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package/presets/codex/skills/django-orm/SKILL.md

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+---
+id: django-orm
+version: 1.0.0
+name: Django ORM
+description: >
+  Django ORM patterns for multi-tenant POS projects: efficient queries,
+  bulk operations, transactions, and multi-schema upload paths.
+  Trigger: When writing queryset logic, model saves, or DB-touching service code.
+
+compatibility:
+  tools: [claude, codex, opencode]
+  stacks:
+    languages: [python]
+    frameworks: [django, django-tenants]
+
+risk:
+  level: medium
+  can_execute_shell: true
+  can_modify_files: true
+  requires_network: false
+
+inputs:
+  - model files (models.py)
+  - service files (services.py)
+  - view files with queryset logic
+  - existing queryset or bulk-operation code
+
+outputs:
+  - optimized queryset patterns with select_related / prefetch_related
+  - bulk_create and bulk_update implementations
+  - transaction-safe service methods
+  - annotated and aggregated querysets
+  - migration commands for multi-schema projects
+
+quality:
+  reviewed_by: codeconductor-core
+  version: 0.1.0
+---
+
+## When to Use
+
+- Writing or reviewing queryset code in any `apps/*/`
+- Adding aggregations, filters, or annotations to a queryset
+- Writing model `save()` overrides or signals
+- Implementing service-layer DB operations
+- Optimizing queries that traverse FK relationships
+
+## Performance Fundamentals
+
+### The N+1 Problem
+
+The most common Django mistake: iterating over a queryset and accessing FK
+fields without `select_related`. Each access generates a separate DB query.
+
+```
+# Initial query: 1 query
+products = Product.objects.all()
+
+# In the loop: N additional queries (one per product)
+for p in products:
+    print(p.category.name)  # category_id → SELECT * FROM category WHERE id = ?
+
+# Total: 1 + N queries
+```
+
+### Solution: select_related and prefetch_related
+
+| Method                             | Use                        | SQL Query                |
+| ---------------------------------- | -------------------------- | ------------------------ |
+| `select_related`                   | FK one-to-one or ManyToOne | Automatic JOIN           |
+| `prefetch_related`                 | Reverse FK or ManyToMany   | 2 separate queries       |
+| `prefetch_related` with `Prefetch` | Custom queryset            | Filtered in nested query |
+
+```python
+# FK traversal — use select_related
+products = Product.objects.select_related("category", "tax")
+
+# Multiple FK
+products = Product.objects.select_related("category", "tax", "supplier")
+
+# Reverse FK (one-to-many) — use prefetch_related
+categories = Category.objects.prefetch_related("products")
+
+# ManyToMany — prefetch_related
+product = Product.objects.prefetch_related("tags").first()
+
+# Custom prefetch with filter
+from django.db.models import Prefetch
+
+products = Product.objects.prefetch_related(
+    Prefetch(
+        "order_items",
+        queryset=OrderItem.objects.filter(order__status="paid")
+    )
+)
+```
+
+## Query Patterns
+
+### 1. Efficient Filtering
+
+```python
+# Basic filtering
+Product.objects.filter(is_active=True, stock__gt=0)
+
+# Filtering with Q objects — OR and negations
+from django.db.models import Q
+
+Product.objects.filter(
+    Q(is_active=True) & (Q(stock__gt=0) | Q(is_service=True))
+)
+
+# Exclusion
+Product.objects.exclude(status="draft")
+
+# Filter by nested FK
+Order.objects.filter(employee__store=store)
+```
+
+### 2. Annotations and Aggregations
+
+```python
+from django.db.models import Count, Sum, Avg, Max, Min, F, Q, Case, When, Value, CharField
+from django.db.models.functions import Coalesce, Concat
+
+# Conditional sum with Coalesce (avoids None)
+Product.objects.annotate(
+    total_sold=Coalesce(
+        Sum(
+            "order_items__quantity",
+            filter=Q(
+                order_items__order__status__in=["paid", "shipped"],
+                order_items__order__created_at__gte=cutoff,
+            ),
+        ),
+        0,
+    ),
+)
+
+# Use F for arithmetic operations
+Product.objects.update(stock=F("stock") - 1)
+
+# Annotation with Case/When for conditional logic
+Product.objects.annotate(
+    status_flag=Case(
+        When(stock__lte=0, then=Value("out_of_stock")),
+        When(stock__lte=10, then=Value("low_stock")),
+        default=Value("available"),
+        output_field=CharField(),
+    ),
+)
+
+# Aggregation with filter
+Store.objects.annotate(
+    paid_orders=Count("orders", filter=Q(orders__status="paid")),
+)
+```
+
+### 3. Exists vs Count
+
+**Golden rule**: For existence checks, use `Exists`, never `Count`.
+
+```python
+from django.db.models import Exists, OuterRef, Count
+
+# WRONG — loads full count
+products = Product.objects.annotate(
+    order_count=Count("order_items")
+).filter(order_count__gt=0)
+
+# CORRECT — short-circuits at first match
+products = Product.objects.annotate(
+    has_orders=Exists(OrderItem.objects.filter(product=OuterRef("pk")))
+).filter(has_orders=True)
+
+# With more complex subquery
+from django.db.models import Subquery
+
+latest_order = Order.objects.filter(
+    customer=OuterRef("customer_id")
+).order_by("-created_at")
+
+Customer.objects.annotate(
+    last_order_date=Subquery(
+        latest_order.values("created_at")[:1]
+    )
+)
+```
+
+### 4. Ordering
+
+```python
+# Basic ordering
+Product.objects.order_by("name")
+
+# Ordering with NullsFirst/NullsLast
+Product.objects.order_by(F("price").nulls_last())
+
+# Ordering by annotation
+Store.objects.annotate(
+    order_count=Count("orders")
+).order_by("-order_count")
+```
+
+## Write Operations
+
+### 5. Bulk Operations — Anti-N+1
+
+**Never do `save()` inside a loop.** Build lists and use bulk operations:
+
+```python
+# Get with lock once
+products = {p.id: p for p in Product.objects.select_for_update().filter(id__in=ids)}
+
+order_items_to_create = []
+products_to_update = []
+
+for item in cart:
+    product = products[item["id"]]
+    product.stock -= item["quantity"]
+    order_items_to_create.append(
+        OrderItem(order=order, product=product, quantity=item["quantity"], ...)
+    )
+    products_to_update.append(product)
+
+# Bulk create and update
+OrderItem.objects.bulk_create(order_items_to_create)
+Product.objects.bulk_update(products_to_update, ["stock", "updated_at"])
+```
+
+**Bulk operation table:**
+
+| Method                                      | Use case                   | Returns           |
+| ------------------------------------------- | -------------------------- | ----------------- |
+| `bulk_create(items)`                        | Create multiple records    | List of objects   |
+| `bulk_update(items, fields)`                | Update multiple records    | None (in-place)   |
+| `bulk_create(items, ignore_conflicts=True)` | Ignore duplicates          | List (IDs only)   |
+| `update()`                                  | Mass update without return | Count of affected |
+
+```python
+# bulk_create with ignore_conflicts
+Product.objects.bulk_create(new_products, ignore_conflicts=True)
+
+# bulk update
+Product.objects.filter(category=cat).update(is_active=False)
+
+# update with F expressions
+Product.objects.update(stock=F("stock") - 1)
+```
+
+### 6. Surgical Saves — update_fields
+
+**Always pass `update_fields`** when saving a subset of fields:
+
+```python
+# Update single field
+product.stock -= 1
+product.save(update_fields=["stock"])
+
+# Update multiple fields
+order.status = "paid"
+order.paid_at = timezone.now()
+order.save(update_fields=["status", "paid_at", "updated_at"])
+
+# Don't use in migrations — that uses reconstructor
+# DO use in application code
+```
+
+**Why?** Prevents:
+
+- Accidental image reprocessing
+- Unnecessary signals
+- Race conditions on unrelated fields
+
+### 7. Transactions
+
+Use `transaction.atomic()` as a context manager, never as a decorator:
+
+```python
+from django.db import transaction
+
+# CORRECT — clear context, automatic error handling
+with transaction.atomic():
+    order.save()
+    OrderItem.objects.bulk_create(items)
+    Product.objects.bulk_update(products, ["stock"])
+    cart.clear()
+
+# With select_for_update inside the transaction
+with transaction.atomic():
+    product = Product.objects.select_for_update().get(pk=product_id)
+    product.stock -= quantity
+    product.save(update_fields=["stock", "updated_at"])
+
+# WRONG — decorator hides intent
+@transaction.atomic
+def create_order(...):
+    ...
+```
+
+**Isolation levels:**
+
+```python
+from django.db import transaction
+
+# Serializable — maximum isolation
+with transaction.atomic():
+    ...
+
+# Read committed (default) — may cause dirty reads on Edge
+```
+
+## Multi-Tenant and Upload Paths
+
+### 8. Upload Paths with Schema
+
+Every `FileField`/`ImageField` must include `connection.schema_name` to isolate
+files per tenant:
+
+```python
+import os
+from django.db import connection
+
+def get_upload_path(instance, filename):
+    schema = connection.schema_name
+    ext = filename.split(".")[-1].lower()
+    safe_name = f"{uuid4().hex}.{ext}"
+    return os.path.join(schema, "products", safe_name)
+
+def get_thumb_path(instance, filename):
+    schema = connection.schema_name
+    return os.path.join(schema, "products", "thumbs", filename)
+
+class Product(models.Model):
+    image = models.ImageField(upload_to=get_upload_path, storage=S3Storage())
+    thumbnail = models.ImageField(upload_to=get_thumb_path, blank=True)
+```
+
+## Advanced Queries
+
+### 9. Subqueries
+
+```python
+from django.db.models import Subquery, OuterRef
+
+# Subquery to get last value
+latest_price = ProductPrice.objects.filter(
+    product=OuterRef("pk")
+).order_by("-valid_from").values("price")[:1]
+
+Product.objects.annotate(current_price=Subquery(latest_price))
+
+# Subquery with aggregate
+order_total = OrderItem.objects.filter(
+    order=OuterRef("pk")
+).values("order").annotate(total=Sum("subtotal")).values("total")
+
+Order.objects.annotate(order_total=Subquery(order_total))
+```
+
+### 10. Raw Queries — WHEN TO USE
+
+Avoid raw queries unless necessary. Use when:
+
+- Complex aggregation functions not supported by ORM
+- Queries with multiple JOINs manually optimized
+- Very complex queries where ORM generates inefficient SQL
+
+```python
+# With safe parameters (never string interpolation!)
+Product.objects.raw(
+    "SELECT * FROM catalog_product WHERE tsvector @@ plainto_tsquery(%s)",
+    [search_term]
+)
+
+# With cursor for complex cases
+from django.db import connection
+
+with connection.cursor() as cursor:
+    cursor.execute("SELECT ...", [params])
+    results = cursor.fetchall()
+```
+
+## Migration Commands
+
+```bash
+# Always migrate both schemas
+uv run python manage.py migrate_schemas --shared
+uv run python manage.py migrate_schemas --tenant
+
+# Check for pending migrations
+make verifymigrations
+
+# Create specific migration
+uv run python manage.py makemigrations catalog --name add_thumbnail
+
+# Shows SQL without running
+uv run python manage.py migrate --fake catalog 0003
+```
+
+## Common Mistakes and How to Avoid Them
+
+### N+1 in templates
+
+```python
+# WRONG — N queries
+{% for product in products %}
+    {{ product.category.name }}
+{% endfor %}
+
+# CORRECT — 1 query with select_related
+products = Product.objects.select_related("category")
+```
+
+### ForeignKey without related_name
+
+```python
+# WRONG
+class Order(models.Model):
+    customer = models.ForeignKey("users.User", on_delete=...)
+
+# CORRECT — always add related_name
+class Order(models.Model):
+    customer = models.ForeignKey(
+        "users.User",
+        on_delete=models.CASCADE,
+        related_name="orders",
+    )
+```
+
+### Queries in signals
+
+```python
+# WRONG — signal makes additional query
+@receiver(post_save, sender=Order)
+def on_order_save(sender, instance, **kwargs):
+    customer = instance.customer  # Additional query!
+    send_email(customer.email, ...)
+
+# CORRECT — pass the object, not the ID
+@receiver(post_save, sender=Order)
+def on_order_save(sender, instance, created, **kwargs):
+    if created:
+        customer = instance.customer
+        send_email(customer.email, ...)
+```
+
+## Resources
+
+- **Bulk write pattern**: `apps/orders/services.py`, `apps/pos/views.py` lines
+  216-246
+- **Annotation examples**: `apps/pos/views.py` lines 59-75
+- **Exists usage**: `apps/catalog/views.py` line 112
+- **Upload paths**: `apps/catalog/models.py`
+- **Django ORM docs**: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.2/topics/db/queries/