hasOwnProperty(error, "endColumn")) {
-                            assert.strictEqual(message.endColumn, error.endColumn, `Error endColumn should be ${error.endColumn}`);
-                        }
-
-                        if (hasOwnProperty(error, "suggestions")) {
-
-                            // Support asserting there are no suggestions
-                            if (!error.suggestions || (Array.isArray(error.suggestions) && error.suggestions.length === 0)) {
-                                if (Array.isArray(message.suggestions) && message.suggestions.length > 0) {
-                                    assert.fail(`Error should have no suggestions on error with message: "${message.message}"`);
-                                }
-                            } else {
-                                assert.strictEqual(Array.isArray(message.suggestions), true, `Error should have an array of suggestions. Instead received "${message.suggestions}" on error with message: "${message.message}"`);
-                                assert.strictEqual(message.suggestions.length, error.suggestions.length, `Error should have ${error.suggestions.length} suggestions. Instead found ${message.suggestions.length} suggestions`);
-
-                                error.suggestions.forEach((expectedSuggestion, index) => {
-                                    assert.ok(
-                                        typeof expectedSuggestion === "object" && expectedSuggestion !== null,
-                                        "Test suggestion in 'suggestions' array must be an object."
-                                    );
-                                    Object.keys(expectedSuggestion).forEach(propertyName => {
-                                        assert.ok(
-                                            suggestionObjectParameters.has(propertyName),
-                                            `Invalid suggestion property name '${propertyName}'. Expected one of ${friendlySuggestionObjectParameterList}.`
-                                        );
-                                    });
-
-                                    const actualSuggestion = message.suggestions[index];
-                                    const suggestionPrefix = `Error Suggestion at index ${index} :`;
-
-                                    if (hasOwnProperty(expectedSuggestion, "desc")) {
-                                        assert.ok(
-                                            !hasOwnProperty(expectedSuggestion, "data"),
-                                            `${suggestionPrefix} Test should not specify both 'desc' and 'data'.`
-                                        );
-                                        assert.strictEqual(
-                                            actualSuggestion.desc,
-                                            expectedSuggestion.desc,
-                                            `${suggestionPrefix} desc should be "${expectedSuggestion.desc}" but got "${actualSuggestion.desc}" instead.`
-                                        );
-                                    }
-
-                                    if (hasOwnProperty(expectedSuggestion, "messageId")) {
-                                        assert.ok(
-                                            ruleHasMetaMessages,
-                                            `${suggestionPrefix} Test can not use 'messageId' if rule under test doesn't define 'meta.messages'.`
-                                        );
-                                        assert.ok(
-                                            hasOwnProperty(rule.meta.messages, expectedSuggestion.messageId),
-                                            `${suggestionPrefix} Test has invalid messageId '${expectedSuggestion.messageId}', the rule under test allows only one of ${friendlyIDList}.`
-                                        );
-                                        assert.strictEqual(
-                                            actualSuggestion.messageId,
-                                            expectedSuggestion.messageId,
-                                            `${suggestionPrefix} messageId should be '${expectedSuggestion.messageId}' but got '${actualSuggestion.messageId}' instead.`
-                                        );
-                                        if (hasOwnProperty(expectedSuggestion, "data")) {
-                                            const unformattedMetaMessage = rule.meta.messages[expectedSuggestion.messageId];
-                                            const rehydratedDesc = interpolate(unformattedMetaMessage, expectedSuggestion.data);
-
-                                            assert.strictEqual(
-                                                actualSuggestion.desc,
-                                                rehydratedDesc,
-                                                `${suggestionPrefix} Hydrated test desc "${rehydratedDesc}" does not match received desc "${actualSuggestion.desc}".`
-                                            );
-                                        }
-                                    } else {
-                                        assert.ok(
-                                            !hasOwnProperty(expectedSuggestion, "data"),
-                                            `${suggestionPrefix} Test must specify 'messageId' if 'data' is used.`
-                                        );
-                                    }
-
-                                    if (hasOwnProperty(expectedSuggestion, "output")) {
-                                        const codeWithAppliedSuggestion = SourceCodeFixer.applyFixes(item.code, [actualSuggestion]).output;
-
-                                        assert.strictEqual(codeWithAppliedSuggestion, expectedSuggestion.output, `Expected the applied suggestion fix to match the test suggestion output for suggestion at index: ${index} on error with message: "${message.message}"`);
-                                    }
-                                });
-                            }
-                        }
-                    } else {
-
-                        // Message was an unexpected type
-                        assert.fail(`Error should be a string, object, or RegExp, but found (${util.inspect(message)})`);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            if (hasOwnProperty(item, "output")) {
-                if (item.output === null) {
-                    assert.strictEqual(
-                        result.output,
-                        item.code,
-                        "Expected no autofixes to be suggested"
-                    );
-                } else {
-                    assert.strictEqual(result.output, item.output, "Output is incorrect.");
-                }
-            } else {
-                assert.strictEqual(
-                    result.output,
-                    item.code,
-                    "The rule fixed the code. Please add 'output' property."
-                );
-            }
-
-            assertASTDidntChange(result.beforeAST, result.afterAST);
-        }
-
-        /*
-         * This creates a mocha test suite and pipes all supplied info through
-         * one of the templates above.
-         * The test suites for valid/invalid are created conditionally as
-         * test runners (eg. vitest) fail for empty test suites.
-         */
-        this.constructor.describe(ruleName, () => {
-            if (test.valid.length > 0) {
-                this.constructor.describe("valid", () => {
-                    test.valid.forEach(valid => {
-                        this.constructor[valid.only ? "itOnly" : "it"](
-                            sanitize(typeof valid === "object" ? valid.name || valid.code : valid),
-                            () => {
-                                testValidTemplate(valid);
-                            }
-                        );
-                    });
-                });
-            }
-
-            if (test.invalid.length > 0) {
-                this.constructor.describe("invalid", () => {
-                    test.invalid.forEach(invalid => {
-                        this.constructor[invalid.only ? "itOnly" : "it"](
-                            sanitize(invalid.name || invalid.code),
-                            () => {
-                                testInvalidTemplate(invalid);
-                            }
-                        );
-                    });
-                });
-            }
-        });
-    }
+	/**
+	 * Creates a new instance of RuleTester.
+	 * @param {Object} [testerConfig] Optional, extra configuration for the tester
+	 */
+	constructor(testerConfig = {}) {
+		/**
+		 * The configuration to use for this tester. Combination of the tester
+		 * configuration and the default configuration.
+		 * @type {Object}
+		 */
+		this.testerConfig = [
+			sharedDefaultConfig,
+			testerConfig,
+			{ rules: { "rule-tester/validate-ast": "error" } },
+		];
+
+		this.linter = new Linter({ configType: "flat" });
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Set the configuration to use for all future tests
+	 * @param {Object} config the configuration to use.
+	 * @throws {TypeError} If non-object config.
+	 * @returns {void}
+	 */
+	static setDefaultConfig(config) {
+		if (typeof config !== "object" || config === null) {
+			throw new TypeError(
+				"RuleTester.setDefaultConfig: config must be an object",
+			);
+		}
+		sharedDefaultConfig = config;
+
+		// Make sure the rules object exists since it is assumed to exist later
+		sharedDefaultConfig.rules = sharedDefaultConfig.rules || {};
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Get the current configuration used for all tests
+	 * @returns {Object} the current configuration
+	 */
+	static getDefaultConfig() {
+		return sharedDefaultConfig;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Reset the configuration to the initial configuration of the tester removing
+	 * any changes made until now.
+	 * @returns {void}
+	 */
+	static resetDefaultConfig() {
+		sharedDefaultConfig = {
+			rules: {
+				...testerDefaultConfig.rules,
+			},
+		};
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * If people use `mocha test.js --watch` command, `describe` and `it` function
+	 * instances are different for each execution. So `describe` and `it` should get fresh instance
+	 * always.
+	 */
+	static get describe() {
+		return (
+			this[DESCRIBE] ||
+			(typeof describe === "function" ? describe : describeDefaultHandler)
+		);
+	}
+
+	static set describe(value) {
+		this[DESCRIBE] = value;
+	}
+
+	static get it() {
+		return this[IT] || (typeof it === "function" ? it : itDefaultHandler);
+	}
+
+	static set it(value) {
+		this[IT] = value;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Adds the `only` property to a test to run it in isolation.
+	 * @param {string | ValidTestCase | InvalidTestCase} item A single test to run by itself.
+	 * @returns {ValidTestCase | InvalidTestCase} The test with `only` set.
+	 */
+	static only(item) {
+		if (typeof item === "string") {
+			return { code: item, only: true };
+		}
+
+		return { ...item, only: true };
+	}
+
+	static get itOnly() {
+		if (typeof this[IT_ONLY] === "function") {
+			return this[IT_ONLY];
+		}
+		if (
+			typeof this[IT] === "function" &&
+			typeof this[IT].only === "function"
+		) {
+			return Function.bind.call(this[IT].only, this[IT]);
+		}
+		if (typeof it === "function" && typeof it.only === "function") {
+			return Function.bind.call(it.only, it);
+		}
+
+		if (
+			typeof this[DESCRIBE] === "function" ||
+			typeof this[IT] === "function"
+		) {
+			throw new Error(
+				"Set `RuleTester.itOnly` to use `only` with a custom test framework.\n" +
+					"See https://eslint.org/docs/latest/integrate/nodejs-api#customizing-ruletester for more.",
+			);
+		}
+		if (typeof it === "function") {
+			throw new Error(
+				"The current test framework does not support exclusive tests with `only`.",
+			);
+		}
+		throw new Error(
+			"To use `only`, use RuleTester with a test framework that provides `it.only()` like Mocha.",
+		);
+	}
+
+	static set itOnly(value) {
+		this[IT_ONLY] = value;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Adds a new rule test to execute.
+	 * @param {string} ruleName The name of the rule to run.
+	 * @param {RuleDefinition} rule The rule to test.
+	 * @param {{
+	 *   valid: (ValidTestCase | string)[],
+	 *   invalid: InvalidTestCase[]
+	 * }} test The collection of tests to run.
+	 * @throws {TypeError|Error} If `rule` is not an object with a `create` method,
+	 * or if non-object `test`, or if a required scenario of the given type is missing.
+	 * @returns {void}
+	 */
+	run(ruleName, rule, test) {
+		const testerConfig = this.testerConfig,
+			requiredScenarios = ["valid", "invalid"],
+			scenarioErrors = [],
+			linter = this.linter,
+			ruleId = `rule-to-test/${ruleName}`;
+
+		const seenValidTestCases = new Set();
+		const seenInvalidTestCases = new Set();
+
+		if (
+			!rule ||
+			typeof rule !== "object" ||
+			typeof rule.create !== "function"
+		) {
+			throw new TypeError(
+				"Rule must be an object with a `create` method",
+			);
+		}
+
+		if (!test || typeof test !== "object") {
+			throw new TypeError(
+				`Test Scenarios for rule ${ruleName} : Could not find test scenario object`,
+			);
+		}
+
+		requiredScenarios.forEach(scenarioType => {
+			if (!test[scenarioType]) {
+				scenarioErrors.push(
+					`Could not find any ${scenarioType} test scenarios`,
+				);
+			}
+		});
+
+		if (scenarioErrors.length > 0) {
+			throw new Error(
+				[`Test Scenarios for rule ${ruleName} is invalid:`]
+					.concat(scenarioErrors)
+					.join("\n"),
+			);
+		}
+
+		const baseConfig = [
+			{
+				plugins: {
+					// copy root plugin over
+					"@": {
+						/*
+						 * Parsers are wrapped to detect more errors, so this needs
+						 * to be a new object for each call to run(), otherwise the
+						 * parsers will be wrapped multiple times.
+						 */
+						parsers: {
+							...defaultConfig[0].plugins["@"].parsers,
+						},
+
+						/*
+						 * The rules key on the default plugin is a proxy to lazy-load
+						 * just the rules that are needed. So, don't create a new object
+						 * here, just use the default one to keep that performance
+						 * enhancement.
+						 */
+						rules: defaultConfig[0].plugins["@"].rules,
+						languages: defaultConfig[0].plugins["@"].languages,
+					},
+					"rule-to-test": {
+						rules: {
+							[ruleName]: Object.assign({}, rule, {
+								// Create a wrapper rule that freezes the `context` properties.
+								create(context) {
+									freezeDeeply(context.options);
+									freezeDeeply(context.settings);
+									freezeDeeply(context.parserOptions);
+
+									// freezeDeeply(context.languageOptions);
+
+									return rule.create(context);
+								},
+							}),
+						},
+					},
+				},
+				language: defaultConfig[0].language,
+			},
+			...defaultRuleTesterConfig,
+		];
+
+		/**
+		 * Runs a hook on the given item when it's assigned to the given property
+		 * @param {string|Object} item Item to run the hook on
+		 * @param {string} prop The property having the hook assigned to
+		 * @throws {Error} If the property is not a function or that function throws an error
+		 * @returns {void}
+		 * @private
+		 */
+		function runHook(item, prop) {
+			if (typeof item === "object" && hasOwnProperty(item, prop)) {
+				assert.strictEqual(
+					typeof item[prop],
+					"function",
+					`Optional test case property '${prop}' must be a function`,
+				);
+				item[prop]();
+			}
+		}
+
+		/**
+		 * Run the rule for the given item
+		 * @param {string|Object} item Item to run the rule against
+		 * @throws {Error} If an invalid schema.
+		 * @returns {Object} Eslint run result
+		 * @private
+		 */
+		function runRuleForItem(item) {
+			const flatConfigArrayOptions = {
+				baseConfig,
+			};
+
+			if (item.filename) {
+				flatConfigArrayOptions.basePath =
+					path.parse(item.filename).root || void 0;
+			}
+
+			const configs = new FlatConfigArray(
+				testerConfig,
+				flatConfigArrayOptions,
+			);
+
+			/*
+			 * Modify the returned config so that the parser is wrapped to catch
+			 * access of the start/end properties. This method is called just
+			 * once per code snippet being tested, so each test case gets a clean
+			 * parser.
+			 */
+			configs[ConfigArraySymbol.finalizeConfig] = function (...args) {
+				// can't do super here :(
+				const proto = Object.getPrototypeOf(this);
+				const calculatedConfig = proto[
+					ConfigArraySymbol.finalizeConfig
+				].apply(this, args);
+
+				// wrap the parser to catch start/end property access
+				if (calculatedConfig.language === jslang) {
+					calculatedConfig.languageOptions.parser = wrapParser(
+						calculatedConfig.languageOptions.parser,
+					);
+				}
+
+				return calculatedConfig;
+			};
+
+			let code, filename, output, beforeAST, afterAST;
+
+			if (typeof item === "string") {
+				code = item;
+			} else {
+				code = item.code;
+
+				/*
+				 * Assumes everything on the item is a config except for the
+				 * parameters used by this tester
+				 */
+				const itemConfig = { ...item };
+
+				for (const parameter of RuleTesterParameters) {
+					delete itemConfig[parameter];
+				}
+
+				/*
+				 * Create the config object from the tester config and this item
+				 * specific configurations.
+				 */
+				configs.push(itemConfig);
+			}
+
+			if (hasOwnProperty(item, "only")) {
+				assert.ok(
+					typeof item.only === "boolean",
+					"Optional test case property 'only' must be a boolean",
+				);
+			}
+			if (hasOwnProperty(item, "filename")) {
+				assert.ok(
+					typeof item.filename === "string",
+					"Optional test case property 'filename' must be a string",
+				);
+				filename = item.filename;
+			}
+
+			let ruleConfig = 1;
+
+			if (hasOwnProperty(item, "options")) {
+				assert(Array.isArray(item.options), "options must be an array");
+				ruleConfig = [1, ...item.options];
+			}
+
+			configs.push({
+				rules: {
+					[ruleId]: ruleConfig,
+				},
+			});
+
+			let schema;
+
+			try {
+				schema = Config.getRuleOptionsSchema(rule);
+			} catch (err) {
+				err.message += metaSchemaDescription;
+				throw err;
+			}
+
+			/*
+			 * Check and throw an error if the schema is an empty object (`schema:{}`), because such schema
+			 * doesn't validate or enforce anything and is therefore considered a possible error. If the intent
+			 * was to skip options validation, `schema:false` should be set instead (explicit opt-out).
+			 *
+			 * For this purpose, a schema object is considered empty if it doesn't have any own enumerable string-keyed
+			 * properties. While `ajv.compile()` does use enumerable properties from the prototype chain as well,
+			 * it caches compiled schemas by serializing only own enumerable properties, so it's generally not a good idea
+			 * to use inherited properties in schemas because schemas that differ only in inherited properties would end up
+			 * having the same cache entry that would be correct for only one of them.
+			 *
+			 * At this point, `schema` can only be an object or `null`.
+			 */
+			if (schema && Object.keys(schema).length === 0) {
+				throw new Error(
+					`\`schema: {}\` is a no-op${metaSchemaDescription}`,
+				);
+			}
+
+			/*
+			 * Setup AST getters.
+			 * The goal is to check whether or not AST was modified when
+			 * running the rule under test.
+			 */
+			configs.push({
+				plugins: {
+					"rule-tester": {
+						rules: {
+							"validate-ast": {
+								create() {
+									return {
+										Program(node) {
+											beforeAST =
+												cloneDeeplyExcludesParent(node);
+										},
+										"Program:exit"(node) {
+											afterAST = node;
+										},
+									};
+								},
+							},
+						},
+					},
+				},
+			});
+
+			if (schema) {
+				ajv.validateSchema(schema);
+
+				if (ajv.errors) {
+					const errors = ajv.errors
+						.map(error => {
+							const field =
+								error.dataPath[0] === "."
+									? error.dataPath.slice(1)
+									: error.dataPath;
+
+							return `\t${field}: ${error.message}`;
+						})
+						.join("\n");
+
+					throw new Error([
+						`Schema for rule ${ruleName} is invalid:`,
+						errors,
+					]);
+				}
+
+				/*
+				 * `ajv.validateSchema` checks for errors in the structure of the schema (by comparing the schema against a "meta-schema"),
+				 * and it reports those errors individually. However, there are other types of schema errors that only occur when compiling
+				 * the schema (e.g. using invalid defaults in a schema), and only one of these errors can be reported at a time. As a result,
+				 * the schema is compiled here separately from checking for `validateSchema` errors.
+				 */
+				try {
+					ajv.compile(schema);
+				} catch (err) {
+					throw new Error(
+						`Schema for rule ${ruleName} is invalid: ${err.message}`,
+						{
+							cause: err,
+						},
+					);
+				}
+			}
+
+			// check for validation errors
+			try {
+				configs.normalizeSync();
+				configs.getConfig("test.js");
+			} catch (error) {
+				error.message = `ESLint configuration in rule-tester is invalid: ${error.message}`;
+				throw error;
+			}
+
+			// Verify the code.
+			const { applyLanguageOptions, applyInlineConfig, finalize } =
+				SourceCode.prototype;
+			let messages;
+
+			try {
+				forbiddenMethods.forEach(methodName => {
+					SourceCode.prototype[methodName] =
+						throwForbiddenMethodError(
+							methodName,
+							SourceCode.prototype,
+						);
+				});
+
+				messages = linter.verify(code, configs, filename);
+			} finally {
+				SourceCode.prototype.applyInlineConfig = applyInlineConfig;
+				SourceCode.prototype.applyLanguageOptions =
+					applyLanguageOptions;
+				SourceCode.prototype.finalize = finalize;
+			}
+
+			const fatalErrorMessage = messages.find(m => m.fatal);
+
+			assert(
+				!fatalErrorMessage,
+				`A fatal parsing error occurred: ${fatalErrorMessage && fatalErrorMessage.message}`,
+			);
+
+			// Verify if autofix makes a syntax error or not.
+			if (messages.some(m => m.fix)) {
+				output = SourceCodeFixer.applyFixes(code, messages).output;
+				const errorMessageInFix = linter
+					.verify(output, configs, filename)
+					.find(m => m.fatal);
+
+				assert(
+					!errorMessageInFix,
+					[
+						"A fatal parsing error occurred in autofix.",
+						`Error: ${errorMessageInFix && errorMessageInFix.message}`,
+						"Autofix output:",
+						output,
+					].join("\n"),
+				);
+			} else {
+				output = code;
+			}
+
+			return {
+				messages,
+				output,
+				beforeAST,
+				afterAST: cloneDeeplyExcludesParent(afterAST),
+				configs,
+				filename,
+			};
+		}
+
+		/**
+		 * Check if the AST was changed
+		 * @param {ASTNode} beforeAST AST node before running
+		 * @param {ASTNode} afterAST AST node after running
+		 * @returns {void}
+		 * @private
+		 */
+		function assertASTDidntChange(beforeAST, afterAST) {
+			if (!equal(beforeAST, afterAST)) {
+				assert.fail("Rule should not modify AST.");
+			}
+		}
+
+		/**
+		 * Check if this test case is a duplicate of one we have seen before.
+		 * @param {string|Object} item test case object
+		 * @param {Set<string>} seenTestCases set of serialized test cases we have seen so far (managed by this function)
+		 * @returns {void}
+		 * @private
+		 */
+		function checkDuplicateTestCase(item, seenTestCases) {
+			if (!isSerializable(item)) {
+				/*
+				 * If we can't serialize a test case (because it contains a function, RegExp, etc), skip the check.
+				 * This might happen with properties like: options, plugins, settings, languageOptions.parser, languageOptions.parserOptions.
+				 */
+				return;
+			}
+
+			const normalizedItem =
+				typeof item === "string" ? { code: item } : item;
+			const serializedTestCase = stringify(normalizedItem, {
+				replacer(key, value) {
+					// "this" is the currently stringified object --> only ignore top-level properties
+					return normalizedItem !== this ||
+						!duplicationIgnoredParameters.has(key)
+						? value
+						: void 0;
+				},
+			});
+
+			assert(
+				!seenTestCases.has(serializedTestCase),
+				"detected duplicate test case",
+			);
+			seenTestCases.add(serializedTestCase);
+		}
+
+		/**
+		 * Check if the template is valid or not
+		 * all valid cases go through this
+		 * @param {string|Object} item Item to run the rule against
+		 * @returns {void}
+		 * @private
+		 */
+		function testValidTemplate(item) {
+			const code = typeof item === "object" ? item.code : item;
+
+			assert.ok(
+				typeof code === "string",
+				"Test case must specify a string value for 'code'",
+			);
+			if (item.name) {
+				assert.ok(
+					typeof item.name === "string",
+					"Optional test case property 'name' must be a string",
+				);
+			}
+
+			checkDuplicateTestCase(item, seenValidTestCases);
+
+			const result = runRuleForItem(item);
+			const messages = result.messages;
+
+			assert.strictEqual(
+				messages.length,
+				0,
+				util.format(
+					"Should have no errors but had %d: %s",
+					messages.length,
+					util.inspect(messages),
+				),
+			);
+
+			assertASTDidntChange(result.beforeAST, result.afterAST);
+		}
+
+		/**
+		 * Asserts that the message matches its expected value. If the expected
+		 * value is a regular expression, it is checked against the actual
+		 * value.
+		 * @param {string} actual Actual value
+		 * @param {string|RegExp} expected Expected value
+		 * @returns {void}
+		 * @private
+		 */
+		function assertMessageMatches(actual, expected) {
+			if (expected instanceof RegExp) {
+				// assert.js doesn't have a built-in RegExp match function
+				assert.ok(
+					expected.test(actual),
+					`Expected '${actual}' to match ${expected}`,
+				);
+			} else {
+				assert.strictEqual(actual, expected);
+			}
+		}
+
+		/**
+		 * Check if the template is invalid or not
+		 * all invalid cases go through this.
+		 * @param {string|Object} item Item to run the rule against
+		 * @returns {void}
+		 * @private
+		 */
+		function testInvalidTemplate(item) {
+			assert.ok(
+				typeof item.code === "string",
+				"Test case must specify a string value for 'code'",
+			);
+			if (item.name) {
+				assert.ok(
+					typeof item.name === "string",
+					"Optional test case property 'name' must be a string",
+				);
+			}
+			assert.ok(
+				item.errors || item.errors === 0,
+				`Did not specify errors for an invalid test of ${ruleName}`,
+			);
+
+			if (Array.isArray(item.errors) && item.errors.length === 0) {
+				assert.fail("Invalid cases must have at least one error");
+			}
+
+			checkDuplicateTestCase(item, seenInvalidTestCases);
+
+			const ruleHasMetaMessages =
+				hasOwnProperty(rule, "meta") &&
+				hasOwnProperty(rule.meta, "messages");
+			const friendlyIDList = ruleHasMetaMessages
+				? `[${Object.keys(rule.meta.messages)
+						.map(key => `'${key}'`)
+						.join(", ")}]`
+				: null;
+
+			const result = runRuleForItem(item);
+			const messages = result.messages;
+
+			for (const message of messages) {
+				if (hasOwnProperty(message, "suggestions")) {
+					/** @type {Map<string, number>} */
+					const seenMessageIndices = new Map();
+
+					for (let i = 0; i < message.suggestions.length; i += 1) {
+						const suggestionMessage = message.suggestions[i].desc;
+						const previous =
+							seenMessageIndices.get(suggestionMessage);
+
+						assert.ok(
+							!seenMessageIndices.has(suggestionMessage),
+							`Suggestion message '${suggestionMessage}' reported from suggestion ${i} was previously reported by suggestion ${previous}. Suggestion messages should be unique within an error.`,
+						);
+						seenMessageIndices.set(suggestionMessage, i);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (typeof item.errors === "number") {
+				if (item.errors === 0) {
+					assert.fail(
+						"Invalid cases must have 'error' value greater than 0",
+					);
+				}
+
+				assert.strictEqual(
+					messages.length,
+					item.errors,
+					util.format(
+						"Should have %d error%s but had %d: %s",
+						item.errors,
+						item.errors === 1 ? "" : "s",
+						messages.length,
+						util.inspect(messages),
+					),
+				);
+			} else {
+				assert.strictEqual(
+					messages.length,
+					item.errors.length,
+					util.format(
+						"Should have %d error%s but had %d: %s",
+						item.errors.length,
+						item.errors.length === 1 ? "" : "s",
+						messages.length,
+						util.inspect(messages),
+					),
+				);
+
+				const hasMessageOfThisRule = messages.some(
+					m => m.ruleId === ruleId,
+				);
+
+				for (let i = 0, l = item.errors.length; i < l; i++) {
+					const error = item.errors[i];
+					const message = messages[i];
+
+					assert(
+						hasMessageOfThisRule,
+						"Error rule name should be the same as the name of the rule being tested",
+					);
+
+					if (typeof error === "string" || error instanceof RegExp) {
+						// Just an error message.
+						assertMessageMatches(message.message, error);
+						assert.ok(
+							message.suggestions === void 0,
+							`Error at index ${i} has suggestions. Please convert the test error into an object and specify 'suggestions' property on it to test suggestions.`,
+						);
+					} else if (typeof error === "object" && error !== null) {
+						/*
+						 * Error object.
+						 * This may have a message, messageId, data, node type, line, and/or
+						 * column.
+						 */
+
+						Object.keys(error).forEach(propertyName => {
+							assert.ok(
+								errorObjectParameters.has(propertyName),
+								`Invalid error property name '${propertyName}'. Expected one of ${friendlyErrorObjectParameterList}.`,
+							);
+						});
+
+						if (hasOwnProperty(error, "message")) {
+							assert.ok(
+								!hasOwnProperty(error, "messageId"),
+								"Error should not specify both 'message' and a 'messageId'.",
+							);
+							assert.ok(
+								!hasOwnProperty(error, "data"),
+								"Error should not specify both 'data' and 'message'.",
+							);
+							assertMessageMatches(
+								message.message,
+								error.message,
+							);
+						} else if (hasOwnProperty(error, "messageId")) {
+							assert.ok(
+								ruleHasMetaMessages,
+								"Error can not use 'messageId' if rule under test doesn't define 'meta.messages'.",
+							);
+							if (
+								!hasOwnProperty(
+									rule.meta.messages,
+									error.messageId,
+								)
+							) {
+								assert(
+									false,
+									`Invalid messageId '${error.messageId}'. Expected one of ${friendlyIDList}.`,
+								);
+							}
+							assert.strictEqual(
+								message.messageId,
+								error.messageId,
+								`messageId '${message.messageId}' does not match expected messageId '${error.messageId}'.`,
+							);
+
+							const unsubstitutedPlaceholders =
+								getUnsubstitutedMessagePlaceholders(
+									message.message,
+									rule.meta.messages[message.messageId],
+									error.data,
+								);
+
+							assert.ok(
+								unsubstitutedPlaceholders.length === 0,
+								`The reported message has ${unsubstitutedPlaceholders.length > 1 ? `unsubstituted placeholders: ${unsubstitutedPlaceholders.map(name => `'${name}'`).join(", ")}` : `an unsubstituted placeholder '${unsubstitutedPlaceholders[0]}'`}. Please provide the missing ${unsubstitutedPlaceholders.length > 1 ? "values" : "value"} via the 'data' property in the context.report() call.`,
+							);
+
+							if (hasOwnProperty(error, "data")) {
+								/*
+								 *  if data was provided, then directly compare the returned message to a synthetic
+								 *  interpolated message using the same message ID and data provided in the test.
+								 *  See https://github.com/eslint/eslint/issues/9890 for context.
+								 */
+								const unformattedOriginalMessage =
+									rule.meta.messages[error.messageId];
+								const rehydratedMessage = interpolate(
+									unformattedOriginalMessage,
+									error.data,
+								);
+
+								assert.strictEqual(
+									message.message,
+									rehydratedMessage,
+									`Hydrated message "${rehydratedMessage}" does not match "${message.message}"`,
+								);
+							}
+						} else {
+							assert.fail(
+								"Test error must specify either a 'messageId' or 'message'.",
+							);
+						}
+
+						if (error.type) {
+							assert.strictEqual(
+								message.nodeType,
+								error.type,
+								`Error type should be ${error.type}, found ${message.nodeType}`,
+							);
+						}
+
+						const actualLocation = {};
+						const expectedLocation = {};
+
+						if (hasOwnProperty(error, "line")) {
+							actualLocation.line = message.line;
+							expectedLocation.line = error.line;
+						}
+
+						if (hasOwnProperty(error, "column")) {
+							actualLocation.column = message.column;
+							expectedLocation.column = error.column;
+						}
+
+						if (hasOwnProperty(error, "endLine")) {
+							actualLocation.endLine = message.endLine;
+							expectedLocation.endLine = error.endLine;
+						}
+
+						if (hasOwnProperty(error, "endColumn")) {
+							actualLocation.endColumn = message.endColumn;
+							expectedLocation.endColumn = error.endColumn;
+						}
+
+						if (Object.keys(expectedLocation).length > 0) {
+							assert.deepStrictEqual(
+								actualLocation,
+								expectedLocation,
+								"Actual error location does not match expected error location.",
+							);
+						}
+
+						assert.ok(
+							!message.suggestions ||
+								hasOwnProperty(error, "suggestions"),
+							`Error at index ${i} has suggestions. Please specify 'suggestions' property on the test error object.`,
+						);
+						if (hasOwnProperty(error, "suggestions")) {
+							// Support asserting there are no suggestions
+							const expectsSuggestions = Array.isArray(
+								error.suggestions,
+							)
+								? error.suggestions.length > 0
+								: Boolean(error.suggestions);
+							const hasSuggestions =
+								message.suggestions !== void 0;
+
+							if (!hasSuggestions && expectsSuggestions) {
+								assert.ok(
+									!error.suggestions,
+									`Error should have suggestions on error with message: "${message.message}"`,
+								);
+							} else if (hasSuggestions) {
+								assert.ok(
+									expectsSuggestions,
+									`Error should have no suggestions on error with message: "${message.message}"`,
+								);
+								if (typeof error.suggestions === "number") {
+									assert.strictEqual(
+										message.suggestions.length,
+										error.suggestions,
+										`Error should have ${error.suggestions} suggestions. Instead found ${message.suggestions.length} suggestions`,
+									);
+								} else if (Array.isArray(error.suggestions)) {
+									assert.strictEqual(
+										message.suggestions.length,
+										error.suggestions.length,
+										`Error should have ${error.suggestions.length} suggestions. Instead found ${message.suggestions.length} suggestions`,
+									);
+
+									error.suggestions.forEach(
+										(expectedSuggestion, index) => {
+											assert.ok(
+												typeof expectedSuggestion ===
+													"object" &&
+													expectedSuggestion !== null,
+												"Test suggestion in 'suggestions' array must be an object.",
+											);
+											Object.keys(
+												expectedSuggestion,
+											).forEach(propertyName => {
+												assert.ok(
+													suggestionObjectParameters.has(
+														propertyName,
+													),
+													`Invalid suggestion property name '${propertyName}'. Expected one of ${friendlySuggestionObjectParameterList}.`,
+												);
+											});
+
+											const actualSuggestion =
+												message.suggestions[index];
+											const suggestionPrefix = `Error Suggestion at index ${index}:`;
+
+											if (
+												hasOwnProperty(
+													expectedSuggestion,
+													"desc",
+												)
+											) {
+												assert.ok(
+													!hasOwnProperty(
+														expectedSuggestion,
+														"data",
+													),
+													`${suggestionPrefix} Test should not specify both 'desc' and 'data'.`,
+												);
+												assert.ok(
+													!hasOwnProperty(
+														expectedSuggestion,
+														"messageId",
+													),
+													`${suggestionPrefix} Test should not specify both 'desc' and 'messageId'.`,
+												);
+												assert.strictEqual(
+													actualSuggestion.desc,
+													expectedSuggestion.desc,
+													`${suggestionPrefix} desc should be "${expectedSuggestion.desc}" but got "${actualSuggestion.desc}" instead.`,
+												);
+											} else if (
+												hasOwnProperty(
+													expectedSuggestion,
+													"messageId",
+												)
+											) {
+												assert.ok(
+													ruleHasMetaMessages,
+													`${suggestionPrefix} Test can not use 'messageId' if rule under test doesn't define 'meta.messages'.`,
+												);
+												assert.ok(
+													hasOwnProperty(
+														rule.meta.messages,
+														expectedSuggestion.messageId,
+													),
+													`${suggestionPrefix} Test has invalid messageId '${expectedSuggestion.messageId}', the rule under test allows only one of ${friendlyIDList}.`,
+												);
+												assert.strictEqual(
+													actualSuggestion.messageId,
+													expectedSuggestion.messageId,
+													`${suggestionPrefix} messageId should be '${expectedSuggestion.messageId}' but got '${actualSuggestion.messageId}' instead.`,
+												);
+
+												const unsubstitutedPlaceholders =
+													getUnsubstitutedMessagePlaceholders(
+														actualSuggestion.desc,
+														rule.meta.messages[
+															expectedSuggestion
+																.messageId
+														],
+														expectedSuggestion.data,
+													);
+
+												assert.ok(
+													unsubstitutedPlaceholders.length ===
+														0,
+													`The message of the suggestion has ${unsubstitutedPlaceholders.length > 1 ? `unsubstituted placeholders: ${unsubstitutedPlaceholders.map(name => `'${name}'`).join(", ")}` : `an unsubstituted placeholder '${unsubstitutedPlaceholders[0]}'`}. Please provide the missing ${unsubstitutedPlaceholders.length > 1 ? "values" : "value"} via the 'data' property for the suggestion in the context.report() call.`,
+												);
+
+												if (
+													hasOwnProperty(
+														expectedSuggestion,
+														"data",
+													)
+												) {
+													const unformattedMetaMessage =
+														rule.meta.messages[
+															expectedSuggestion
+																.messageId
+														];
+													const rehydratedDesc =
+														interpolate(
+															unformattedMetaMessage,
+															expectedSuggestion.data,
+														);
+
+													assert.strictEqual(
+														actualSuggestion.desc,
+														rehydratedDesc,
+														`${suggestionPrefix} Hydrated test desc "${rehydratedDesc}" does not match received desc "${actualSuggestion.desc}".`,
+													);
+												}
+											} else if (
+												hasOwnProperty(
+													expectedSuggestion,
+													"data",
+												)
+											) {
+												assert.fail(
+													`${suggestionPrefix} Test must specify 'messageId' if 'data' is used.`,
+												);
+											} else {
+												assert.fail(
+													`${suggestionPrefix} Test must specify either 'messageId' or 'desc'.`,
+												);
+											}
+
+											assert.ok(
+												hasOwnProperty(
+													expectedSuggestion,
+													"output",
+												),
+												`${suggestionPrefix} The "output" property is required.`,
+											);
+											const codeWithAppliedSuggestion =
+												SourceCodeFixer.applyFixes(
+													item.code,
+													[actualSuggestion],
+												).output;
+
+											// Verify if suggestion fix makes a syntax error or not.
+											const errorMessageInSuggestion =
+												linter
+													.verify(
+														codeWithAppliedSuggestion,
+														result.configs,
+														result.filename,
+													)
+													.find(m => m.fatal);
+
+											assert(
+												!errorMessageInSuggestion,
+												[
+													"A fatal parsing error occurred in suggestion fix.",
+													`Error: ${errorMessageInSuggestion && errorMessageInSuggestion.message}`,
+													"Suggestion output:",
+													codeWithAppliedSuggestion,
+												].join("\n"),
+											);
+
+											assert.strictEqual(
+												codeWithAppliedSuggestion,
+												expectedSuggestion.output,
+												`Expected the applied suggestion fix to match the test suggestion output for suggestion at index: ${index} on error with message: "${message.message}"`,
+											);
+											assert.notStrictEqual(
+												expectedSuggestion.output,
+												item.code,
+												`The output of a suggestion should differ from the original source code for suggestion at index: ${index} on error with message: "${message.message}"`,
+											);
+										},
+									);
+								} else {
+									assert.fail(
+										"Test error object property 'suggestions' should be an array or a number",
+									);
+								}
+							}
+						}
+					} else {
+						// Message was an unexpected type
+						assert.fail(
+							`Error should be a string, object, or RegExp, but found (${util.inspect(message)})`,
+						);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (hasOwnProperty(item, "output")) {
+				if (item.output === null) {
+					assert.strictEqual(
+						result.output,
+						item.code,
+						"Expected no autofixes to be suggested",
+					);
+				} else {
+					assert.strictEqual(
+						result.output,
+						item.output,
+						"Output is incorrect.",
+					);
+					assert.notStrictEqual(
+						item.code,
+						item.output,
+						"Test property 'output' matches 'code'. If no autofix is expected, then omit the 'output' property or set it to null.",
+					);
+				}
+			} else {
+				assert.strictEqual(
+					result.output,
+					item.code,
+					"The rule fixed the code. Please add 'output' property.",
+				);
+			}
+
+			assertASTDidntChange(result.beforeAST, result.afterAST);
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * This creates a mocha test suite and pipes all supplied info through
+		 * one of the templates above.
+		 * The test suites for valid/invalid are created conditionally as
+		 * test runners (eg. vitest) fail for empty test suites.
+		 */
+		this.constructor.describe(ruleName, () => {
+			if (test.valid.length > 0) {
+				this.constructor.describe("valid", () => {
+					test.valid.forEach(valid => {
+						this.constructor[valid.only ? "itOnly" : "it"](
+							sanitize(
+								typeof valid === "object"
+									? valid.name || valid.code
+									: valid,
+							),
+							() => {
+								try {
+									runHook(valid, "before");
+									testValidTemplate(valid);
+								} finally {
+									runHook(valid, "after");
+								}
+							},
+						);
+					});
+				});
+			}
+
+			if (test.invalid.length > 0) {
+				this.constructor.describe("invalid", () => {
+					test.invalid.forEach(invalid => {
+						this.constructor[invalid.only ? "itOnly" : "it"](
+							sanitize(invalid.name || invalid.code),
+							() => {
+								try {
+									runHook(invalid, "before");
+									testInvalidTemplate(invalid);
+								} finally {
+									runHook(invalid, "after");
+								}
+							},
+						);
+					});
+				});
+			}
+		});
+	}
 }
 
 RuleTester[DESCRIBE] = RuleTester[IT] = RuleTester[IT_ONLY] = null;