aigroup-workflow 2.1.2 → 2.2.1

package/skills/ai-ml/rag-architect/references/retrieval-optimization.md

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+# Retrieval Optimization
+
+---
+
+## Optimization Techniques Overview
+
+| Technique | Impact | Complexity | When to Use |
+|-----------|--------|------------|-------------|
+| **Hybrid Search** | High | Medium | Always for production |
+| **Reranking** | High | Low | Top-k refinement |
+| **Query Expansion** | Medium | Medium | Ambiguous queries |
+| **HyDE** | Medium-High | Medium | Concept-heavy retrieval |
+| **Metadata Filtering** | High | Low | Multi-tenant, categorical |
+| **Query Decomposition** | Medium | High | Complex questions |
+| **Contextual Compression** | Medium | Medium | Long retrieved chunks |
+
+---
+
+## Hybrid Search (Vector + Keyword)
+
+### Reciprocal Rank Fusion (RRF)
+
+```python
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Callable
+
+@dataclass
+class SearchResult:
+    id: str
+    text: str
+    score: float
+    source: str  # "vector" or "keyword"
+
+def reciprocal_rank_fusion(
+    vector_results: list[SearchResult],
+    keyword_results: list[SearchResult],
+    k: int = 60,
+    vector_weight: float = 0.5
+) -> list[SearchResult]:
+    """
+    Combine vector and keyword results using RRF.
+    k is a constant that reduces the impact of high rankings (typically 60).
+    """
+    scores: dict[str, float] = {}
+    docs: dict[str, SearchResult] = {}
+
+    # Score vector results
+    for rank, result in enumerate(vector_results, 1):
+        rrf_score = vector_weight * (1 / (k + rank))
+        scores[result.id] = scores.get(result.id, 0) + rrf_score
+        docs[result.id] = result
+
+    # Score keyword results
+    keyword_weight = 1 - vector_weight
+    for rank, result in enumerate(keyword_results, 1):
+        rrf_score = keyword_weight * (1 / (k + rank))
+        scores[result.id] = scores.get(result.id, 0) + rrf_score
+        if result.id not in docs:
+            docs[result.id] = result
+
+    # Sort by combined score
+    sorted_ids = sorted(scores.keys(), key=lambda x: scores[x], reverse=True)
+
+    return [
+        SearchResult(
+            id=doc_id,
+            text=docs[doc_id].text,
+            score=scores[doc_id],
+            source="hybrid"
+        )
+        for doc_id in sorted_ids
+    ]
+
+# Usage
+hybrid_results = reciprocal_rank_fusion(
+    vector_results=vector_search(query_embedding, top_k=20),
+    keyword_results=bm25_search(query_text, top_k=20),
+    vector_weight=0.6  # Favor semantic similarity
+)
+```
+
+### BM25 + Vector with Weaviate
+
+```python
+from weaviate.classes.query import HybridFusion
+
+collection = client.collections.get("Documents")
+
+# Hybrid search with configurable fusion
+results = collection.query.hybrid(
+    query="how to configure authentication",
+    alpha=0.5,  # 0 = pure BM25, 1 = pure vector
+    fusion_type=HybridFusion.RELATIVE_SCORE,  # or RANKED
+    limit=10,
+    return_metadata=["score", "explain_score"]
+)
+
+# Iterate results
+for obj in results.objects:
+    print(f"Score: {obj.metadata.score}")
+    print(f"Explanation: {obj.metadata.explain_score}")
+    print(f"Text: {obj.properties['content'][:200]}")
+```
+
+### Pinecone Sparse-Dense
+
+```python
+from pinecone_text.sparse import BM25Encoder
+
+# Train BM25 encoder on your corpus
+bm25 = BM25Encoder()
+bm25.fit(corpus_documents)
+
+# Encode query for hybrid search
+sparse_vector = bm25.encode_queries(query_text)
+dense_vector = get_embedding(query_text)
+
+# Search with both vectors
+results = index.query(
+    vector=dense_vector,
+    sparse_vector=sparse_vector,
+    top_k=10,
+    include_metadata=True
+)
+```
+
+---
+
+## Reranking
+
+### Cohere Rerank
+
+```python
+import cohere
+
+co = cohere.Client(api_key="your-api-key")
+
+def rerank_results(
+    query: str,
+    documents: list[str],
+    top_n: int = 5,
+    model: str = "rerank-english-v3.0"
+) -> list[dict]:
+    """Rerank documents using Cohere."""
+    response = co.rerank(
+        query=query,
+        documents=documents,
+        top_n=top_n,
+        model=model,
+        return_documents=True
+    )
+
+    return [
+        {
+            "text": result.document.text,
+            "relevance_score": result.relevance_score,
+            "original_index": result.index
+        }
+        for result in response.results
+    ]
+
+# Pipeline: retrieve more, rerank fewer
+initial_results = vector_search(query_embedding, top_k=50)
+documents = [r.text for r in initial_results]
+
+reranked = rerank_results(
+    query="how to configure OAuth2 authentication",
+    documents=documents,
+    top_n=5
+)
+
+# Use top 5 reranked docs for LLM context
+context = "\n\n".join([r["text"] for r in reranked])
+```
+
+### Cross-Encoder Reranking (Open Source)
+
+```python
+from sentence_transformers import CrossEncoder
+
+class Reranker:
+    """Rerank using cross-encoder model."""
+
+    def __init__(self, model_name: str = "cross-encoder/ms-marco-MiniLM-L-6-v2"):
+        self.model = CrossEncoder(model_name)
+
+    def rerank(
+        self,
+        query: str,
+        documents: list[str],
+        top_k: int = 5
+    ) -> list[tuple[str, float]]:
+        """Rerank documents by relevance to query."""
+        # Create query-document pairs
+        pairs = [[query, doc] for doc in documents]
+
+        # Get relevance scores
+        scores = self.model.predict(pairs)
+
+        # Sort by score
+        doc_scores = list(zip(documents, scores))
+        doc_scores.sort(key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)
+
+        return doc_scores[:top_k]
+
+# Usage
+reranker = Reranker()
+top_docs = reranker.rerank(
+    query="OAuth2 setup guide",
+    documents=retrieved_documents,
+    top_k=5
+)
+```
+
+### ColBERT-Style Late Interaction
+
+```python
+from colbert import Searcher
+from colbert.infra import Run, RunConfig
+
+# Setup ColBERT index (one-time)
+with Run().context(RunConfig(nranks=1)):
+    searcher = Searcher(index="path/to/colbert_index")
+
+# Search with late interaction scoring
+results = searcher.search(
+    query="how to configure authentication",
+    k=10
+)
+
+# Results include token-level matching scores
+for passage_id, rank, score in zip(*results):
+    print(f"Rank {rank}: Doc {passage_id}, Score: {score}")
+```
+
+---
+
+## Query Expansion
+
+### LLM-Based Query Expansion
+
+```python
+from openai import OpenAI
+
+client = OpenAI()
+
+def expand_query(query: str, num_expansions: int = 3) -> list[str]:
+    """Generate query variations using LLM."""
+    response = client.chat.completions.create(
+        model="gpt-4o-mini",
+        messages=[
+            {
+                "role": "system",
+                "content": f"""Generate {num_expansions} alternative search queries
+                that would help find relevant documents for the user's question.
+                Include:
+                - Synonym variations
+                - More specific versions
+                - More general versions
+                Return as JSON array of strings."""
+            },
+            {
+                "role": "user",
+                "content": query
+            }
+        ],
+        response_format={"type": "json_object"}
+    )
+
+    import json
+    result = json.loads(response.choices[0].message.content)
+    return [query] + result.get("queries", [])
+
+# Usage
+original_query = "how to fix memory leak"
+expanded_queries = expand_query(original_query)
+# ["how to fix memory leak", "debug memory issues", "memory leak detection",
+#  "troubleshoot high memory usage"]
+
+# Search with all queries and merge results
+all_results = []
+for q in expanded_queries:
+    results = vector_search(get_embedding(q), top_k=10)
+    all_results.extend(results)
+
+# Deduplicate and rank by frequency
+deduped = deduplicate_by_id(all_results)
+```
+
+### Query Rewriting
+
+```python
+def rewrite_query_for_retrieval(
+    conversational_query: str,
+    chat_history: list[dict]
+) -> str:
+    """Rewrite conversational query to standalone search query."""
+    response = client.chat.completions.create(
+        model="gpt-4o-mini",
+        messages=[
+            {
+                "role": "system",
+                "content": """Rewrite the user's question as a standalone search query.
+                Include relevant context from chat history.
+                Output only the rewritten query, nothing else."""
+            },
+            {
+                "role": "user",
+                "content": f"""Chat history:
+{format_chat_history(chat_history)}
+
+User's question: {conversational_query}
+
+Rewritten search query:"""
+            }
+        ],
+        max_tokens=100
+    )
+
+    return response.choices[0].message.content.strip()
+
+# Example
+history = [
+    {"role": "user", "content": "Tell me about Python web frameworks"},
+    {"role": "assistant", "content": "Popular Python web frameworks include Django, Flask, and FastAPI..."}
+]
+query = "Which one is best for APIs?"
+
+rewritten = rewrite_query_for_retrieval(query, history)
+# Output: "Best Python web framework for building REST APIs: Django vs Flask vs FastAPI"
+```
+
+---
+
+## HyDE (Hypothetical Document Embeddings)
+
+```python
+def hyde_search(
+    query: str,
+    vector_store,
+    embedding_model,
+    top_k: int = 10
+) -> list[SearchResult]:
+    """
+    Generate hypothetical answer, embed it, and search.
+    Aligns query embedding space with document embedding space.
+    """
+    # Generate hypothetical document
+    response = client.chat.completions.create(
+        model="gpt-4o-mini",
+        messages=[
+            {
+                "role": "system",
+                "content": """Write a passage that would answer the user's question.
+                Write as if you're an expert documentation author.
+                Be specific and technical. About 100-200 words."""
+            },
+            {
+                "role": "user",
+                "content": query
+            }
+        ],
+        max_tokens=300
+    )
+
+    hypothetical_doc = response.choices[0].message.content
+
+    # Embed hypothetical document
+    hyde_embedding = embedding_model.encode(hypothetical_doc)
+
+    # Search with hypothetical doc embedding
+    results = vector_store.search(
+        vector=hyde_embedding,
+        top_k=top_k
+    )
+
+    return results
+
+# Usage
+results = hyde_search(
+    query="How do I handle rate limiting in my API?",
+    vector_store=qdrant_client,
+    embedding_model=sentence_transformer
+)
+```
+
+### Multi-HyDE (Multiple Perspectives)
+
+```python
+def multi_hyde_search(
+    query: str,
+    vector_store,
+    embedding_model,
+    num_hypotheticals: int = 3,
+    top_k: int = 10
+) -> list[SearchResult]:
+    """Generate multiple hypothetical docs for diverse retrieval."""
+    response = client.chat.completions.create(
+        model="gpt-4o-mini",
+        messages=[
+            {
+                "role": "system",
+                "content": f"""Generate {num_hypotheticals} different passages
+                that could answer the question from different angles:
+                1. Technical deep-dive
+                2. Beginner-friendly explanation
+                3. Best practices summary
+
+                Return as JSON with "passages" array."""
+            },
+            {
+                "role": "user",
+                "content": query
+            }
+        ],
+        response_format={"type": "json_object"}
+    )
+
+    import json
+    passages = json.loads(response.choices[0].message.content)["passages"]
+
+    # Embed all hypotheticals
+    all_results = []
+    for passage in passages:
+        embedding = embedding_model.encode(passage)
+        results = vector_store.search(vector=embedding, top_k=top_k)
+        all_results.extend(results)
+
+    # Deduplicate and combine scores
+    return deduplicate_and_merge(all_results)
+```
+
+---
+
+## Metadata Filtering
+
+### Multi-Tenant Filtering
+
+```python
+class MultiTenantRetriever:
+    """Retriever with mandatory tenant isolation."""
+
+    def __init__(self, vector_store):
+        self.vector_store = vector_store
+
+    def search(
+        self,
+        query_embedding: list[float],
+        tenant_id: str,
+        top_k: int = 10,
+        additional_filters: dict | None = None
+    ) -> list[SearchResult]:
+        """Search with mandatory tenant filter."""
+        # Build filter - tenant is always required
+        filters = {"tenant_id": {"$eq": tenant_id}}
+
+        if additional_filters:
+            filters = {"$and": [filters, additional_filters]}
+
+        return self.vector_store.search(
+            vector=query_embedding,
+            filter=filters,
+            top_k=top_k
+        )
+
+# Usage
+retriever = MultiTenantRetriever(pinecone_index)
+results = retriever.search(
+    query_embedding=embedding,
+    tenant_id="acme-corp",
+    additional_filters={
+        "doc_type": {"$in": ["manual", "faq"]},
+        "published": {"$eq": True}
+    }
+)
+```
+
+### Temporal Filtering
+
+```python
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta
+
+def search_recent_documents(
+    query_embedding: list[float],
+    vector_store,
+    days_back: int = 30,
+    top_k: int = 10
+) -> list[SearchResult]:
+    """Search documents updated within time window."""
+    cutoff_date = datetime.utcnow() - timedelta(days=days_back)
+
+    return vector_store.search(
+        vector=query_embedding,
+        filter={
+            "updated_at": {"$gte": cutoff_date.isoformat()}
+        },
+        top_k=top_k
+    )
+
+def search_with_recency_boost(
+    query_embedding: list[float],
+    vector_store,
+    recency_weight: float = 0.2,
+    top_k: int = 10
+) -> list[SearchResult]:
+    """Boost recent documents in ranking."""
+    # Get more results to apply post-filtering
+    results = vector_store.search(
+        vector=query_embedding,
+        top_k=top_k * 3
+    )
+
+    now = datetime.utcnow()
+
+    def compute_boosted_score(result):
+        doc_date = datetime.fromisoformat(result.metadata["updated_at"])
+        days_old = (now - doc_date).days
+        recency_score = max(0, 1 - (days_old / 365))  # Decay over 1 year
+        return result.score * (1 - recency_weight) + recency_score * recency_weight
+
+    # Rerank with recency boost
+    for result in results:
+        result.boosted_score = compute_boosted_score(result)
+
+    results.sort(key=lambda x: x.boosted_score, reverse=True)
+    return results[:top_k]
+```
+
+---
+
+## Query Decomposition
+
+```python
+def decompose_complex_query(query: str) -> list[str]:
+    """Break complex query into sub-questions."""
+    response = client.chat.completions.create(
+        model="gpt-4o-mini",
+        messages=[
+            {
+                "role": "system",
+                "content": """Break this complex question into simpler sub-questions
+                that can be answered independently. Each sub-question should be
+                searchable. Return as JSON with "questions" array."""
+            },
+            {
+                "role": "user",
+                "content": query
+            }
+        ],
+        response_format={"type": "json_object"}
+    )
+
+    import json
+    result = json.loads(response.choices[0].message.content)
+    return result.get("questions", [query])
+
+def search_with_decomposition(
+    complex_query: str,
+    vector_store,
+    embedding_model,
+    top_k_per_subquery: int = 5
+) -> dict:
+    """Search for each sub-question and aggregate results."""
+    sub_questions = decompose_complex_query(complex_query)
+
+    aggregated_results = {
+        "sub_questions": [],
+        "all_documents": []
+    }
+
+    seen_doc_ids = set()
+
+    for sub_q in sub_questions:
+        embedding = embedding_model.encode(sub_q)
+        results = vector_store.search(vector=embedding, top_k=top_k_per_subquery)
+
+        sub_q_results = []
+        for r in results:
+            if r.id not in seen_doc_ids:
+                seen_doc_ids.add(r.id)
+                sub_q_results.append(r)
+                aggregated_results["all_documents"].append(r)
+
+        aggregated_results["sub_questions"].append({
+            "question": sub_q,
+            "results": sub_q_results
+        })
+
+    return aggregated_results
+
+# Usage
+complex_q = "Compare the security features of OAuth2 and API keys, and explain when to use each"
+results = search_with_decomposition(complex_q, vector_store, embedding_model)
+```
+
+---
+
+## Contextual Compression
+
+```python
+def compress_retrieved_context(
+    query: str,
+    documents: list[str],
+    max_tokens: int = 2000
+) -> str:
+    """Extract only query-relevant parts from documents."""
+    response = client.chat.completions.create(
+        model="gpt-4o-mini",
+        messages=[
+            {
+                "role": "system",
+                "content": f"""Extract only the parts of these documents that are
+                relevant to answering the user's question.
+                Remove irrelevant information.
+                Keep extracted content under {max_tokens} tokens.
+                Maintain source attribution."""
+            },
+            {
+                "role": "user",
+                "content": f"""Question: {query}
+
+Documents:
+{chr(10).join([f'[Doc {i+1}]: {doc}' for i, doc in enumerate(documents)])}
+
+Extracted relevant content:"""
+            }
+        ],
+        max_tokens=max_tokens
+    )
+
+    return response.choices[0].message.content
+```
+
+### Extractive Compression with Cross-Encoder
+
+```python
+from sentence_transformers import CrossEncoder
+
+def extractive_compress(
+    query: str,
+    document: str,
+    cross_encoder: CrossEncoder,
+    top_k_sentences: int = 5
+) -> str:
+    """Extract most relevant sentences from document."""
+    import re
+    sentences = re.split(r'(?<=[.!?])\s+', document)
+
+    if len(sentences) <= top_k_sentences:
+        return document
+
+    # Score each sentence
+    pairs = [[query, sent] for sent in sentences]
+    scores = cross_encoder.predict(pairs)
+
+    # Get top sentences in original order
+    scored_sentences = list(zip(range(len(sentences)), sentences, scores))
+    top_sentences = sorted(scored_sentences, key=lambda x: x[2], reverse=True)[:top_k_sentences]
+    top_sentences = sorted(top_sentences, key=lambda x: x[0])  # Restore order
+
+    return " ".join([s[1] for s in top_sentences])
+```
+
+---
+
+## Complete Optimized Pipeline
+
+```python
+class OptimizedRetriever:
+    """Production retrieval pipeline with all optimizations."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        vector_store,
+        embedding_model,
+        reranker,
+        bm25_index
+    ):
+        self.vector_store = vector_store
+        self.embedding_model = embedding_model
+        self.reranker = reranker
+        self.bm25_index = bm25_index
+
+    async def retrieve(
+        self,
+        query: str,
+        tenant_id: str,
+        top_k: int = 5,
+        use_hyde: bool = False,
+        use_query_expansion: bool = True
+    ) -> list[dict]:
+        """Full optimized retrieval pipeline."""
+        # Step 1: Query preprocessing
+        processed_query = self._preprocess_query(query)
+
+        # Step 2: Optional HyDE
+        if use_hyde:
+            query_embedding = await self._hyde_embed(processed_query)
+        else:
+            query_embedding = self.embedding_model.encode(processed_query)
+
+        # Step 3: Hybrid search (vector + BM25)
+        vector_results = self.vector_store.search(
+            vector=query_embedding,
+            filter={"tenant_id": tenant_id},
+            top_k=50
+        )
+        bm25_results = self.bm25_index.search(processed_query, top_k=50)
+
+        # Step 4: Merge with RRF
+        merged = reciprocal_rank_fusion(
+            vector_results,
+            bm25_results,
+            vector_weight=0.6
+        )[:30]
+
+        # Step 5: Optional query expansion
+        if use_query_expansion:
+            expanded_queries = await self._expand_query(processed_query)
+            for exp_query in expanded_queries[1:]:  # Skip original
+                exp_embedding = self.embedding_model.encode(exp_query)
+                exp_results = self.vector_store.search(
+                    vector=exp_embedding,
+                    filter={"tenant_id": tenant_id},
+                    top_k=10
+                )
+                merged.extend(exp_results)
+            merged = deduplicate_by_id(merged)[:30]
+
+        # Step 6: Rerank
+        documents = [r.text for r in merged]
+        reranked = self.reranker.rerank(
+            query=processed_query,
+            documents=documents,
+            top_k=top_k
+        )
+
+        return [
+            {
+                "text": doc,
+                "score": score,
+                "metadata": merged[i].metadata
+            }
+            for i, (doc, score) in enumerate(reranked)
+        ]
+
+    def _preprocess_query(self, query: str) -> str:
+        """Clean and normalize query."""
+        import re
+        query = re.sub(r'\s+', ' ', query).strip()
+        return query
+
+    async def _hyde_embed(self, query: str) -> list[float]:
+        """Generate hypothetical document and embed."""
+        # Implementation from HyDE section
+        pass
+
+    async def _expand_query(self, query: str) -> list[str]:
+        """Expand query with variations."""
+        # Implementation from Query Expansion section
+        pass
+```
+
+---
+
+## Performance Benchmarks
+
+| Technique | Latency Impact | Quality Impact | Cost Impact |
+|-----------|----------------|----------------|-------------|
+| Vector only | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline |
+| + BM25 hybrid | +10-20ms | +5-15% precision | Minimal |
+| + Reranking | +50-100ms | +10-20% precision | +$0.001/query |
+| + Query expansion | +100-200ms | +5-10% recall | +$0.002/query |
+| + HyDE | +200-500ms | +10-25% precision | +$0.003/query |
+
+---
+
+## Quick Reference
+
+| Goal | Technique | Implementation |
+|------|-----------|----------------|
+| Improve precision | Reranking | Cross-encoder or Cohere |
+| Improve recall | Query expansion | LLM-generated variations |
+| Handle synonyms | Hybrid search | BM25 + vector with RRF |
+| Concept search | HyDE | Hypothetical doc embedding |
+| Multi-tenant | Metadata filter | Mandatory tenant_id |
+| Fresh content | Temporal filter | Date range queries |
+| Complex questions | Decomposition | Sub-question retrieval |
+
+## Related Skills
+
+- **RAG Architect** - System design and architecture
+- **NLP Engineer** - Query understanding
+- **Python Pro** - Async implementation
+- **ML Pipeline** - Model serving for rerankers