claudeguide-engineer 1.14.8

package/.claude/skills/backend-development/references/backend-architecture.md

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+# Backend Architecture Patterns
+
+Microservices, event-driven architecture, and scalability patterns (2025).
+
+## Monolith vs Microservices
+
+### Monolithic Architecture
+
+```
+┌─────────────────────────────────┐
+│      Single Application         │
+│                                 │
+│  ┌─────────┐  ┌──────────┐    │
+│  │  Users  │  │ Products │    │
+│  └─────────┘  └──────────┘    │
+│  ┌─────────┐  ┌──────────┐    │
+│  │ Orders  │  │ Payments │    │
+│  └─────────┘  └──────────┘    │
+│                                 │
+│     Single Database             │
+└─────────────────────────────────┘
+```
+
+**Pros:**
+- Simple to develop and deploy
+- Easy local testing
+- Single codebase
+- Strong consistency (ACID transactions)
+
+**Cons:**
+- Tight coupling
+- Scaling limitations
+- Deployment risk (all-or-nothing)
+- Tech stack lock-in
+
+**When to Use:** Startups, MVPs, small teams, unclear domain boundaries
+
+### Microservices Architecture
+
+```
+┌──────────┐   ┌──────────┐   ┌──────────┐   ┌──────────┐
+│  User    │   │ Product  │   │  Order   │   │ Payment  │
+│ Service  │   │ Service  │   │ Service  │   │ Service  │
+└────┬─────┘   └────┬─────┘   └────┬─────┘   └────┬─────┘
+     │              │              │              │
+  ┌──▼──┐        ┌──▼──┐        ┌──▼──┐        ┌──▼──┐
+  │  DB │        │  DB │        │  DB │        │  DB │
+  └─────┘        └─────┘        └─────┘        └─────┘
+```
+
+**Pros:**
+- Independent deployment
+- Technology flexibility
+- Fault isolation
+- Easier scaling (scale services independently)
+
+**Cons:**
+- Complex deployment
+- Distributed system challenges (network latency, partial failures)
+- Data consistency (eventual consistency)
+- Operational overhead
+
+**When to Use:** Large teams, clear domain boundaries, need independent scaling, tech diversity
+
+## Microservices Patterns
+
+### Database per Service Pattern
+
+**Concept:** Each service owns its database
+
+```
+User Service → User DB (PostgreSQL)
+Product Service → Product DB (MongoDB)
+Order Service → Order DB (PostgreSQL)
+```
+
+**Benefits:**
+- Service independence
+- Technology choice per service
+- Fault isolation
+
+**Challenges:**
+- No joins across services
+- Distributed transactions
+- Data duplication
+
+### API Gateway Pattern
+
+```
+Client
+  │
+  ▼
+┌─────────────────┐
+│  API Gateway    │  - Authentication
+│  (Kong/NGINX)   │  - Rate limiting
+└────────┬────────┘  - Request routing
+         │
+    ┌────┴────┬────────┬────────┐
+    ▼         ▼        ▼        ▼
+  User    Product   Order   Payment
+ Service  Service  Service  Service
+```
+
+**Responsibilities:**
+- Request routing
+- Authentication/authorization
+- Rate limiting
+- Request/response transformation
+- Caching
+
+**Implementation (Kong):**
+```yaml
+services:
+  - name: user-service
+    url: http://user-service:3000
+    routes:
+      - name: user-route
+        paths:
+          - /api/users
+
+  - name: product-service
+    url: http://product-service:3001
+    routes:
+      - name: product-route
+        paths:
+          - /api/products
+
+plugins:
+  - name: rate-limiting
+    config:
+      minute: 100
+  - name: jwt
+```
+
+### Service Discovery
+
+**Concept:** Services find each other dynamically
+
+```typescript
+// Consul service discovery
+import Consul from 'consul';
+
+const consul = new Consul();
+
+// Register service
+await consul.agent.service.register({
+  name: 'user-service',
+  address: '192.168.1.10',
+  port: 3000,
+  check: {
+    http: 'http://192.168.1.10:3000/health',
+    interval: '10s',
+  },
+});
+
+// Discover service
+const services = await consul.catalog.service.nodes('product-service');
+const productServiceUrl = `http://${services[0].ServiceAddress}:${services[0].ServicePort}`;
+```
+
+### Circuit Breaker Pattern
+
+**Concept:** Stop calling failing service, prevent cascade failures
+
+```typescript
+import CircuitBreaker from 'opossum';
+
+const breaker = new CircuitBreaker(callExternalService, {
+  timeout: 3000, // 3s timeout
+  errorThresholdPercentage: 50, // Open circuit after 50% failures
+  resetTimeout: 30000, // Try again after 30s
+});
+
+breaker.on('open', () => {
+  console.log('Circuit breaker opened!');
+});
+
+breaker.fallback(() => ({
+  data: 'fallback-response',
+  source: 'cache',
+}));
+
+const result = await breaker.fire(requestParams);
+```
+
+**States:**
+- **Closed:** Normal operation, requests go through
+- **Open:** Too many failures, requests fail immediately
+- **Half-Open:** Testing if service recovered
+
+### Saga Pattern (Distributed Transactions)
+
+**Choreography-Based Saga:**
+```
+Order Service: Create Order → Publish "OrderCreated"
+                                    ↓
+Payment Service: Reserve Payment → Publish "PaymentReserved"
+                                    ↓
+Inventory Service: Reserve Stock → Publish "StockReserved"
+                                    ↓
+Shipping Service: Create Shipment → Publish "ShipmentCreated"
+
+If any step fails → Compensating transactions (rollback)
+```
+
+**Orchestration-Based Saga:**
+```
+Saga Orchestrator
+    ↓ Create Order
+Order Service
+    ↓ Reserve Payment
+Payment Service
+    ↓ Reserve Stock
+Inventory Service
+    ↓ Create Shipment
+Shipping Service
+```
+
+## Event-Driven Architecture
+
+**Impact:** 85% organizations recognize business value
+
+### Event Sourcing
+
+**Concept:** Store events, not current state
+
+```typescript
+// Traditional: Store current state
+{
+  userId: '123',
+  balance: 500
+}
+
+// Event Sourcing: Store events
+[
+  { type: 'AccountCreated', userId: '123', timestamp: '...' },
+  { type: 'MoneyDeposited', amount: 1000, timestamp: '...' },
+  { type: 'MoneyWithdrawn', amount: 500, timestamp: '...' },
+]
+
+// Reconstruct state by replaying events
+const balance = events
+  .filter(e => e.userId === '123')
+  .reduce((acc, event) => {
+    if (event.type === 'MoneyDeposited') return acc + event.amount;
+    if (event.type === 'MoneyWithdrawn') return acc - event.amount;
+    return acc;
+  }, 0);
+```
+
+**Benefits:**
+- Complete audit trail
+- Temporal queries (state at any point in time)
+- Event replay for debugging
+- Flexible projections
+
+### Message Broker Patterns
+
+**Kafka (Event Streaming):**
+```typescript
+import { Kafka } from 'kafkajs';
+
+const kafka = new Kafka({
+  clientId: 'order-service',
+  brokers: ['kafka:9092'],
+});
+
+// Producer
+const producer = kafka.producer();
+await producer.send({
+  topic: 'order-events',
+  messages: [
+    {
+      key: order.id,
+      value: JSON.stringify({
+        type: 'OrderCreated',
+        orderId: order.id,
+        userId: order.userId,
+        total: order.total,
+      }),
+    },
+  ],
+});
+
+// Consumer
+const consumer = kafka.consumer({ groupId: 'inventory-service' });
+await consumer.subscribe({ topic: 'order-events' });
+await consumer.run({
+  eachMessage: async ({ topic, partition, message }) => {
+    const event = JSON.parse(message.value.toString());
+    if (event.type === 'OrderCreated') {
+      await reserveInventory(event.orderId);
+    }
+  },
+});
+```
+
+**RabbitMQ (Task Queues):**
+```typescript
+import amqp from 'amqplib';
+
+const connection = await amqp.connect('amqp://localhost');
+const channel = await connection.createChannel();
+
+// Producer
+await channel.assertQueue('email-queue', { durable: true });
+channel.sendToQueue('email-queue', Buffer.from(JSON.stringify({
+  to: user.email,
+  subject: 'Welcome!',
+  body: 'Thank you for signing up',
+})));
+
+// Consumer
+await channel.consume('email-queue', async (msg) => {
+  const emailData = JSON.parse(msg.content.toString());
+  await sendEmail(emailData);
+  channel.ack(msg);
+});
+```
+
+## CQRS (Command Query Responsibility Segregation)
+
+**Concept:** Separate read and write models
+
+```
+Write Side (Commands):           Read Side (Queries):
+CreateOrder                      GetOrderById
+UpdateOrder                      GetUserOrders
+  ↓                                ↑
+┌─────────┐                    ┌─────────┐
+│ Write   │ → Events →         │  Read   │
+│  DB     │    (sync)          │  DB     │
+│(Postgres)                    │(MongoDB)│
+└─────────┘                    └─────────┘
+```
+
+**Benefits:**
+- Optimized read models
+- Scalable (scale reads independently)
+- Flexible (different DB for reads/writes)
+
+**Implementation:**
+```typescript
+// Command (Write)
+class CreateOrderCommand {
+  constructor(public userId: string, public items: OrderItem[]) {}
+}
+
+class CreateOrderHandler {
+  async execute(command: CreateOrderCommand) {
+    const order = await Order.create(command);
+    await eventBus.publish(new OrderCreatedEvent(order));
+    return order.id;
+  }
+}
+
+// Query (Read)
+class GetOrderQuery {
+  constructor(public orderId: string) {}
+}
+
+class GetOrderHandler {
+  async execute(query: GetOrderQuery) {
+    // Read from optimized read model
+    return await OrderReadModel.findById(query.orderId);
+  }
+}
+```
+
+## Scalability Patterns
+
+### Horizontal Scaling (Scale Out)
+
+```
+Load Balancer
+    ↓
+┌───┴───┬───────┬───────┐
+│ App 1 │ App 2 │ App 3 │ ... App N
+└───┬───┴───┬───┴───┬───┘
+    └───────┴───────┘
+         ↓
+    Shared Database
+    (with read replicas)
+```
+
+### Database Sharding
+
+**Range-Based Sharding:**
+```
+Users 1-1M     → Shard 1
+Users 1M-2M    → Shard 2
+Users 2M-3M    → Shard 3
+```
+
+**Hash-Based Sharding:**
+```typescript
+function getShardId(userId: string): number {
+  const hash = crypto.createHash('md5').update(userId).digest('hex');
+  return parseInt(hash.substring(0, 8), 16) % SHARD_COUNT;
+}
+
+const shardId = getShardId(userId);
+const db = shards[shardId];
+const user = await db.users.findById(userId);
+```
+
+### Caching Layers
+
+```
+Client
+  → CDN (static assets)
+  → API Gateway Cache (public endpoints)
+  → Application Cache (Redis - user sessions, hot data)
+  → Database Query Cache
+  → Database
+```
+
+## Architecture Decision Matrix
+
+| Pattern | When to Use | Complexity | Benefits |
+|---------|-------------|------------|----------|
+| **Monolith** | Small team, MVP, unclear boundaries | Low | Simple, fast development |
+| **Microservices** | Large team, clear domains, need scaling | High | Independent deployment, fault isolation |
+| **Event-Driven** | Async workflows, audit trail needed | Moderate | Decoupling, scalability |
+| **CQRS** | Different read/write patterns | High | Optimized queries, scalability |
+| **Serverless** | Spiky traffic, event-driven | Low | Auto-scaling, pay-per-use |
+
+## Anti-Patterns to Avoid
+
+1. **Distributed Monolith** - Microservices that all depend on each other
+2. **Chatty Services** - Too many inter-service calls (network overhead)
+3. **Shared Database** - Microservices sharing same DB (tight coupling)
+4. **Over-Engineering** - Using microservices for small apps
+5. **No Circuit Breakers** - Cascade failures in distributed systems
+
+## Architecture Checklist
+
+- [ ] Clear service boundaries (domain-driven design)
+- [ ] Database per service (no shared databases)
+- [ ] API Gateway for client requests
+- [ ] Service discovery configured
+- [ ] Circuit breakers for resilience
+- [ ] Event-driven communication (Kafka/RabbitMQ)
+- [ ] CQRS for read-heavy systems
+- [ ] Distributed tracing (Jaeger/OpenTelemetry)
+- [ ] Health checks for all services
+- [ ] Horizontal scaling capability
+
+## Resources
+
+- **Microservices Patterns:** https://microservices.io/patterns/
+- **Martin Fowler - Microservices:** https://martinfowler.com/articles/microservices.html
+- **Event-Driven Architecture:** https://aws.amazon.com/event-driven-architecture/
+- **CQRS Pattern:** https://martinfowler.com/bliki/CQRS.html