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package/.claude/skills/infrastructure-architecture/resources/cost-architecture.md

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+# Cost Architecture
+
+Guide to designing cost-effective infrastructure with FinOps principles, TCO analysis, and optimization strategies.
+
+## Cost-Aware Design Principles
+
+### 1. Right-Sizing
+
+**Don't overprovision:**
+```
+Actual usage: 2 vCPU, 4 GB RAM
+❌ Provisioned: 8 vCPU, 32 GB RAM  ($500/month)
+✅ Right-sized: 4 vCPU, 8 GB RAM   ($200/month)
+Savings: 60%
+```
+
+### 2. Use Appropriate Storage Tiers
+
+```
+Hot data (frequent access):    S3 Standard      $0.023/GB
+Warm data (weekly access):     S3 IA            $0.0125/GB  (46% cheaper)
+Cold data (monthly access):    S3 Glacier       $0.004/GB   (83% cheaper)
+Archive (yearly access):       S3 Deep Archive  $0.00099/GB (96% cheaper)
+```
+
+### 3. Auto-Scaling
+
+**Scale down when not needed:**
+```
+Business hours (8am-6pm): 20 servers
+Off hours (6pm-8am):      5 servers
+
+Cost with no scaling:  20 × 24h × $0.10 = $48/day
+Cost with scaling:     (20 × 10h + 5 × 14h) × $0.10 = $27/day
+Savings: 44%
+```
+
+### 4. Serverless for Variable Workloads
+
+```
+Traditional (always-on server): $100/month (even with 0 requests)
+Serverless (pay-per-invocation): $0-$100/month (scales with usage)
+
+Good for: Batch jobs, webhooks, sporadic APIs
+Bad for: High-throughput, predictable load
+```
+
+---
+
+## Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)
+
+### TCO Components
+
+```
+Infrastructure Costs:
+- Compute (EC2, ECS, Lambda)
+- Storage (S3, EBS)
+- Network (data transfer, load balancers)
+- Database (RDS, DynamoDB)
+
+Operational Costs:
+- Engineer time (management, debugging)
+- Monitoring/observability tools
+- Backup/DR infrastructure
+- Support contracts
+
+Hidden Costs:
+- Data transfer (inter-region, internet egress)
+- API calls (S3 PUT/GET)
+- Snapshot storage
+- DNS queries
+```
+
+### TCO Example
+
+**Option A: Self-Managed Kubernetes on EC2**
+```
+Infrastructure:
+- 10 × m5.xlarge nodes: $1,400/month
+- EBS volumes: $200/month
+- Load balancer: $50/month
+- Data transfer: $300/month
+Total: $1,950/month
+
+Operational:
+- 0.5 engineer (management): $7,500/month
+- Monitoring (Datadog): $400/month
+Total: $7,900/month
+
+TCO: $9,850/month
+```
+
+**Option B: Managed EKS + Fargate**
+```
+Infrastructure:
+- EKS cluster: $75/month
+- Fargate vCPU/memory: $2,100/month
+- Load balancer: $50/month
+- Data transfer: $300/month
+Total: $2,525/month
+
+Operational:
+- 0.2 engineer (less management): $3,000/month
+- Monitoring: $400/month
+Total: $3,400/month
+
+TCO: $5,925/month (40% cheaper despite higher infrastructure cost)
+```
+
+---
+
+## Cost Optimization Strategies
+
+### Reserved Instances & Savings Plans
+
+**Baseline (always-running) workloads:**
+```
+On-Demand:       $0.192/hour × 730 hours = $140/month
+Reserved (1yr):  $0.123/hour × 730 hours = $90/month  (36% savings)
+Reserved (3yr):  $0.082/hour × 730 hours = $60/month  (57% savings)
+
+Recommendation:
+- Cover 60-70% of baseline with Reserved
+- Use On-Demand for burst capacity
+```
+
+**Savings Plans (more flexible than Reserved):**
+```
+Commit to $500/month compute spend
+→ Get ~30-40% discount on all compute (EC2, Lambda, Fargate)
+→ Applies automatically to any matching usage
+```
+
+---
+
+### Spot Instances
+
+**Non-critical, fault-tolerant workloads:**
+```
+On-Demand: $0.192/hour
+Spot:      $0.058/hour  (70% discount)
+
+Good for:
+- Batch processing
+- CI/CD workers
+- Development environments
+- Stateless web servers (with ASG)
+
+Bad for:
+- Databases
+- Stateful applications
+- Jobs that can't tolerate interruption
+```
+
+```yaml
+# EKS with Spot instances
+apiVersion: karpenter.sh/v1alpha5
+kind: Provisioner
+metadata:
+  name: default
+spec:
+  requirements:
+    - key: karpenter.sh/capacity-type
+      operator: In
+      values: ["spot", "on-demand"]
+  limits:
+    resources:
+      cpu: 1000
+      memory: 1000Gi
+  ttlSecondsAfterEmpty: 30  # Terminate idle nodes
+```
+
+---
+
+### Data Transfer Costs
+
+**Expensive and often overlooked:**
+
+```
+AWS Inter-Region Transfer:
+us-east-1 → eu-west-1: $0.02/GB
+
+AWS to Internet:
+First 10 TB: $0.09/GB
+Next 40 TB:  $0.085/GB
+
+Example: 10 TB/month egress
+= 10,000 GB × $0.09 = $900/month
+```
+
+**Optimization:**
+1. **Use CloudFront CDN** - Reduces origin egress
+2. **Cache aggressively** - Fewer origin requests
+3. **VPC Peering** - Free in same region
+4. **Compress data** - Gzip reduces volume 60-80%
+
+```typescript
+// Enable compression
+app.use(compression({
+  level: 6,  // Balance speed vs compression ratio
+  threshold: 1024,  // Only compress > 1KB
+}));
+
+// Before: 100 KB response × 1M requests = 100 GB egress = $9
+// After:  30 KB response × 1M requests = 30 GB egress = $2.70
+// Savings: 70%
+```
+
+---
+
+### Database Cost Optimization
+
+**RDS vs Self-Managed:**
+```
+RDS db.r5.xlarge (managed):
+- Instance: $360/month
+- Storage (1TB SSD): $115/month
+- Backups (500GB): $50/month
+- Multi-AZ: +100% = $1,050/month
+Total: $1,050/month
+
+Self-Managed on EC2:
+- r5.xlarge: $140/month
+- EBS (1TB SSD): $115/month
+- Snapshot backups: $25/month
+- Replica: $280/month
+- Engineer time (0.3 FTE): $4,500/month
+Total: $5,060/month
+
+RDS is 79% cheaper including operational costs!
+```
+
+**DynamoDB On-Demand vs Provisioned:**
+```
+Predictable workload (1M reads, 100K writes daily):
+On-Demand:
+- Reads: 1M × $0.25/million = $0.25/day = $7.50/month
+- Writes: 100K × $1.25/million = $0.125/day = $3.75/month
+Total: $11.25/month
+
+Provisioned:
+- Reads: 12 RCU × $0.00013/hour × 730 = $1.14/month
+- Writes: 2 WCU × $0.00065/hour × 730 = $0.95/month
+Total: $2.09/month
+
+Savings: 81% with provisioned (if predictable)
+```
+
+---
+
+### Storage Lifecycle Policies
+
+```terraform
+# S3 intelligent tiering
+resource "aws_s3_bucket_lifecycle_configuration" "logs" {
+  bucket = aws_s3_bucket.logs.id
+
+  rule {
+    id     = "archive-old-logs"
+    status = "Enabled"
+
+    # After 30 days: move to Infrequent Access (50% cheaper)
+    transition {
+      days          = 30
+      storage_class = "STANDARD_IA"
+    }
+
+    # After 90 days: move to Glacier (83% cheaper)
+    transition {
+      days          = 90
+      storage_class = "GLACIER"
+    }
+
+    # After 365 days: delete
+    expiration {
+      days = 365
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+# Cost Impact:
+# 100 GB stored for 1 year
+# All Standard: 100 × 12 × $0.023 = $276/year
+# With lifecycle: ~$50/year (82% savings)
+```
+
+---
+
+## Cost Monitoring & Alerting
+
+### Cost Anomaly Detection
+
+```terraform
+# AWS Cost Anomaly Detection
+resource "aws_ce_anomaly_monitor" "main" {
+  name              = "cost-anomaly-monitor"
+  monitor_type      = "DIMENSIONAL"
+  monitor_dimension = "SERVICE"
+}
+
+resource "aws_ce_anomaly_subscription" "alert" {
+  name      = "cost-anomaly-alert"
+  frequency = "DAILY"
+
+  monitor_arn_list = [
+    aws_ce_anomaly_monitor.main.arn
+  ]
+
+  subscriber {
+    type    = "EMAIL"
+    address = "finance@example.com"
+  }
+
+  threshold_expression {
+    dimension {
+      key           = "ANOMALY_TOTAL_IMPACT_ABSOLUTE"
+      values        = ["500"]  # Alert if anomaly > $500
+      match_options = ["GREATER_THAN_OR_EQUAL"]
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Cost Allocation Tags
+
+```terraform
+# Tag all resources for cost tracking
+resource "aws_instance" "api" {
+  tags = {
+    Environment = "production"
+    Team        = "backend"
+    Service     = "api"
+    CostCenter  = "engineering"
+  }
+}
+
+# Generate cost reports by tag
+# Cost by Team, Cost by Service, etc.
+```
+
+---
+
+## FinOps Practices
+
+### 1. Showback & Chargeback
+
+**Showback (awareness):**
+```
+Monthly report:
+- Team Backend: $15,000 (60%)
+- Team Frontend: $5,000 (20%)
+- Team Data: $5,000 (20%)
+
+Share costs to build awareness
+```
+
+**Chargeback (accountability):**
+```
+Each team billed for their infrastructure
+→ Incentivizes optimization
+```
+
+### 2. Unit Economics
+
+**Cost per user/request:**
+```
+Monthly costs: $50,000
+Monthly active users: 100,000
+Cost per user: $0.50
+
+Track over time:
+Jan: $0.50/user
+Feb: $0.45/user (10% reduction via optimization)
+```
+
+### 3. Cost-Performance Ratio
+
+```
+CPU utilization vs cost optimization
+
+High utilization (85%): Cost-efficient, but risky (no headroom)
+Medium utilization (70%): Balanced (recommended)
+Low utilization (30%): Wasteful
+```
+
+---
+
+## Architecture Cost Comparisons
+
+### Monolith vs Microservices
+
+**Monolith:**
+```
+Infrastructure: $2,000/month (simple, fewer services)
+Operations: $5,000/month (0.5 engineer)
+Total: $7,000/month
+```
+
+**Microservices (15 services):**
+```
+Infrastructure: $6,000/month (more services, load balancers)
+Operations: $10,000/month (1 engineer - more complexity)
+Total: $16,000/month
+
+Trade-off: 2.3x cost, but better scalability/flexibility
+```
+
+### Multi-Region Cost Impact
+
+**Single Region:**
+```
+Compute: $5,000
+Database: $1,000
+Total: $6,000/month
+```
+
+**Multi-Region (Active-Passive):**
+```
+Primary compute: $5,000
+Primary DB: $1,000
+Secondary compute (standby): $1,000
+Secondary DB (replica): $500
+Data replication: $500
+Total: $8,000/month (+33%)
+```
+
+**Multi-Region (Active-Active):**
+```
+Primary compute: $5,000
+Primary DB: $1,000
+Secondary compute: $5,000
+Secondary DB: $1,000
+Data transfer: $1,500
+Total: $13,500/month (+125%)
+```
+
+---
+
+## Cost Optimization Checklist
+
+**Compute:**
+- [ ] Right-sized instances (not over-provisioned)
+- [ ] Auto-scaling enabled (scale down off-hours)
+- [ ] Reserved instances for baseline (30-60% savings)
+- [ ] Spot instances for batch workloads (70% savings)
+- [ ] Terminate unused resources
+
+**Storage:**
+- [ ] Lifecycle policies (archive old data)
+- [ ] Delete unused snapshots
+- [ ] Use appropriate storage tier (S3 IA, Glacier)
+- [ ] Enable compression
+
+**Database:**
+- [ ] Right-sized instance
+- [ ] Read replicas only if needed
+- [ ] Delete old backups beyond retention
+- [ ] Use Aurora Serverless v2 for variable load
+
+**Network:**
+- [ ] Use CloudFront CDN (reduce egress)
+- [ ] VPC peering instead of internet (free intra-region)
+- [ ] Compress responses
+- [ ] Minimize inter-region transfer
+
+**Monitoring:**
+- [ ] Cost anomaly detection enabled
+- [ ] Budget alerts configured
+- [ ] Tag all resources
+- [ ] Monthly cost review meetings
+
+---
+
+## Best Practices
+
+✅ **Tag everything** - Enable cost allocation
+✅ **Monitor continuously** - Anomaly detection
+✅ **Right-size** - Don't overprovision
+✅ **Auto-scale** - Scale down when idle
+✅ **Use managed services** - Lower operational cost
+✅ **Reserve baseline** - 30-60% discount
+✅ **Delete unused** - Old snapshots, volumes
+✅ **Review monthly** - Optimize continuously
+
+## Anti-Patterns
+
+❌ **Always-on instances** - No auto-scaling
+❌ **No tagging** - Can't track costs
+❌ **Over-provisioning** - "Just in case" sizing
+❌ **Ignoring data transfer** - Huge surprise bills
+❌ **No cost ownership** - Teams unaware of spend
+❌ **Premature optimization** - Optimizing before measuring
+
+---
+
+**Related Resources:**
+- capacity-planning.md - Right-sizing infrastructure
+- multi-region-design.md - Multi-region cost implications
+- disaster-recovery.md - DR cost tiers