cc-codeconductor 0.2.1

package/presets/claude/skills/python/SKILL.md

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+---
+id: python
+version: 1.0.0
+name: Python
+description: >
+  Python development best practices: clean code, patterns,
+  type hints, decorators, context managers, and architecture.
+  Trigger: When writing Python code anywhere in the project.
+
+compatibility:
+  tools: [claude, codex, opencode]
+  stacks:
+    languages: [python]
+    frameworks: [django, fastapi, flask]
+
+risk:
+  level: low
+  can_execute_shell: false
+  can_modify_files: true
+  requires_network: false
+
+inputs:
+  - Python source files
+  - existing functions, classes, or modules
+  - business logic implementations to review or refactor
+
+outputs:
+  - clean Python functions and classes with meaningful names
+  - type-annotated public API signatures
+  - custom domain exceptions
+  - value objects and data classes
+  - service and repository pattern implementations
+
+quality:
+  reviewed_by: codeconductor-core
+  version: 0.1.0
+---
+
+## When to Use
+
+- Writing any Python code in the project
+- Reviewing code for quality and maintainability
+- Designing new functions, classes, or modules
+- Implementing business logic or utilities
+
+## Clean Code Principles
+
+### Readability > Brevity
+
+Code is read more times than it's written. Prioritize clarity over cleverness:
+
+```python
+# WRONG — clever but obscure
+def f(x): return x if x else 0
+
+# CORRECT — readable
+def calculate_discount(price, has_discount):
+    if not has_discount:
+        return 0
+    return price * DISCOUNT_RATE
+```
+
+### Meaningful Names
+
+| What      | Convention             | Example                                      |
+| --------- | ---------------------- | -------------------------------------------- |
+| Variables | descriptive snake_case | `total_price`, `products_list`               |
+| Functions | verb snake_case        | `get_active_products()`, `calculate_total()` |
+| Classes   | PascalCase             | `OrderService`, `CartController`             |
+| Constants | UPPER_SNAKE_CASE       | `MAX_RETRY_COUNT`, `DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE`       |
+| Modules   | snake_case             | `order_service.py`, `cart_utils.py`          |
+
+```python
+# WRONG — cryptic names
+d = 1500
+p = products.filter(a=True)
+
+# CORRECT — names that say what they are
+discount_amount = 1500
+active_products = Product.objects.filter(is_active=True)
+```
+
+### Small Functions
+
+A function should do ONE thing. Ideally under 30 lines:
+
+```python
+# WRONG — function does many things
+def process_order(order_data):
+    # validates
+    # creates order
+    # creates items
+    # updates stock
+    # sends email
+    # updates analytics
+    ...
+
+# CORRECT — small, focused functions
+def process_order(order_data):
+    validated = validate_order_data(order_data)
+    order = create_order(validated)
+    create_order_items(order, validated["items"])
+    update_product_stock(validated["items"])
+    send_order_confirmation(order)
+    track_order_analytics(order)
+    return order
+```
+
+### DRY — Don't Repeat Yourself
+
+Extract repeated code into functions or classes:
+
+```python
+# WRONG — repeat logic
+if order.status == "pending":
+    send_email(order.customer, "Your order is pending")
+    log_event("order_pending", order.id)
+
+if order.status == "paid":
+    send_email(order.customer, "Your order was paid")
+    log_event("order_paid", order.id)
+
+# CORRECT — extract to function
+def notify_order_status(order):
+    status_messages = {
+        "pending": "Your order is pending",
+        "paid": "Your order was paid",
+    }
+    send_email(order.customer, status_messages[order.status])
+    log_event(f"order_{order.status}", order.id)
+```
+
+## Type Hints
+
+### When to Use Them
+
+Use type hints on:
+
+- Public function signatures (APIs, services)
+- Functions with complex parameters
+- Non-obvious returns
+
+```python
+from typing import Optional, List, Dict, Any
+
+# Public functions — use hints
+def calculate_total(items: List[Dict[str, Any]], tax_rate: float) -> float:
+    ...
+
+def find_product(product_id: int) -> Optional[Product]:
+    ...
+
+# Private helpers — optional
+def _build_cart_response(cart):
+    ...
+```
+
+### Basic Types
+
+```python
+# Primitives
+name: str = "Product"
+quantity: int = 5
+price: float = 1500.99
+is_active: bool = True
+
+# Collections
+products: List[Product] = []
+product_ids: list[int] = []
+metadata: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+items: tuple[str, int] = ("sku", 5)
+
+# Optionals
+user: Optional[User] = None
+description: str | None = None
+```
+
+### Advanced Types
+
+```python
+from typing import Union, Optional, Callable, Any
+from decimal import Decimal
+
+# Union for multiple types
+def process_payment(amount: float, method: str) -> Union[dict, None]:
+    if method == "cash":
+        return {"change": amount - 1000}
+    return None
+
+# Callable for functions as parameters
+def execute_callback(callback: Callable[[str], None], message: str):
+    callback(message)
+
+# TypeAlias for complex types
+CartData = Dict[str, Dict[str, Union[int, str]]]
+
+def process_cart(cart: CartData):
+    ...
+```
+
+## Common Patterns
+
+### Context Managers
+
+For resources needing cleanup (files, connections, transactions):
+
+```python
+# WRONG — no guaranteed cleanup
+def write_report(data):
+    f = open("report.txt", "w")
+    f.write(data)
+    f.close()  # Won't run if exception occurs
+
+# CORRECT — context manager
+def write_report(data):
+    with open("report.txt", "w") as f:
+        f.write(data)
+    # Automatic cleanup
+
+# Custom context manager
+class Transaction:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.entered = False
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        db.begin()
+        self.entered = True
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        if exc_type:
+            db.rollback()
+        else:
+            db.commit()
+        return False  # Don't suppress exceptions
+```
+
+### Decorators
+
+Functions that modify the behavior of other functions:
+
+```python
+import functools
+import time
+
+# Basic decorator
+def require_auth(view):
+    @functools.wraps(view)
+    def wrapper(request, *args, **kwargs):
+        if not request.user.is_authenticated:
+            return JsonResponse({"error": "Unauthorized"}, status=401)
+        return view(request, *args, **kwargs)
+    return wrapper
+
+# Decorator with parameters
+def require_role(role: str):
+    def decorator(view):
+        @functools.wraps(view)
+        def wrapper(request, *args, **kwargs):
+            if request.user.role != role:
+                return JsonResponse({"error": "Forbidden"}, status=403)
+            return view(request, *args, **kwargs)
+        return wrapper
+    return decorator
+
+# Decorator with timing
+def timing(view):
+    @functools.wraps(view)
+    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+        start = time.perf_counter()
+        result = view(*args, **kwargs)
+        elapsed = time.perf_counter() - start
+        print(f"{view.__name__} took {elapsed:.4f}s")
+        return result
+    return wrapper
+```
+
+### Data Classes
+
+For simple data structures:
+
+```python
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from datetime import datetime
+from decimal import Decimal
+
+@dataclass
+class CartItem:
+    product_id: int
+    quantity: int
+    price: Decimal
+    name: str = ""
+
+    @property
+    def subtotal(self) -> Decimal:
+        return self.price * self.quantity
+
+# Usage
+item = CartItem(product_id=1, quantity=2, price=Decimal("1500.00"))
+print(item.subtotal)  # 3000.00
+```
+
+### Enums
+
+For limited values:
+
+```python
+from enum import Enum
+
+class OrderStatus(str, Enum):
+    PENDING = "pending"
+    PAID = "paid"
+    SHIPPED = "shipped"
+    CANCELLED = "cancelled"
+
+    @property
+    def is_final(self):
+        return self in (OrderStatus.SHIPPED, OrderStatus.CANCELLED)
+
+# Usage
+order.status = OrderStatus.PAID
+if order.status.is_final:
+    ...
+```
+
+## Errors and Exceptions
+
+### Exception Handling
+
+```python
+# WRONG — catch generic Exception
+try:
+    product = Product.objects.get(id=product_id)
+except Exception:
+    return JsonResponse({"error": "Not found"}, status=404)
+
+# CORRECT — catch specific exception
+try:
+    product = Product.objects.get(id=product_id)
+except Product.DoesNotExist:
+    return JsonResponse({"error": "Product not found"}, status=404)
+
+# With fallback
+product = Product.objects.filter(id=product_id).first()
+if not product:
+    return JsonResponse({"error": "Product not found"}, status=404)
+```
+
+### Custom Exceptions
+
+```python
+class BusinessException(Exception):
+    """Exception for business logic errors."""
+    def __init__(self, message: str, code: str = "BUSINESS_ERROR"):
+        self.message = message
+        self.code = code
+        super().__init__(self.message)
+
+class InsufficientStockException(BusinessException):
+    def __init__(self, product_id: int, requested: int, available: int):
+        super().__init__(
+            message=f"Insufficient stock: requested {requested}, available {available}",
+            code="INSUFFICIENT_STOCK",
+        )
+        self.product_id = product_id
+        self.requested = requested
+        self.available = available
+
+# Usage
+try:
+    if requested > available:
+        raise InsufficientStockException(product_id, requested, available)
+except InsufficientStockException as e:
+    return JsonResponse({"error": e.message, "code": e.code}, status=400)
+```
+
+## Architecture Patterns
+
+### Repository Pattern
+
+Abstract data access:
+
+```python
+class ProductRepository:
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_active() -> QuerySet:
+        return Product.objects.filter(is_active=True)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_by_category(category_id: int) -> QuerySet:
+        return Product.objects.filter(
+            category_id=category_id,
+            is_active=True,
+        ).select_related("category")
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def search(query: str) -> QuerySet:
+        return Product.objects.filter(
+            Q(name__icontains=query) | Q(sku__icontains=query),
+            is_active=True,
+        )
+```
+
+### Service Layer
+
+Encapsulated business logic:
+
+```python
+class ProductService:
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_products_for_pos(store: Store) -> List[Dict]:
+        products = ProductRepository.get_active().select_related(
+            "category", "tax"
+        )
+        return [
+            {
+                "id": p.id,
+                "name": p.name,
+                "price": str(p.get_display_price()),
+                "stock": p.stock if not p.is_service else None,
+                "is_service": p.is_service,
+            }
+            for p in products
+        ]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def check_stock(product_id: int, quantity: int) -> bool:
+        try:
+            product = Product.objects.get(id=product_id)
+        except Product.DoesNotExist:
+            return False
+
+        if product.is_service:
+            return True
+        return product.stock >= quantity
+```
+
+### Value Objects
+
+Immutable objects representing values:
+
+```python
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from decimal import Decimal
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class Money:
+    amount: Decimal
+    currency: str = "ARS"
+
+    def __add__(self, other: "Money") -> "Money":
+        if self.currency != other.currency:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot add different currencies")
+        return Money(self.amount + other.amount, self.currency)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f"{self.currency} {self.amount:.2f}"
+
+# Usage
+subtotal = Money(Decimal("1000.00"))
+tax = Money(Decimal("210.00"))
+total = subtotal + tax  # Money(amount=Decimal('1210.00'), currency='ARS')
+```
+
+## Utility Functions
+
+### Common Helper Functions
+
+```python
+import os
+import json
+from datetime import datetime
+from decimal import Decimal
+from typing import Any, Dict
+
+def safe_int(value: Any, default: int = 0) -> int:
+    """Safely convert to int."""
+    try:
+        return int(value)
+    except (ValueError, TypeError):
+        return default
+
+def safe_decimal(value: Any, default: Decimal = Decimal("0")) -> Decimal:
+    """Safely convert to Decimal."""
+    try:
+        return Decimal(str(value))
+    except (ValueError, TypeError):
+        return default
+
+def format_money(amount: Decimal, currency: str = "ARS") -> str:
+    """Format money for display."""
+    return f"{currency} {amount:,.2f}".replace(",", ".")
+
+def parse_json(body: bytes) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """Parse JSON from request body."""
+    try:
+        return json.loads(body)
+    except json.JSONDecodeError:
+        raise ValueError("Invalid JSON")
+
+def truncate(text: str, length: int = 100, suffix: str = "...") -> str:
+    """Truncate text to length."""
+    if len(text) <= length:
+        return text
+    return text[:length - len(suffix)] + suffix
+```
+
+### Testing Utilities
+
+```python
+# tests/test_utils.py
+import pytest
+from decimal import Decimal
+
+class TestSafeInt:
+    def test_valid_int(self):
+        assert safe_int("42") == 42
+
+    def test_invalid_returns_default(self):
+        assert safe_int("not a number") == 0
+
+    def test_custom_default(self):
+        assert safe_int("invalid", 100) == 100
+
+class TestMoney:
+    def test_add_same_currency(self):
+        a = Money(Decimal("100"))
+        b = Money(Decimal("50"))
+        assert a + b == Money(Decimal("150"))
+
+    def test_different_currency_raises(self):
+        a = Money(Decimal("100"), "ARS")
+        b = Money(Decimal("50"), "USD")
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            _ = a + b
+```
+
+## Code to Avoid
+
+### Mutable Default Arguments
+
+```python
+# WRONG — mutable default
+def add_items(items=[]):
+    items.append(1)
+    return items
+
+# CORRECT
+def add_items(items=None):
+    if items is None:
+        items = []
+    items.append(1)
+    return items
+```
+
+### Shadowing Builtins
+
+```python
+# WRONG
+list = [1, 2, 3]  # shadows built-in
+id = "abc"        # shadows built-in
+
+# CORRECT
+items = [1, 2, 3]
+product_id = "abc"
+```
+
+### Magic Numbers
+
+```python
+# WRONG
+if price > 1000:
+    discount = price * 0.1
+
+# CORRECT
+DISCOUNT_THRESHOLD = Decimal("1000")
+DISCOUNT_RATE = Decimal("0.1")
+
+if price > DISCOUNT_THRESHOLD:
+    discount = price * DISCOUNT_RATE
+```
+
+### Modifying Collections in Loop
+
+```python
+# WRONG — modifies while iterating
+for item in items:
+    if item.deleted:
+        items.remove(item)
+
+# CORRECT
+items = [item for item in items if not item.deleted]
+# or
+items_to_keep = []
+for item in items:
+    if not item.deleted:
+        items_to_keep.append(item)
+items = items_to_keep
+```
+
+## Resources
+
+- **PEP 8** — Style Guide: https://peps.python.org/pep-0008/
+- **PEP 484** — Type Hints: https://peps.python.org/pep-0484/
+- **Real Python**: https://realpython.com/
+- **Python Docs**: https://docs.python.org/3/