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package/.claude/skills/systems-engineering/resources/storage-management.md

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+# Storage Management
+
+Comprehensive guide to Linux storage management covering LVM operations, RAID configurations, filesystem selection, backup strategies, and capacity planning.
+
+## Table of Contents
+
+- [Storage Architecture](#storage-architecture)
+- [LVM Operations](#lvm-operations)
+- [RAID Configurations](#raid-configurations)
+- [Filesystem Selection](#filesystem-selection)
+- [Backup Strategies](#backup-strategies)
+- [Snapshot Management](#snapshot-management)
+- [Performance Monitoring](#performance-monitoring)
+- [Capacity Planning](#capacity-planning)
+
+## Storage Architecture
+
+### Storage Stack
+
+```
+Applications
+    ↓
+Filesystem (ext4, xfs, btrfs)
+    ↓
+Logical Volume (LVM)
+    ↓
+RAID (mdadm)
+    ↓
+Physical Devices (SSD, HDD)
+```
+
+### Disk Information
+
+```bash
+# List block devices
+lsblk
+lsblk -f  # With filesystem info
+
+# Disk details
+sudo fdisk -l
+sudo parted -l
+
+# Disk usage
+df -h
+df -i  # Inode usage
+
+# SMART info (disk health)
+sudo apt install smartmontools
+sudo smartctl -a /dev/sda
+sudo smartctl -H /dev/sda  # Health summary
+```
+
+## LVM Operations
+
+### LVM Concepts
+
+```
+Physical Volumes (PV) → Volume Groups (VG) → Logical Volumes (LV)
+/dev/sda1, /dev/sdb1 → vg_data → lv_data, lv_logs
+```
+
+### Creating LVM
+
+```bash
+# 1. Create physical volume
+sudo pvcreate /dev/sdb
+sudo pvcreate /dev/sdc
+
+# View PVs
+sudo pvdisplay
+sudo pvs
+
+# 2. Create volume group
+sudo vgcreate vg_data /dev/sdb /dev/sdc
+
+# View VGs
+sudo vgdisplay
+sudo vgs
+
+# 3. Create logical volume
+sudo lvcreate -L 100G -n lv_data vg_data
+# Or use percentage
+sudo lvcreate -l 100%FREE -n lv_data vg_data
+
+# View LVs
+sudo lvdisplay
+sudo lvs
+
+# 4. Create filesystem
+sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/vg_data/lv_data
+
+# 5. Mount
+sudo mkdir -p /mnt/data
+sudo mount /dev/vg_data/lv_data /mnt/data
+
+# 6. Add to fstab
+echo '/dev/vg_data/lv_data /mnt/data ext4 defaults 0 2' | sudo tee -a /etc/fstab
+```
+
+### Extending LVM
+
+```bash
+# Add new disk to VG
+sudo pvcreate /dev/sdd
+sudo vgextend vg_data /dev/sdd
+
+# Extend logical volume
+sudo lvextend -L +50G /dev/vg_data/lv_data
+# Or use all free space
+sudo lvextend -l +100%FREE /dev/vg_data/lv_data
+
+# Resize filesystem
+# ext4
+sudo resize2fs /dev/vg_data/lv_data
+
+# xfs
+sudo xfs_growfs /mnt/data
+
+# All in one (extend LV and resize FS)
+sudo lvextend -L +50G -r /dev/vg_data/lv_data
+```
+
+### Reducing LVM (ext4 only, not xfs)
+
+```bash
+# CAUTION: Back up data first!
+# Cannot shrink mounted filesystem
+
+# 1. Unmount
+sudo umount /mnt/data
+
+# 2. Check filesystem
+sudo e2fsck -f /dev/vg_data/lv_data
+
+# 3. Resize filesystem first
+sudo resize2fs /dev/vg_data/lv_data 50G
+
+# 4. Reduce LV
+sudo lvreduce -L 50G /dev/vg_data/lv_data
+
+# 5. Remount
+sudo mount /dev/vg_data/lv_data /mnt/data
+```
+
+### LVM Snapshots
+
+```bash
+# Create snapshot (10G for changes)
+sudo lvcreate -L 10G -s -n lv_data_snap /dev/vg_data/lv_data
+
+# Mount snapshot
+sudo mkdir -p /mnt/snap
+sudo mount /dev/vg_data/lv_data_snap /mnt/snap
+
+# Use for backup
+tar -czf /backup/data-$(date +%Y%m%d).tar.gz -C /mnt/snap .
+
+# Remove snapshot
+sudo umount /mnt/snap
+sudo lvremove /dev/vg_data/lv_data_snap
+
+# Revert to snapshot (restore)
+sudo umount /mnt/data
+sudo lvconvert --merge /dev/vg_data/lv_data_snap
+# Reboot to complete merge
+sudo reboot
+```
+
+### Removing LVM
+
+```bash
+# 1. Unmount
+sudo umount /mnt/data
+
+# 2. Remove LV
+sudo lvremove /dev/vg_data/lv_data
+
+# 3. Remove VG
+sudo vgremove vg_data
+
+# 4. Remove PV
+sudo pvremove /dev/sdb /dev/sdc
+```
+
+## RAID Configurations
+
+### RAID Levels
+
+```
+RAID 0 (Striping)
+- Min disks: 2
+- Capacity: Sum of all disks
+- Performance: Excellent (read/write)
+- Redundancy: None
+- Use: Non-critical data, temp storage
+
+RAID 1 (Mirroring)
+- Min disks: 2
+- Capacity: Size of smallest disk
+- Performance: Good read, normal write
+- Redundancy: Can lose N-1 disks
+- Use: Critical data, boot drives
+
+RAID 5 (Striping + Parity)
+- Min disks: 3
+- Capacity: (N-1) × disk size
+- Performance: Good read, moderate write
+- Redundancy: Can lose 1 disk
+- Use: File servers, general storage
+
+RAID 6 (Striping + Double Parity)
+- Min disks: 4
+- Capacity: (N-2) × disk size
+- Performance: Good read, slower write
+- Redundancy: Can lose 2 disks
+- Use: Large arrays, critical data
+
+RAID 10 (Mirror + Stripe)
+- Min disks: 4
+- Capacity: (N/2) × disk size
+- Performance: Excellent
+- Redundancy: Can lose 1 disk per mirror
+- Use: Databases, high performance
+```
+
+### Creating RAID with mdadm
+
+```bash
+# Install mdadm
+sudo apt install mdadm
+
+# RAID 1 (mirror)
+sudo mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level=1 --raid-devices=2 /dev/sdb /dev/sdc
+
+# RAID 5
+sudo mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level=5 --raid-devices=3 /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd
+
+# RAID 10
+sudo mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level=10 --raid-devices=4 /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd /dev/sde
+
+# Check status
+cat /proc/mdstat
+sudo mdadm --detail /dev/md0
+
+# Create filesystem
+sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/md0
+
+# Mount
+sudo mkdir -p /mnt/raid
+sudo mount /dev/md0 /mnt/raid
+
+# Save configuration
+sudo mdadm --detail --scan | sudo tee -a /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf
+sudo update-initramfs -u
+
+# Add to fstab
+echo '/dev/md0 /mnt/raid ext4 defaults 0 2' | sudo tee -a /etc/fstab
+```
+
+### RAID Maintenance
+
+```bash
+# Monitor RAID
+cat /proc/mdstat
+sudo mdadm --detail /dev/md0
+
+# Check for errors
+sudo mdadm --examine /dev/sdb
+dmesg | grep md
+
+# Replace failed disk
+# 1. Mark disk as failed (if not auto-detected)
+sudo mdadm /dev/md0 --fail /dev/sdb
+
+# 2. Remove failed disk
+sudo mdadm /dev/md0 --remove /dev/sdb
+
+# 3. Physically replace disk
+
+# 4. Add new disk
+sudo mdadm /dev/md0 --add /dev/sdb
+
+# 5. Monitor rebuild
+watch cat /proc/mdstat
+
+# Stop RAID
+sudo umount /mnt/raid
+sudo mdadm --stop /dev/md0
+
+# Remove RAID
+sudo mdadm --remove /dev/md0
+sudo mdadm --zero-superblock /dev/sdb /dev/sdc
+```
+
+## Filesystem Selection
+
+### Filesystem Comparison
+
+```
+ext4
+- Mature, stable
+- Max file: 16TB
+- Max volume: 1EB
+- Good general performance
+- No built-in compression
+- Use: General purpose, boot drives
+
+xfs
+- High performance
+- Max file: 8EB
+- Max volume: 8EB
+- Excellent for large files
+- Cannot shrink
+- Use: Large files, databases, NFS
+
+btrfs
+- Modern features
+- Snapshots, compression
+- Self-healing with redundancy
+- CoW (Copy-on-Write)
+- Still maturing
+- Use: Advanced features needed
+
+ZFS
+- Enterprise features
+- Built-in RAID
+- Compression, deduplication
+- High memory usage
+- Licensing concerns
+- Use: Enterprise storage
+```
+
+### Creating Filesystems
+
+```bash
+# ext4
+sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
+sudo mkfs.ext4 -L "data_volume" /dev/sdb1  # With label
+
+# xfs
+sudo mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb1
+sudo mkfs.xfs -L "data_volume" /dev/sdb1
+
+# btrfs
+sudo mkfs.btrfs /dev/sdb1
+sudo mkfs.btrfs -L "data_volume" /dev/sdb1
+
+# Check filesystem
+sudo fsck.ext4 /dev/sdb1
+sudo xfs_repair /dev/sdb1
+sudo btrfs check /dev/sdb1
+```
+
+### Filesystem Tuning
+
+```bash
+# ext4 optimization
+# Reserve less space for root (default 5%)
+sudo tune2fs -m 1 /dev/sdb1
+
+# Disable access time updates
+# Add to /etc/fstab
+/dev/sdb1 /data ext4 noatime,nodiratime 0 2
+
+# xfs optimization
+# Mount options in /etc/fstab
+/dev/sdb1 /data xfs noatime,nodiratime,logbufs=8,logbsize=256k 0 2
+
+# View filesystem info
+sudo tune2fs -l /dev/sdb1  # ext4
+sudo xfs_info /dev/sdb1    # xfs
+```
+
+## Backup Strategies
+
+### Backup Methods
+
+#### 1. rsync Backups
+
+```bash
+# Basic rsync backup
+rsync -avz --delete /source/ /backup/
+
+# Remote backup
+rsync -avz -e ssh /source/ user@backup-server:/backup/
+
+# Exclude files
+rsync -avz --exclude='*.tmp' --exclude='cache/' /source/ /backup/
+
+# Incremental backup with hard links
+rsync -avz --link-dest=/backup/2024-01-01/ /source/ /backup/2024-01-02/
+
+# Backup script with rotation
+#!/bin/bash
+SOURCE="/data"
+BACKUP_DIR="/backup"
+DATE=$(date +%Y-%m-%d)
+LATEST="$BACKUP_DIR/latest"
+
+# Create backup with hard links to previous
+rsync -avz --delete --link-dest="$LATEST" "$SOURCE/" "$BACKUP_DIR/$DATE/"
+
+# Update latest link
+rm -f "$LATEST"
+ln -s "$DATE" "$LATEST"
+
+# Delete backups older than 30 days
+find "$BACKUP_DIR" -maxdepth 1 -type d -mtime +30 -exec rm -rf {} \;
+```
+
+#### 2. tar Backups
+
+```bash
+# Create archive
+tar -czf backup-$(date +%Y%m%d).tar.gz /data
+
+# Incremental backup
+tar -czf full-backup.tar.gz -g snapshot.file /data
+# Later incremental
+tar -czf inc-backup.tar.gz -g snapshot.file /data
+
+# Extract
+tar -xzf backup.tar.gz -C /restore/
+
+# Verify
+tar -tzf backup.tar.gz
+```
+
+#### 3. restic (Modern Backup Tool)
+
+```bash
+# Install restic
+sudo apt install restic
+
+# Initialize repository
+restic init --repo /backup/restic
+
+# Backup
+restic backup /data --repo /backup/restic
+
+# List snapshots
+restic snapshots --repo /backup/restic
+
+# Restore
+restic restore latest --target /restore --repo /backup/restic
+
+# Forget old backups
+restic forget --keep-daily 7 --keep-weekly 4 --keep-monthly 6 --repo /backup/restic
+restic prune --repo /backup/restic
+```
+
+#### 4. Borg Backup
+
+```bash
+# Install
+sudo apt install borgbackup
+
+# Initialize
+borg init --encryption=repokey /backup/borg
+
+# Create backup
+borg create /backup/borg::$(date +%Y-%m-%d) /data
+
+# List archives
+borg list /backup/borg
+
+# Restore
+borg extract /backup/borg::2024-01-01
+
+# Prune old backups
+borg prune /backup/borg --keep-daily=7 --keep-weekly=4 --keep-monthly=6
+```
+
+### Backup Strategy (3-2-1 Rule)
+
+```
+3 copies of data
+2 different media types
+1 offsite copy
+
+Example:
+- Original data on server
+- Local backup on NAS
+- Cloud backup (AWS S3, Backblaze B2)
+```
+
+## Snapshot Management
+
+### LVM Snapshots (covered above)
+
+### btrfs Snapshots
+
+```bash
+# Create snapshot
+sudo btrfs subvolume snapshot /mnt/data /mnt/data/.snapshots/$(date +%Y-%m-%d)
+
+# List snapshots
+sudo btrfs subvolume list /mnt/data
+
+# Delete snapshot
+sudo btrfs subvolume delete /mnt/data/.snapshots/2024-01-01
+
+# Automated snapshots
+#!/bin/bash
+SUBVOL="/mnt/data"
+SNAP_DIR="$SUBVOL/.snapshots"
+
+mkdir -p "$SNAP_DIR"
+
+# Create snapshot
+sudo btrfs subvolume snapshot -r "$SUBVOL" "$SNAP_DIR/$(date +%Y-%m-%d-%H%M%S)"
+
+# Keep only last 7 days
+find "$SNAP_DIR" -maxdepth 1 -type d -mtime +7 | while read snap; do
+    sudo btrfs subvolume delete "$snap"
+done
+```
+
+## Performance Monitoring
+
+### Disk Performance
+
+```bash
+# I/O statistics
+iostat -x 1 5
+
+# Key metrics:
+# - %util: Disk utilization
+# - await: Average wait time
+# - r/s, w/s: Read/write per second
+# - rkB/s, wkB/s: Throughput
+
+# Per-process I/O
+sudo iotop
+sudo iotop -oPa  # Accumulated I/O
+
+# Disk latency
+sudo ioping /dev/sda
+
+# Benchmark disk
+# Write test
+dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/testfile bs=1G count=1 oflag=direct
+
+# Read test
+dd if=/tmp/testfile of=/dev/null bs=1G count=1 iflag=direct
+
+# Better benchmarking with fio
+sudo apt install fio
+fio --name=random-read --ioengine=libaio --iodepth=16 --rw=randread --bs=4k --direct=1 --size=1G --numjobs=4 --runtime=60 --group_reporting
+```
+
+## Capacity Planning
+
+### Monitoring Disk Usage
+
+```bash
+# Disk usage
+df -h
+du -sh /*
+du -sh /var/* | sort -h
+
+# Find large files
+find / -type f -size +1G -exec ls -lh {} \; 2>/dev/null
+
+# Disk usage trends
+# Use monitoring tools (Prometheus + Grafana)
+# Or cron job
+cat > /usr/local/bin/disk-usage-log.sh <<'EOF'
+#!/bin/bash
+echo "$(date +%Y-%m-%d,%H:%M:%S),$(df / | tail -1 | awk '{print $5}')" >> /var/log/disk-usage.csv
+EOF
+
+chmod +x /usr/local/bin/disk-usage-log.sh
+
+# Add to cron (hourly)
+0 * * * * /usr/local/bin/disk-usage-log.sh
+```
+
+### Capacity Planning
+
+```bash
+# Calculate growth rate
+# Analyze disk-usage.csv
+awk -F, '{print $1,$3}' /var/log/disk-usage.csv | \
+  awk 'NR>1 {print ($2-prev)/(NR-1); prev=$2}'
+
+# Predict when disk will be full
+# Based on growth rate and current usage
+# Alert when > 80% full
+```
+
+### Cleanup Strategies
+
+```bash
+# Log rotation (automatic)
+# /etc/logrotate.d/myapp
+/var/log/myapp/*.log {
+    daily
+    rotate 14
+    compress
+    delaycompress
+    notifempty
+    create 0640 myapp myapp
+}
+
+# Clean package cache
+sudo apt clean
+sudo yum clean all
+
+# Clean systemd journal
+sudo journalctl --vacuum-time=30d
+sudo journalctl --vacuum-size=1G
+
+# Remove old kernels
+sudo apt autoremove --purge
+
+# Clean temp files
+sudo find /tmp -type f -atime +7 -delete
+sudo find /var/tmp -type f -atime +30 -delete
+```
+
+---
+
+**Related Topics:**
+- See [linux-administration.md](linux-administration.md) for filesystem basics
+- See [performance-tuning.md](performance-tuning.md) for I/O optimization
+- See [troubleshooting-guide.md](troubleshooting-guide.md) for disk issues
+- See [automation-patterns.md](automation-patterns.md) for backup automation