codeply-cli 0.5.6 → 0.6.0

package/skills/pytorch-patterns/SKILL.md

@@ -1,397 +1,397 @@
----
-name: pytorch-patterns
-description: PyTorch deep learning patterns and best practices for building robust, efficient, and reproducible training pipelines, model architectures, and data loading.
-metadata:
-  origin: ECC
----
-
-# PyTorch Development Patterns
-
-Idiomatic PyTorch patterns and best practices for building robust, efficient, and reproducible deep learning applications.
-
-## When to Activate
-
-- Writing new PyTorch models or training scripts
-- Reviewing deep learning code
-- Debugging training loops or data pipelines
-- Optimizing GPU memory usage or training speed
-- Setting up reproducible experiments
-
-## Core Principles
-
-### 1. Device-Agnostic Code
-
-Always write code that works on both CPU and GPU without hardcoding devices.
-
-```python
-# Good: Device-agnostic
-device = torch.device("cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
-model = MyModel().to(device)
-data = data.to(device)
-
-# Bad: Hardcoded device
-model = MyModel().cuda()  # Crashes if no GPU
-data = data.cuda()
-```
-
-### 2. Reproducibility First
-
-Set all random seeds for reproducible results.
-
-```python
-# Good: Full reproducibility setup
-def set_seed(seed: int = 42) -> None:
-    torch.manual_seed(seed)
-    torch.cuda.manual_seed_all(seed)
-    np.random.seed(seed)
-    random.seed(seed)
-    torch.backends.cudnn.deterministic = True
-    torch.backends.cudnn.benchmark = False
-
-# Bad: No seed control
-model = MyModel()  # Different weights every run
-```
-
-### 3. Explicit Shape Management
-
-Always document and verify tensor shapes.
-
-```python
-# Good: Shape-annotated forward pass
-def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
-    # x: (batch_size, channels, height, width)
-    x = self.conv1(x)    # -> (batch_size, 32, H, W)
-    x = self.pool(x)     # -> (batch_size, 32, H//2, W//2)
-    x = x.view(x.size(0), -1)  # -> (batch_size, 32*H//2*W//2)
-    return self.fc(x)    # -> (batch_size, num_classes)
-
-# Bad: No shape tracking
-def forward(self, x):
-    x = self.conv1(x)
-    x = self.pool(x)
-    x = x.view(x.size(0), -1)  # What size is this?
-    return self.fc(x)           # Will this even work?
-```
-
-## Model Architecture Patterns
-
-### Clean nn.Module Structure
-
-```python
-# Good: Well-organized module
-class ImageClassifier(nn.Module):
-    def __init__(self, num_classes: int, dropout: float = 0.5) -> None:
-        super().__init__()
-        self.features = nn.Sequential(
-            nn.Conv2d(3, 64, kernel_size=3, padding=1),
-            nn.BatchNorm2d(64),
-            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
-            nn.MaxPool2d(2),
-        )
-        self.classifier = nn.Sequential(
-            nn.Dropout(dropout),
-            nn.Linear(64 * 16 * 16, num_classes),
-        )
-
-    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
-        x = self.features(x)
-        x = x.view(x.size(0), -1)
-        return self.classifier(x)
-
-# Bad: Everything in forward
-class ImageClassifier(nn.Module):
-    def __init__(self):
-        super().__init__()
-
-    def forward(self, x):
-        x = F.conv2d(x, weight=self.make_weight())  # Creates weight each call!
-        return x
-```
-
-### Proper Weight Initialization
-
-```python
-# Good: Explicit initialization
-def _init_weights(self, module: nn.Module) -> None:
-    if isinstance(module, nn.Linear):
-        nn.init.kaiming_normal_(module.weight, mode="fan_out", nonlinearity="relu")
-        if module.bias is not None:
-            nn.init.zeros_(module.bias)
-    elif isinstance(module, nn.Conv2d):
-        nn.init.kaiming_normal_(module.weight, mode="fan_out", nonlinearity="relu")
-    elif isinstance(module, nn.BatchNorm2d):
-        nn.init.ones_(module.weight)
-        nn.init.zeros_(module.bias)
-
-model = MyModel()
-model.apply(model._init_weights)
-```
-
-## Training Loop Patterns
-
-### Standard Training Loop
-
-```python
-# Good: Complete training loop with best practices
-def train_one_epoch(
-    model: nn.Module,
-    dataloader: DataLoader,
-    optimizer: torch.optim.Optimizer,
-    criterion: nn.Module,
-    device: torch.device,
-    scaler: torch.amp.GradScaler | None = None,
-) -> float:
-    model.train()  # Always set train mode
-    total_loss = 0.0
-
-    for batch_idx, (data, target) in enumerate(dataloader):
-        data, target = data.to(device), target.to(device)
-
-        optimizer.zero_grad(set_to_none=True)  # More efficient than zero_grad()
-
-        # Mixed precision training
-        with torch.amp.autocast("cuda", enabled=scaler is not None):
-            output = model(data)
-            loss = criterion(output, target)
-
-        if scaler is not None:
-            scaler.scale(loss).backward()
-            scaler.unscale_(optimizer)
-            torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(model.parameters(), max_norm=1.0)
-            scaler.step(optimizer)
-            scaler.update()
-        else:
-            loss.backward()
-            torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(model.parameters(), max_norm=1.0)
-            optimizer.step()
-
-        total_loss += loss.item()
-
-    return total_loss / len(dataloader)
-```
-
-### Validation Loop
-
-```python
-# Good: Proper evaluation
-@torch.no_grad()  # More efficient than wrapping in torch.no_grad() block
-def evaluate(
-    model: nn.Module,
-    dataloader: DataLoader,
-    criterion: nn.Module,
-    device: torch.device,
-) -> tuple[float, float]:
-    model.eval()  # Always set eval mode — disables dropout, uses running BN stats
-    total_loss = 0.0
-    correct = 0
-    total = 0
-
-    for data, target in dataloader:
-        data, target = data.to(device), target.to(device)
-        output = model(data)
-        total_loss += criterion(output, target).item()
-        correct += (output.argmax(1) == target).sum().item()
-        total += target.size(0)
-
-    return total_loss / len(dataloader), correct / total
-```
-
-## Data Pipeline Patterns
-
-### Custom Dataset
-
-```python
-# Good: Clean Dataset with type hints
-class ImageDataset(Dataset):
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        image_dir: str,
-        labels: dict[str, int],
-        transform: transforms.Compose | None = None,
-    ) -> None:
-        self.image_paths = list(Path(image_dir).glob("*.jpg"))
-        self.labels = labels
-        self.transform = transform
-
-    def __len__(self) -> int:
-        return len(self.image_paths)
-
-    def __getitem__(self, idx: int) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, int]:
-        img = Image.open(self.image_paths[idx]).convert("RGB")
-        label = self.labels[self.image_paths[idx].stem]
-
-        if self.transform:
-            img = self.transform(img)
-
-        return img, label
-```
-
-### Efficient DataLoader Configuration
-
-```python
-# Good: Optimized DataLoader
-dataloader = DataLoader(
-    dataset,
-    batch_size=32,
-    shuffle=True,            # Shuffle for training
-    num_workers=4,           # Parallel data loading
-    pin_memory=True,         # Faster CPU->GPU transfer
-    persistent_workers=True, # Keep workers alive between epochs
-    drop_last=True,          # Consistent batch sizes for BatchNorm
-)
-
-# Bad: Slow defaults
-dataloader = DataLoader(dataset, batch_size=32)  # num_workers=0, no pin_memory
-```
-
-### Custom Collate for Variable-Length Data
-
-```python
-# Good: Pad sequences in collate_fn
-def collate_fn(batch: list[tuple[torch.Tensor, int]]) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
-    sequences, labels = zip(*batch)
-    # Pad to max length in batch
-    padded = nn.utils.rnn.pad_sequence(sequences, batch_first=True, padding_value=0)
-    return padded, torch.tensor(labels)
-
-dataloader = DataLoader(dataset, batch_size=32, collate_fn=collate_fn)
-```
-
-## Checkpointing Patterns
-
-### Save and Load Checkpoints
-
-```python
-# Good: Complete checkpoint with all training state
-def save_checkpoint(
-    model: nn.Module,
-    optimizer: torch.optim.Optimizer,
-    epoch: int,
-    loss: float,
-    path: str,
-) -> None:
-    torch.save({
-        "epoch": epoch,
-        "model_state_dict": model.state_dict(),
-        "optimizer_state_dict": optimizer.state_dict(),
-        "loss": loss,
-    }, path)
-
-def load_checkpoint(
-    path: str,
-    model: nn.Module,
-    optimizer: torch.optim.Optimizer | None = None,
-) -> dict:
-    checkpoint = torch.load(path, map_location="cpu", weights_only=True)
-    model.load_state_dict(checkpoint["model_state_dict"])
-    if optimizer:
-        optimizer.load_state_dict(checkpoint["optimizer_state_dict"])
-    return checkpoint
-
-# Bad: Only saving model weights (can't resume training)
-torch.save(model.state_dict(), "model.pt")
-```
-
-## Performance Optimization
-
-### Mixed Precision Training
-
-```python
-# Good: AMP with GradScaler
-scaler = torch.amp.GradScaler("cuda")
-for data, target in dataloader:
-    with torch.amp.autocast("cuda"):
-        output = model(data)
-        loss = criterion(output, target)
-    scaler.scale(loss).backward()
-    scaler.step(optimizer)
-    scaler.update()
-    optimizer.zero_grad(set_to_none=True)
-```
-
-### Gradient Checkpointing for Large Models
-
-```python
-# Good: Trade compute for memory
-from torch.utils.checkpoint import checkpoint
-
-class LargeModel(nn.Module):
-    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
-        # Recompute activations during backward to save memory
-        x = checkpoint(self.block1, x, use_reentrant=False)
-        x = checkpoint(self.block2, x, use_reentrant=False)
-        return self.head(x)
-```
-
-### torch.compile for Speed
-
-```python
-# Good: Compile the model for faster execution (PyTorch 2.0+)
-model = MyModel().to(device)
-model = torch.compile(model, mode="reduce-overhead")
-
-# Modes: "default" (safe), "reduce-overhead" (faster), "max-autotune" (fastest)
-```
-
-## Quick Reference: PyTorch Idioms
-
-| Idiom | Description |
-|-------|-------------|
-| `model.train()` / `model.eval()` | Always set mode before train/eval |
-| `torch.no_grad()` | Disable gradients for inference |
-| `optimizer.zero_grad(set_to_none=True)` | More efficient gradient clearing |
-| `.to(device)` | Device-agnostic tensor/model placement |
-| `torch.amp.autocast` | Mixed precision for 2x speed |
-| `pin_memory=True` | Faster CPU→GPU data transfer |
-| `torch.compile` | JIT compilation for speed (2.0+) |
-| `weights_only=True` | Secure model loading |
-| `torch.manual_seed` | Reproducible experiments |
-| `gradient_checkpointing` | Trade compute for memory |
-
-## Anti-Patterns to Avoid
-
-```python
-# Bad: Forgetting model.eval() during validation
-model.train()
-with torch.no_grad():
-    output = model(val_data)  # Dropout still active! BatchNorm uses batch stats!
-
-# Good: Always set eval mode
-model.eval()
-with torch.no_grad():
-    output = model(val_data)
-
-# Bad: In-place operations breaking autograd
-x = F.relu(x, inplace=True)  # Can break gradient computation
-x += residual                  # In-place add breaks autograd graph
-
-# Good: Out-of-place operations
-x = F.relu(x)
-x = x + residual
-
-# Bad: Moving data to GPU inside the training loop repeatedly
-for data, target in dataloader:
-    model = model.cuda()  # Moves model EVERY iteration!
-
-# Good: Move model once before the loop
-model = model.to(device)
-for data, target in dataloader:
-    data, target = data.to(device), target.to(device)
-
-# Bad: Using .item() before backward
-loss = criterion(output, target).item()  # Detaches from graph!
-loss.backward()  # Error: can't backprop through .item()
-
-# Good: Call .item() only for logging
-loss = criterion(output, target)
-loss.backward()
-print(f"Loss: {loss.item():.4f}")  # .item() after backward is fine
-
-# Bad: Not using torch.save properly
-torch.save(model, "model.pt")  # Saves entire model (fragile, not portable)
-
-# Good: Save state_dict
-torch.save(model.state_dict(), "model.pt")
-```
-
-__Remember__: PyTorch code should be device-agnostic, reproducible, and memory-conscious. When in doubt, profile with `torch.profiler` and check GPU memory with `torch.cuda.memory_summary()`.
+---
+name: pytorch-patterns
+description: PyTorch deep learning patterns and best practices for building robust, efficient, and reproducible training pipelines, model architectures, and data loading.
+metadata:
+  origin: ECC
+---
+
+# PyTorch Development Patterns
+
+Idiomatic PyTorch patterns and best practices for building robust, efficient, and reproducible deep learning applications.
+
+## When to Activate
+
+- Writing new PyTorch models or training scripts
+- Reviewing deep learning code
+- Debugging training loops or data pipelines
+- Optimizing GPU memory usage or training speed
+- Setting up reproducible experiments
+
+## Core Principles
+
+### 1. Device-Agnostic Code
+
+Always write code that works on both CPU and GPU without hardcoding devices.
+
+```python
+# Good: Device-agnostic
+device = torch.device("cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
+model = MyModel().to(device)
+data = data.to(device)
+
+# Bad: Hardcoded device
+model = MyModel().cuda()  # Crashes if no GPU
+data = data.cuda()
+```
+
+### 2. Reproducibility First
+
+Set all random seeds for reproducible results.
+
+```python
+# Good: Full reproducibility setup
+def set_seed(seed: int = 42) -> None:
+    torch.manual_seed(seed)
+    torch.cuda.manual_seed_all(seed)
+    np.random.seed(seed)
+    random.seed(seed)
+    torch.backends.cudnn.deterministic = True
+    torch.backends.cudnn.benchmark = False
+
+# Bad: No seed control
+model = MyModel()  # Different weights every run
+```
+
+### 3. Explicit Shape Management
+
+Always document and verify tensor shapes.
+
+```python
+# Good: Shape-annotated forward pass
+def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+    # x: (batch_size, channels, height, width)
+    x = self.conv1(x)    # -> (batch_size, 32, H, W)
+    x = self.pool(x)     # -> (batch_size, 32, H//2, W//2)
+    x = x.view(x.size(0), -1)  # -> (batch_size, 32*H//2*W//2)
+    return self.fc(x)    # -> (batch_size, num_classes)
+
+# Bad: No shape tracking
+def forward(self, x):
+    x = self.conv1(x)
+    x = self.pool(x)
+    x = x.view(x.size(0), -1)  # What size is this?
+    return self.fc(x)           # Will this even work?
+```
+
+## Model Architecture Patterns
+
+### Clean nn.Module Structure
+
+```python
+# Good: Well-organized module
+class ImageClassifier(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(self, num_classes: int, dropout: float = 0.5) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self.features = nn.Sequential(
+            nn.Conv2d(3, 64, kernel_size=3, padding=1),
+            nn.BatchNorm2d(64),
+            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
+            nn.MaxPool2d(2),
+        )
+        self.classifier = nn.Sequential(
+            nn.Dropout(dropout),
+            nn.Linear(64 * 16 * 16, num_classes),
+        )
+
+    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        x = self.features(x)
+        x = x.view(x.size(0), -1)
+        return self.classifier(x)
+
+# Bad: Everything in forward
+class ImageClassifier(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__()
+
+    def forward(self, x):
+        x = F.conv2d(x, weight=self.make_weight())  # Creates weight each call!
+        return x
+```
+
+### Proper Weight Initialization
+
+```python
+# Good: Explicit initialization
+def _init_weights(self, module: nn.Module) -> None:
+    if isinstance(module, nn.Linear):
+        nn.init.kaiming_normal_(module.weight, mode="fan_out", nonlinearity="relu")
+        if module.bias is not None:
+            nn.init.zeros_(module.bias)
+    elif isinstance(module, nn.Conv2d):
+        nn.init.kaiming_normal_(module.weight, mode="fan_out", nonlinearity="relu")
+    elif isinstance(module, nn.BatchNorm2d):
+        nn.init.ones_(module.weight)
+        nn.init.zeros_(module.bias)
+
+model = MyModel()
+model.apply(model._init_weights)
+```
+
+## Training Loop Patterns
+
+### Standard Training Loop
+
+```python
+# Good: Complete training loop with best practices
+def train_one_epoch(
+    model: nn.Module,
+    dataloader: DataLoader,
+    optimizer: torch.optim.Optimizer,
+    criterion: nn.Module,
+    device: torch.device,
+    scaler: torch.amp.GradScaler | None = None,
+) -> float:
+    model.train()  # Always set train mode
+    total_loss = 0.0
+
+    for batch_idx, (data, target) in enumerate(dataloader):
+        data, target = data.to(device), target.to(device)
+
+        optimizer.zero_grad(set_to_none=True)  # More efficient than zero_grad()
+
+        # Mixed precision training
+        with torch.amp.autocast("cuda", enabled=scaler is not None):
+            output = model(data)
+            loss = criterion(output, target)
+
+        if scaler is not None:
+            scaler.scale(loss).backward()
+            scaler.unscale_(optimizer)
+            torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(model.parameters(), max_norm=1.0)
+            scaler.step(optimizer)
+            scaler.update()
+        else:
+            loss.backward()
+            torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(model.parameters(), max_norm=1.0)
+            optimizer.step()
+
+        total_loss += loss.item()
+
+    return total_loss / len(dataloader)
+```
+
+### Validation Loop
+
+```python
+# Good: Proper evaluation
+@torch.no_grad()  # More efficient than wrapping in torch.no_grad() block
+def evaluate(
+    model: nn.Module,
+    dataloader: DataLoader,
+    criterion: nn.Module,
+    device: torch.device,
+) -> tuple[float, float]:
+    model.eval()  # Always set eval mode — disables dropout, uses running BN stats
+    total_loss = 0.0
+    correct = 0
+    total = 0
+
+    for data, target in dataloader:
+        data, target = data.to(device), target.to(device)
+        output = model(data)
+        total_loss += criterion(output, target).item()
+        correct += (output.argmax(1) == target).sum().item()
+        total += target.size(0)
+
+    return total_loss / len(dataloader), correct / total
+```
+
+## Data Pipeline Patterns
+
+### Custom Dataset
+
+```python
+# Good: Clean Dataset with type hints
+class ImageDataset(Dataset):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        image_dir: str,
+        labels: dict[str, int],
+        transform: transforms.Compose | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.image_paths = list(Path(image_dir).glob("*.jpg"))
+        self.labels = labels
+        self.transform = transform
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.image_paths)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, idx: int) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, int]:
+        img = Image.open(self.image_paths[idx]).convert("RGB")
+        label = self.labels[self.image_paths[idx].stem]
+
+        if self.transform:
+            img = self.transform(img)
+
+        return img, label
+```
+
+### Efficient DataLoader Configuration
+
+```python
+# Good: Optimized DataLoader
+dataloader = DataLoader(
+    dataset,
+    batch_size=32,
+    shuffle=True,            # Shuffle for training
+    num_workers=4,           # Parallel data loading
+    pin_memory=True,         # Faster CPU->GPU transfer
+    persistent_workers=True, # Keep workers alive between epochs
+    drop_last=True,          # Consistent batch sizes for BatchNorm
+)
+
+# Bad: Slow defaults
+dataloader = DataLoader(dataset, batch_size=32)  # num_workers=0, no pin_memory
+```
+
+### Custom Collate for Variable-Length Data
+
+```python
+# Good: Pad sequences in collate_fn
+def collate_fn(batch: list[tuple[torch.Tensor, int]]) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
+    sequences, labels = zip(*batch)
+    # Pad to max length in batch
+    padded = nn.utils.rnn.pad_sequence(sequences, batch_first=True, padding_value=0)
+    return padded, torch.tensor(labels)
+
+dataloader = DataLoader(dataset, batch_size=32, collate_fn=collate_fn)
+```
+
+## Checkpointing Patterns
+
+### Save and Load Checkpoints
+
+```python
+# Good: Complete checkpoint with all training state
+def save_checkpoint(
+    model: nn.Module,
+    optimizer: torch.optim.Optimizer,
+    epoch: int,
+    loss: float,
+    path: str,
+) -> None:
+    torch.save({
+        "epoch": epoch,
+        "model_state_dict": model.state_dict(),
+        "optimizer_state_dict": optimizer.state_dict(),
+        "loss": loss,
+    }, path)
+
+def load_checkpoint(
+    path: str,
+    model: nn.Module,
+    optimizer: torch.optim.Optimizer | None = None,
+) -> dict:
+    checkpoint = torch.load(path, map_location="cpu", weights_only=True)
+    model.load_state_dict(checkpoint["model_state_dict"])
+    if optimizer:
+        optimizer.load_state_dict(checkpoint["optimizer_state_dict"])
+    return checkpoint
+
+# Bad: Only saving model weights (can't resume training)
+torch.save(model.state_dict(), "model.pt")
+```
+
+## Performance Optimization
+
+### Mixed Precision Training
+
+```python
+# Good: AMP with GradScaler
+scaler = torch.amp.GradScaler("cuda")
+for data, target in dataloader:
+    with torch.amp.autocast("cuda"):
+        output = model(data)
+        loss = criterion(output, target)
+    scaler.scale(loss).backward()
+    scaler.step(optimizer)
+    scaler.update()
+    optimizer.zero_grad(set_to_none=True)
+```
+
+### Gradient Checkpointing for Large Models
+
+```python
+# Good: Trade compute for memory
+from torch.utils.checkpoint import checkpoint
+
+class LargeModel(nn.Module):
+    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        # Recompute activations during backward to save memory
+        x = checkpoint(self.block1, x, use_reentrant=False)
+        x = checkpoint(self.block2, x, use_reentrant=False)
+        return self.head(x)
+```
+
+### torch.compile for Speed
+
+```python
+# Good: Compile the model for faster execution (PyTorch 2.0+)
+model = MyModel().to(device)
+model = torch.compile(model, mode="reduce-overhead")
+
+# Modes: "default" (safe), "reduce-overhead" (faster), "max-autotune" (fastest)
+```
+
+## Quick Reference: PyTorch Idioms
+
+| Idiom | Description |
+|-------|-------------|
+| `model.train()` / `model.eval()` | Always set mode before train/eval |
+| `torch.no_grad()` | Disable gradients for inference |
+| `optimizer.zero_grad(set_to_none=True)` | More efficient gradient clearing |
+| `.to(device)` | Device-agnostic tensor/model placement |
+| `torch.amp.autocast` | Mixed precision for 2x speed |
+| `pin_memory=True` | Faster CPU→GPU data transfer |
+| `torch.compile` | JIT compilation for speed (2.0+) |
+| `weights_only=True` | Secure model loading |
+| `torch.manual_seed` | Reproducible experiments |
+| `gradient_checkpointing` | Trade compute for memory |
+
+## Anti-Patterns to Avoid
+
+```python
+# Bad: Forgetting model.eval() during validation
+model.train()
+with torch.no_grad():
+    output = model(val_data)  # Dropout still active! BatchNorm uses batch stats!
+
+# Good: Always set eval mode
+model.eval()
+with torch.no_grad():
+    output = model(val_data)
+
+# Bad: In-place operations breaking autograd
+x = F.relu(x, inplace=True)  # Can break gradient computation
+x += residual                  # In-place add breaks autograd graph
+
+# Good: Out-of-place operations
+x = F.relu(x)
+x = x + residual
+
+# Bad: Moving data to GPU inside the training loop repeatedly
+for data, target in dataloader:
+    model = model.cuda()  # Moves model EVERY iteration!
+
+# Good: Move model once before the loop
+model = model.to(device)
+for data, target in dataloader:
+    data, target = data.to(device), target.to(device)
+
+# Bad: Using .item() before backward
+loss = criterion(output, target).item()  # Detaches from graph!
+loss.backward()  # Error: can't backprop through .item()
+
+# Good: Call .item() only for logging
+loss = criterion(output, target)
+loss.backward()
+print(f"Loss: {loss.item():.4f}")  # .item() after backward is fine
+
+# Bad: Not using torch.save properly
+torch.save(model, "model.pt")  # Saves entire model (fragile, not portable)
+
+# Good: Save state_dict
+torch.save(model.state_dict(), "model.pt")
+```
+
+__Remember__: PyTorch code should be device-agnostic, reproducible, and memory-conscious. When in doubt, profile with `torch.profiler` and check GPU memory with `torch.cuda.memory_summary()`.