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package/.claude/skills/network-engineering/resources/routing-switching.md

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+# Routing and Switching
+
+Comprehensive guide to routing and switching covering BGP, OSPF, EIGRP, VLANs, trunking, spanning tree, and route tables for enterprise and cloud networks.
+
+## Routing Protocols
+
+### BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
+
+**Characteristics:**
+- Path vector protocol
+- Autonomous System (AS) routing
+- Policy-based routing
+- Internet backbone protocol
+
+**BGP Configuration Example:**
+```
+router bgp 65001
+  bgp router-id 10.0.0.1
+  neighbor 203.0.113.2 remote-as 65002
+  neighbor 203.0.113.2 description ISP_Connection
+
+  network 10.0.0.0 mask 255.255.255.0
+  network 192.168.1.0
+
+  address-family ipv4
+    neighbor 203.0.113.2 activate
+  exit-address-family
+```
+
+**BGP Attributes:**
+```
+Weight:           Cisco proprietary, highest wins
+Local Preference: Within AS, highest wins
+AS Path:          Shortest path
+Origin:           IGP > EGP > Incomplete
+MED:              Multi-Exit Discriminator
+```
+
+**AWS Transit Gateway BGP:**
+```hcl
+resource "aws_ec2_transit_gateway" "main" {
+  amazon_side_asn = 64512
+}
+
+resource "aws_customer_gateway" "onprem" {
+  bgp_asn    = 65000
+  ip_address = "203.0.113.10"
+  type       = "ipsec.1"
+}
+
+resource "aws_vpn_connection" "main" {
+  customer_gateway_id = aws_customer_gateway.onprem.id
+  transit_gateway_id  = aws_ec2_transit_gateway.main.id
+  type                = "ipsec.1"
+
+  tunnel1_inside_cidr = "169.254.10.0/30"
+  tunnel2_inside_cidr = "169.254.11.0/30"
+}
+```
+
+### OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
+
+**Areas:**
+```
+Area 0 (Backbone) - Required, all routers
+Area 1 (Standard) - Normal area
+Area 2 (Stub)     - No external routes
+Area 3 (NSSA)     - Not-so-stubby area
+```
+
+**OSPF Configuration:**
+```
+router ospf 1
+  router-id 1.1.1.1
+  network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
+  network 10.0.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
+
+  area 1 stub
+  passive-interface GigabitEthernet0/0
+```
+
+**OSPF States:**
+```
+Down → Init → 2-Way → ExStart → Exchange → Loading → Full
+```
+
+**Metrics Calculation:**
+```
+Cost = Reference Bandwidth / Interface Bandwidth
+Default Reference: 100 Mbps
+
+10 Gbps   = 1
+1 Gbps    = 1
+100 Mbps  = 1
+10 Mbps   = 10
+1 Mbps    = 100
+```
+
+### EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
+
+**Metric Calculation:**
+```
+Metric = [K1*Bandwidth + (K2*Bandwidth)/(256-Load) + K3*Delay] * [K5/(Reliability+K4)]
+
+Default (K1=1, K2=0, K3=1, K4=0, K5=0):
+Metric = Bandwidth + Delay
+```
+
+**Configuration:**
+```
+router eigrp 100
+  network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.255
+  network 192.168.1.0
+  passive-interface default
+  no passive-interface GigabitEthernet0/1
+  eigrp router-id 1.1.1.1
+```
+
+## Switching
+
+### VLANs (Virtual LANs)
+
+**VLAN Configuration:**
+```
+# Create VLAN
+vlan 10
+  name Engineering
+vlan 20
+  name Sales
+vlan 30
+  name Management
+
+# Assign port to VLAN
+interface FastEthernet0/1
+  switchport mode access
+  switchport access vlan 10
+
+# Trunk port (carries multiple VLANs)
+interface GigabitEthernet0/1
+  switchport mode trunk
+  switchport trunk allowed vlan 10,20,30
+  switchport trunk native vlan 999
+```
+
+**Inter-VLAN Routing (Router-on-a-Stick):**
+```
+interface GigabitEthernet0/0.10
+  encapsulation dot1Q 10
+  ip address 10.0.10.1 255.255.255.0
+
+interface GigabitEthernet0/0.20
+  encapsulation dot1Q 20
+  ip address 10.0.20.1 255.255.255.0
+```
+
+### Trunking (802.1Q)
+
+**Frame Format:**
+```
+┌────────┬─────┬──────┬─────┬─────┬───┐
+│  Dest  │ Src │ VLAN │Type │Data │FCS│
+│  MAC   │ MAC │ Tag  │     │     │   │
+└────────┴─────┴──────┴─────┴─────┴───┘
+         ↑
+    4 bytes added for VLAN tag
+```
+
+**VTP (VLAN Trunking Protocol):**
+```
+vtp mode server
+vtp domain COMPANY
+vtp password SecurePass
+vtp version 2
+```
+
+### Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
+
+**STP Port States:**
+```
+Blocking → Listening → Learning → Forwarding
+(20s)      (15s)       (15s)      (Active)
+```
+
+**STP Configuration:**
+```
+# Set root bridge priority
+spanning-tree vlan 1 priority 0
+
+# PortFast (skip listening/learning on access ports)
+interface FastEthernet0/1
+  spanning-tree portfast
+
+# BPDU Guard (disable port if BPDU received)
+spanning-tree portfast bpduguard default
+```
+
+**Rapid STP (802.1w):**
+```
+Discarding → Learning → Forwarding
+(Faster convergence: < 1 second)
+```
+
+## Route Tables
+
+### Linux Route Table
+
+```bash
+# View routes
+ip route show
+
+# Default route
+default via 192.168.1.1 dev eth0 proto dhcp metric 100
+
+# Network routes
+10.0.0.0/24 dev eth1 proto kernel scope link src 10.0.0.10
+192.168.1.0/24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.1.100
+
+# Add route
+ip route add 10.1.0.0/16 via 10.0.0.1 dev eth1
+
+# Delete route
+ip route del 10.1.0.0/16
+
+# Multiple routing tables
+ip route add default via 192.168.2.1 table 200
+ip rule add from 192.168.2.0/24 table 200
+```
+
+### AWS Route Tables
+
+```hcl
+resource "aws_route_table" "private" {
+  vpc_id = aws_vpc.main.id
+
+  route {
+    cidr_block     = "0.0.0.0/0"
+    nat_gateway_id = aws_nat_gateway.main.id
+  }
+
+  route {
+    cidr_block         = "10.1.0.0/16"
+    transit_gateway_id = aws_ec2_transit_gateway.main.id
+  }
+
+  route {
+    cidr_block                = "10.2.0.0/16"
+    vpc_peering_connection_id = aws_vpc_peering_connection.peer.id
+  }
+
+  tags = {
+    Name = "private-route-table"
+  }
+}
+
+resource "aws_route_table_association" "private" {
+  subnet_id      = aws_subnet.private.id
+  route_table_id = aws_route_table.private.id
+}
+```
+
+## Advanced Routing
+
+### Policy-Based Routing
+
+```
+# Route based on source IP
+access-list 100 permit ip 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 any
+
+route-map PBR-MAP permit 10
+  match ip address 100
+  set ip next-hop 10.0.0.1
+
+interface GigabitEthernet0/0
+  ip policy route-map PBR-MAP
+```
+
+### Multipath Routing (ECMP)
+
+```
+# Configure multiple paths
+ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.1
+ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.2
+
+# Traffic load-balanced across both paths
+# Per-packet or per-destination based on platform
+```
+
+**Linux ECMP:**
+```bash
+ip route add default \
+  nexthop via 192.168.1.1 weight 1 \
+  nexthop via 192.168.2.1 weight 1
+```
+
+## Link Aggregation (LACP)
+
+### 802.3ad Configuration
+
+**Cisco:**
+```
+interface Port-channel1
+  switchport mode trunk
+
+interface GigabitEthernet0/1
+  channel-group 1 mode active
+  switchport mode trunk
+
+interface GigabitEthernet0/2
+  channel-group 1 mode active
+  switchport mode trunk
+```
+
+**Linux Bonding:**
+```bash
+# /etc/network/interfaces
+auto bond0
+iface bond0 inet static
+    address 10.0.0.10
+    netmask 255.255.255.0
+    bond-mode 802.3ad
+    bond-miimon 100
+    bond-slaves eth0 eth1
+```
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+### Routing Issues
+
+```bash
+# Verify routing table
+ip route show
+route -n
+
+# Trace route
+traceroute 8.8.8.8
+mtr 8.8.8.8
+
+# Check neighbors (BGP, OSPF)
+show ip bgp summary
+show ip ospf neighbor
+
+# Debug routing
+debug ip routing
+debug ip bgp
+debug ip ospf events
+```
+
+### Switching Issues
+
+```bash
+# Check VLAN
+show vlan brief
+show vlan id 10
+
+# Check trunk
+show interfaces trunk
+show interfaces GigabitEthernet0/1 switchport
+
+# Spanning tree
+show spanning-tree
+show spanning-tree vlan 1
+
+# MAC address table
+show mac address-table
+show mac address-table interface GigabitEthernet0/1
+```
+
+---
+
+**Related Topics:**
+- See [network-architecture.md](network-architecture.md) for network design
+- See [tcp-ip-protocols.md](tcp-ip-protocols.md) for protocol fundamentals
+- See [network-troubleshooting.md](network-troubleshooting.md) for debugging