@vodailoc/kilo-kit-mcp 1.1.0 → 1.2.0

package/skills/ai-media/media-processing/references/ffmpeg-encoding.md

@@ -1,358 +1,358 @@
-# FFmpeg Video & Audio Encoding
-
-Complete guide to codec selection, quality optimization, and hardware acceleration.
-
-## Video Codecs
-
-### H.264 (libx264)
-Most widely supported codec, excellent compression/quality balance.
-
-**Best for:** Universal compatibility, streaming, web video
-
-**Quality range:** CRF 17-28 (lower = better)
-
-```bash
-# High quality
-ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c:v libx264 -preset slow -crf 18 -c:a copy output.mp4
-
-# Standard quality (recommended)
-ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c:v libx264 -preset medium -crf 23 -c:a copy output.mp4
-
-# Fast encoding
-ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c:v libx264 -preset fast -crf 23 -c:a copy output.mp4
-```
-
-### H.265/HEVC (libx265)
-25-50% better compression than H.264, slower encoding.
-
-**Best for:** 4K video, file size reduction, archival
-
-```bash
-# High quality 4K
-ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c:v libx265 -preset medium -crf 24 -c:a copy output.mp4
-
-# Balanced quality
-ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c:v libx265 -preset fast -crf 26 -c:a copy output.mp4
-```
-
-### VP9 (libvpx-vp9)
-Royalty-free, WebM format, good for YouTube and open-source projects.
-
-**Best for:** YouTube, Chrome/Firefox, open platforms
-
-```bash
-# Quality-based (recommended)
-ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c:v libvpx-vp9 -crf 30 -b:v 0 -c:a libopus output.webm
-
-# Two-pass for better quality
-ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c:v libvpx-vp9 -b:v 2M -pass 1 -an -f null /dev/null
-ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c:v libvpx-vp9 -b:v 2M -pass 2 -c:a libopus output.webm
-```
-
-### AV1 (libaom-av1, libsvtav1)
-Next-generation codec, best compression, very slow encoding.
-
-**Best for:** Future-proofing, maximum compression, low bandwidth
-
-```bash
-# Using libaom (slow, highest quality)
-ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c:v libaom-av1 -crf 30 -b:v 0 -strict experimental output.mp4
-
-# Using SVT-AV1 (faster)
-ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c:v libsvtav1 -crf 30 -preset 5 output.mp4
-```
-
-## Audio Codecs
-
-### AAC (Industry Standard)
-Best quality for streaming, universal support.
-
-```bash
-# High quality
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:a aac -b:a 192k output.mp4
-
-# Standard quality
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:a aac -b:a 128k output.mp4
-
-# Low bitrate
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:a aac -b:a 96k output.mp4
-```
-
-### MP3 (libmp3lame)
-Universal compatibility, good quality.
-
-```bash
-# Variable bitrate (best quality)
-ffmpeg -i input.wav -c:a libmp3lame -q:a 0 output.mp3
-
-# Constant bitrate
-ffmpeg -i input.wav -c:a libmp3lame -b:a 192k output.mp3
-```
-
-### Opus (libopus)
-Best quality at low bitrates, ideal for voice and streaming.
-
-```bash
-# Voice (mono)
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:a libopus -b:a 32k -ac 1 output.webm
-
-# Music (stereo)
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:a libopus -b:a 128k output.webm
-```
-
-### FLAC (Lossless)
-No quality loss, archival quality, larger files.
-
-```bash
-# Lossless audio
-ffmpeg -i input.wav -c:a flac output.flac
-
-# Extract audio losslessly
-ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -c:a flac audio.flac
-```
-
-## Quality Optimization
-
-### CRF (Constant Rate Factor)
-Best for quality-focused encoding. Single-pass, adjusts bitrate for complexity.
-
-**CRF Scale:**
-- 0 = Lossless (huge files)
-- 17-18 = Visually lossless
-- 20-23 = High quality (recommended)
-- 24-28 = Medium quality
-- 30+ = Low quality
-- 51 = Worst quality
-
-```bash
-# Visually lossless
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -crf 18 -preset slow output.mp4
-
-# High quality (recommended)
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -crf 22 -preset medium output.mp4
-
-# Balanced quality/size
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -crf 25 -preset fast output.mp4
-```
-
-### Bitrate-Based Encoding
-Target specific file size or quality. Two-pass recommended.
-
-```bash
-# Calculate target bitrate
-# bitrate = (target_size_MB * 8192) / duration_seconds - audio_bitrate
-
-# Two-pass encoding (2600k video, 128k audio)
-ffmpeg -y -i input.mkv -c:v libx264 -b:v 2600k -pass 1 -an -f null /dev/null
-ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c:v libx264 -b:v 2600k -pass 2 -c:a aac -b:a 128k output.mp4
-```
-
-### Presets (Speed vs Compression)
-Trade-off between encoding speed and file size.
-
-**Available presets:**
-- `ultrafast` - Fastest, largest files
-- `superfast`
-- `veryfast`
-- `faster`
-- `fast`
-- `medium` - Default balance
-- `slow` - Better compression
-- `slower`
-- `veryslow` - Best compression
-- `placebo` - Not recommended (minimal gains)
-
-```bash
-# Fast encoding (real-time)
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -preset ultrafast -crf 23 output.mp4
-
-# Balanced
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -preset medium -crf 22 output.mp4
-
-# Best compression (slow)
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -preset veryslow -crf 20 output.mp4
-```
-
-## Hardware Acceleration
-
-### NVIDIA NVENC
-5-10x faster encoding, slightly larger files than software encoding.
-
-**Requirements:** NVIDIA GPU (GTX 10xx or newer)
-
-```bash
-# H.264 with NVENC
-ffmpeg -hwaccel cuda -i input.mp4 -c:v h264_nvenc -preset fast -crf 22 output.mp4
-
-# H.265 with NVENC
-ffmpeg -hwaccel cuda -i input.mp4 -c:v hevc_nvenc -preset slow -crf 24 output.mp4
-
-# Quality levels (instead of CRF)
-ffmpeg -hwaccel cuda -i input.mp4 -c:v h264_nvenc -preset slow -rc vbr -cq 22 output.mp4
-```
-
-**NVENC Presets:**
-- `default` - Balanced
-- `slow` - Better quality
-- `medium`
-- `fast`
-- `hp` - High performance
-- `hq` - High quality
-- `bd` - Bluray disk
-- `ll` - Low latency
-- `llhq` - Low latency high quality
-- `llhp` - Low latency high performance
-
-### Intel QuickSync (QSV)
-Fast hardware encoding on Intel CPUs with integrated graphics.
-
-**Requirements:** Intel CPU with Quick Sync Video support
-
-```bash
-# H.264 with QSV
-ffmpeg -hwaccel qsv -c:v h264_qsv -i input.mp4 \
-  -c:v h264_qsv -preset fast -global_quality 22 output.mp4
-
-# H.265 with QSV
-ffmpeg -hwaccel qsv -c:v hevc_qsv -i input.mp4 \
-  -c:v hevc_qsv -preset medium -global_quality 24 output.mp4
-
-# Quality levels
-ffmpeg -hwaccel qsv -i input.mp4 -c:v h264_qsv -global_quality 20 output.mp4
-```
-
-### AMD VCE/VCN
-Hardware encoding on AMD GPUs.
-
-**Requirements:** AMD GPU with VCE/VCN support
-
-```bash
-# H.264 with AMF
-ffmpeg -hwaccel auto -i input.mp4 \
-  -c:v h264_amf -quality balanced -rc cqp -qp 22 output.mp4
-
-# H.265 with AMF
-ffmpeg -hwaccel auto -i input.mp4 \
-  -c:v hevc_amf -quality quality -rc cqp -qp 24 output.mp4
-```
-
-### Apple VideoToolbox (macOS)
-Hardware encoding on macOS devices.
-
-```bash
-# H.264 with VideoToolbox
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v h264_videotoolbox -b:v 2M output.mp4
-
-# H.265 with VideoToolbox
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v hevc_videotoolbox -b:v 1.5M output.mp4
-```
-
-## Performance Tuning
-
-### Multi-Threading
-FFmpeg automatically uses multiple cores. Override if needed:
-
-```bash
-# Limit threads
-ffmpeg -threads 4 -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 output.mp4
-
-# Auto (default)
-ffmpeg -threads 0 -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 output.mp4
-```
-
-### Tune Options
-Optimize encoder for specific content types:
-
-```bash
-# Film content
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -tune film -crf 22 output.mp4
-
-# Animation
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -tune animation -crf 22 output.mp4
-
-# Grain (film with noise)
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -tune grain -crf 22 output.mp4
-
-# Low latency streaming
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -tune zerolatency -crf 22 output.mp4
-
-# Screen content (sharp edges)
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -tune stillimage -crf 22 output.mp4
-```
-
-## Codec Selection Guide
-
-### Use Cases
-
-| Use Case | Codec | Settings |
-|----------|-------|----------|
-| Web video | H.264 | CRF 23, preset medium |
-| 4K streaming | H.265 | CRF 24, preset fast |
-| YouTube upload | VP9 or H.264 | CRF 23 |
-| Archive | H.265 or H.264 | CRF 18, preset slow |
-| Low bandwidth | AV1 or H.265 | CRF 30 |
-| Fast encoding | H.264 NVENC | preset fast |
-| Maximum compatibility | H.264 | profile main, level 4.0 |
-
-### Platform Compatibility
-
-| Platform | Recommended | Supported |
-|----------|------------|-----------|
-| Web browsers | H.264 | H.264, VP9, AV1 |
-| Mobile devices | H.264 | H.264, H.265 |
-| Smart TVs | H.264 | H.264, H.265 |
-| YouTube | VP9, H.264 | All |
-| Social media | H.264 | H.264 |
-
-## Best Practices
-
-1. **Use CRF for most tasks** - Better than bitrate for variable content
-2. **Start with CRF 23** - Good balance, adjust based on results
-3. **Use slow preset** - For archival and final delivery
-4. **Use fast preset** - For previews and testing
-5. **Hardware acceleration** - When speed is critical
-6. **Two-pass encoding** - When file size is fixed
-7. **Match source frame rate** - Don't increase FPS
-8. **Don't upscale resolution** - Keep original or downscale
-9. **Test on short clips** - Verify settings before full encode
-10. **Keep source files** - Original quality for re-encoding
-
-## Troubleshooting
-
-### Poor Quality Output
-```bash
-# Lower CRF value
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -crf 18 -preset slow output.mp4
-
-# Use slower preset
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -crf 22 -preset veryslow output.mp4
-
-# Increase bitrate (two-pass)
-ffmpeg -y -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -b:v 5M -pass 1 -an -f null /dev/null
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -b:v 5M -pass 2 -c:a aac output.mp4
-```
-
-### Slow Encoding
-```bash
-# Use faster preset
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -preset ultrafast output.mp4
-
-# Use hardware acceleration
-ffmpeg -hwaccel cuda -i input.mp4 -c:v h264_nvenc output.mp4
-
-# Reduce resolution
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf scale=1280:-1 -c:v libx264 output.mp4
-```
-
-### Large File Size
-```bash
-# Increase CRF
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -crf 26 output.mp4
-
-# Use better codec
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx265 -crf 26 output.mp4
-
-# Two-pass with target bitrate
-ffmpeg -y -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -b:v 1M -pass 1 -an -f null /dev/null
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -b:v 1M -pass 2 -c:a aac output.mp4
-```
+# FFmpeg Video & Audio Encoding
+
+Complete guide to codec selection, quality optimization, and hardware acceleration.
+
+## Video Codecs
+
+### H.264 (libx264)
+Most widely supported codec, excellent compression/quality balance.
+
+**Best for:** Universal compatibility, streaming, web video
+
+**Quality range:** CRF 17-28 (lower = better)
+
+```bash
+# High quality
+ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c:v libx264 -preset slow -crf 18 -c:a copy output.mp4
+
+# Standard quality (recommended)
+ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c:v libx264 -preset medium -crf 23 -c:a copy output.mp4
+
+# Fast encoding
+ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c:v libx264 -preset fast -crf 23 -c:a copy output.mp4
+```
+
+### H.265/HEVC (libx265)
+25-50% better compression than H.264, slower encoding.
+
+**Best for:** 4K video, file size reduction, archival
+
+```bash
+# High quality 4K
+ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c:v libx265 -preset medium -crf 24 -c:a copy output.mp4
+
+# Balanced quality
+ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c:v libx265 -preset fast -crf 26 -c:a copy output.mp4
+```
+
+### VP9 (libvpx-vp9)
+Royalty-free, WebM format, good for YouTube and open-source projects.
+
+**Best for:** YouTube, Chrome/Firefox, open platforms
+
+```bash
+# Quality-based (recommended)
+ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c:v libvpx-vp9 -crf 30 -b:v 0 -c:a libopus output.webm
+
+# Two-pass for better quality
+ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c:v libvpx-vp9 -b:v 2M -pass 1 -an -f null /dev/null
+ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c:v libvpx-vp9 -b:v 2M -pass 2 -c:a libopus output.webm
+```
+
+### AV1 (libaom-av1, libsvtav1)
+Next-generation codec, best compression, very slow encoding.
+
+**Best for:** Future-proofing, maximum compression, low bandwidth
+
+```bash
+# Using libaom (slow, highest quality)
+ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c:v libaom-av1 -crf 30 -b:v 0 -strict experimental output.mp4
+
+# Using SVT-AV1 (faster)
+ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c:v libsvtav1 -crf 30 -preset 5 output.mp4
+```
+
+## Audio Codecs
+
+### AAC (Industry Standard)
+Best quality for streaming, universal support.
+
+```bash
+# High quality
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:a aac -b:a 192k output.mp4
+
+# Standard quality
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:a aac -b:a 128k output.mp4
+
+# Low bitrate
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:a aac -b:a 96k output.mp4
+```
+
+### MP3 (libmp3lame)
+Universal compatibility, good quality.
+
+```bash
+# Variable bitrate (best quality)
+ffmpeg -i input.wav -c:a libmp3lame -q:a 0 output.mp3
+
+# Constant bitrate
+ffmpeg -i input.wav -c:a libmp3lame -b:a 192k output.mp3
+```
+
+### Opus (libopus)
+Best quality at low bitrates, ideal for voice and streaming.
+
+```bash
+# Voice (mono)
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:a libopus -b:a 32k -ac 1 output.webm
+
+# Music (stereo)
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:a libopus -b:a 128k output.webm
+```
+
+### FLAC (Lossless)
+No quality loss, archival quality, larger files.
+
+```bash
+# Lossless audio
+ffmpeg -i input.wav -c:a flac output.flac
+
+# Extract audio losslessly
+ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -c:a flac audio.flac
+```
+
+## Quality Optimization
+
+### CRF (Constant Rate Factor)
+Best for quality-focused encoding. Single-pass, adjusts bitrate for complexity.
+
+**CRF Scale:**
+- 0 = Lossless (huge files)
+- 17-18 = Visually lossless
+- 20-23 = High quality (recommended)
+- 24-28 = Medium quality
+- 30+ = Low quality
+- 51 = Worst quality
+
+```bash
+# Visually lossless
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -crf 18 -preset slow output.mp4
+
+# High quality (recommended)
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -crf 22 -preset medium output.mp4
+
+# Balanced quality/size
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -crf 25 -preset fast output.mp4
+```
+
+### Bitrate-Based Encoding
+Target specific file size or quality. Two-pass recommended.
+
+```bash
+# Calculate target bitrate
+# bitrate = (target_size_MB * 8192) / duration_seconds - audio_bitrate
+
+# Two-pass encoding (2600k video, 128k audio)
+ffmpeg -y -i input.mkv -c:v libx264 -b:v 2600k -pass 1 -an -f null /dev/null
+ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c:v libx264 -b:v 2600k -pass 2 -c:a aac -b:a 128k output.mp4
+```
+
+### Presets (Speed vs Compression)
+Trade-off between encoding speed and file size.
+
+**Available presets:**
+- `ultrafast` - Fastest, largest files
+- `superfast`
+- `veryfast`
+- `faster`
+- `fast`
+- `medium` - Default balance
+- `slow` - Better compression
+- `slower`
+- `veryslow` - Best compression
+- `placebo` - Not recommended (minimal gains)
+
+```bash
+# Fast encoding (real-time)
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -preset ultrafast -crf 23 output.mp4
+
+# Balanced
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -preset medium -crf 22 output.mp4
+
+# Best compression (slow)
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -preset veryslow -crf 20 output.mp4
+```
+
+## Hardware Acceleration
+
+### NVIDIA NVENC
+5-10x faster encoding, slightly larger files than software encoding.
+
+**Requirements:** NVIDIA GPU (GTX 10xx or newer)
+
+```bash
+# H.264 with NVENC
+ffmpeg -hwaccel cuda -i input.mp4 -c:v h264_nvenc -preset fast -crf 22 output.mp4
+
+# H.265 with NVENC
+ffmpeg -hwaccel cuda -i input.mp4 -c:v hevc_nvenc -preset slow -crf 24 output.mp4
+
+# Quality levels (instead of CRF)
+ffmpeg -hwaccel cuda -i input.mp4 -c:v h264_nvenc -preset slow -rc vbr -cq 22 output.mp4
+```
+
+**NVENC Presets:**
+- `default` - Balanced
+- `slow` - Better quality
+- `medium`
+- `fast`
+- `hp` - High performance
+- `hq` - High quality
+- `bd` - Bluray disk
+- `ll` - Low latency
+- `llhq` - Low latency high quality
+- `llhp` - Low latency high performance
+
+### Intel QuickSync (QSV)
+Fast hardware encoding on Intel CPUs with integrated graphics.
+
+**Requirements:** Intel CPU with Quick Sync Video support
+
+```bash
+# H.264 with QSV
+ffmpeg -hwaccel qsv -c:v h264_qsv -i input.mp4 \
+  -c:v h264_qsv -preset fast -global_quality 22 output.mp4
+
+# H.265 with QSV
+ffmpeg -hwaccel qsv -c:v hevc_qsv -i input.mp4 \
+  -c:v hevc_qsv -preset medium -global_quality 24 output.mp4
+
+# Quality levels
+ffmpeg -hwaccel qsv -i input.mp4 -c:v h264_qsv -global_quality 20 output.mp4
+```
+
+### AMD VCE/VCN
+Hardware encoding on AMD GPUs.
+
+**Requirements:** AMD GPU with VCE/VCN support
+
+```bash
+# H.264 with AMF
+ffmpeg -hwaccel auto -i input.mp4 \
+  -c:v h264_amf -quality balanced -rc cqp -qp 22 output.mp4
+
+# H.265 with AMF
+ffmpeg -hwaccel auto -i input.mp4 \
+  -c:v hevc_amf -quality quality -rc cqp -qp 24 output.mp4
+```
+
+### Apple VideoToolbox (macOS)
+Hardware encoding on macOS devices.
+
+```bash
+# H.264 with VideoToolbox
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v h264_videotoolbox -b:v 2M output.mp4
+
+# H.265 with VideoToolbox
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v hevc_videotoolbox -b:v 1.5M output.mp4
+```
+
+## Performance Tuning
+
+### Multi-Threading
+FFmpeg automatically uses multiple cores. Override if needed:
+
+```bash
+# Limit threads
+ffmpeg -threads 4 -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 output.mp4
+
+# Auto (default)
+ffmpeg -threads 0 -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 output.mp4
+```
+
+### Tune Options
+Optimize encoder for specific content types:
+
+```bash
+# Film content
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -tune film -crf 22 output.mp4
+
+# Animation
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -tune animation -crf 22 output.mp4
+
+# Grain (film with noise)
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -tune grain -crf 22 output.mp4
+
+# Low latency streaming
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -tune zerolatency -crf 22 output.mp4
+
+# Screen content (sharp edges)
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -tune stillimage -crf 22 output.mp4
+```
+
+## Codec Selection Guide
+
+### Use Cases
+
+| Use Case | Codec | Settings |
+|----------|-------|----------|
+| Web video | H.264 | CRF 23, preset medium |
+| 4K streaming | H.265 | CRF 24, preset fast |
+| YouTube upload | VP9 or H.264 | CRF 23 |
+| Archive | H.265 or H.264 | CRF 18, preset slow |
+| Low bandwidth | AV1 or H.265 | CRF 30 |
+| Fast encoding | H.264 NVENC | preset fast |
+| Maximum compatibility | H.264 | profile main, level 4.0 |
+
+### Platform Compatibility
+
+| Platform | Recommended | Supported |
+|----------|------------|-----------|
+| Web browsers | H.264 | H.264, VP9, AV1 |
+| Mobile devices | H.264 | H.264, H.265 |
+| Smart TVs | H.264 | H.264, H.265 |
+| YouTube | VP9, H.264 | All |
+| Social media | H.264 | H.264 |
+
+## Best Practices
+
+1. **Use CRF for most tasks** - Better than bitrate for variable content
+2. **Start with CRF 23** - Good balance, adjust based on results
+3. **Use slow preset** - For archival and final delivery
+4. **Use fast preset** - For previews and testing
+5. **Hardware acceleration** - When speed is critical
+6. **Two-pass encoding** - When file size is fixed
+7. **Match source frame rate** - Don't increase FPS
+8. **Don't upscale resolution** - Keep original or downscale
+9. **Test on short clips** - Verify settings before full encode
+10. **Keep source files** - Original quality for re-encoding
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+### Poor Quality Output
+```bash
+# Lower CRF value
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -crf 18 -preset slow output.mp4
+
+# Use slower preset
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -crf 22 -preset veryslow output.mp4
+
+# Increase bitrate (two-pass)
+ffmpeg -y -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -b:v 5M -pass 1 -an -f null /dev/null
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -b:v 5M -pass 2 -c:a aac output.mp4
+```
+
+### Slow Encoding
+```bash
+# Use faster preset
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -preset ultrafast output.mp4
+
+# Use hardware acceleration
+ffmpeg -hwaccel cuda -i input.mp4 -c:v h264_nvenc output.mp4
+
+# Reduce resolution
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf scale=1280:-1 -c:v libx264 output.mp4
+```
+
+### Large File Size
+```bash
+# Increase CRF
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -crf 26 output.mp4
+
+# Use better codec
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx265 -crf 26 output.mp4
+
+# Two-pass with target bitrate
+ffmpeg -y -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -b:v 1M -pass 1 -an -f null /dev/null
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -b:v 1M -pass 2 -c:a aac output.mp4
+```