claudeguide-engineer 1.14.8

package/.claude/skills/mobile-development/references/mobile-android.md

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+# Android Native Development
+
+Complete guide to Android development with Kotlin and Jetpack Compose (2024-2025).
+
+## Kotlin 2.1 Overview
+
+### Key Features
+- **Null safety**: No more NullPointerExceptions
+- **Coroutines**: Structured concurrency
+- **Extension functions**: Extend classes without inheritance
+- **Sealed classes**: Type-safe state management
+- **Data classes**: Automatic equals/hashCode/toString
+
+### Modern Kotlin Patterns
+
+**Coroutines:**
+```kotlin
+// Suspend function
+suspend fun fetchUser(id: String): User {
+    return withContext(Dispatchers.IO) {
+        api.getUser(id)
+    }
+}
+
+// Usage in ViewModel
+viewModelScope.launch {
+    try {
+        val user = fetchUser("123")
+        _uiState.update { it.copy(user = user) }
+    } catch (e: Exception) {
+        _uiState.update { it.copy(error = e.message) }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+**Flow (Reactive streams):**
+```kotlin
+class UserRepository {
+    fun observeUsers(): Flow<List<User>> = flow {
+        while (true) {
+            emit(database.getUsers())
+            delay(5000)  // Poll every 5 seconds
+        }
+    }.flowOn(Dispatchers.IO)
+}
+
+// Collect in ViewModel
+init {
+    viewModelScope.launch {
+        repository.observeUsers().collect { users ->
+            _uiState.update { it.copy(users = users) }
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+**Sealed classes (Type-safe states):**
+```kotlin
+sealed class UiState {
+    object Loading : UiState()
+    data class Success(val data: List<User>) : UiState()
+    data class Error(val message: String) : UiState()
+}
+
+// Pattern matching
+when (uiState) {
+    is UiState.Loading -> ShowLoader()
+    is UiState.Success -> ShowData(uiState.data)
+    is UiState.Error -> ShowError(uiState.message)
+}
+```
+
+## Jetpack Compose
+
+### Why Compose?
+- **Declarative**: Describe UI state, not imperative commands
+- **60% adoption**: In top 1,000 apps (2024)
+- **Less code**: 40% reduction vs Views
+- **Modern**: Built for Kotlin and coroutines
+- **Material 3**: First-class support
+
+### Compose Basics
+
+```kotlin
+@Composable
+fun UserListScreen(viewModel: UserViewModel = viewModel()) {
+    val uiState by viewModel.uiState.collectAsState()
+
+    Column(modifier = Modifier.fillMaxSize()) {
+        when (val state = uiState) {
+            is UiState.Loading -> {
+                CircularProgressIndicator(
+                    modifier = Modifier.align(Alignment.CenterHorizontally)
+                )
+            }
+            is UiState.Success -> {
+                LazyColumn {
+                    items(state.data) { user ->
+                        UserItem(user)
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            is UiState.Error -> {
+                Text(
+                    text = state.message,
+                    color = MaterialTheme.colorScheme.error
+                )
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+@Composable
+fun UserItem(user: User) {
+    Row(
+        modifier = Modifier
+            .fillMaxWidth()
+            .padding(16.dp)
+    ) {
+        Text(
+            text = user.name,
+            style = MaterialTheme.typography.bodyLarge
+        )
+    }
+}
+```
+
+**Key Composables:**
+- `Column/Row/Box`: Layout
+- `LazyColumn/LazyRow`: Recycler equivalent (virtualized)
+- `Text/Image/Icon`: Content
+- `Button/TextField`: Input
+- `Card/Surface`: Containers
+
+## Architecture Patterns
+
+### MVVM with Clean Architecture
+
+```kotlin
+// Domain Layer - Use Case
+class GetUsersUseCase @Inject constructor(
+    private val repository: UserRepository
+) {
+    operator fun invoke(): Flow<Result<List<User>>> =
+        repository.getUsers()
+}
+
+// Data Layer - Repository
+interface UserRepository {
+    fun getUsers(): Flow<Result<List<User>>>
+}
+
+class UserRepositoryImpl @Inject constructor(
+    private val api: UserApi,
+    private val dao: UserDao
+) : UserRepository {
+    override fun getUsers(): Flow<Result<List<User>>> = flow {
+        // Local cache first
+        val cachedUsers = dao.getUsers()
+        emit(Result.success(cachedUsers))
+
+        // Then fetch from network
+        try {
+            val networkUsers = api.getUsers()
+            dao.insertUsers(networkUsers)
+            emit(Result.success(networkUsers))
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            emit(Result.failure(e))
+        }
+    }.flowOn(Dispatchers.IO)
+}
+
+// Presentation Layer - ViewModel
+@HiltViewModel
+class UserViewModel @Inject constructor(
+    private val getUsersUseCase: GetUsersUseCase
+) : ViewModel() {
+
+    private val _uiState = MutableStateFlow(UserUiState())
+    val uiState: StateFlow<UserUiState> = _uiState.asStateFlow()
+
+    init {
+        loadUsers()
+    }
+
+    private fun loadUsers() {
+        viewModelScope.launch {
+            getUsersUseCase().collect { result ->
+                result.onSuccess { users ->
+                    _uiState.update { it.copy(users = users, isLoading = false) }
+                }.onFailure { error ->
+                    _uiState.update { it.copy(error = error.message, isLoading = false) }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// UI State
+data class UserUiState(
+    val users: List<User> = emptyList(),
+    val isLoading: Boolean = true,
+    val error: String? = null
+)
+```
+
+### MVI (Model-View-Intent)
+
+**When to use:**
+- Unidirectional data flow needed
+- Complex state management
+- Time-travel debugging
+- Predictable state updates
+
+```kotlin
+// State
+data class UserScreenState(
+    val users: List<User> = emptyList(),
+    val isLoading: Boolean = false,
+    val error: String? = null
+)
+
+// Events (User intentions)
+sealed class UserEvent {
+    object LoadUsers : UserEvent()
+    data class DeleteUser(val id: String) : UserEvent()
+    object RetryLoad : UserEvent()
+}
+
+// ViewModel
+class UserViewModel : ViewModel() {
+    private val _state = MutableStateFlow(UserScreenState())
+    val state: StateFlow<UserScreenState> = _state.asStateFlow()
+
+    fun onEvent(event: UserEvent) {
+        when (event) {
+            is UserEvent.LoadUsers -> loadUsers()
+            is UserEvent.DeleteUser -> deleteUser(event.id)
+            is UserEvent.RetryLoad -> loadUsers()
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Dependency Injection
+
+### Hilt (Recommended for Large Apps)
+
+**Setup:**
+```kotlin
+// App class
+@HiltAndroidApp
+class MyApplication : Application()
+
+// Activity
+@AndroidEntryPoint
+class MainActivity : ComponentActivity()
+
+// ViewModel
+@HiltViewModel
+class UserViewModel @Inject constructor(
+    private val repository: UserRepository,
+    private val analytics: Analytics
+) : ViewModel()
+
+// Module
+@Module
+@InstallIn(SingletonComponent::class)
+object NetworkModule {
+    @Provides
+    @Singleton
+    fun provideRetrofit(): Retrofit = Retrofit.Builder()
+        .baseUrl("https://api.example.com")
+        .addConverterFactory(GsonConverterFactory.create())
+        .build()
+
+    @Provides
+    @Singleton
+    fun provideUserApi(retrofit: Retrofit): UserApi =
+        retrofit.create(UserApi::class.java)
+}
+```
+
+### Koin (Lightweight Alternative)
+
+**Setup:**
+```kotlin
+// Module definition
+val appModule = module {
+    single { UserRepository(get()) }
+    viewModel { UserViewModel(get()) }
+}
+
+// Application
+class MyApp : Application() {
+    override fun onCreate() {
+        super.onCreate()
+        startKoin {
+            androidContext(this@MyApp)
+            modules(appModule)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Usage
+class UserViewModel(
+    private val repository: UserRepository
+) : ViewModel()
+```
+
+**Hilt vs Koin:**
+- **Hilt**: Compile-time, type-safe, Google-backed, complex setup
+- **Koin**: Runtime, simple DSL, 50% faster setup, reflection-based
+
+## Performance Optimization
+
+### R8 Optimization
+
+**Automatic optimizations:**
+- Code shrinking (remove unused)
+- Obfuscation (rename classes/methods)
+- Optimization (method inlining)
+
+```groovy
+// build.gradle
+android {
+    buildTypes {
+        release {
+            minifyEnabled true
+            shrinkResources true
+            proguardFiles getDefaultProguardFile('proguard-android-optimize.txt')
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+**Impact:**
+- 10-20% app size reduction
+- 20% faster startup
+- Harder to reverse engineer
+
+### Baseline Profiles
+
+**Performance boost:**
+- 10-20% faster startup
+- Reduced jank in critical paths
+- AOT compilation of hot code
+
+```gradle
+// build.gradle
+dependencies {
+    implementation "androidx.profileinstaller:profileinstaller:1.3.1"
+}
+```
+
+### Compose Performance
+
+**1. Stability annotations:**
+```kotlin
+// Mark stable classes
+@Stable
+data class User(val name: String, val age: Int)
+
+// Immutable collections
+@Immutable
+data class UserList(val users: List<User>)
+```
+
+**2. Avoid recomposition:**
+```kotlin
+// ❌ Bad: Recomposes every render
+@Composable
+fun UserList(users: List<User>) {
+    LazyColumn {
+        items(users) { user ->
+            Text(user.name)  // Recreated every time
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ✅ Good: Use keys
+@Composable
+fun UserList(users: List<User>) {
+    LazyColumn {
+        items(users, key = { it.id }) { user ->
+            Text(user.name)
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+**3. Remember expensive computations:**
+```kotlin
+@Composable
+fun ExpensiveList(items: List<Item>) {
+    val sortedItems = remember(items) {
+        items.sortedBy { it.priority }
+    }
+
+    LazyColumn {
+        items(sortedItems) { item ->
+            ItemCard(item)
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Testing
+
+### Unit Testing (JUnit + MockK)
+
+```kotlin
+class UserViewModelTest {
+    private lateinit var viewModel: UserViewModel
+    private val mockRepository = mockk<UserRepository>()
+
+    @Before
+    fun setup() {
+        viewModel = UserViewModel(mockRepository)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `loadUsers should update state with users`() = runTest {
+        // Given
+        val users = listOf(User("1", "Test", "test@example.com"))
+        coEvery { mockRepository.getUsers() } returns flowOf(Result.success(users))
+
+        // When
+        viewModel.loadUsers()
+
+        // Then
+        val state = viewModel.uiState.value
+        assertEquals(users, state.users)
+        assertFalse(state.isLoading)
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Compose Testing
+
+```kotlin
+class UserListScreenTest {
+    @get:Rule
+    val composeTestRule = createComposeRule()
+
+    @Test
+    fun displayUsers() {
+        val users = listOf(User("1", "John", "john@example.com"))
+
+        composeTestRule.setContent {
+            UserListScreen(
+                users = users,
+                onUserClick = {}
+            )
+        }
+
+        composeTestRule.onNodeWithText("John").assertIsDisplayed()
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Instrumented Testing (Espresso)
+
+```kotlin
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+class LoginActivityTest {
+    @get:Rule
+    val activityRule = ActivityScenarioRule(LoginActivity::class.java)
+
+    @Test
+    fun loginFlow() {
+        onView(withId(R.id.emailField))
+            .perform(typeText("test@example.com"))
+
+        onView(withId(R.id.passwordField))
+            .perform(typeText("password123"))
+
+        onView(withId(R.id.loginButton))
+            .perform(click())
+
+        onView(withText("Welcome"))
+            .check(matches(isDisplayed()))
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Material Design 3
+
+### Theme Setup
+
+```kotlin
+@Composable
+fun AppTheme(
+    darkTheme: Boolean = isSystemInDarkTheme(),
+    dynamicColor: Boolean = true,
+    content: @Composable () -> Unit
+) {
+    val colorScheme = when {
+        dynamicColor && Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.S -> {
+            val context = LocalContext.current
+            if (darkTheme) dynamicDarkColorScheme(context)
+            else dynamicLightColorScheme(context)
+        }
+        darkTheme -> DarkColorScheme
+        else -> LightColorScheme
+    }
+
+    MaterialTheme(
+        colorScheme = colorScheme,
+        typography = Typography,
+        content = content
+    )
+}
+```
+
+### Material Components
+
+```kotlin
+// Cards
+Card(
+    modifier = Modifier.fillMaxWidth(),
+    elevation = CardDefaults.cardElevation(defaultElevation = 4.dp)
+) {
+    Text("Content")
+}
+
+// FAB
+FloatingActionButton(onClick = { /* Do something */ }) {
+    Icon(Icons.Default.Add, contentDescription = "Add")
+}
+
+// Navigation
+NavigationBar {
+    items.forEach { item ->
+        NavigationBarItem(
+            icon = { Icon(item.icon, contentDescription = null) },
+            label = { Text(item.label) },
+            selected = selectedItem == item,
+            onClick = { selectedItem = item }
+        )
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Google Play Requirements (2024-2025)
+
+### SDK Requirements
+- **Current**: Target Android 14 (API 34)
+- **Mandatory (Aug 31, 2025)**: Target Android 15 (API 35)
+
+### Privacy & Security
+- **Privacy policy**: Required for apps collecting data
+- **Data safety**: Form in Play Console
+- **Permissions**: Request only needed, justify dangerous permissions
+- **Encryption**: HTTPS for network, KeyStore for sensitive data
+
+### AAB (Android App Bundle)
+```gradle
+android {
+    bundle {
+        density {
+            enableSplit true
+        }
+        abi {
+            enableSplit true
+        }
+        language {
+            enableSplit true
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+**Benefits:**
+- 15-30% smaller downloads
+- Dynamic feature modules
+- Instant apps support
+
+## Common Pitfalls
+
+1. **Main thread blocking**: Use coroutines with Dispatchers.IO
+2. **Memory leaks**: Unregister listeners, cancel coroutines
+3. **Configuration changes**: Use ViewModel, avoid Activity references
+4. **Large images**: Use Coil/Glide for caching and resizing
+5. **Forgetting permissions**: Runtime permission requests
+6. **Ignoring Android versions**: Test on multiple API levels
+7. **Not handling back press**: OnBackPressedDispatcher
+8. **Hardcoded strings**: Use strings.xml for localization
+9. **Not using Proguard/R8**: Enable in release builds
+10. **Ignoring battery**: Use WorkManager for background tasks
+
+## Resources
+
+**Official:**
+- Kotlin Docs: https://kotlinlang.org/docs/home.html
+- Compose Docs: https://developer.android.com/jetpack/compose
+- Material 3: https://m3.material.io/
+- Android Guides: https://developer.android.com/guide
+
+**Community:**
+- Android Weekly: https://androidweekly.net/
+- Kt.Academy: https://kt.academy/
+- Coding in Flow: https://codinginflow.com/
+- Philipp Lackner: https://pl-coding.com/