@vantagesec/socc 0.1.13 → 0.1.15

package/socc-canonical/.agents/soc-copilot/skills/translation-expertise/japanese.md

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-# Japanese Language Reference for Translation
-
-This document contains comprehensive information about Japanese language characteristics, conventions, and considerations relevant to translation work.
-
-## Core Characteristics
-
-### Structural Features
-
-- **Word Order**: Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) - verb always at end of sentence
-- **Subject Omission**: Frequently omits subject pronouns when clear from context
-- **Topic-Comment Structure**: Uses は (wa) particle to mark topic
-- **Three Writing Systems**: Hiragana, katakana, and kanji used together
-- **Communication Style**: Indirect, high-context communication preferred
-- **Honorific Systems**: Elaborate politeness and respect language (敬語 - keigo)
-
-### Writing Systems
-
-**Hiragana (ひらがな)**:
-
-- Native Japanese words
-- Grammatical elements (particles, verb endings)
-- Words written in hiragana when kanji is too difficult
-- 46 basic characters plus combinations
-
-**Katakana (カタカナ)**:
-
-- Foreign loanwords: コンピューター (konpyūtā - computer)
-- Emphasis (like italics in English)
-- Sound effects and onomatopoeia
-- Foreign names: ジョン (Jon)
-- Technical/scientific terms
-- 46 basic characters plus combinations
-
-**Kanji (漢字)**:
-
-- Chinese characters for content words
-- 2,136 official daily-use characters (常用漢字 - jōyō kanji)
-- Each character can have multiple readings (on'yomi and kun'yomi)
-- Compound words combine kanji: 電話 (denwa - telephone)
-
-### Grammatical Features
-
-**Particles (助詞 - joshi)**:
-
-- Indicate grammatical relationships
-- は (wa): Topic marker
-- が (ga): Subject marker
-- を (wo/o): Direct object marker
-- に (ni): Indirect object, direction, time
-- で (de): Location of action, means
-- へ (e): Direction
-- から (kara): From (source)
-- まで (made): Until, up to
-- も (mo): Also, too
-- の (no): Possessive, modification
-
-**Verb Conjugation**:
-
-- Shows tense (past vs. non-past)
-- Shows aspect (completed, continuous)
-- Shows mood (indicative, conditional, imperative)
-- Shows politeness level (plain vs. polite)
-- Shows voice (active, passive, causative)
-
-**Adjectives**:
-
-- **い-adjectives**: Conjugate like verbs (高い - takai, 高かった - takakatta)
-- **な-adjectives**: Use な before nouns (静かな - shizuka na)
-
-**Other Features**:
-
-- No grammatical number (singular/plural not marked)
-- No grammatical gender
-- No articles (a/an/the)
-- Relative clauses precede the noun they modify
-- Questions formed by adding か particle
-
-## Politeness Levels (敬語 - Keigo)
-
-### 1. Plain Form (普通形 - Futsū-kei)
-
-**Usage**: Casual speech with close friends, family, and in internal monologue
-
-**Characteristics**:
-
-- Dictionary form of verbs: 食べる (taberu), 行く (iku), 見る (miru)
-- Adjectives end in い or だ: 高い (takai), 静かだ (shizuka da)
-- Copula だ (da): これは本だ (This is a book)
-- Used in casual writing, diaries, literature
-
-**Example**:
-
-- 昨日、映画を見た。面白かった。(Kinō, eiga wo mita. Omoshirokatta.)
-- "Yesterday, watched a movie. Was interesting."
-
-**When to translate to plain form**:
-
-- Dialogue between close friends or family members
-- Internal thoughts in narratives
-- Casual social media posts
-- Informal written communication
-
-### 2. Polite Form (丁寧語 - Teineigo)
-
-**Usage**: Standard polite speech for general public interaction
-
-**Characteristics**:
-
-- Verbs end in -ます (masu): 食べます (tabemasu), 行きます (ikimasu)
-- Copula is です (desu): これは本です (This is a book)
-- Appropriate for: business contexts, strangers, service situations, formal writing
-- **Default choice** for translations unless context clearly suggests otherwise
-
-**Example**:
-
-- 昨日、映画を見ました。面白かったです。(Kinō, eiga wo mimashita. Omoshirokatta desu.)
-- "Yesterday, I watched a movie. It was interesting."
-
-**When to translate to polite form**:
-
-- Business communications
-- Formal presentations
-- Customer service interactions
-- Academic or professional writing
-- News articles
-- Instructional materials
-- When relationship between speakers is unclear
-
-### 3. Respectful Form (尊敬語 - Sonkeigo)
-
-**Usage**: Elevates the actions of others (superiors, customers, respected persons)
-
-**Characteristics**:
-
-**Special Verb Forms**:
-
-- いらっしゃる (irassharu): be/come/go (honorific for いる/来る/行く)
-- 召し上がる (meshiagaru): eat/drink (honorific for 食べる/飲む)
-- おっしゃる (ossharu): say (honorific for 言う)
-- ご覧になる (goran ni naru): see/look (honorific for 見る)
-- なさる (nasaru): do (honorific for する)
-
-**お/ご + Verb Stem + になる Pattern**:
-
-- お読みになる (o-yomi ni naru): read (honorific)
-- ご利用になる (go-riyō ni naru): use (honorific)
-- お書きになる (o-kaki ni naru): write (honorific)
-
-**Passive Form as Honorific**:
-
-- 読まれる (yomareru): read (passive used as respectful)
-- 書かれる (kakareru): write (passive used as respectful)
-
-**Example**:
-
-- 社長はもう会議にいらっしゃいますか。(Shachō wa mō kaigi ni irasshaimasu ka?)
-- "Has the president already arrived at the meeting?"
-
-**When to translate to respectful form**:
-
-- Referring to customers' actions
-- Speaking to/about superiors
-- Formal business correspondence about clients
-- Service industry communications
-
-### 4. Humble Form (謙譲語 - Kenjōgo)
-
-**Usage**: Lowers one's own actions when speaking to superiors or about one's actions affecting respected persons
-
-**Characteristics**:
-
-**Special Verb Forms**:
-
-- 伺う (ukagau): visit/ask (humble for 行く/聞く/訪ねる)
-- 申し上げる (mōshiageru): say (humble for 言う)
-- 拝見する (haiken suru): look at (humble for 見る)
-- いただく (itadaku): receive/eat (humble for もらう/食べる)
-- 存じる (zonjiru): know (humble for 知る)
-- おる (oru): be (humble for いる)
-
-**お/ご + Verb Stem + する Pattern**:
-
-- お送りする (o-okuri suru): send (humble)
-- ご説明する (go-setsumei suru): explain (humble)
-- お伺いする (o-ukagai suru): visit/ask (humble)
-
-**Example**:
-
-- 明日、御社に伺います。(Ashita, onsha ni ukagaimasu.)
-- "Tomorrow, I will visit your company."
-
-**When to translate to humble form**:
-
-- Describing your own actions to superiors
-- Business communications about your company to clients
-- Formal requests or inquiries
-- Service industry describing own actions
-
-### 5. Beautification (美化語 - Bikago)
-
-**Usage**: Refined expressions that make language sound more sophisticated
-
-**Characteristics**:
-
-**お Prefix** (for native Japanese words):
-
-- お茶 (o-cha): tea
-- お花 (o-hana): flowers
-- お金 (o-kane): money
-- お水 (o-mizu): water
-- お天気 (o-tenki): weather
-
-**ご Prefix** (for Sino-Japanese words):
-
-- ご飯 (go-han): meal/rice
-- ご予定 (go-yotei): schedule
-- ご意見 (go-iken): opinion
-- ご家族 (go-kazoku): family (when referring to others')
-
-**Effect**: Creates sophisticated, feminine, or formal tone
-
-**Example**:
-
-- お水をいただけますか。(O-mizu wo itadakemasu ka?)
-- "Could I have some water?" (very polite)
-
-**When to translate to beautification language**:
-
-- Formal service contexts
-- When feminine or refined tone is appropriate
-- Customer-facing communications
-- Traditional or formal settings
-
-## Translation Considerations
-
-### From Japanese to English/Chinese
-
-**Common Challenges**:
-
-1. **Determining Politeness Context**: English/Chinese have less elaborate systems
-2. **Adding Subjects**: English often requires explicit subjects
-3. **Word Order**: Convert SOV to SVO structure
-4. **Particles**: No direct equivalents; meaning must be conveyed structurally
-5. **Topic vs. Subject**: は (wa) vs. が (ga) distinction
-6. **Honorifics**: Translate through titles, polite vocabulary, or context
-7. **Gendered Speech**: Consider if gender markers should be preserved
-
-**Key Strategies**:
-
-- **Identify politeness level** and match with appropriate register in target language
-- **Add subjects** where English/Chinese requires them
-- **Restructure sentences** from SOV to SVO
-- **Use titles and honorifics** (Mr., Dr., esteemed) to convey respect
-- **Preserve formality** through vocabulary choice
-- **Consider gender implications** of speech patterns
-- **Clarify implicit information** that context makes clear in Japanese
-
-### To Japanese from English/Chinese
-
-**Common Challenges**:
-
-1. **Choosing Politeness Level**: Default to です/ます unless clear context
-2. **Subject Omission**: Decide whether to include or omit pronouns
-3. **Writing System Choice**: Kanji, hiragana, or katakana?
-4. **Particle Selection**: Choose appropriate particles for relationships
-5. **Context Dependence**: What can be left implicit?
-6. **Gender-Appropriate Language**: Unless deliberately neutral
-
-**Key Strategies**:
-
-- **Choose です/ます form as default** unless context clearly suggests casualness or high formality
-- **Omit subjects** where context is clear
-- **Use kanji for content words** (電話, 会社, 日本)
-- **Use katakana for Western loanwords** (コンピューター, メール, ビジネス)
-- **Use hiragana for grammatical elements** and native words without common kanji
-- **Select appropriate particles** based on grammatical function
-- **Consider audience** when choosing kanji complexity
-- **Be aware of gender-marked language** (pronouns, sentence endings)
-
-## Gendered Speech Patterns
-
-### Masculine Speech
-
-**Pronouns**:
-
-- 俺 (ore): Very casual "I" (masculine)
-- 僕 (boku): Casual "I" (masculine, softer than 俺)
-- お前 (omae): "You" (masculine, casual or confrontational)
-
-**Sentence Endings**:
-
-- だぜ (da ze): Emphatic casual (masculine)
-- だぞ (da zo): Emphatic, warning (masculine)
-- だな (da na): Casual affirmation (masculine)
-
-### Feminine Speech
-
-**Pronouns**:
-
-- あたし (atashi): Casual "I" (feminine)
-- わたし (watashi): Neutral "I" (used by everyone in formal contexts)
-
-**Sentence Endings**:
-
-- だわ (da wa): Gentle affirmation (feminine)
-- のよ (no yo): Explanatory, emphatic (feminine)
-- かしら (kashira): Wonder, question (feminine)
-
-### Neutral Speech
-
-**Pronouns**:
-
-- 私 (watashi): Standard "I" (formal, neutral)
-- わたくし (watakushi): Very formal "I"
-
-**Modern Trends**:
-
-- Gender-neutral speech increasingly common
-- Younger generations use less gendered language
-- Professional contexts favor neutral speech
-
-## Punctuation Conventions
-
-### Basic Punctuation
-
-**Period (。 - Maru)**:
-
-- End of sentences
-- Full-width character (not half-width .)
-- Used in all writing styles (horizontal and vertical)
-
-**Comma (、 - Tōten)**:
-
-- Separating clauses within a sentence
-- Listing items
-- Full-width character
-- Used less extensively than English commas
-
-**Alternative Comma (,)**:
-
-- Western-style comma sometimes used in horizontal writing
-- Common in technical documents
-- Preference varies by style guide
-
-### Quotation Marks
-
-**Primary Quotation (「」 - Kagikakko)**:
-
-- Direct quotations: 彼は「こんにちは」と言った
-- Dialogue in narratives
-- Titles of articles, songs, TV episodes
-- Called 鉤括弧 (kagikakko) - "hook brackets"
-- Opening: 「 Closing: 」
-
-**Secondary Quotation (『』 - Nijū Kagikakko)**:
-
-- Quotations within quotations
-- Emphasis
-- Titles of books, movies, albums
-- Called 二重鉤括弧 (nijū kagikakko) - "double hook brackets"
-- Opening: 『 Closing: 』
-
-**Important Note**: Order reversed from English:
-
-- Japanese: 「primary」with『secondary』inside
-- English: "primary" with 'secondary' inside
-
-### Special Punctuation
-
-**Middle Dot (・ - Nakaguro)**:
-
-- Separating items in a list: リンゴ・バナナ・オレンジ
-- Between parts of foreign names: ジョン・スミス (John Smith)
-- Between katakana words: コーヒー・ショップ
-- In dates: 2023・12・25
-
-**Wave Dash (〜 - Nami Dasshu)**:
-
-- Indicating ranges: 10時〜12時 (10:00-12:00)
-- Elongating sound in casual writing: へえ〜 (heee~)
-- Note: Different from tilde (~)
-
-**Long Vowel Mark (ー - Chōonpu)**:
-
-- Extending vowel sounds in katakana: コーヒー (kōhī)
-- Only used in katakana, not hiragana or kanji
-
-**Ellipsis (…… - Santenrīdā)**:
-
-- Trailing off, omission, or pause
-- Typically written as two sets of three dots: ……
-- Full-width dots, not half-width ...
-
-**Repetition Mark (々)**:
-
-- Indicates repetition of previous kanji
-- Example: 時時 → 時々 (tokidoki - sometimes)
-- Example: 人人 → 人々 (hitobito - people)
-- Not used for hiragana (uses ゝ) or katakana (uses ヽ)
-
-### Parentheses and Brackets
-
-**Parentheses (( ) or ( ))**:
-
-- Additional information
-- Romanization or readings: 東京(とうきょう)Tokyo
-- Can use full-width ( ) or half-width ( )
-- Full-width more common in Japanese text
-
-**Square Brackets ([ ])**:
-
-- Editorial notes
-- Less common than parentheses
-
-### Question and Exclamation
-
-**Question Mark (? or ?)**:
-
-- End of questions
-- Can use half-width ? or full-width ?
-- Traditional Japanese used only か particle (no question mark)
-- Modern writing often includes question marks for emphasis
-
-**Exclamation Mark (! or !)**:
-
-- Strong emotion or emphasis
-- Can use half-width ! or full-width !
-- Often doubled for extra emphasis: !!
-
-### Special Considerations
-
-**No Spaces**: Japanese text traditionally has no spaces between words. Readability comes from mixing hiragana, katakana, and kanji.
-
-**Vertical vs. Horizontal Writing**:
-
-- **Traditional**: Vertical text (縦書き - tategaki), right to left columns
-- **Modern**: Horizontal text (横書き - yokogaki), left to right rows
-- Punctuation placement adjusts accordingly
-
-## Common Japanese Idioms and Expressions
-
-### Four-Character Idioms (四字熟語 - Yojijukugo)
-
-- 一石二鳥 (isseki nichō): Kill two birds with one stone
-- 自業自得 (jigō jitoku): You reap what you sow
-- 十人十色 (jūnin toiro): To each their own (ten people, ten colors)
-- 一期一会 (ichi-go ichi-e): Once in a lifetime encounter
-
-### Common Expressions
-
-- 頑張って (ganbatte): Do your best / Good luck
-- お疲れ様でした (otsukaresama deshita): Thank you for your hard work
-- お先に失礼します (osaki ni shitsurei shimasu): Excuse me for leaving first
-- よろしくお願いします (yoroshiku onegaishimasu): Please treat me well / I'm in your care
-
-### Proverbs (諺 - Kotowaza)
-
-- 猿も木から落ちる (saru mo ki kara ochiru): Even monkeys fall from trees (everyone makes mistakes)
-- 急がば回れ (isogaba maware): When in a hurry, take the long route (haste makes waste)
-- 塵も積もれば山となる (chiri mo tsumoreba yama to naru): Even dust, when accumulated, becomes a mountain
-
-## Writing System Considerations
-
-### Kanji Level Selection
-
-**常用漢字 (Jōyō Kanji)**: 2,136 official daily-use characters
-
-- Taught in compulsory education
-- Used in official documents, newspapers
-- Standard for general audience
-
-**Furigana (振り仮名)**: Ruby text showing readings
-
-- Used for difficult kanji
-- Common in children's books
-- Educational materials
-- When introducing new terms
-
-### Katakana Usage
-
-**When to use katakana**:
-
-- Foreign loanwords: コンピューター (computer), メール (email)
-- Foreign names: アメリカ (America), ジョン (John)
-- Technical terms: データ (data), システム (system)
-- Emphasis (like italics): これはホントに重要だ
-- Sound effects: ドキドキ (doki doki - heartbeat sound)
-- Onomatopoeia: ガタガタ (gata gata - rattling sound)
-
-### Common Translation Challenges
-
-**Contextual Words**:
-
-- これ (kore), それ (sore), あれ (are): This, that, that over there
-- こちら (kochira), そちら (sochira): This way, that way (polite)
-
-**Cultural Concepts**:
-
-- もったいない (mottainai): Wasteful, regrettable (no single English equivalent)
-- 懐かしい (natsukashii): Nostalgic (for positive memories)
-- お疲れ様 (otsukaresama): Acknowledgment of someone's effort
-- よろしく (yoroshiku): Please treat me well (multifaceted meaning)
-
-## Translation Best Practices
-
-1. **Choose Appropriate Politeness Level**: Default to です/ます unless context is clear
-2. **Preserve Nuance**: Pay attention to particles and their implications
-3. **Consider Context**: Much meaning is implicit; clarify when needed
-4. **Respect Honorifics**: Convey respect appropriately in target language
-5. **Writing System Choice**: Use kanji for content, katakana for foreign words, hiragana for grammar
-6. **Audience Awareness**: Choose kanji complexity appropriate to readers
-7. **Gender Sensitivity**: Be aware of gendered speech patterns
-8. **Cultural Concepts**: Some concepts require explanation or cultural adaptation
-9. **Omit Subjects Appropriately**: Don't include subjects if context is clear
-10. **Verify Formality**: Ensure formality level matches throughout document