aigroup-workflow 2.1.2 → 2.2.1

package/skills/ai-ml/ml-pipeline/references/model-validation.md

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+# Model Validation
+
+---
+
+## Overview
+
+Model validation ensures models meet quality standards before production deployment. It encompasses offline evaluation, online testing, and continuous monitoring to catch performance degradation, data drift, and model failures.
+
+## When to Use This Reference
+
+- Implementing offline model evaluation strategies
+- Setting up A/B testing frameworks
+- Building shadow deployment pipelines
+- Creating model comparison workflows
+- Implementing continuous model monitoring
+
+## When NOT to Use
+
+- Quick model prototyping
+- One-off analysis without deployment
+- Models with no production requirements
+
+---
+
+## Offline Evaluation
+
+### Comprehensive Evaluation Suite
+
+```python
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Optional
+import numpy as np
+import pandas as pd
+from sklearn.metrics import (
+    accuracy_score, precision_score, recall_score, f1_score,
+    roc_auc_score, average_precision_score, confusion_matrix,
+    mean_squared_error, mean_absolute_error, r2_score,
+)
+
+@dataclass
+class ClassificationMetrics:
+    """Classification model metrics."""
+    accuracy: float
+    precision: float
+    recall: float
+    f1: float
+    roc_auc: Optional[float]
+    pr_auc: Optional[float]
+    confusion_matrix: np.ndarray
+
+    def to_dict(self) -> dict:
+        return {
+            "accuracy": self.accuracy,
+            "precision": self.precision,
+            "recall": self.recall,
+            "f1": self.f1,
+            "roc_auc": self.roc_auc,
+            "pr_auc": self.pr_auc,
+        }
+
+@dataclass
+class RegressionMetrics:
+    """Regression model metrics."""
+    mse: float
+    rmse: float
+    mae: float
+    r2: float
+    mape: Optional[float]
+
+    def to_dict(self) -> dict:
+        return {
+            "mse": self.mse,
+            "rmse": self.rmse,
+            "mae": self.mae,
+            "r2": self.r2,
+            "mape": self.mape,
+        }
+
+class ModelEvaluator:
+    """Comprehensive model evaluation."""
+
+    def __init__(self, task_type: str = "classification"):
+        self.task_type = task_type
+
+    def evaluate_classification(
+        self,
+        y_true: np.ndarray,
+        y_pred: np.ndarray,
+        y_prob: Optional[np.ndarray] = None,
+        average: str = "weighted",
+    ) -> ClassificationMetrics:
+        """Evaluate classification model."""
+        roc_auc = None
+        pr_auc = None
+
+        if y_prob is not None:
+            if len(np.unique(y_true)) == 2:
+                # Binary classification
+                if y_prob.ndim == 2:
+                    y_prob_pos = y_prob[:, 1]
+                else:
+                    y_prob_pos = y_prob
+                roc_auc = roc_auc_score(y_true, y_prob_pos)
+                pr_auc = average_precision_score(y_true, y_prob_pos)
+            else:
+                # Multiclass
+                roc_auc = roc_auc_score(
+                    y_true, y_prob, multi_class="ovr", average=average
+                )
+
+        return ClassificationMetrics(
+            accuracy=accuracy_score(y_true, y_pred),
+            precision=precision_score(y_true, y_pred, average=average, zero_division=0),
+            recall=recall_score(y_true, y_pred, average=average, zero_division=0),
+            f1=f1_score(y_true, y_pred, average=average, zero_division=0),
+            roc_auc=roc_auc,
+            pr_auc=pr_auc,
+            confusion_matrix=confusion_matrix(y_true, y_pred),
+        )
+
+    def evaluate_regression(
+        self,
+        y_true: np.ndarray,
+        y_pred: np.ndarray,
+    ) -> RegressionMetrics:
+        """Evaluate regression model."""
+        mse = mean_squared_error(y_true, y_pred)
+
+        # MAPE (handle zero values)
+        mask = y_true != 0
+        if mask.any():
+            mape = np.mean(np.abs((y_true[mask] - y_pred[mask]) / y_true[mask])) * 100
+        else:
+            mape = None
+
+        return RegressionMetrics(
+            mse=mse,
+            rmse=np.sqrt(mse),
+            mae=mean_absolute_error(y_true, y_pred),
+            r2=r2_score(y_true, y_pred),
+            mape=mape,
+        )
+
+    def evaluate_by_segment(
+        self,
+        y_true: np.ndarray,
+        y_pred: np.ndarray,
+        segments: np.ndarray,
+        y_prob: Optional[np.ndarray] = None,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Evaluate model performance by segment."""
+        results = {}
+
+        for segment in np.unique(segments):
+            mask = segments == segment
+
+            if self.task_type == "classification":
+                segment_prob = y_prob[mask] if y_prob is not None else None
+                metrics = self.evaluate_classification(
+                    y_true[mask], y_pred[mask], segment_prob
+                )
+            else:
+                metrics = self.evaluate_regression(y_true[mask], y_pred[mask])
+
+            results[segment] = metrics.to_dict()
+
+        return results
+```
+
+### Cross-Validation Framework
+
+```python
+from sklearn.model_selection import (
+    KFold, StratifiedKFold, TimeSeriesSplit, cross_val_score
+)
+import numpy as np
+from typing import Callable
+
+class CrossValidator:
+    """Cross-validation framework for model evaluation."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        n_splits: int = 5,
+        shuffle: bool = True,
+        random_state: int = 42,
+    ):
+        self.n_splits = n_splits
+        self.shuffle = shuffle
+        self.random_state = random_state
+
+    def validate_classification(
+        self,
+        model,
+        X: np.ndarray,
+        y: np.ndarray,
+        stratified: bool = True,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Run stratified k-fold cross-validation for classification."""
+        if stratified:
+            cv = StratifiedKFold(
+                n_splits=self.n_splits,
+                shuffle=self.shuffle,
+                random_state=self.random_state,
+            )
+        else:
+            cv = KFold(
+                n_splits=self.n_splits,
+                shuffle=self.shuffle,
+                random_state=self.random_state,
+            )
+
+        evaluator = ModelEvaluator("classification")
+        fold_metrics = []
+
+        for fold, (train_idx, val_idx) in enumerate(cv.split(X, y)):
+            X_train, X_val = X[train_idx], X[val_idx]
+            y_train, y_val = y[train_idx], y[val_idx]
+
+            # Clone and train model
+            from sklearn.base import clone
+            fold_model = clone(model)
+            fold_model.fit(X_train, y_train)
+
+            y_pred = fold_model.predict(X_val)
+            y_prob = None
+            if hasattr(fold_model, "predict_proba"):
+                y_prob = fold_model.predict_proba(X_val)
+
+            metrics = evaluator.evaluate_classification(y_val, y_pred, y_prob)
+            fold_metrics.append(metrics.to_dict())
+
+        return self._aggregate_cv_results(fold_metrics)
+
+    def validate_time_series(
+        self,
+        model,
+        X: np.ndarray,
+        y: np.ndarray,
+        gap: int = 0,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Run time series cross-validation."""
+        cv = TimeSeriesSplit(n_splits=self.n_splits, gap=gap)
+        evaluator = ModelEvaluator("regression")
+        fold_metrics = []
+
+        for train_idx, val_idx in cv.split(X):
+            X_train, X_val = X[train_idx], X[val_idx]
+            y_train, y_val = y[train_idx], y[val_idx]
+
+            from sklearn.base import clone
+            fold_model = clone(model)
+            fold_model.fit(X_train, y_train)
+
+            y_pred = fold_model.predict(X_val)
+            metrics = evaluator.evaluate_regression(y_val, y_pred)
+            fold_metrics.append(metrics.to_dict())
+
+        return self._aggregate_cv_results(fold_metrics)
+
+    def _aggregate_cv_results(self, fold_metrics: list[dict]) -> dict:
+        """Aggregate metrics across folds."""
+        keys = fold_metrics[0].keys()
+        aggregated = {}
+
+        for key in keys:
+            values = [m[key] for m in fold_metrics if m[key] is not None]
+            if values:
+                aggregated[key] = {
+                    "mean": np.mean(values),
+                    "std": np.std(values),
+                    "min": np.min(values),
+                    "max": np.max(values),
+                    "values": values,
+                }
+
+        return aggregated
+```
+
+---
+
+## Model Comparison
+
+### Statistical Comparison
+
+```python
+from scipy import stats
+import numpy as np
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+@dataclass
+class ComparisonResult:
+    """Model comparison statistical result."""
+    model_a_mean: float
+    model_b_mean: float
+    difference: float
+    p_value: float
+    significant: bool
+    confidence_interval: tuple[float, float]
+    test_used: str
+
+class ModelComparator:
+    """Statistical comparison of model performance."""
+
+    def __init__(self, significance_level: float = 0.05):
+        self.significance_level = significance_level
+
+    def paired_t_test(
+        self,
+        scores_a: np.ndarray,
+        scores_b: np.ndarray,
+    ) -> ComparisonResult:
+        """Paired t-test for CV score comparison."""
+        statistic, p_value = stats.ttest_rel(scores_a, scores_b)
+
+        differences = scores_a - scores_b
+        mean_diff = np.mean(differences)
+        std_diff = np.std(differences, ddof=1)
+        n = len(differences)
+
+        # 95% confidence interval
+        t_critical = stats.t.ppf(1 - self.significance_level / 2, n - 1)
+        margin = t_critical * std_diff / np.sqrt(n)
+        ci = (mean_diff - margin, mean_diff + margin)
+
+        return ComparisonResult(
+            model_a_mean=np.mean(scores_a),
+            model_b_mean=np.mean(scores_b),
+            difference=mean_diff,
+            p_value=p_value,
+            significant=p_value < self.significance_level,
+            confidence_interval=ci,
+            test_used="paired_t_test",
+        )
+
+    def wilcoxon_test(
+        self,
+        scores_a: np.ndarray,
+        scores_b: np.ndarray,
+    ) -> ComparisonResult:
+        """Wilcoxon signed-rank test (non-parametric)."""
+        statistic, p_value = stats.wilcoxon(scores_a, scores_b)
+
+        differences = scores_a - scores_b
+        mean_diff = np.mean(differences)
+
+        # Bootstrap confidence interval
+        ci = self._bootstrap_ci(differences)
+
+        return ComparisonResult(
+            model_a_mean=np.mean(scores_a),
+            model_b_mean=np.mean(scores_b),
+            difference=mean_diff,
+            p_value=p_value,
+            significant=p_value < self.significance_level,
+            confidence_interval=ci,
+            test_used="wilcoxon",
+        )
+
+    def mcnemar_test(
+        self,
+        y_true: np.ndarray,
+        pred_a: np.ndarray,
+        pred_b: np.ndarray,
+    ) -> ComparisonResult:
+        """McNemar's test for classifier comparison."""
+        # Build contingency table
+        correct_a = (pred_a == y_true)
+        correct_b = (pred_b == y_true)
+
+        # b: A correct, B wrong; c: A wrong, B correct
+        b = np.sum(correct_a & ~correct_b)
+        c = np.sum(~correct_a & correct_b)
+
+        if b + c < 25:
+            # Use exact binomial test for small samples
+            p_value = stats.binom_test(b, b + c, 0.5)
+        else:
+            # Use chi-square approximation
+            statistic = (abs(b - c) - 1) ** 2 / (b + c)
+            p_value = 1 - stats.chi2.cdf(statistic, 1)
+
+        acc_a = np.mean(correct_a)
+        acc_b = np.mean(correct_b)
+
+        return ComparisonResult(
+            model_a_mean=acc_a,
+            model_b_mean=acc_b,
+            difference=acc_a - acc_b,
+            p_value=p_value,
+            significant=p_value < self.significance_level,
+            confidence_interval=(None, None),
+            test_used="mcnemar",
+        )
+
+    def _bootstrap_ci(
+        self,
+        data: np.ndarray,
+        n_bootstrap: int = 10000,
+        alpha: float = 0.05,
+    ) -> tuple[float, float]:
+        """Calculate bootstrap confidence interval."""
+        bootstrapped_means = []
+
+        for _ in range(n_bootstrap):
+            sample = np.random.choice(data, size=len(data), replace=True)
+            bootstrapped_means.append(np.mean(sample))
+
+        lower = np.percentile(bootstrapped_means, alpha / 2 * 100)
+        upper = np.percentile(bootstrapped_means, (1 - alpha / 2) * 100)
+
+        return (lower, upper)
+```
+
+---
+
+## A/B Testing
+
+### Online Experiment Framework
+
+```python
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from datetime import datetime
+from typing import Optional
+import numpy as np
+import hashlib
+import json
+
+@dataclass
+class Experiment:
+    """A/B test experiment configuration."""
+    experiment_id: str
+    name: str
+    control_model: str
+    treatment_model: str
+    traffic_split: float  # Fraction to treatment
+    start_time: datetime
+    end_time: Optional[datetime]
+    metrics: list[str]
+    minimum_sample_size: int
+    status: str = "active"
+
+class ABTestRouter:
+    """Route traffic between control and treatment."""
+
+    def __init__(self, experiment: Experiment):
+        self.experiment = experiment
+
+    def get_variant(self, user_id: str) -> str:
+        """Deterministically assign user to variant."""
+        # Hash user_id for consistent assignment
+        hash_input = f"{self.experiment.experiment_id}:{user_id}"
+        hash_value = int(hashlib.md5(hash_input.encode()).hexdigest(), 16)
+        normalized = hash_value / (2**128)
+
+        if normalized < self.experiment.traffic_split:
+            return "treatment"
+        return "control"
+
+    def get_model(self, user_id: str) -> str:
+        """Get model to use for user."""
+        variant = self.get_variant(user_id)
+
+        if variant == "treatment":
+            return self.experiment.treatment_model
+        return self.experiment.control_model
+
+class ABTestAnalyzer:
+    """Analyze A/B test results."""
+
+    def __init__(self, significance_level: float = 0.05):
+        self.significance_level = significance_level
+
+    def analyze_conversion(
+        self,
+        control_conversions: int,
+        control_total: int,
+        treatment_conversions: int,
+        treatment_total: int,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Analyze conversion rate experiment."""
+        control_rate = control_conversions / control_total
+        treatment_rate = treatment_conversions / treatment_total
+
+        # Two-proportion z-test
+        pooled_rate = (control_conversions + treatment_conversions) / (
+            control_total + treatment_total
+        )
+        se = np.sqrt(
+            pooled_rate * (1 - pooled_rate) * (1/control_total + 1/treatment_total)
+        )
+
+        z_stat = (treatment_rate - control_rate) / se
+        p_value = 2 * (1 - stats.norm.cdf(abs(z_stat)))
+
+        # Relative lift
+        lift = (treatment_rate - control_rate) / control_rate if control_rate > 0 else 0
+
+        # Confidence interval for difference
+        se_diff = np.sqrt(
+            control_rate * (1 - control_rate) / control_total +
+            treatment_rate * (1 - treatment_rate) / treatment_total
+        )
+        z_critical = stats.norm.ppf(1 - self.significance_level / 2)
+        ci = (
+            (treatment_rate - control_rate) - z_critical * se_diff,
+            (treatment_rate - control_rate) + z_critical * se_diff,
+        )
+
+        return {
+            "control_rate": control_rate,
+            "treatment_rate": treatment_rate,
+            "absolute_difference": treatment_rate - control_rate,
+            "relative_lift": lift,
+            "p_value": p_value,
+            "significant": p_value < self.significance_level,
+            "confidence_interval": ci,
+            "control_sample_size": control_total,
+            "treatment_sample_size": treatment_total,
+        }
+
+    def analyze_continuous_metric(
+        self,
+        control_values: np.ndarray,
+        treatment_values: np.ndarray,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Analyze continuous metric (e.g., revenue, time)."""
+        control_mean = np.mean(control_values)
+        treatment_mean = np.mean(treatment_values)
+
+        # Welch's t-test (unequal variances)
+        statistic, p_value = stats.ttest_ind(
+            treatment_values, control_values, equal_var=False
+        )
+
+        lift = (treatment_mean - control_mean) / control_mean if control_mean > 0 else 0
+
+        # Confidence interval
+        se_diff = np.sqrt(
+            np.var(control_values) / len(control_values) +
+            np.var(treatment_values) / len(treatment_values)
+        )
+        t_critical = stats.t.ppf(
+            1 - self.significance_level / 2,
+            min(len(control_values), len(treatment_values)) - 1
+        )
+        ci = (
+            (treatment_mean - control_mean) - t_critical * se_diff,
+            (treatment_mean - control_mean) + t_critical * se_diff,
+        )
+
+        return {
+            "control_mean": control_mean,
+            "treatment_mean": treatment_mean,
+            "absolute_difference": treatment_mean - control_mean,
+            "relative_lift": lift,
+            "p_value": p_value,
+            "significant": p_value < self.significance_level,
+            "confidence_interval": ci,
+            "control_sample_size": len(control_values),
+            "treatment_sample_size": len(treatment_values),
+        }
+
+    def calculate_sample_size(
+        self,
+        baseline_rate: float,
+        minimum_detectable_effect: float,
+        power: float = 0.8,
+    ) -> int:
+        """Calculate required sample size per variant."""
+        alpha = self.significance_level
+        z_alpha = stats.norm.ppf(1 - alpha / 2)
+        z_beta = stats.norm.ppf(power)
+
+        p1 = baseline_rate
+        p2 = baseline_rate * (1 + minimum_detectable_effect)
+
+        p_bar = (p1 + p2) / 2
+
+        n = (
+            (z_alpha * np.sqrt(2 * p_bar * (1 - p_bar)) +
+             z_beta * np.sqrt(p1 * (1 - p1) + p2 * (1 - p2))) ** 2 /
+            (p2 - p1) ** 2
+        )
+
+        return int(np.ceil(n))
+```
+
+---
+
+## Shadow Deployment
+
+### Shadow Mode Pipeline
+
+```python
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from datetime import datetime
+from typing import Any, Optional
+import logging
+import json
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+@dataclass
+class PredictionComparison:
+    """Comparison of production and shadow predictions."""
+    request_id: str
+    timestamp: datetime
+    production_prediction: Any
+    shadow_prediction: Any
+    production_latency_ms: float
+    shadow_latency_ms: float
+    agreement: bool
+    features: Optional[dict] = None
+
+class ShadowDeployment:
+    """Shadow deployment for model validation."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        production_model,
+        shadow_model,
+        log_path: str = "/var/log/shadow_predictions.jsonl",
+    ):
+        self.production_model = production_model
+        self.shadow_model = shadow_model
+        self.log_path = log_path
+        self.comparisons: list[PredictionComparison] = []
+
+    def predict(
+        self,
+        features: dict,
+        request_id: str = None,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Get production prediction, run shadow in parallel."""
+        import time
+        import uuid
+        import concurrent.futures
+
+        request_id = request_id or str(uuid.uuid4())
+
+        # Production prediction (synchronous, used for response)
+        prod_start = time.time()
+        production_pred = self.production_model.predict(features)
+        prod_latency = (time.time() - prod_start) * 1000
+
+        # Shadow prediction (async, logged but not returned)
+        def run_shadow():
+            shadow_start = time.time()
+            shadow_pred = self.shadow_model.predict(features)
+            shadow_latency = (time.time() - shadow_start) * 1000
+            return shadow_pred, shadow_latency
+
+        with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=1) as executor:
+            future = executor.submit(run_shadow)
+
+            try:
+                shadow_pred, shadow_latency = future.result(timeout=5.0)
+
+                comparison = PredictionComparison(
+                    request_id=request_id,
+                    timestamp=datetime.utcnow(),
+                    production_prediction=production_pred,
+                    shadow_prediction=shadow_pred,
+                    production_latency_ms=prod_latency,
+                    shadow_latency_ms=shadow_latency,
+                    agreement=self._check_agreement(production_pred, shadow_pred),
+                    features=features,
+                )
+
+                self._log_comparison(comparison)
+
+            except concurrent.futures.TimeoutError:
+                logger.warning(f"Shadow prediction timed out for {request_id}")
+
+        return production_pred
+
+    def _check_agreement(self, prod_pred: Any, shadow_pred: Any) -> bool:
+        """Check if predictions agree."""
+        if isinstance(prod_pred, (list, np.ndarray)):
+            return np.allclose(prod_pred, shadow_pred, rtol=1e-3)
+        return prod_pred == shadow_pred
+
+    def _log_comparison(self, comparison: PredictionComparison) -> None:
+        """Log comparison to file."""
+        log_entry = {
+            "request_id": comparison.request_id,
+            "timestamp": comparison.timestamp.isoformat(),
+            "production_prediction": str(comparison.production_prediction),
+            "shadow_prediction": str(comparison.shadow_prediction),
+            "production_latency_ms": comparison.production_latency_ms,
+            "shadow_latency_ms": comparison.shadow_latency_ms,
+            "agreement": comparison.agreement,
+        }
+
+        with open(self.log_path, "a") as f:
+            f.write(json.dumps(log_entry) + "\n")
+
+        self.comparisons.append(comparison)
+
+    def analyze_shadow_performance(self) -> dict:
+        """Analyze shadow model performance."""
+        if not self.comparisons:
+            return {}
+
+        agreements = [c.agreement for c in self.comparisons]
+        prod_latencies = [c.production_latency_ms for c in self.comparisons]
+        shadow_latencies = [c.shadow_latency_ms for c in self.comparisons]
+
+        return {
+            "total_comparisons": len(self.comparisons),
+            "agreement_rate": np.mean(agreements),
+            "production_latency_p50": np.percentile(prod_latencies, 50),
+            "production_latency_p99": np.percentile(prod_latencies, 99),
+            "shadow_latency_p50": np.percentile(shadow_latencies, 50),
+            "shadow_latency_p99": np.percentile(shadow_latencies, 99),
+            "latency_difference_mean": np.mean(
+                [s - p for s, p in zip(shadow_latencies, prod_latencies)]
+            ),
+        }
+```
+
+---
+
+## Validation Pipeline Integration
+
+### Complete Validation Workflow
+
+```python
+from enum import Enum
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Optional
+
+class ValidationStatus(Enum):
+    PASSED = "passed"
+    FAILED = "failed"
+    WARNING = "warning"
+
+@dataclass
+class ValidationResult:
+    """Result of a validation check."""
+    check_name: str
+    status: ValidationStatus
+    message: str
+    details: Optional[dict] = None
+
+class ModelValidator:
+    """Complete model validation workflow."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        accuracy_threshold: float = 0.8,
+        latency_threshold_ms: float = 100,
+        drift_threshold: float = 0.2,
+    ):
+        self.accuracy_threshold = accuracy_threshold
+        self.latency_threshold_ms = latency_threshold_ms
+        self.drift_threshold = drift_threshold
+        self.results: list[ValidationResult] = []
+
+    def validate_performance(
+        self,
+        y_true: np.ndarray,
+        y_pred: np.ndarray,
+    ) -> ValidationResult:
+        """Validate model performance metrics."""
+        evaluator = ModelEvaluator("classification")
+        metrics = evaluator.evaluate_classification(y_true, y_pred)
+
+        if metrics.accuracy >= self.accuracy_threshold:
+            status = ValidationStatus.PASSED
+            message = f"Accuracy {metrics.accuracy:.4f} meets threshold"
+        else:
+            status = ValidationStatus.FAILED
+            message = f"Accuracy {metrics.accuracy:.4f} below threshold {self.accuracy_threshold}"
+
+        result = ValidationResult(
+            check_name="performance",
+            status=status,
+            message=message,
+            details=metrics.to_dict(),
+        )
+        self.results.append(result)
+        return result
+
+    def validate_latency(
+        self,
+        model,
+        sample_input: np.ndarray,
+        n_iterations: int = 100,
+    ) -> ValidationResult:
+        """Validate inference latency."""
+        import time
+
+        latencies = []
+        for _ in range(n_iterations):
+            start = time.time()
+            model.predict(sample_input)
+            latencies.append((time.time() - start) * 1000)
+
+        p50 = np.percentile(latencies, 50)
+        p99 = np.percentile(latencies, 99)
+
+        if p99 <= self.latency_threshold_ms:
+            status = ValidationStatus.PASSED
+            message = f"P99 latency {p99:.2f}ms meets threshold"
+        elif p50 <= self.latency_threshold_ms:
+            status = ValidationStatus.WARNING
+            message = f"P50 OK but P99 {p99:.2f}ms exceeds threshold"
+        else:
+            status = ValidationStatus.FAILED
+            message = f"P99 latency {p99:.2f}ms exceeds threshold"
+
+        result = ValidationResult(
+            check_name="latency",
+            status=status,
+            message=message,
+            details={"p50_ms": p50, "p99_ms": p99, "mean_ms": np.mean(latencies)},
+        )
+        self.results.append(result)
+        return result
+
+    def validate_data_compatibility(
+        self,
+        model,
+        expected_features: list[str],
+        sample_data: pd.DataFrame,
+    ) -> ValidationResult:
+        """Validate model accepts expected input format."""
+        missing_features = set(expected_features) - set(sample_data.columns)
+        extra_features = set(sample_data.columns) - set(expected_features)
+
+        if missing_features:
+            status = ValidationStatus.FAILED
+            message = f"Missing features: {missing_features}"
+        elif extra_features:
+            status = ValidationStatus.WARNING
+            message = f"Extra features will be ignored: {extra_features}"
+        else:
+            status = ValidationStatus.PASSED
+            message = "All expected features present"
+
+        # Try inference
+        try:
+            model.predict(sample_data[expected_features].head(1))
+        except Exception as e:
+            status = ValidationStatus.FAILED
+            message = f"Inference failed: {str(e)}"
+
+        result = ValidationResult(
+            check_name="data_compatibility",
+            status=status,
+            message=message,
+            details={
+                "missing_features": list(missing_features),
+                "extra_features": list(extra_features),
+            },
+        )
+        self.results.append(result)
+        return result
+
+    def validate_vs_baseline(
+        self,
+        y_true: np.ndarray,
+        new_pred: np.ndarray,
+        baseline_pred: np.ndarray,
+    ) -> ValidationResult:
+        """Validate new model vs baseline."""
+        comparator = ModelComparator()
+        comparison = comparator.mcnemar_test(y_true, new_pred, baseline_pred)
+
+        new_acc = accuracy_score(y_true, new_pred)
+        baseline_acc = accuracy_score(y_true, baseline_pred)
+
+        if new_acc >= baseline_acc:
+            if comparison.significant:
+                status = ValidationStatus.PASSED
+                message = f"Significant improvement: {new_acc:.4f} vs {baseline_acc:.4f}"
+            else:
+                status = ValidationStatus.WARNING
+                message = f"Improvement not significant: {new_acc:.4f} vs {baseline_acc:.4f}"
+        else:
+            if comparison.significant:
+                status = ValidationStatus.FAILED
+                message = f"Significant regression: {new_acc:.4f} vs {baseline_acc:.4f}"
+            else:
+                status = ValidationStatus.WARNING
+                message = f"Minor regression: {new_acc:.4f} vs {baseline_acc:.4f}"
+
+        result = ValidationResult(
+            check_name="baseline_comparison",
+            status=status,
+            message=message,
+            details={
+                "new_accuracy": new_acc,
+                "baseline_accuracy": baseline_acc,
+                "p_value": comparison.p_value,
+            },
+        )
+        self.results.append(result)
+        return result
+
+    def get_summary(self) -> dict:
+        """Get validation summary."""
+        passed = sum(1 for r in self.results if r.status == ValidationStatus.PASSED)
+        warnings = sum(1 for r in self.results if r.status == ValidationStatus.WARNING)
+        failed = sum(1 for r in self.results if r.status == ValidationStatus.FAILED)
+
+        overall_status = (
+            ValidationStatus.FAILED if failed > 0
+            else ValidationStatus.WARNING if warnings > 0
+            else ValidationStatus.PASSED
+        )
+
+        return {
+            "overall_status": overall_status.value,
+            "passed": passed,
+            "warnings": warnings,
+            "failed": failed,
+            "results": [
+                {
+                    "check": r.check_name,
+                    "status": r.status.value,
+                    "message": r.message,
+                }
+                for r in self.results
+            ],
+        }
+```
+
+---
+
+## Best Practices
+
+### Validation Checklist
+
+```python
+VALIDATION_CHECKLIST = {
+    "offline": [
+        "Accuracy/performance metrics meet threshold",
+        "Cross-validation shows consistent performance",
+        "Model outperforms or matches baseline",
+        "Metrics stable across data segments",
+    ],
+    "pre_deployment": [
+        "Inference latency within SLA",
+        "Memory usage acceptable",
+        "Input/output schema validated",
+        "Model serialization/loading works",
+    ],
+    "shadow": [
+        "Shadow predictions logged successfully",
+        "Agreement rate with production acceptable",
+        "No latency regression",
+        "Error rate within bounds",
+    ],
+    "ab_test": [
+        "Sufficient sample size reached",
+        "Statistical significance achieved",
+        "No negative impact on guardrail metrics",
+        "Business metrics improved",
+    ],
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## Related References
+
+- `training-pipelines.md` - Model training before validation
+- `experiment-tracking.md` - Logging validation results
+- `pipeline-orchestration.md` - Automated validation workflows
+- `feature-engineering.md` - Feature validation
+
+## Cross-Reference Skills
+
+- **Data Engineer** - Data quality validation
+- **DevOps Engineer** - Deployment pipeline integration