@unikia/upe-renderer 0.0.0-stage → 0.187.11

package/src/renderers/webgpu/WebGPUBackend.js

@@ -0,0 +1,3379 @@
+// debugger tools
+// import 'https://greggman.github.io/webgpu-avoid-redundant-state-setting/webgpu-check-redundant-state-setting.js';
+
+import { GPUFeatureName, GPULoadOp, GPUStoreOp, GPUIndexFormat, GPUTextureViewDimension, GPUFeatureMap, GPUShaderStage } from './utils/WebGPUConstants.js';
+
+import WGSLNodeBuilder from './nodes/WGSLNodeBuilder.js';
+import Backend from '../common/Backend.js';
+
+import WebGPUUtils, { beforeSubmit, submit } from './utils/WebGPUUtils.js';
+import WebGPUUniformArena from './utils/WebGPUUniformArena.js';
+import WebGPUAttributeUtils from './utils/WebGPUAttributeUtils.js';
+import WebGPUBindingUtils from './utils/WebGPUBindingUtils.js';
+import WebGPUCapabilities from './utils/WebGPUCapabilities.js';
+import WebGPUPipelineUtils from './utils/WebGPUPipelineUtils.js';
+import WebGPUTextureUtils from './utils/WebGPUTextureUtils.js';
+
+import { WebGPUCoordinateSystem, TimestampQuery, REVISION, HalfFloatType, Compatibility, CustomBlending } from '../../constants.js';
+import { Color } from '../../math/Color.js';
+import WebGPUTimestampQueryPool from './utils/WebGPUTimestampQueryPool.js';
+import { error, warnOnce } from '../../utils.js';
+
+import GPUBufferDescriptor from './descriptors/GPUBufferDescriptor.js';
+import GPUCommandEncoderDescriptor from './descriptors/GPUCommandEncoderDescriptor.js';
+import GPUComputePassDescriptor from './descriptors/GPUComputePassDescriptor.js';
+import GPUQuerySetDescriptor from './descriptors/GPUQuerySetDescriptor.js';
+import GPUShaderModuleDescriptor from './descriptors/GPUShaderModuleDescriptor.js';
+import GPURenderPassColorAttachment from './descriptors/GPURenderPassColorAttachment.js';
+import GPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment from './descriptors/GPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment.js';
+import GPURenderPassDescriptor from './descriptors/GPURenderPassDescriptor.js';
+import GPURenderPassTimestampWrites from './descriptors/GPURenderPassTimestampWrites.js';
+import GPUTexelCopyTextureInfo from './descriptors/GPUTexelCopyTextureInfo.js';
+import GPUTextureDescriptor from './descriptors/GPUTextureDescriptor.js';
+import GPUTextureViewDescriptor from './descriptors/GPUTextureViewDescriptor.js';
+import GPUExtent3D from './descriptors/GPUExtent3D.js';
+
+const _clearValue = { r: 0, g: 0, b: 0, a: 1 };
+const _blendConstant = { r: 0, g: 0, b: 0, a: 0 };
+const _bufferDescriptor = new GPUBufferDescriptor();
+const _commandEncoderDescriptor = new GPUCommandEncoderDescriptor();
+const _computePassDescriptor = new GPUComputePassDescriptor();
+const _querySetDescriptor = new GPUQuerySetDescriptor();
+const _shaderModuleDescriptor = new GPUShaderModuleDescriptor();
+const _renderPassTimestampWrites = new GPURenderPassTimestampWrites();
+const _texelCopyTextureInfoSrc = new GPUTexelCopyTextureInfo();
+const _texelCopyTextureInfoDst = new GPUTexelCopyTextureInfo();
+const _textureDescriptor = new GPUTextureDescriptor();
+const _viewDescriptor = new GPUTextureViewDescriptor();
+const _extent3D = new GPUExtent3D();
+
+/**
+ * A backend implementation targeting WebGPU.
+ *
+ * @private
+ * @augments Backend
+ */
+class WebGPUBackend extends Backend {
+
+	/**
+	 * WebGPUBackend options.
+	 *
+	 * @typedef {Object} WebGPUBackend~Options
+	 * @property {boolean} [logarithmicDepthBuffer=false] - Whether logarithmic depth buffer is enabled or not.
+	 * @property {boolean} [reversedDepthBuffer=false] - Whether reversed depth buffer is enabled or not.
+	 * @property {boolean} [alpha=true] - Whether the default framebuffer (which represents the final contents of the canvas) should be transparent or opaque.
+	 * @property {boolean} [depth=true] - Whether the default framebuffer should have a depth buffer or not.
+	 * @property {boolean} [stencil=false] - Whether the default framebuffer should have a stencil buffer or not.
+	 * @property {boolean} [antialias=false] - Whether MSAA as the default anti-aliasing should be enabled or not.
+	 * @property {number} [samples=0] - When `antialias` is `true`, `4` samples are used by default. Set this parameter to any other integer value than 0 to overwrite the default.
+	 * @property {boolean} [forceWebGL=false] - If set to `true`, the renderer uses a WebGL 2 backend no matter if WebGPU is supported or not.
+	 * @property {boolean} [trackTimestamp=false] - Whether to track timestamps with a Timestamp Query API or not.
+	 * @property {string} [powerPreference=undefined] - The power preference.
+	 * @property {Object|string} [requiredLimits='adapter'] - The limits the device is requested with: `'adapter'` for every limit the adapter offers, `'default'` for WebGPU's defaults, or the limits to require. The request will fail if the adapter cannot provide these limits.
+	 * @property {GPUDevice} [device=undefined] - If there is an existing GPU device on app level, it can be passed to the renderer as a parameter.
+	 * @property {number} [outputType=undefined] - Texture type for output to canvas. By default, device's preferred format is used; other formats may incur overhead.
+	 */
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructs a new WebGPU backend.
+	 *
+	 * @param {WebGPUBackend~Options} [parameters] - The configuration parameter.
+	 */
+	constructor( parameters = {} ) {
+
+		super( parameters );
+
+		/**
+		 * This flag can be used for type testing.
+		 *
+		 * @type {boolean}
+		 * @readonly
+		 * @default true
+		 */
+		this.isWebGPUBackend = true;
+
+		// some parameters require default values other than "undefined"
+		this.parameters.alpha = ( parameters.alpha === undefined ) ? true : parameters.alpha;
+
+		this.parameters.requiredLimits = ( parameters.requiredLimits === undefined ) ? 'adapter' : parameters.requiredLimits;
+
+		/**
+		 * Indicates whether the backend is in WebGPU compatibility mode or not.
+		 * The backend must be initialized before the property can be evaluated.
+		 *
+		 * @type {?boolean}
+		 * @readonly
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this.compatibilityMode = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * A reference to the device.
+		 *
+		 * @type {?GPUDevice}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		/**
+		 * The adapter the device was requested from, or `null` when the device was passed in.
+		 *
+		 * @type {?GPUAdapter}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this.adapter = null;
+
+		this.device = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * A reference to the default render pass descriptor.
+		 *
+		 * @type {?Object}
+		 * @default null
+		 */
+		this.defaultRenderPassdescriptor = null;
+
+		/**
+		 * A reference to a backend module holding common utility functions.
+		 *
+		 * @type {WebGPUUtils}
+		 */
+		this.utils = new WebGPUUtils( this );
+
+		/**
+		 * A reference to a backend module holding shader attribute-related
+		 * utility functions.
+		 *
+		 * @type {WebGPUAttributeUtils}
+		 */
+		this.attributeUtils = new WebGPUAttributeUtils( this );
+
+		/**
+		 * A reference to a backend module holding shader binding-related
+		 * utility functions.
+		 *
+		 * @type {WebGPUBindingUtils}
+		 */
+		this.bindingUtils = new WebGPUBindingUtils( this );
+
+		/**
+		 * A reference to a backend module holding device capability related
+		 * utility functions.
+		 *
+		 * @type {WebGPUCapabilities}
+		 */
+		this.capabilities = new WebGPUCapabilities( this );
+
+		/**
+		 * A reference to a backend module holding shader pipeline-related
+		 * utility functions.
+		 *
+		 * @type {WebGPUPipelineUtils}
+		 */
+		this.pipelineUtils = new WebGPUPipelineUtils( this );
+
+		/**
+		 * A reference to a backend module holding shader texture-related
+		 * utility functions.
+		 *
+		 * @type {WebGPUTextureUtils}
+		 */
+		this.textureUtils = new WebGPUTextureUtils( this );
+
+		/**
+		 * A map that manages the resolve buffers for occlusion queries.
+		 *
+		 * @type {Map<number,GPUBuffer>}
+		 */
+		this.occludedResolveCache = new Map();
+
+		// compatibility checks
+
+		const compatibilityTextureCompare = typeof navigator === 'undefined' ? true : /Android/.test( navigator.userAgent ) === false;
+
+		/**
+		 * A map of compatibility checks.
+		 *
+		 * @type {Object}
+		 */
+		this._compatibility = {
+			[ Compatibility.TEXTURE_COMPARE ]: compatibilityTextureCompare
+		};
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Initializes the backend so it is ready for usage.
+	 *
+	 * @async
+	 * @param {Renderer} renderer - The renderer.
+	 * @return {Promise} A Promise that resolves when the backend has been initialized.
+	 */
+	async init( renderer ) {
+
+		await super.init( renderer );
+
+		//
+
+		const parameters = this.parameters;
+
+		// create the device if it is not passed with parameters
+
+		let device;
+
+		if ( parameters.device === undefined ) {
+
+			const adapterOptions = {
+				powerPreference: parameters.powerPreference,
+				featureLevel: 'compatibility',
+				xrCompatible: renderer.xr.enabled
+			};
+
+			const adapter = ( typeof navigator !== 'undefined' ) ? await navigator.gpu.requestAdapter( adapterOptions ) : null;
+
+			if ( adapter === null ) {
+
+				throw new Error( 'THREE.WebGPUBackend: Unable to create WebGPU adapter.' );
+
+			}
+
+			// every feature the adapter offers, not only those three.js knows by name, and its
+			// limits unless the caller asks for others
+
+			let requiredLimits = parameters.requiredLimits;
+
+			if ( requiredLimits === 'adapter' ) {
+
+				requiredLimits = {};
+
+				for ( const name in adapter.limits ) {
+
+					if ( typeof adapter.limits[ name ] === 'number' ) requiredLimits[ name ] = adapter.limits[ name ];
+
+				}
+
+			} else if ( requiredLimits === 'default' ) {
+
+				requiredLimits = {};
+
+			}
+
+			const deviceDescriptor = {
+				requiredFeatures: [ ...adapter.features ],
+				requiredLimits
+			};
+
+			this.adapter = adapter;
+
+			device = await adapter.requestDevice( deviceDescriptor );
+
+		} else {
+
+			device = parameters.device;
+
+		}
+
+		this.compatibilityMode = ! device.features.has( 'core-features-and-limits' );
+
+		if ( this.compatibilityMode ) {
+
+			renderer._samples = 0;
+
+		}
+
+		device.lost.then( ( info ) => {
+
+			if ( info.reason === 'destroyed' ) return;
+
+			const deviceLossInfo = {
+				api: 'WebGPU',
+				message: info.message || 'Unknown reason',
+				reason: info.reason || null,
+				originalEvent: info
+			};
+
+			renderer.onDeviceLost( deviceLossInfo );
+
+		} );
+
+		device.onuncapturederror = ( event ) => {
+
+			const gpuError = event.error;
+			const type = gpuError && gpuError.constructor ? gpuError.constructor.name : 'GPUError';
+			const message = ( gpuError && gpuError.message ) || 'Unknown uncaptured GPU error';
+
+			renderer.onError( {
+				api: 'WebGPU',
+				type,
+				message,
+				originalEvent: event
+			} );
+
+		};
+
+		this.device = device;
+
+		// Uniform buffers as slices of a few large buffers, written to the GPU once per submit.
+		this.uniformArena = new WebGPUUniformArena( device );
+		beforeSubmit( device, () => this.uniformArena.flush() );
+
+		this.trackTimestamp = this.trackTimestamp && this.hasFeature( GPUFeatureName.TimestampQuery );
+
+		this.capabilities.detect();
+
+		this.updateSize();
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Registers external GPU textures from `XRGPUBinding` for use in rendering.
+	 *
+	 * @param {RenderTarget} renderTarget - The render target to register the textures for.
+	 * @param {GPUTexture} colorTexture - The shared XR color GPUTexture.
+	 * @param {?Array<Object>} [viewDescriptors=null] - Optional view descriptors, one per XR view.
+	 */
+	setXRRenderTargetTextures( renderTarget, colorTexture, viewDescriptors = null ) {
+
+		// Update the external XR texture without replacing the cached MSAA attachments.
+		const textureData = this.get( renderTarget.texture );
+
+		textureData.texture = colorTexture;
+		textureData.format = colorTexture.format;
+		textureData.externalTexture = true;
+		textureData.xrViewDescriptors = viewDescriptors;
+		textureData.initialized = true;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * A reference to the context.
+	 *
+	 * @type {?GPUCanvasContext}
+	 * @default null
+	 */
+	get context() {
+
+		const canvasTarget = this.renderer.getCanvasTarget();
+		const canvasData = this.get( canvasTarget );
+
+		let context = canvasData.context;
+
+		if ( context === undefined ) {
+
+			const parameters = this.parameters;
+
+			if ( canvasTarget.isDefaultCanvasTarget === true && parameters.context !== undefined ) {
+
+				context = parameters.context;
+
+			} else {
+
+				context = canvasTarget.domElement.getContext( 'webgpu' );
+
+			}
+
+			// OffscreenCanvas does not have setAttribute, see #22811
+			if ( 'setAttribute' in canvasTarget.domElement ) canvasTarget.domElement.setAttribute( 'data-engine', `three.js r${ REVISION } webgpu` );
+
+			const alphaMode = parameters.alpha ? 'premultiplied' : 'opaque';
+
+			const toneMappingMode = parameters.outputType === HalfFloatType ? 'extended' : 'standard';
+
+			context.configure( {
+				device: this.device,
+				format: this.utils.getPreferredCanvasFormat(),
+				usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT | GPUTextureUsage.COPY_SRC,
+				alphaMode: alphaMode,
+				toneMapping: {
+					mode: toneMappingMode
+				}
+			} );
+
+			canvasData.context = context;
+
+		}
+
+		return context;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The coordinate system of the backend.
+	 *
+	 * @type {number}
+	 * @readonly
+	 */
+	get coordinateSystem() {
+
+		return WebGPUCoordinateSystem;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether the backend supports query timestamps or not.
+	 *
+	 * @type {boolean}
+	 * @readonly
+	 */
+	get hasTimestamp() {
+
+		return true;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method performs a readback operation by moving buffer data from
+	 * a storage buffer attribute from the GPU to the CPU. ReadbackBuffer can
+	 * be used to retain and reuse handles to the intermediate buffers and prevent
+	 * new allocation.
+	 *
+	 * @async
+	 * @param {BufferAttribute} attribute - The storage buffer attribute to read from.
+	 * @param {?(ReadbackBuffer|ArrayBuffer)} [target=null] - The readback buffer or array buffer that receives the data. If `null`, a new array buffer is returned.
+	 * @param {number} [offset=0] - The byte offset to start reading from. Must be a multiple of 4.
+	 * @param {number} [count=-1] - The number of bytes to read. Must be a multiple of 4, or `-1` to read to the end of the buffer.
+	 * @return {Promise<ArrayBuffer|ReadbackBuffer>} A promise that resolves with the buffer data when the data are ready.
+	 */
+	async getArrayBufferAsync( attribute, target = null, offset = 0, count = - 1 ) {
+
+		return await this.attributeUtils.getArrayBufferAsync( attribute, target, offset, count );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the backend's rendering context.
+	 *
+	 * @return {GPUCanvasContext} The rendering context.
+	 */
+	getContext() {
+
+		return this.context;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the default render pass descriptor.
+	 *
+	 * In WebGPU, the default framebuffer must be configured
+	 * like custom framebuffers so the backend needs a render
+	 * pass descriptor even when rendering directly to screen.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @return {GPURenderPassDescriptor} The render pass descriptor.
+	 */
+	_getDefaultRenderPassDescriptor() {
+
+		const renderer = this.renderer;
+		const canvasTarget = renderer.getCanvasTarget();
+		const canvasData = this.get( canvasTarget );
+		const samples = renderer.currentSamples;
+
+		let descriptor = canvasData.descriptor;
+
+		if ( descriptor === undefined || canvasData.samples !== samples ) {
+
+			descriptor = new GPURenderPassDescriptor();
+			descriptor.colorAttachments.push( new GPURenderPassColorAttachment() );
+
+			if ( renderer.depth === true || renderer.stencil === true ) {
+
+				const depthStencilAttachment = new GPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment();
+				depthStencilAttachment.view = this.textureUtils.getDepthBuffer( renderer.depth, renderer.stencil ).createView();
+				descriptor.depthStencilAttachment = depthStencilAttachment;
+
+			}
+
+			const colorAttachment = descriptor.colorAttachments[ 0 ];
+
+			if ( samples > 0 ) {
+
+				colorAttachment.view = this.textureUtils.getColorBuffer().createView();
+
+			} else {
+
+				colorAttachment.resolveTarget = undefined;
+
+			}
+
+			canvasData.descriptor = descriptor;
+			canvasData.samples = samples;
+
+		}
+
+		const colorAttachment = descriptor.colorAttachments[ 0 ];
+
+		if ( samples > 0 ) {
+
+			colorAttachment.resolveTarget = this.context.getCurrentTexture().createView();
+
+		} else {
+
+			colorAttachment.view = this.context.getCurrentTexture().createView();
+
+		}
+
+		return descriptor;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns whether the render target is a render target array with depth 2D array texture.
+	 *
+	 * @param {RenderContext} renderContext - The render context.
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether the render target is a render target array with depth 2D array texture.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 */
+	_isRenderCameraDepthArray( renderContext ) {
+
+		const camera = renderContext.camera;
+
+		return renderContext.depthTexture && renderContext.depthTexture.isArrayTexture === true && camera !== null && camera.isArrayCamera === true;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns whether the current render context references external textures.
+	 *
+	 * External textures can change every frame, so their descriptors must not be cached.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {RenderContext} renderContext - The render context.
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether the render context uses external textures.
+	 */
+	_hasExternalTexture( renderContext ) {
+
+		const textures = renderContext.textures;
+
+		if ( textures === null ) return false;
+
+		for ( let i = 0; i < textures.length; i ++ ) {
+
+			if ( this.get( textures[ i ] ).externalTexture === true ) return true;
+
+		}
+
+		return false;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns multisampled color textures for an external render target.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {RenderContext} renderContext - The render context.
+	 * @param {Object} textureData - The backend data for the external texture.
+	 * @param {number} count - The number of textures to create.
+	 * @return {?Array<GPUTexture>} The multisampled textures.
+	 */
+	_getExternalMSAATextures( renderContext, textureData, count ) {
+
+		const samples = this.utils.getSampleCount( renderContext.sampleCount );
+
+		if ( samples === 1 ) {
+
+			if ( textureData.msaaTextures !== undefined ) {
+
+				for ( const texture of textureData.msaaTextures ) texture.destroy();
+
+				textureData.msaaTextures = undefined;
+
+			}
+
+			return null;
+
+		}
+
+		const renderTarget = renderContext.renderTarget;
+		const width = renderTarget.width;
+		const height = renderTarget.height;
+		const format = textureData.format;
+
+		if ( textureData.msaaTextures === undefined ||
+			textureData.msaaTextures.length !== count ||
+			textureData.msaaWidth !== width ||
+			textureData.msaaHeight !== height ||
+			textureData.msaaSamples !== samples ||
+			textureData.msaaFormat !== format ) {
+
+			if ( textureData.msaaTextures !== undefined ) {
+
+				for ( const texture of textureData.msaaTextures ) texture.destroy();
+
+			}
+
+			_textureDescriptor.size.width = width;
+			_textureDescriptor.size.height = height;
+			_textureDescriptor.sampleCount = samples;
+			_textureDescriptor.format = format;
+			// Layered rendering can resume after a framebuffer copy,
+			// so these attachments must support loading.
+			_textureDescriptor.usage = GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT;
+
+			textureData.msaaTextures = [];
+
+			for ( let i = 0; i < count; i ++ ) {
+
+				_textureDescriptor.label = renderTarget.texture.name + '-msaa-' + i;
+				textureData.msaaTextures.push( this.device.createTexture( _textureDescriptor ) );
+
+			}
+
+			_textureDescriptor.reset();
+
+			textureData.msaaWidth = width;
+			textureData.msaaHeight = height;
+			textureData.msaaSamples = samples;
+			textureData.msaaFormat = format;
+
+		}
+
+		return textureData.msaaTextures;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates attachment views for an external texture render target.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {RenderContext} renderContext - The render context.
+	 * @param {Object} textureData - The backend data for the texture.
+	 * @return {Array<Object>} The attachment view descriptors.
+	 */
+	_createExternalTextureViews( renderContext, textureData ) {
+
+		const textureViews = [];
+		const camera = renderContext.camera;
+		const viewDescriptors = textureData.xrViewDescriptors;
+		const viewCount = Math.max( viewDescriptors?.length || 0, renderContext.activeCubeFace + 1, 1 );
+		const msaaTextures = this._getExternalMSAATextures( renderContext, textureData, viewCount );
+
+		if ( viewDescriptors && camera !== null && camera.isArrayCamera === true ) {
+
+			for ( let i = 0; i < viewDescriptors.length; i ++ ) {
+
+				const textureView = textureData.texture.createView( viewDescriptors[ i ] );
+
+				textureViews.push( {
+					view: msaaTextures !== null ? msaaTextures[ i ].createView() : textureView,
+					resolveTarget: msaaTextures !== null && renderContext.renderTarget.resolveColorBuffer === true ? textureView : undefined,
+					depthSlice: undefined
+				} );
+
+			}
+
+		} else {
+
+			const layer = renderContext.activeCubeFace;
+			const textureView = textureData.texture.createView( {
+				dimension: GPUTextureViewDimension.TwoD,
+				baseArrayLayer: layer,
+				arrayLayerCount: 1
+			} );
+
+			textureViews.push( {
+				view: msaaTextures !== null ? msaaTextures[ layer ].createView() : textureView,
+				resolveTarget: msaaTextures !== null && renderContext.renderTarget.resolveColorBuffer === true ? textureView : undefined,
+				depthSlice: undefined
+			} );
+
+		}
+
+		return textureViews;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the render pass descriptor for the given render context.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {RenderContext} renderContext - The render context.
+	 * @param {Object} colorAttachmentsConfig - Configuration object for the color attachments.
+	 * @return {Object} The render pass descriptor.
+	 */
+	_getRenderPassDescriptor( renderContext, colorAttachmentsConfig = {} ) {
+
+		const renderTarget = renderContext.renderTarget;
+		const renderTargetData = this.get( renderTarget );
+		const hasExternalTexture = this._hasExternalTexture( renderContext );
+
+		let descriptors = renderTargetData.descriptors;
+
+		if ( descriptors === undefined ||
+			renderTargetData.width !== renderTarget.width ||
+			renderTargetData.height !== renderTarget.height ||
+			renderTargetData.samples !== renderTarget.samples ||
+			hasExternalTexture
+		) {
+
+			descriptors = {};
+
+			renderTargetData.descriptors = descriptors;
+
+		}
+
+		const cacheKey = renderContext.getCacheKey();
+		let descriptorBase = descriptors[ cacheKey ];
+
+		if ( descriptorBase === undefined || hasExternalTexture ) {
+
+			const textures = renderContext.textures;
+			const textureViews = [];
+
+			let sliceIndex;
+
+			const isRenderCameraDepthArray = this._isRenderCameraDepthArray( renderContext );
+
+			for ( let i = 0; i < textures.length; i ++ ) {
+
+				const textureData = this.get( textures[ i ] );
+
+				if ( textureData.externalTexture === true ) {
+
+					textureViews.push( ...this._createExternalTextureViews( renderContext, textureData ) );
+					continue;
+
+				}
+
+				_viewDescriptor.label = `colorAttachment_${ i }`;
+				_viewDescriptor.baseMipLevel = renderContext.activeMipmapLevel;
+				_viewDescriptor.mipLevelCount = 1;
+				_viewDescriptor.baseArrayLayer = renderContext.activeCubeFace;
+				_viewDescriptor.arrayLayerCount = 1;
+				_viewDescriptor.dimension = GPUTextureViewDimension.TwoD;
+
+				if ( renderTarget.isRenderTarget3D ) {
+
+					sliceIndex = renderContext.activeCubeFace;
+
+					_viewDescriptor.baseArrayLayer = 0;
+					_viewDescriptor.dimension = GPUTextureViewDimension.ThreeD;
+
+				} else if ( renderTarget.isRenderTarget && textures[ i ].image.depth > 1 ) {
+
+					if ( isRenderCameraDepthArray === true ) {
+
+						const cameras = renderContext.camera.cameras;
+						for ( let layer = 0; layer < cameras.length; layer ++ ) {
+
+							_viewDescriptor.baseArrayLayer = layer;
+							_viewDescriptor.arrayLayerCount = 1;
+							_viewDescriptor.dimension = GPUTextureViewDimension.TwoD;
+
+							const textureView = textureData.texture.createView( _viewDescriptor );
+							const msaaTexture = textureData.msaaTextures?.[ layer ];
+							textureViews.push( {
+								view: msaaTexture !== undefined ? msaaTexture.createView() : textureView,
+								resolveTarget: msaaTexture !== undefined && renderTarget.resolveColorBuffer === true ? textureView : undefined,
+								depthSlice: undefined
+							} );
+
+						}
+
+					} else {
+
+						_viewDescriptor.dimension = GPUTextureViewDimension.TwoDArray;
+
+					}
+
+				}
+
+				if ( isRenderCameraDepthArray !== true ) {
+
+					const textureView = textureData.texture.createView( _viewDescriptor );
+
+					let view, resolveTarget;
+
+					if ( textureData.msaaTexture !== undefined ) {
+
+						view = textureData.msaaTexture.createView();
+						resolveTarget = renderTarget.resolveColorBuffer === true ? textureView : undefined;
+
+					} else if ( textureData.msaaTextures !== undefined ) {
+
+						view = textureData.msaaTextures[ renderContext.activeCubeFace ].createView();
+						resolveTarget = renderTarget.resolveColorBuffer === true ? textureView : undefined;
+
+					} else {
+
+						view = textureView;
+						resolveTarget = undefined;
+
+					}
+
+					textureViews.push( {
+						view,
+						resolveTarget,
+						depthSlice: sliceIndex
+					} );
+
+				}
+
+				_viewDescriptor.reset();
+
+			}
+
+			const colorAttachments = [];
+
+			for ( let i = 0; i < textureViews.length; i ++ ) {
+
+				const viewInfo = textureViews[ i ];
+				const attachment = new GPURenderPassColorAttachment();
+				attachment.view = viewInfo.view;
+				attachment.depthSlice = viewInfo.depthSlice;
+				attachment.resolveTarget = viewInfo.resolveTarget;
+				colorAttachments.push( attachment );
+
+			}
+
+			descriptorBase = {
+				textureViews,
+				colorAttachments,
+				descriptor: new GPURenderPassDescriptor()
+			};
+
+			if ( renderContext.depth ) {
+
+				const depthTextureData = this.get( renderContext.depthTexture );
+
+				if ( renderContext.depthTexture.isArrayTexture || renderContext.depthTexture.isCubeTexture ) {
+
+					_viewDescriptor.dimension = GPUTextureViewDimension.TwoD;
+					_viewDescriptor.arrayLayerCount = 1;
+					_viewDescriptor.baseArrayLayer = renderContext.activeCubeFace;
+
+				}
+
+				const depthStencilAttachment = new GPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment();
+				const msaaDepthTexture = depthTextureData.msaaTextures?.[ renderContext.activeCubeFace ];
+				depthStencilAttachment.view = msaaDepthTexture !== undefined ? msaaDepthTexture.createView() : depthTextureData.texture.createView( _viewDescriptor );
+				descriptorBase.depthStencilAttachment = depthStencilAttachment;
+
+				_viewDescriptor.reset();
+
+			}
+
+			descriptors[ cacheKey ] = descriptorBase;
+
+			renderTargetData.width = renderTarget.width;
+			renderTargetData.height = renderTarget.height;
+			renderTargetData.samples = renderTarget.samples;
+			renderTargetData.activeMipmapLevel = renderContext.activeMipmapLevel;
+			renderTargetData.activeCubeFace = renderContext.activeCubeFace;
+
+		}
+
+		const descriptor = descriptorBase.descriptor;
+
+		descriptor.reset();
+
+		// Apply dynamic properties to cached attachments
+		for ( let i = 0; i < descriptorBase.colorAttachments.length; i ++ ) {
+
+			const attachment = descriptorBase.colorAttachments[ i ];
+
+			let clearValue = { r: 0, g: 0, b: 0, a: 1 };
+			if ( i === 0 && colorAttachmentsConfig.clearValue ) {
+
+				clearValue = colorAttachmentsConfig.clearValue;
+
+			}
+
+			attachment.loadOp = colorAttachmentsConfig.loadOp || GPULoadOp.Load;
+			attachment.storeOp = colorAttachmentsConfig.storeOp || GPUStoreOp.Store;
+			attachment.clearValue = clearValue;
+
+			descriptor.colorAttachments.push( attachment );
+
+		}
+
+		if ( descriptorBase.depthStencilAttachment ) {
+
+			descriptor.depthStencilAttachment = descriptorBase.depthStencilAttachment;
+
+		}
+
+		return descriptor;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method is executed at the beginning of a render call and prepares
+	 * the WebGPU state for upcoming render calls
+	 *
+	 * @param {RenderContext} renderContext - The render context.
+	 */
+	beginRender( renderContext ) {
+
+		const renderContextData = this.get( renderContext );
+
+		//
+
+		const device = this.device;
+		const occlusionQueryCount = renderContext.occlusionQueryCount;
+		const occlusionData = this.getOcclusionData( renderContext );
+
+		let occlusionQuerySet;
+
+		if ( occlusionQueryCount > 0 ) {
+
+			if ( occlusionData.currentOcclusionQuerySet ) occlusionData.currentOcclusionQuerySet.destroy();
+			if ( occlusionData.currentOcclusionQueryBuffer ) occlusionData.currentOcclusionQueryBuffer.destroy();
+
+			// Get a reference to the array of objects with queries. The occlusionData property
+			// can be changed by another render pass before the buffer.mapAsyc() completes.
+			occlusionData.currentOcclusionQuerySet = occlusionData.occlusionQuerySet;
+			occlusionData.currentOcclusionQueryBuffer = occlusionData.occlusionQueryBuffer;
+			occlusionData.currentOcclusionQueryObjects = occlusionData.occlusionQueryObjects;
+
+			//
+
+			_querySetDescriptor.label = `occlusionQuerySet_${ renderContext.id }`;
+			_querySetDescriptor.type = 'occlusion';
+			_querySetDescriptor.count = occlusionQueryCount;
+
+			occlusionQuerySet = device.createQuerySet( _querySetDescriptor );
+
+			_querySetDescriptor.reset();
+
+			occlusionData.occlusionQuerySet = occlusionQuerySet;
+			occlusionData.occlusionQueryIndex = 0;
+			occlusionData.occlusionQueryObjects = new Array( occlusionQueryCount );
+
+			occlusionData.lastOcclusionObject = null;
+
+		} else if ( occlusionData.lastOcclusionObject !== undefined ) {
+
+			// invalidate if there is a stale query
+
+			occlusionData.lastOcclusionObject = undefined;
+
+			occlusionData.occlusionQuerySet.destroy();
+			occlusionData.occlusionQuerySet = undefined;
+
+		}
+
+		let descriptor;
+
+		if ( renderContext.textures === null ) {
+
+			descriptor = this._getDefaultRenderPassDescriptor();
+
+		} else {
+
+			descriptor = this._getRenderPassDescriptor( renderContext, { loadOp: GPULoadOp.Load } );
+
+		}
+
+		this.initTimestampQuery( TimestampQuery.RENDER, this.getTimestampUID( renderContext ), descriptor );
+
+		descriptor.occlusionQuerySet = occlusionQuerySet;
+
+		const depthStencilAttachment = descriptor.depthStencilAttachment;
+		const renderTarget = renderContext.renderTarget;
+		const discardColor = renderContext.sampleCount > 1 && renderTarget?.storeMultisampledColorBuffer === false;
+		const discardDepth = renderContext.sampleCount > 1 && renderTarget?.storeMultisampledDepthBuffer === false;
+		const discardStencil = renderContext.sampleCount > 1 && renderTarget?.storeMultisampledStencilBuffer === false;
+
+		// A fullscreen pass overwrites the external texture, so its previous contents do not need to be loaded.
+		const clearExternalColor = renderContext.fullscreenPass === true && this._hasExternalTexture( renderContext );
+
+		if ( renderContext.textures !== null ) {
+
+			const colorAttachments = descriptor.colorAttachments;
+
+			for ( let i = 0; i < colorAttachments.length; i ++ ) {
+
+				const colorAttachment = colorAttachments[ i ];
+
+				if ( renderContext.clearColor || discardColor || clearExternalColor ) {
+
+					const clearColor = renderContext.mrt ? renderContext.mrt.getClearColor( renderContext.textures[ i ].name ) : null;
+
+					if ( clearColor !== null ) {
+
+						colorAttachment.clearValue = clearColor;
+
+					} else if ( i === 0 ) {
+
+						colorAttachment.clearValue = renderContext.clearColorValue;
+
+					} else {
+
+						_clearValue.r = 0;
+						_clearValue.g = 0;
+						_clearValue.b = 0;
+						_clearValue.a = 1;
+
+						colorAttachment.clearValue = _clearValue;
+
+					}
+
+					colorAttachment.loadOp = GPULoadOp.Clear;
+
+				} else {
+
+					colorAttachment.loadOp = GPULoadOp.Load;
+
+				}
+
+				if ( discardColor ) {
+
+					colorAttachment.storeOp = GPUStoreOp.Discard;
+
+				} else {
+
+					colorAttachment.storeOp = GPUStoreOp.Store;
+
+				}
+
+			}
+
+		} else {
+
+			const colorAttachment = descriptor.colorAttachments[ 0 ];
+
+			if ( renderContext.clearColor ) {
+
+				colorAttachment.clearValue = renderContext.clearColorValue;
+				colorAttachment.loadOp = GPULoadOp.Clear;
+
+			} else {
+
+				colorAttachment.loadOp = GPULoadOp.Load;
+
+			}
+
+		  	colorAttachment.storeOp = GPUStoreOp.Store;
+
+		}
+
+		//
+
+		if ( renderContext.depth ) {
+
+			if ( renderContext.clearDepth || discardDepth ) {
+
+				depthStencilAttachment.depthClearValue = renderContext.clearDepthValue;
+				depthStencilAttachment.depthLoadOp = GPULoadOp.Clear;
+
+			} else {
+
+				depthStencilAttachment.depthLoadOp = GPULoadOp.Load;
+
+			}
+
+			if ( discardDepth ) {
+
+				depthStencilAttachment.depthStoreOp = GPUStoreOp.Discard;
+
+			} else {
+
+				depthStencilAttachment.depthStoreOp = GPUStoreOp.Store;
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		if ( renderContext.stencil ) {
+
+		  if ( renderContext.clearStencil || discardStencil ) {
+
+				depthStencilAttachment.stencilClearValue = renderContext.clearStencilValue;
+				depthStencilAttachment.stencilLoadOp = GPULoadOp.Clear;
+
+			} else {
+
+				depthStencilAttachment.stencilLoadOp = GPULoadOp.Load;
+
+			}
+
+			if ( discardStencil ) {
+
+				depthStencilAttachment.stencilStoreOp = GPUStoreOp.Discard;
+
+			} else {
+
+				depthStencilAttachment.stencilStoreOp = GPUStoreOp.Store;
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		//
+
+		_commandEncoderDescriptor.label = 'renderContext_' + renderContext.id;
+		const encoder = device.createCommandEncoder( _commandEncoderDescriptor );
+		_commandEncoderDescriptor.reset();
+
+		// Layered render targets: prepare bundle encoders for each camera in the array camera.
+
+		if ( this._isRenderCameraDepthArray( renderContext ) === true ) {
+
+			const cameras = renderContext.camera.cameras;
+
+			// The layer descriptors hold views of the depth texture, which can be recreated (dispose, resize)
+			// or belong to another render target, since render contexts are shared by attachment state.
+
+			const depthTextureGPU = this.get( renderContext.depthTexture ).texture;
+
+			if ( ! renderContextData.layerDescriptors || renderContextData.layerDescriptors.length !== cameras.length || renderContextData.layerDepthTexture !== depthTextureGPU ) {
+
+				this._createArrayCameraLayerDescriptors( renderContext, renderContextData, descriptor, cameras );
+				renderContextData.layerDepthTexture = depthTextureGPU;
+
+			} else {
+
+				this._updateArrayCameraLayerDescriptors( renderContext, renderContextData, descriptor, cameras );
+
+			}
+
+			this._createArrayCameraBundleEncoders( renderContext, renderContextData );
+			renderContextData.arrayCameraRenderStages = [];
+
+			// We'll complete the bundles in finishRender
+			renderContextData.currentPass = null;
+
+		} else {
+
+			renderContextData.bundleEncoders = undefined;
+			renderContextData.bundleSets = undefined;
+			renderContextData.arrayCameraRenderStages = undefined;
+
+			const currentPass = encoder.beginRenderPass( descriptor );
+			renderContextData.currentPass = currentPass;
+
+			if ( renderContext.viewport ) {
+
+				this.updateViewport( renderContext );
+
+			}
+
+			if ( renderContext.scissor ) {
+
+				this.updateScissor( renderContext );
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		//
+
+		renderContextData.descriptor = descriptor;
+		renderContextData.encoder = encoder;
+		renderContextData.renderBundles = [];
+
+		this._resetRenderContextData( renderContextData );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Resets the state cache of the given render context data.
+	 *
+	 * A new render pass encoder starts with a blend constant and a stencil reference
+	 * of zero so the cached values must be reset as well.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Object} renderContextData - The render context data.
+	 */
+	_resetRenderContextData( renderContextData ) {
+
+		renderContextData.currentSets = { attributes: {}, bindingGroups: [], pipeline: null, index: null };
+
+		if ( renderContextData.currentBlendColor === undefined ) renderContextData.currentBlendColor = new Color();
+
+		renderContextData.currentBlendColor.setRGB( 0, 0, 0 );
+		renderContextData.currentBlendAlpha = 0;
+		renderContextData.currentStencilRef = 0;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates a render bundle encoder and state cache for each camera layer.
+	 *
+	 * @param {RenderContext} renderContext - The render context.
+	 * @param {Object} renderContextData - The render context data.
+	 * @private
+	 */
+	_createArrayCameraBundleEncoders( renderContext, renderContextData ) {
+
+		const cameras = renderContext.camera.cameras;
+
+		renderContextData.bundleEncoders = [];
+		renderContextData.bundleSets = [];
+
+		for ( let i = 0; i < cameras.length; i ++ ) {
+
+			const bundleEncoder = this.pipelineUtils.createBundleEncoder(
+				renderContext,
+				'renderBundleArrayCamera_' + i
+			);
+
+			const bundleSets = {
+				attributes: {},
+				bindingGroups: [],
+				pipeline: null,
+				index: null
+			};
+
+			renderContextData.bundleEncoders.push( bundleEncoder );
+			renderContextData.bundleSets.push( bundleSets );
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Finishes the render bundle encoders for all camera layers.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Object} renderContextData - The render context data.
+	 * @return {Array<GPURenderBundle>} The completed render bundles.
+	 * @private
+	 */
+	_finishArrayCameraBundleEncoders( renderContextData ) {
+
+		const bundles = [];
+
+		for ( const bundleEncoder of renderContextData.bundleEncoders ) {
+
+			bundles.push( bundleEncoder.finish() );
+
+		}
+
+		return bundles;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates render pass descriptors for each camera in an array camera.
+	 *
+	 * @param {RenderContext} renderContext - The render context.
+	 * @param {Object} renderContextData - The render context data.
+	 * @param {Object} descriptor  - The render pass descriptor.
+	 * @param {ArrayCamera} cameras - The array camera.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 */
+	_createArrayCameraLayerDescriptors( renderContext, renderContextData, descriptor, cameras ) {
+
+		const depthStencilAttachment = descriptor.depthStencilAttachment;
+		renderContextData.layerDescriptors = [];
+
+		const depthTextureData = this.get( renderContext.depthTexture );
+		if ( ! depthTextureData.viewCache ) {
+
+			depthTextureData.viewCache = [];
+
+		}
+
+		for ( let i = 0; i < cameras.length; i ++ ) {
+
+			const layerDescriptor = new GPURenderPassDescriptor();
+			layerDescriptor.label = descriptor.label;
+			layerDescriptor.occlusionQuerySet = descriptor.occlusionQuerySet;
+			layerDescriptor.timestampWrites = descriptor.timestampWrites;
+
+			if ( descriptor.colorAttachments.length > 0 ) {
+
+				const sourceAttachment = descriptor.colorAttachments[ 0 ];
+				const layerAttachment = descriptor.colorAttachments[ i ];
+
+				const layerColorAttachment = new GPURenderPassColorAttachment();
+				layerColorAttachment.view = layerAttachment.view;
+				layerColorAttachment.depthSlice = layerAttachment.depthSlice;
+				layerColorAttachment.resolveTarget = layerAttachment.resolveTarget;
+				layerColorAttachment.loadOp = sourceAttachment.loadOp;
+				layerColorAttachment.storeOp = sourceAttachment.storeOp;
+				layerColorAttachment.clearValue = sourceAttachment.clearValue;
+
+				layerDescriptor.colorAttachments.push( layerColorAttachment );
+
+			}
+
+			if ( descriptor.depthStencilAttachment ) {
+
+				const layerIndex = i;
+
+				if ( ! depthTextureData.viewCache[ layerIndex ] ) {
+
+					const msaaTexture = depthTextureData.msaaTextures?.[ layerIndex ];
+
+					if ( msaaTexture !== undefined ) {
+
+						depthTextureData.viewCache[ layerIndex ] = msaaTexture.createView();
+
+					} else {
+
+						_viewDescriptor.dimension = GPUTextureViewDimension.TwoD;
+						_viewDescriptor.baseArrayLayer = i;
+						_viewDescriptor.arrayLayerCount = 1;
+
+						depthTextureData.viewCache[ layerIndex ] = depthTextureData.texture.createView( _viewDescriptor );
+
+					}
+
+					_viewDescriptor.reset();
+
+				}
+
+				const layerDepthStencilAttachment = new GPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment();
+				layerDepthStencilAttachment.view = depthTextureData.viewCache[ layerIndex ];
+				layerDepthStencilAttachment.depthLoadOp = depthStencilAttachment.depthLoadOp || GPULoadOp.Clear;
+				layerDepthStencilAttachment.depthStoreOp = depthStencilAttachment.depthStoreOp || GPUStoreOp.Store;
+				layerDepthStencilAttachment.depthClearValue = depthStencilAttachment.depthClearValue ?? 1.0;
+
+				if ( renderContext.stencil ) {
+
+					layerDepthStencilAttachment.stencilLoadOp = depthStencilAttachment.stencilLoadOp;
+					layerDepthStencilAttachment.stencilStoreOp = depthStencilAttachment.stencilStoreOp;
+					layerDepthStencilAttachment.stencilClearValue = depthStencilAttachment.stencilClearValue;
+
+				}
+
+				layerDescriptor.depthStencilAttachment = layerDepthStencilAttachment;
+
+			} else {
+
+				const layerDepthStencilAttachment = new GPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment();
+				layerDepthStencilAttachment.view = depthStencilAttachment.view;
+				layerDepthStencilAttachment.depthLoadOp = depthStencilAttachment.depthLoadOp;
+				layerDepthStencilAttachment.depthStoreOp = depthStencilAttachment.depthStoreOp;
+				layerDepthStencilAttachment.depthClearValue = depthStencilAttachment.depthClearValue;
+				layerDepthStencilAttachment.depthReadOnly = depthStencilAttachment.depthReadOnly;
+				layerDepthStencilAttachment.stencilLoadOp = depthStencilAttachment.stencilLoadOp;
+				layerDepthStencilAttachment.stencilStoreOp = depthStencilAttachment.stencilStoreOp;
+				layerDepthStencilAttachment.stencilClearValue = depthStencilAttachment.stencilClearValue;
+				layerDepthStencilAttachment.stencilReadOnly = depthStencilAttachment.stencilReadOnly;
+				layerDescriptor.depthStencilAttachment = layerDepthStencilAttachment;
+
+			}
+
+			renderContextData.layerDescriptors.push( layerDescriptor );
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Updates render pass descriptors for each camera in an array camera.
+	 *
+	 * @param {RenderContext} renderContext - The render context.
+	 * @param {Object} renderContextData - The render context data.
+	 * @param {Object} descriptor - The render pass descriptor.
+	 * @param {ArrayCamera} cameras - The array camera.
+	 *
+	 */
+	_updateArrayCameraLayerDescriptors( renderContext, renderContextData, descriptor, cameras ) {
+
+		const renderTarget = renderContext.renderTarget;
+		const discardDepth = renderContext.sampleCount > 1 && renderTarget?.storeMultisampledDepthBuffer === false;
+		const discardStencil = renderContext.sampleCount > 1 && renderTarget?.storeMultisampledStencilBuffer === false;
+
+		for ( let i = 0; i < cameras.length; i ++ ) {
+
+			const layerDescriptor = renderContextData.layerDescriptors[ i ];
+			layerDescriptor.timestampWrites = descriptor.timestampWrites;
+
+			if ( descriptor.colorAttachments.length > 0 ) {
+
+				const sourceColorAttachment = descriptor.colorAttachments[ 0 ];
+				const layerColorAttachment = descriptor.colorAttachments[ i ];
+				const colorAttachment = layerDescriptor.colorAttachments[ 0 ];
+
+				colorAttachment.view = layerColorAttachment.view;
+				colorAttachment.resolveTarget = layerColorAttachment.resolveTarget;
+				colorAttachment.depthSlice = layerColorAttachment.depthSlice;
+				colorAttachment.loadOp = sourceColorAttachment.loadOp;
+				colorAttachment.storeOp = sourceColorAttachment.storeOp;
+				colorAttachment.clearValue = sourceColorAttachment.clearValue;
+
+			}
+
+			if ( layerDescriptor.depthStencilAttachment ) {
+
+				const depthAttachment = layerDescriptor.depthStencilAttachment;
+
+				if ( renderContext.depth ) {
+
+					if ( renderContext.clearDepth || discardDepth ) {
+
+						depthAttachment.depthClearValue = renderContext.clearDepthValue;
+						depthAttachment.depthLoadOp = GPULoadOp.Clear;
+
+					} else {
+
+						depthAttachment.depthLoadOp = GPULoadOp.Load;
+
+					}
+
+				}
+
+				if ( renderContext.stencil ) {
+
+					if ( renderContext.clearStencil || discardStencil ) {
+
+						depthAttachment.stencilClearValue = renderContext.clearStencilValue;
+						depthAttachment.stencilLoadOp = GPULoadOp.Clear;
+
+					} else {
+
+						depthAttachment.stencilLoadOp = GPULoadOp.Load;
+
+					}
+
+				}
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method is executed at the end of a render call and finalizes work
+	 * after draw calls.
+	 *
+	 * @param {RenderContext} renderContext - The render context.
+	 */
+	finishRender( renderContext ) {
+
+		const renderContextData = this.get( renderContext );
+		const occlusionQueryCount = renderContext.occlusionQueryCount;
+		const occlusionData = this.getOcclusionData( renderContext );
+
+		if ( renderContextData.renderBundles.length > 0 ) {
+
+			renderContextData.currentPass.executeBundles( renderContextData.renderBundles );
+
+		}
+
+		const lastOcclusionObject = occlusionData.lastOcclusionObject;
+
+		if ( lastOcclusionObject && lastOcclusionObject.occlusionTest === true ) {
+
+			renderContextData.currentPass.endOcclusionQuery();
+
+		}
+
+		// Layered render targets: execute the bundle for each layer.
+
+		const encoder = renderContextData.encoder;
+
+		if ( this._isRenderCameraDepthArray( renderContext ) === true ) {
+
+			const bundles = this._finishArrayCameraBundleEncoders( renderContextData );
+			const renderStages = renderContextData.arrayCameraRenderStages;
+			renderStages.push( { bundles } );
+
+			// A viewport texture is 2D, so each layer must be captured immediately before that layer samples it.
+			for ( let i = 0; i < renderContextData.layerDescriptors.length; i ++ ) {
+
+				const layerDescriptor = renderContextData.layerDescriptors[ i ];
+				const colorLoadOps = layerDescriptor.colorAttachments.map( attachment => attachment.loadOp );
+				const colorStoreOps = layerDescriptor.colorAttachments.map( attachment => attachment.storeOp );
+				const depthLoadOp = layerDescriptor.depthStencilAttachment?.depthLoadOp;
+				const depthStoreOp = layerDescriptor.depthStencilAttachment?.depthStoreOp;
+				const stencilLoadOp = layerDescriptor.depthStencilAttachment?.stencilLoadOp;
+				const stencilStoreOp = layerDescriptor.depthStencilAttachment?.stencilStoreOp;
+
+				for ( let stageIndex = 0; stageIndex < renderStages.length; stageIndex ++ ) {
+
+					const renderStage = renderStages[ stageIndex ];
+					const bundle = renderStage.bundles[ i ];
+					const isLastStage = stageIndex === renderStages.length - 1;
+
+					for ( let j = 0; j < layerDescriptor.colorAttachments.length; j ++ ) {
+
+						const attachment = layerDescriptor.colorAttachments[ j ];
+						attachment.loadOp = stageIndex === 0 ? colorLoadOps[ j ] : GPULoadOp.Load;
+						attachment.storeOp = isLastStage ? colorStoreOps[ j ] : GPUStoreOp.Store;
+
+					}
+
+					if ( renderContext.depth ) {
+
+						layerDescriptor.depthStencilAttachment.depthLoadOp = stageIndex === 0 ? depthLoadOp : GPULoadOp.Load;
+						layerDescriptor.depthStencilAttachment.depthStoreOp = isLastStage ? depthStoreOp : GPUStoreOp.Store;
+
+					}
+
+					if ( renderContext.stencil ) {
+
+						layerDescriptor.depthStencilAttachment.stencilLoadOp = stageIndex === 0 ? stencilLoadOp : GPULoadOp.Load;
+						layerDescriptor.depthStencilAttachment.stencilStoreOp = isLastStage ? stencilStoreOp : GPUStoreOp.Store;
+
+					}
+
+					const renderPass = encoder.beginRenderPass( layerDescriptor );
+
+					if ( renderContext.viewport ) {
+
+						const { x, y, width, height, minDepth, maxDepth } = renderContext.viewportValue;
+						renderPass.setViewport( x, y, width, height, minDepth, maxDepth );
+
+					}
+
+					if ( renderContext.scissor ) {
+
+						const { x, y, width, height } = renderContext.scissorValue;
+						renderPass.setScissorRect( x, y, width, height );
+
+					}
+
+					renderPass.executeBundles( [ bundle ] );
+
+					renderPass.end();
+
+					if ( renderStage.framebufferCopy !== undefined ) {
+
+						const { texture, sourceGPU, destinationGPU, rectangle, generateMipmaps } = renderStage.framebufferCopy;
+
+						this._copyFramebufferToTexture( encoder, texture, sourceGPU, destinationGPU, rectangle, i, generateMipmaps );
+
+					}
+
+				}
+
+				for ( let j = 0; j < layerDescriptor.colorAttachments.length; j ++ ) {
+
+					layerDescriptor.colorAttachments[ j ].loadOp = colorLoadOps[ j ];
+					layerDescriptor.colorAttachments[ j ].storeOp = colorStoreOps[ j ];
+
+				}
+
+				if ( renderContext.depth ) {
+
+					layerDescriptor.depthStencilAttachment.depthLoadOp = depthLoadOp;
+					layerDescriptor.depthStencilAttachment.depthStoreOp = depthStoreOp;
+
+				}
+
+				if ( renderContext.stencil ) {
+
+					layerDescriptor.depthStencilAttachment.stencilLoadOp = stencilLoadOp;
+					layerDescriptor.depthStencilAttachment.stencilStoreOp = stencilStoreOp;
+
+				}
+
+			}
+
+		} else if ( renderContextData.currentPass ) {
+
+		  renderContextData.currentPass.end();
+
+		}
+
+		if ( occlusionQueryCount > 0 ) {
+
+			const bufferSize = occlusionQueryCount * 8; // 8 byte entries for query results
+
+			//
+
+			let queryResolveBuffer = this.occludedResolveCache.get( bufferSize );
+
+			if ( queryResolveBuffer === undefined ) {
+
+				_bufferDescriptor.size = bufferSize;
+				_bufferDescriptor.usage = GPUBufferUsage.QUERY_RESOLVE | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_SRC;
+
+				queryResolveBuffer = this.device.createBuffer( _bufferDescriptor );
+
+				_bufferDescriptor.reset();
+
+				this.occludedResolveCache.set( bufferSize, queryResolveBuffer );
+
+			}
+
+			//
+
+			_bufferDescriptor.size = bufferSize;
+			_bufferDescriptor.usage = GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST | GPUBufferUsage.MAP_READ;
+
+			const readBuffer = this.device.createBuffer( _bufferDescriptor );
+
+			_bufferDescriptor.reset();
+
+			// two buffers required here - WebGPU doesn't allow usage of QUERY_RESOLVE & MAP_READ to be combined
+			renderContextData.encoder.resolveQuerySet( occlusionData.occlusionQuerySet, 0, occlusionQueryCount, queryResolveBuffer, 0 );
+			renderContextData.encoder.copyBufferToBuffer( queryResolveBuffer, 0, readBuffer, 0, bufferSize );
+
+			occlusionData.occlusionQueryBuffer = readBuffer;
+
+			//
+
+			this.resolveOccludedAsync( renderContext );
+
+		}
+
+		submit( this.device, renderContextData.encoder.finish() );
+
+		// pass and encoder are only valid between beginRender() and finishRender()
+
+		renderContextData.currentPass = null;
+		renderContextData.encoder = null;
+
+		//
+
+		if ( renderContext.textures !== null ) {
+
+			const textures = renderContext.textures;
+
+			for ( let i = 0; i < textures.length; i ++ ) {
+
+				const texture = textures[ i ];
+
+				if ( texture.generateMipmaps === true && texture.mipmapsAutoUpdate === true ) {
+
+					this.textureUtils.generateMipmaps( texture );
+
+				}
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns `true` if the given 3D object is fully occluded by other
+	 * 3D objects in the scene.
+	 *
+	 * @param {RenderContext} renderContext - The render context.
+	 * @param {Object3D} object - The 3D object to test.
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether the 3D object is fully occluded or not.
+	 */
+	isOccluded( renderContext, object ) {
+
+		const occlusionData = this.getOcclusionData( renderContext );
+
+		return occlusionData.occluded && occlusionData.occluded.has( object );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method processes the result of occlusion queries and writes it
+	 * into the occlusion data of the render context.
+	 *
+	 * @async
+	 * @param {RenderContext} renderContext - The render context.
+	 * @return {Promise} A Promise that resolves when the occlusion query results have been processed.
+	 */
+	async resolveOccludedAsync( renderContext ) {
+
+		const occlusionData = this.getOcclusionData( renderContext );
+
+		// handle occlusion query results
+
+		const { currentOcclusionQueryBuffer, currentOcclusionQueryObjects } = occlusionData;
+
+		if ( currentOcclusionQueryBuffer && currentOcclusionQueryObjects ) {
+
+			const occluded = new WeakSet();
+
+			occlusionData.currentOcclusionQueryObjects = null;
+			occlusionData.currentOcclusionQueryBuffer = null;
+
+			await currentOcclusionQueryBuffer.mapAsync( GPUMapMode.READ );
+
+			const buffer = currentOcclusionQueryBuffer.getMappedRange();
+			const results = new BigUint64Array( buffer );
+
+			for ( let i = 0; i < currentOcclusionQueryObjects.length; i ++ ) {
+
+				const object = currentOcclusionQueryObjects[ i ];
+
+				if ( object !== undefined && results[ i ] === BigInt( 0 ) ) {
+
+					occluded.add( object );
+
+				}
+
+			}
+
+			currentOcclusionQueryBuffer.destroy();
+
+			occlusionData.occluded = occluded;
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Updates the viewport with the values from the given render context.
+	 *
+	 * @param {RenderContext} renderContext - The render context.
+	 */
+	updateViewport( renderContext ) {
+
+		const { currentPass } = this.get( renderContext );
+		const { x, y, width, height, minDepth, maxDepth } = renderContext.viewportValue;
+
+		currentPass.setViewport( x, y, width, height, minDepth, maxDepth );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Updates the scissor with the values from the given render context.
+	 *
+	 * @param {RenderContext} renderContext - The render context.
+	 */
+	updateScissor( renderContext ) {
+
+		const { currentPass } = this.get( renderContext );
+		const { x, y, width, height } = renderContext.scissorValue;
+
+		currentPass.setScissorRect( x, y, width, height );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the clear color and alpha into a single
+	 * color object.
+	 *
+	 * @return {Color4} The clear color.
+	 */
+	getClearColor() {
+
+		const clearColor = super.getClearColor();
+
+		// only premultiply alpha when alphaMode is "premultiplied"
+
+		if ( this.renderer.alpha === true ) {
+
+			clearColor.r *= clearColor.a;
+			clearColor.g *= clearColor.a;
+			clearColor.b *= clearColor.a;
+
+		}
+
+		return clearColor;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Performs a clear operation.
+	 *
+	 * @param {boolean} color - Whether the color buffer should be cleared or not.
+	 * @param {boolean} depth - Whether the depth buffer should be cleared or not.
+	 * @param {boolean} stencil - Whether the stencil buffer should be cleared or not.
+	 * @param {?RenderContext} [renderTargetContext=null] - The render context of the current set render target.
+	 */
+	clear( color, depth, stencil, renderTargetContext = null ) {
+
+		const device = this.device;
+		const renderer = this.renderer;
+
+		let colorAttachments = [];
+		let depthStencilAttachment;
+
+		let supportsDepth;
+		let supportsStencil;
+
+		if ( color ) {
+
+			const clearColor = this.getClearColor();
+
+			_clearValue.r = clearColor.r;
+			_clearValue.g = clearColor.g;
+			_clearValue.b = clearColor.b;
+			_clearValue.a = clearColor.a;
+
+		}
+
+		if ( renderTargetContext === null ) {
+
+			supportsDepth = renderer.depth;
+			supportsStencil = renderer.stencil;
+
+			const descriptor = this._getDefaultRenderPassDescriptor();
+
+			if ( color ) {
+
+				colorAttachments = descriptor.colorAttachments;
+
+				const colorAttachment = colorAttachments[ 0 ];
+
+				colorAttachment.clearValue = _clearValue;
+				colorAttachment.loadOp = GPULoadOp.Clear;
+				colorAttachment.storeOp = GPUStoreOp.Store;
+
+			}
+
+			if ( supportsDepth || supportsStencil ) {
+
+				depthStencilAttachment = descriptor.depthStencilAttachment;
+
+			}
+
+		} else {
+
+			supportsDepth = renderTargetContext.depth;
+			supportsStencil = renderTargetContext.stencil;
+
+			const clearConfig = {
+				loadOp: color ? GPULoadOp.Clear : GPULoadOp.Load,
+				clearValue: color ? _clearValue : undefined
+			};
+
+			if ( supportsDepth ) {
+
+				clearConfig.depthLoadOp = depth ? GPULoadOp.Clear : GPULoadOp.Load;
+				clearConfig.depthClearValue = depth ? renderer.getClearDepth() : undefined;
+				clearConfig.depthStoreOp = GPUStoreOp.Store;
+
+			}
+
+			if ( supportsStencil ) {
+
+				clearConfig.stencilLoadOp = stencil ? GPULoadOp.Clear : GPULoadOp.Load;
+				clearConfig.stencilClearValue = stencil ? renderer.getClearStencil() : undefined;
+				clearConfig.stencilStoreOp = GPUStoreOp.Store;
+
+			}
+
+			const descriptor = this._getRenderPassDescriptor( renderTargetContext, clearConfig );
+
+			colorAttachments = descriptor.colorAttachments;
+			depthStencilAttachment = descriptor.depthStencilAttachment;
+
+		}
+
+		if ( supportsDepth && depthStencilAttachment ) {
+
+			if ( depth ) {
+
+				depthStencilAttachment.depthLoadOp = GPULoadOp.Clear;
+				depthStencilAttachment.depthClearValue = renderer.getClearDepth();
+				depthStencilAttachment.depthStoreOp = GPUStoreOp.Store;
+
+			} else {
+
+				depthStencilAttachment.depthLoadOp = GPULoadOp.Load;
+				depthStencilAttachment.depthStoreOp = GPUStoreOp.Store;
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		//
+
+		if ( supportsStencil && depthStencilAttachment ) {
+
+			if ( stencil ) {
+
+				depthStencilAttachment.stencilLoadOp = GPULoadOp.Clear;
+				depthStencilAttachment.stencilClearValue = renderer.getClearStencil();
+				depthStencilAttachment.stencilStoreOp = GPUStoreOp.Store;
+
+			} else {
+
+				depthStencilAttachment.stencilLoadOp = GPULoadOp.Load;
+				depthStencilAttachment.stencilStoreOp = GPUStoreOp.Store;
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		//
+
+		_commandEncoderDescriptor.label = 'clear';
+		const encoder = device.createCommandEncoder( _commandEncoderDescriptor );
+		_commandEncoderDescriptor.reset();
+
+		const currentPass = encoder.beginRenderPass( {
+			colorAttachments,
+			depthStencilAttachment
+		} );
+
+		currentPass.end();
+
+		submit( device, encoder.finish() );
+
+	}
+
+	// compute
+
+	/**
+	 * This method is executed at the beginning of a compute call and
+	 * prepares the state for upcoming compute tasks.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Node|Array<Node>} computeGroup - The compute node(s).
+	 */
+	beginCompute( computeGroup ) {
+
+		const groupGPU = this.get( computeGroup );
+
+		//
+
+		const label = 'computeGroup_' + computeGroup.id;
+
+		_computePassDescriptor.label = label;
+		_commandEncoderDescriptor.label = label;
+
+		this.initTimestampQuery( TimestampQuery.COMPUTE, this.getTimestampUID( computeGroup ), _computePassDescriptor );
+
+		groupGPU.cmdEncoderGPU = this.device.createCommandEncoder( _commandEncoderDescriptor );
+		groupGPU.passEncoderGPU = groupGPU.cmdEncoderGPU.beginComputePass( _computePassDescriptor );
+		groupGPU.currentPipeline = null;
+
+		_commandEncoderDescriptor.reset();
+		_computePassDescriptor.reset();
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Executes a compute command for the given compute node.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Node|Array<Node>} computeGroup - The group of compute nodes of a compute call. Can be a single compute node.
+	 * @param {Node} computeNode - The compute node.
+	 * @param {Array<BindGroup>} bindings - The bindings.
+	 * @param {ComputePipeline} pipeline - The compute pipeline.
+	 * @param {number|Array<number>|IndirectStorageBufferAttribute} [dispatchSize=null]
+	 * - A single number representing count, or
+	 * - An array [x, y, z] representing dispatch size, or
+	 * - A IndirectStorageBufferAttribute for indirect dispatch size.
+	 */
+	compute( computeGroup, computeNode, bindings, pipeline, dispatchSize = null ) {
+
+		const computeNodeData = this.get( computeNode );
+		const groupGPU = this.get( computeGroup );
+		const { passEncoderGPU } = groupGPU;
+
+		// pipeline
+
+		const pipelineGPU = this.get( pipeline ).pipeline;
+
+		if ( groupGPU.currentPipeline !== pipelineGPU ) {
+
+			passEncoderGPU.setPipeline( pipelineGPU );
+			groupGPU.currentPipeline = pipelineGPU;
+
+		}
+
+		// bind groups
+
+		for ( let i = 0, l = bindings.length; i < l; i ++ ) {
+
+			const bindGroup = bindings[ i ];
+			const bindingsData = this.get( bindGroup );
+
+			passEncoderGPU.setBindGroup( i, bindingsData.group );
+
+		}
+
+		if ( dispatchSize === null ) {
+
+			dispatchSize = computeNode.dispatchSize || computeNode.count;
+
+		}
+
+		// When the dispatchSize is set with a StorageBuffer from the GPU.
+
+		if ( dispatchSize && dispatchSize.isIndirectStorageBufferAttribute ) {
+
+			const dispatchBuffer = this.get( dispatchSize ).buffer;
+
+			passEncoderGPU.dispatchWorkgroupsIndirect( dispatchBuffer, 0 );
+
+			return;
+
+		}
+
+		if ( typeof dispatchSize === 'number' ) {
+
+			// If a single number is given, we calculate the dispatch size based on the workgroup size
+
+			const count = dispatchSize;
+
+			if ( computeNodeData.dispatchSize === undefined || computeNodeData.count !== count ) {
+
+				// cache dispatch size to avoid recalculating it every time
+
+				computeNodeData.dispatchSize = [ 0, 1, 1 ];
+				computeNodeData.count = count;
+
+				const workgroupSize = computeNode.workgroupSize;
+
+				let size = workgroupSize[ 0 ];
+
+				for ( let i = 1; i < workgroupSize.length; i ++ )
+					size *= workgroupSize[ i ];
+
+				const dispatchCount = Math.ceil( count / size );
+
+				//
+
+				const maxComputeWorkgroupsPerDimension = this.device.limits.maxComputeWorkgroupsPerDimension;
+
+				dispatchSize = [ dispatchCount, 1, 1 ];
+
+				if ( dispatchCount > maxComputeWorkgroupsPerDimension ) {
+
+					dispatchSize[ 0 ] = Math.min( dispatchCount, maxComputeWorkgroupsPerDimension );
+					dispatchSize[ 1 ] = Math.ceil( dispatchCount / maxComputeWorkgroupsPerDimension );
+
+				}
+
+				computeNodeData.dispatchSize = dispatchSize;
+
+			}
+
+			dispatchSize = computeNodeData.dispatchSize;
+
+		}
+
+		//
+
+		passEncoderGPU.dispatchWorkgroups(
+			dispatchSize[ 0 ],
+			dispatchSize[ 1 ] || 1,
+			dispatchSize[ 2 ] || 1
+		);
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method is executed at the end of a compute call and
+	 * finalizes work after compute tasks.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Node|Array<Node>} computeGroup - The compute node(s).
+	 */
+	finishCompute( computeGroup ) {
+
+		const groupData = this.get( computeGroup );
+
+		groupData.passEncoderGPU.end();
+
+		submit( this.device, groupData.cmdEncoderGPU.finish() );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Internal draw function that performs the draw with the given pass encoder.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {RenderObject} renderObject - The render object.
+	 * @param {Info} info - Holds a series of statistical information about the GPU memory and the rendering process.
+	 * @param {Object} renderContextData - The render context data object, holding current pass state and occlusion query tracking.
+	 * @param {GPURenderPipeline} pipelineGPU - The GPU render pipeline.
+	 * @param {Array<BindGroup>} bindings - The bind groups.
+	 * @param {Array<BufferAttribute>} vertexBuffers - The vertex buffers.
+	 * @param {{vertexCount: number, firstVertex: number, instanceCount: number, firstInstance: number}} drawParams - The draw parameters.
+	 * @param {GPURenderPassEncoder|GPURenderBundleEncoder} passEncoderGPU - The GPU pass encoder used for recording draw commands.
+	 * @param {Object} currentSets - Tracking object for currently set pipeline, attributes, bind groups, and index state.
+	 * @param {number} [cameraIndexSlot=-1] - Index of the binding slot holding the camera index bind group.
+	 */
+	_draw( renderObject, info, renderContextData, pipelineGPU, bindings, vertexBuffers, drawParams, passEncoderGPU, currentSets, cameraIndexSlot = - 1 ) {
+
+		const { object, material, context } = renderObject;
+
+		const index = renderObject.getIndex();
+		const hasIndex = ( index !== null );
+
+		// pipeline
+
+		if ( currentSets.pipeline !== pipelineGPU ) {
+
+			passEncoderGPU.setPipeline( pipelineGPU );
+			currentSets.pipeline = pipelineGPU;
+
+		}
+
+		// bind groups
+
+		const currentBindingGroups = currentSets.bindingGroups;
+
+		for ( let i = 0, l = bindings.length; i < l; i ++ ) {
+
+			// the camera index slot is bound per sub-camera in draw()
+
+			if ( i === cameraIndexSlot ) continue;
+
+			// compare native bind groups
+
+			const bindGroup = bindings[ i ];
+			const bindGroupGPU = this.get( bindGroup ).group;
+
+			if ( currentBindingGroups[ i ] !== bindGroupGPU ) {
+
+				passEncoderGPU.setBindGroup( i, bindGroupGPU );
+				currentBindingGroups[ i ] = bindGroupGPU;
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		// attributes
+
+		// index
+
+		if ( hasIndex === true ) {
+
+			if ( currentSets.index !== index ) {
+
+				const buffer = this.get( index ).buffer;
+				const indexFormat = ( index.array instanceof Uint16Array ) ? GPUIndexFormat.Uint16 : GPUIndexFormat.Uint32;
+
+				passEncoderGPU.setIndexBuffer( buffer, indexFormat );
+
+				currentSets.index = index;
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		for ( let i = 0, l = vertexBuffers.length; i < l; i ++ ) {
+
+			const vertexBuffer = vertexBuffers[ i ];
+
+			if ( currentSets.attributes[ i ] !== vertexBuffer ) {
+
+				const buffer = this.get( vertexBuffer ).buffer;
+				passEncoderGPU.setVertexBuffer( i, buffer );
+
+				currentSets.attributes[ i ] = vertexBuffer;
+
+			}
+
+		}
+		// stencil
+
+		if ( context.stencil === true && material.stencilWrite === true && renderContextData.currentStencilRef !== material.stencilRef ) {
+
+			passEncoderGPU.setStencilReference( material.stencilRef );
+			renderContextData.currentStencilRef = material.stencilRef;
+
+		}
+
+		// blend constant
+
+		if ( material.blending === CustomBlending && passEncoderGPU.setBlendConstant !== undefined ) {
+
+			const blendColor = material.blendColor;
+			const blendAlpha = material.blendAlpha;
+
+			if ( blendColor.equals( renderContextData.currentBlendColor ) === false || blendAlpha !== renderContextData.currentBlendAlpha ) {
+
+				_blendConstant.r = blendColor.r;
+				_blendConstant.g = blendColor.g;
+				_blendConstant.b = blendColor.b;
+				_blendConstant.a = blendAlpha;
+
+				passEncoderGPU.setBlendConstant( _blendConstant );
+
+				renderContextData.currentBlendColor.copy( blendColor );
+				renderContextData.currentBlendAlpha = blendAlpha;
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		if ( object.isBatchedMesh === true ) {
+
+			const starts = object._mergedDrawStarts;
+			const counts = object._mergedDrawCounts;
+			const instanceCounts = object._mergedDrawInstanceCounts;
+			const drawCount = object._mergedDrawCount;
+			const bytesPerElement = object._multiDrawBytesPerElement;
+
+			let firstInstance = 0;
+
+			for ( let i = 0; i < drawCount; i ++ ) {
+
+				const instanceCount = instanceCounts[ i ];
+
+				if ( hasIndex === true ) {
+
+					passEncoderGPU.drawIndexed( counts[ i ], instanceCount, starts[ i ] / bytesPerElement, 0, firstInstance );
+
+				} else {
+
+					passEncoderGPU.draw( counts[ i ], instanceCount, starts[ i ], firstInstance );
+
+				}
+
+				info.update( object, counts[ i ], instanceCount );
+
+				firstInstance += instanceCount;
+
+			}
+
+		} else if ( hasIndex === true ) {
+
+			const { vertexCount: indexCount, instanceCount, firstVertex: firstIndex } = drawParams;
+
+			const indirect = renderObject.getIndirect();
+
+			if ( indirect !== null ) {
+
+				const buffer = this.get( indirect ).buffer;
+				const indirectOffset = renderObject.getIndirectOffset();
+				const indirectOffsets = Array.isArray( indirectOffset ) ? indirectOffset : [ indirectOffset ];
+
+				for ( let i = 0; i < indirectOffsets.length; i ++ ) {
+
+					passEncoderGPU.drawIndexedIndirect( buffer, indirectOffsets[ i ] );
+
+				}
+
+			} else {
+
+				passEncoderGPU.drawIndexed( indexCount, instanceCount, firstIndex, 0, 0 );
+
+				info.update( object, indexCount, instanceCount );
+
+			}
+
+		} else {
+
+			const { vertexCount, instanceCount, firstVertex } = drawParams;
+
+			const indirect = renderObject.getIndirect();
+
+			if ( indirect !== null ) {
+
+				const buffer = this.get( indirect ).buffer;
+				const indirectOffset = renderObject.getIndirectOffset();
+				const indirectOffsets = Array.isArray( indirectOffset ) ? indirectOffset : [ indirectOffset ];
+
+				for ( let i = 0; i < indirectOffsets.length; i ++ ) {
+
+					passEncoderGPU.drawIndirect( buffer, indirectOffsets[ i ] );
+
+				}
+
+			} else {
+
+				passEncoderGPU.draw( vertexCount, instanceCount, firstVertex, 0 );
+
+				info.update( object, vertexCount, instanceCount );
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	// render object
+
+	/**
+	 * Executes a draw command for the given render object.
+	 *
+	 * @param {RenderObject} renderObject - The render object to draw.
+	 * @param {Info} info - Holds a series of statistical information about the GPU memory and the rendering process.
+	 */
+	draw( renderObject, info ) {
+
+		const { object, context, pipeline } = renderObject;
+		const renderContextData = this.get( context );
+		const pipelineData = this.get( pipeline );
+		const pipelineGPU = pipelineData.pipeline;
+
+		// Skip if pipeline has error
+		if ( pipelineData.error === true ) return;
+
+		const drawParams = renderObject.getDrawParameters();
+		if ( drawParams === null ) return;
+
+		const bindings = renderObject.getBindings();
+
+		// vertex buffers
+
+		const vertexBuffers = renderObject.getVertexBuffers();
+
+		if ( renderObject.camera.isArrayCamera && renderObject.camera.cameras.length > 0 ) {
+
+			const cameraData = this.get( renderObject.camera );
+			const cameras = renderObject.camera.cameras;
+			const cameraIndex = renderObject.getBindingGroup( 'cameraIndex' );
+
+			if ( cameraData.indexesGPU === undefined || cameraData.indexesGPU.length !== cameras.length ) {
+
+				const bindingsData = this.get( cameraIndex );
+				const indexesGPU = [];
+
+				const data = new Uint32Array( [ 0, 0, 0, 0 ] );
+
+				for ( let i = 0, len = cameras.length; i < len; i ++ ) {
+
+					data[ 0 ] = i;
+
+					const { layoutGPU } = bindingsData.layout;
+
+					const bindGroupIndex = this.bindingUtils.createBindGroupIndex( data, layoutGPU );
+
+					indexesGPU.push( bindGroupIndex );
+
+				}
+
+				cameraData.indexesGPU = indexesGPU; // TODO: Create a global library for this
+
+			}
+
+			const renderTarget = context.renderTarget;
+			const pixelRatio = ( renderTarget === null || renderTarget.isPostProcessingRenderTarget === true ) ? this.renderer.getPixelRatio() : 1;
+			const indexPos = cameraIndex ? bindings.indexOf( cameraIndex ) : - 1;
+
+			const frustumArray = context.frustumArray;
+
+			for ( let i = 0, len = cameras.length; i < len; i ++ ) {
+
+				const subCamera = cameras[ i ];
+
+				if ( object.layers.test( subCamera.layers ) && ( renderObject.camera.perCameraFrustumCulled === false || object.frustumCulled === false || object.intersectsFrustum( frustumArray.getFrustum( i ) ) ) ) {
+
+					const vp = subCamera.viewport;
+
+					let pass = renderContextData.currentPass;
+					let sets = renderContextData.currentSets;
+					const isBundleEncoder = renderContextData.bundleEncoders !== undefined;
+
+					if ( isBundleEncoder ) {
+
+						const bundleEncoder = renderContextData.bundleEncoders[ i ];
+						const bundleSets = renderContextData.bundleSets[ i ];
+						pass = bundleEncoder;
+						sets = bundleSets;
+
+					}
+					// GPURenderBundleEncoder does not support setViewport, only GPURenderPassEncoder does
+
+					if ( vp && ! isBundleEncoder ) {
+
+						pass.setViewport(
+							Math.floor( vp.x * pixelRatio ),
+							Math.floor( vp.y * pixelRatio ),
+							Math.floor( vp.width * pixelRatio ),
+							Math.floor( vp.height * pixelRatio ),
+							context.viewportValue.minDepth,
+							context.viewportValue.maxDepth
+						);
+
+					}
+
+					// Set camera index binding for this layer
+					if ( indexPos !== - 1 && cameraData.indexesGPU ) {
+
+						const cameraIndexGPU = cameraData.indexesGPU[ i ];
+
+						if ( sets.bindingGroups[ indexPos ] !== cameraIndexGPU ) {
+
+							pass.setBindGroup( indexPos, cameraIndexGPU );
+							sets.bindingGroups[ indexPos ] = cameraIndexGPU;
+
+						}
+
+					}
+
+					this._draw( renderObject, info, renderContextData, pipelineGPU, bindings, vertexBuffers, drawParams, pass, sets, indexPos );
+
+				}
+
+			}
+
+		} else {
+
+			// Regular single camera rendering
+			if ( renderContextData.currentPass ) {
+
+				// Handle occlusion queries
+
+				if ( renderContextData.currentPass instanceof GPURenderBundleEncoder ) {
+
+					if ( object.occlusionTest === true ) {
+
+						warnOnce( 'WebGPUBackend: Occlusion queries can not be recorded into render bundles.' );
+
+					}
+
+				} else if ( context.occlusionQueryCount > 0 ) {
+
+					const occlusionData = this.getOcclusionData( context );
+
+					const lastObject = occlusionData.lastOcclusionObject;
+					if ( lastObject !== object ) {
+
+						if ( lastObject !== null && lastObject.occlusionTest === true ) {
+
+							renderContextData.currentPass.endOcclusionQuery();
+							occlusionData.occlusionQueryIndex ++;
+
+						}
+
+						if ( object.occlusionTest === true ) {
+
+							renderContextData.currentPass.beginOcclusionQuery( occlusionData.occlusionQueryIndex );
+							occlusionData.occlusionQueryObjects[ occlusionData.occlusionQueryIndex ] = object;
+
+						}
+
+						occlusionData.lastOcclusionObject = object;
+
+					}
+
+				}
+
+				this._draw( renderObject, info, renderContextData, pipelineGPU, bindings, vertexBuffers, drawParams, renderContextData.currentPass, renderContextData.currentSets );
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	// cache key
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns `true` if the render pipeline requires an update.
+	 *
+	 * @param {RenderObject} renderObject - The render object.
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether the render pipeline requires an update or not.
+	 */
+	needsRenderUpdate( renderObject ) {
+
+		const data = this.get( renderObject );
+
+		const { object, material, geometry } = renderObject;
+
+		const utils = this.utils;
+
+		const sampleCount = utils.getSampleCountRenderContext( renderObject.context );
+		const colorSpace = utils.getCurrentColorSpace( renderObject.context );
+		const colorFormat = utils.getCurrentColorFormat( renderObject.context );
+		const depthStencilFormat = utils.getCurrentDepthStencilFormat( renderObject.context );
+		const primitiveTopology = utils.getPrimitiveTopology( object, material );
+		const stripIndexFormat = utils.getStripIndexFormat( object, geometry );
+		const frontFaceCW = ( object.isMesh && object.matrixWorld.determinantAffine() < 0 );
+
+		let needsUpdate = false;
+
+		if ( data.material !== material || data.materialVersion !== material.version ||
+			data.transparent !== material.transparent || data.blending !== material.blending || data.premultipliedAlpha !== material.premultipliedAlpha ||
+			data.blendSrc !== material.blendSrc || data.blendDst !== material.blendDst || data.blendEquation !== material.blendEquation ||
+			data.blendSrcAlpha !== material.blendSrcAlpha || data.blendDstAlpha !== material.blendDstAlpha || data.blendEquationAlpha !== material.blendEquationAlpha ||
+			data.colorWrite !== material.colorWrite || data.depthWrite !== material.depthWrite || data.depthTest !== material.depthTest || data.depthFunc !== material.depthFunc ||
+			data.stencilWrite !== material.stencilWrite || data.stencilFunc !== material.stencilFunc ||
+			data.stencilFail !== material.stencilFail || data.stencilZFail !== material.stencilZFail || data.stencilZPass !== material.stencilZPass ||
+			data.stencilFuncMask !== material.stencilFuncMask || data.stencilWriteMask !== material.stencilWriteMask ||
+			data.polygonOffset !== material.polygonOffset || data.polygonOffsetFactor !== material.polygonOffsetFactor || data.polygonOffsetUnits !== material.polygonOffsetUnits ||
+			data.side !== material.side || data.alphaToCoverage !== material.alphaToCoverage ||
+			data.sampleCount !== sampleCount || data.colorSpace !== colorSpace ||
+			data.colorFormat !== colorFormat || data.depthStencilFormat !== depthStencilFormat ||
+			data.primitiveTopology !== primitiveTopology || data.stripIndexFormat !== stripIndexFormat ||
+			data.frontFaceCW !== frontFaceCW ||
+			data.geometryVersion !== renderObject.geometryVersion ||
+			data.clippingContextCacheKey !== renderObject.clippingContextCacheKey
+		) {
+
+			data.material = material; data.materialVersion = material.version;
+			data.transparent = material.transparent; data.blending = material.blending; data.premultipliedAlpha = material.premultipliedAlpha;
+			data.blendSrc = material.blendSrc; data.blendDst = material.blendDst; data.blendEquation = material.blendEquation;
+			data.blendSrcAlpha = material.blendSrcAlpha; data.blendDstAlpha = material.blendDstAlpha; data.blendEquationAlpha = material.blendEquationAlpha;
+			data.colorWrite = material.colorWrite;
+			data.depthWrite = material.depthWrite; data.depthTest = material.depthTest; data.depthFunc = material.depthFunc;
+			data.stencilWrite = material.stencilWrite; data.stencilFunc = material.stencilFunc;
+			data.stencilFail = material.stencilFail; data.stencilZFail = material.stencilZFail; data.stencilZPass = material.stencilZPass;
+			data.stencilFuncMask = material.stencilFuncMask; data.stencilWriteMask = material.stencilWriteMask;
+			data.polygonOffset = material.polygonOffset; data.polygonOffsetFactor = material.polygonOffsetFactor; data.polygonOffsetUnits = material.polygonOffsetUnits;
+			data.side = material.side; data.alphaToCoverage = material.alphaToCoverage;
+			data.sampleCount = sampleCount;
+			data.colorSpace = colorSpace;
+			data.colorFormat = colorFormat;
+			data.depthStencilFormat = depthStencilFormat;
+			data.primitiveTopology = primitiveTopology;
+			data.stripIndexFormat = stripIndexFormat;
+			data.frontFaceCW = frontFaceCW;
+			data.geometryVersion = renderObject.geometryVersion;
+			data.clippingContextCacheKey = renderObject.clippingContextCacheKey;
+
+			needsUpdate = true;
+
+		}
+
+		return needsUpdate;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a cache key that is used to identify render pipelines.
+	 *
+	 * @param {RenderObject} renderObject - The render object.
+	 * @return {string} The cache key.
+	 */
+	getRenderCacheKey( renderObject ) {
+
+		const { object, material, geometry } = renderObject;
+
+		const utils = this.utils;
+		const renderContext = renderObject.context;
+
+		// meshes with negative scale have a different frontFace render pipeline
+		// descriptor value so the following must be honored in the cache key
+
+		const frontFaceCW = ( object.isMesh && object.matrixWorld.determinantAffine() < 0 );
+
+		return [
+			material.transparent, material.blending, material.premultipliedAlpha,
+			material.blendSrc, material.blendDst, material.blendEquation,
+			material.blendSrcAlpha, material.blendDstAlpha, material.blendEquationAlpha,
+			material.colorWrite,
+			material.depthWrite, material.depthTest, material.depthFunc,
+			material.stencilWrite, material.stencilFunc,
+			material.stencilFail, material.stencilZFail, material.stencilZPass,
+			material.stencilFuncMask, material.stencilWriteMask,
+			material.polygonOffset, material.polygonOffsetFactor, material.polygonOffsetUnits,
+			material.side, material.alphaToCoverage,
+			frontFaceCW,
+			utils.getSampleCountRenderContext( renderContext ),
+			utils.getCurrentColorSpace( renderContext ), utils.getCurrentColorFormat( renderContext ), utils.getCurrentDepthStencilFormat( renderContext ),
+			utils.getPrimitiveTopology( object, material ), utils.getStripIndexFormat( object, geometry ),
+			this.attributeUtils.getVertexBufferLayoutCacheKey( renderObject ),
+			renderObject.clippingContextCacheKey
+		].join();
+
+	}
+
+	// textures
+
+	/**
+	 * Updates a GPU sampler for the given texture.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Sampler} binding - The sampler binding to update.
+	 * @return {string} The current sampler key.
+	 */
+	updateSampler( binding ) {
+
+		return this.textureUtils.updateSampler( binding );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Frees the GPU sampler for the given sampler binding.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Sampler} binding - The sampler binding to free.
+	 */
+	destroySampler( binding ) {
+
+		this.textureUtils.destroySampler( binding );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates a default texture for the given texture that can be used
+	 * as a placeholder until the actual texture is ready for usage.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture to create a default texture for.
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether the sampler has been updated or not.
+	 */
+	createDefaultTexture( texture ) {
+
+		return this.textureUtils.createDefaultTexture( texture );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Defines a texture on the GPU for the given texture object.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @param {Object} [options={}] - Optional configuration parameter.
+	 */
+	createTexture( texture, options ) {
+
+		this.textureUtils.createTexture( texture, options );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Uploads the updated texture data to the GPU.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @param {Object} [options={}] - Optional configuration parameter.
+	 */
+	updateTexture( texture, options ) {
+
+		this.textureUtils.updateTexture( texture, options );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Generates mipmaps for the given texture.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 */
+	generateMipmaps( texture ) {
+
+		this.textureUtils.generateMipmaps( texture );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Destroys the GPU data for the given texture object.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture.
+	 * @param {boolean} [isDefaultTexture=false] - Whether the texture uses a default GPU texture or not.
+	 */
+	destroyTexture( texture, isDefaultTexture = false ) {
+
+		this.textureUtils.destroyTexture( texture, isDefaultTexture );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns texture data as a typed array.
+	 *
+	 * @async
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The texture to copy.
+	 * @param {number} x - The x coordinate of the copy origin.
+	 * @param {number} y - The y coordinate of the copy origin.
+	 * @param {number} width - The width of the copy.
+	 * @param {number} height - The height of the copy.
+	 * @param {number} faceIndex - The cube face, depth slice or array layer index.
+	 * @return {Promise<TypedArray>} A Promise that resolves with a typed array when the copy operation has finished.
+	 */
+	async copyTextureToBuffer( texture, x, y, width, height, faceIndex ) {
+
+		return this.textureUtils.copyTextureToBuffer( texture, x, y, width, height, faceIndex );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Inits a time stamp query for the given render context.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} type - The type of the timestamp query (e.g. 'render', 'compute').
+	 * @param {number} uid - Unique id for the context (e.g. render context id).
+	 * @param {Object} descriptor - The query descriptor.
+	 */
+	initTimestampQuery( type, uid, descriptor ) {
+
+		if ( ! this.trackTimestamp ) {
+
+			descriptor.timestampWrites = undefined;
+			return;
+
+		}
+
+		if ( ! this.timestampQueryPool[ type ] ) {
+
+			// TODO: Variable maxQueries?
+			this.timestampQueryPool[ type ] = new WebGPUTimestampQueryPool( this.device, type, 2048 );
+
+		}
+
+		const timestampQueryPool = this.timestampQueryPool[ type ];
+
+		const baseOffset = timestampQueryPool.allocateQueriesForContext( uid );
+
+		_renderPassTimestampWrites.querySet = timestampQueryPool.querySet;
+		_renderPassTimestampWrites.beginningOfPassWriteIndex = baseOffset;
+		_renderPassTimestampWrites.endOfPassWriteIndex = baseOffset + 1;
+
+		descriptor.timestampWrites = _renderPassTimestampWrites;
+
+	}
+
+
+	// node builder
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a node builder for the given render object.
+	 *
+	 * @param {RenderObject} object - The render object.
+	 * @param {Renderer} renderer - The renderer.
+	 * @return {WGSLNodeBuilder} The node builder.
+	 */
+	createNodeBuilder( object, renderer ) {
+
+		return new WGSLNodeBuilder( object, renderer );
+
+	}
+
+	// program
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates a shader program from the given programmable stage.
+	 *
+	 * @param {ProgrammableStage} program - The programmable stage.
+	 */
+	createProgram( program ) {
+
+		const programGPU = this.get( program );
+
+		_shaderModuleDescriptor.label = program.stage + ( program.name !== '' ? `_${ program.name }` : '' );
+		_shaderModuleDescriptor.code = program.code;
+
+		programGPU.module = {
+			module: this.device.createShaderModule( _shaderModuleDescriptor ),
+			entryPoint: 'main'
+		};
+
+		_shaderModuleDescriptor.reset();
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Destroys the shader program of the given programmable stage.
+	 *
+	 * @param {ProgrammableStage} program - The programmable stage.
+	 */
+	destroyProgram( program ) {
+
+		this.delete( program );
+
+	}
+
+	// pipelines
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates a render pipeline for the given render object.
+	 *
+	 * @param {RenderObject} renderObject - The render object.
+	 * @param {Array<Promise>} promises - An array of compilation promises which are used in `compileAsync()`.
+	 */
+	createRenderPipeline( renderObject, promises ) {
+
+		this.pipelineUtils.createRenderPipeline( renderObject, promises );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates a compute pipeline for the given compute node.
+	 *
+	 * @param {ComputePipeline} computePipeline - The compute pipeline.
+	 * @param {Array<BindGroup>} bindings - The bindings.
+	 * @param {?Array<Promise>} [promises=null] - Optional compilation promises.
+	 */
+	createComputePipeline( computePipeline, bindings, promises = null ) {
+
+		this.pipelineUtils.createComputePipeline( computePipeline, bindings, promises );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Prepares the state for encoding render bundles.
+	 *
+	 * @param {RenderContext} renderContext - The render context.
+	 */
+	beginBundle( renderContext ) {
+
+		const renderContextData = this.get( renderContext );
+
+		renderContextData._currentPass = renderContextData.currentPass;
+		renderContextData._currentSets = renderContextData.currentSets;
+
+		renderContextData.currentSets = { attributes: {}, bindingGroups: [], pipeline: null, index: null };
+		renderContextData.currentPass = this.pipelineUtils.createBundleEncoder( renderContext );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * After processing render bundles this method finalizes related work.
+	 *
+	 * @param {RenderContext} renderContext - The render context.
+	 * @param {RenderBundle} bundle - The render bundle.
+	 */
+	finishBundle( renderContext, bundle ) {
+
+		const renderContextData = this.get( renderContext );
+
+		const bundleEncoder = renderContextData.currentPass;
+		const bundleGPU = bundleEncoder.finish();
+
+		this.get( bundle ).bundleGPU = bundleGPU;
+
+		// restore render pass state
+
+		renderContextData.currentSets = renderContextData._currentSets;
+		renderContextData.currentPass = renderContextData._currentPass;
+		renderContextData._currentPass = null;
+		renderContextData._currentSets = null;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Adds a render bundle to the render context data.
+	 *
+	 * @param {RenderContext} renderContext - The render context.
+	 * @param {RenderBundle} bundle - The render bundle to add.
+	 */
+	addBundle( renderContext, bundle ) {
+
+		const renderContextData = this.get( renderContext );
+
+		renderContextData.renderBundles.push( this.get( bundle ).bundleGPU );
+
+	}
+
+	// bindings
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates a uniform buffer.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Buffer} uniformBuffer - The uniform buffer.
+	 */
+	createUniformBuffer( uniformBuffer ) {
+
+		const uniformBufferData = this.get( uniformBuffer );
+
+		if ( uniformBufferData.buffer === undefined ) {
+
+			const byteLength = uniformBuffer.byteLength;
+
+			const slice = this.uniformArena.allocate( byteLength );
+
+			if ( slice !== null ) {
+
+				uniformBufferData.slice = slice;
+				uniformBufferData.buffer = slice.buffer;
+				return;
+
+			}
+
+			const usage = GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST;
+
+			const visibilities = [];
+
+			if ( uniformBuffer.visibility & GPUShaderStage.VERTEX ) {
+
+				visibilities.push( 'vertex' );
+
+			}
+
+			if ( uniformBuffer.visibility & GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT ) {
+
+				visibilities.push( 'fragment' );
+
+			}
+
+			if ( uniformBuffer.visibility & GPUShaderStage.COMPUTE ) {
+
+				visibilities.push( 'compute' );
+
+			}
+
+			const bufferVisibility = `(${visibilities.join( ',' )})`;
+
+			_bufferDescriptor.label = `bindingBuffer${uniformBuffer.id}_${uniformBuffer.name}_${bufferVisibility}`;
+			_bufferDescriptor.size = byteLength;
+			_bufferDescriptor.usage = usage;
+
+			const bufferGPU = this.device.createBuffer( _bufferDescriptor );
+
+			_bufferDescriptor.reset();
+
+			uniformBufferData.buffer = bufferGPU;
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Destroys the GPU data for the given uniform buffer.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Buffer} uniformBuffer - The uniform buffer.
+	 */
+	destroyUniformBuffer( uniformBuffer ) {
+
+		const uniformBufferData = this.get( uniformBuffer );
+
+		if ( uniformBufferData.slice !== undefined ) this.uniformArena.release( uniformBufferData.slice );
+		else uniformBufferData.buffer.destroy();
+
+		this.delete( uniformBuffer );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates bindings from the given bind group definition.
+	 *
+	 * @param {BindGroup} bindGroup - The bind group.
+	 * @param {Array<BindGroup>} bindings - Array of bind groups.
+	 * @param {string} cacheKey - The cache key.
+	 * @param {number} version - The version.
+	 */
+	createBindings( bindGroup, bindings, cacheKey, version ) {
+
+		this.bindingUtils.createBindings( bindGroup, bindings, cacheKey, version );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Updates the given bind group definition.
+	 *
+	 * @param {BindGroup} bindGroup - The bind group.
+	 * @param {Array<BindGroup>} bindings - Array of bind groups.
+	 * @param {string} cacheKey - The cache key.
+	 * @param {number} version - The version.
+	 */
+	updateBindings( bindGroup, bindings, cacheKey, version ) {
+
+		this.bindingUtils.createBindings( bindGroup, bindings, cacheKey, version );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Updates a buffer binding.
+	 *
+	 *  @param {Buffer} binding - The buffer binding to update.
+	 */
+	updateBinding( binding ) {
+
+		this.bindingUtils.updateBinding( binding );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete data associated with the current bind group.
+	 *
+	 * @param {BindGroup} bindGroup - The bind group.
+	 */
+	deleteBindGroupData( bindGroup ) {
+
+		this.bindingUtils.deleteBindGroupData( bindGroup );
+
+	}
+
+	// attributes
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates the buffer of an indexed shader attribute.
+	 *
+	 * @param {BufferAttribute} attribute - The indexed buffer attribute.
+	 */
+	createIndexAttribute( attribute ) {
+
+		let usage = GPUBufferUsage.INDEX | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_SRC | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST;
+
+		if ( attribute.isStorageBufferAttribute || attribute.isStorageInstancedBufferAttribute ) {
+
+			usage |= GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE;
+
+		}
+
+		this.attributeUtils.createAttribute( attribute, usage );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates the GPU buffer of a shader attribute.
+	 *
+	 * @param {BufferAttribute} attribute - The buffer attribute.
+	 */
+	createAttribute( attribute ) {
+
+		this.attributeUtils.createAttribute( attribute, GPUBufferUsage.VERTEX | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_SRC | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates the GPU buffer of a storage attribute.
+	 *
+	 * @param {BufferAttribute} attribute - The buffer attribute.
+	 */
+	createStorageAttribute( attribute ) {
+
+		this.attributeUtils.createAttribute( attribute, GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.VERTEX | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_SRC | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates the GPU buffer of an indirect storage attribute.
+	 *
+	 * @param {BufferAttribute} attribute - The buffer attribute.
+	 */
+	createIndirectStorageAttribute( attribute ) {
+
+		this.attributeUtils.createAttribute( attribute, GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.INDIRECT | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_SRC | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Updates the GPU buffer of a shader attribute.
+	 *
+	 * @param {BufferAttribute} attribute - The buffer attribute to update.
+	 */
+	updateAttribute( attribute ) {
+
+		this.attributeUtils.updateAttribute( attribute );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Destroys the GPU buffer of a shader attribute.
+	 *
+	 * @param {BufferAttribute} attribute - The buffer attribute to destroy.
+	 */
+	destroyAttribute( attribute ) {
+
+		this.attributeUtils.destroyAttribute( attribute );
+
+	}
+
+	// canvas
+
+	/**
+	 * Triggers an update of the default render pass descriptor.
+	 */
+	updateSize() {
+
+		this.delete( this.renderer.getCanvasTarget() );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Frees the GPU resources of the given canvas target.
+	 *
+	 * @param {CanvasTarget} canvasTarget - The canvas target.
+	 */
+	destroyCanvasTarget( canvasTarget ) {
+
+		this.destroyTexture( canvasTarget.colorTexture );
+		this.destroyTexture( canvasTarget.depthTexture );
+
+		this.delete( canvasTarget );
+
+	}
+
+	// utils public
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks if the given feature is supported by the backend.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} name - The feature's name.
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether the feature is supported or not.
+	 */
+	hasFeature( name ) {
+
+		if ( GPUFeatureMap[ name ] !== undefined ) name = GPUFeatureMap[ name ];
+
+		return this.device.features.has( name );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Copies data of the given source texture to the given destination texture.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} srcTexture - The source texture.
+	 * @param {Texture} dstTexture - The destination texture.
+	 * @param {?(Box3|Box2)} [srcRegion=null] - The region of the source texture to copy.
+	 * @param {?(Vector2|Vector3)} [dstPosition=null] - The destination position of the copy.
+	 * @param {number} [srcLevel=0] - The mipmap level to copy.
+	 * @param {number} [dstLevel=0] - The destination mip level to copy to.
+	 */
+	copyTextureToTexture( srcTexture, dstTexture, srcRegion = null, dstPosition = null, srcLevel = 0, dstLevel = 0 ) {
+
+		let dstX = 0;
+		let dstY = 0;
+		let dstZ = 0;
+
+		let srcX = 0;
+		let srcY = 0;
+		let srcZ = 0;
+
+		let srcWidth = srcTexture.image.width;
+		let srcHeight = srcTexture.image.height;
+		let srcDepth = 1;
+
+
+		if ( srcRegion !== null ) {
+
+			if ( srcRegion.isBox3 === true ) {
+
+				srcX = srcRegion.min.x;
+				srcY = srcRegion.min.y;
+				srcZ = srcRegion.min.z;
+				srcWidth = srcRegion.max.x - srcRegion.min.x;
+				srcHeight = srcRegion.max.y - srcRegion.min.y;
+				srcDepth = srcRegion.max.z - srcRegion.min.z;
+
+			} else {
+
+				// Assume it's a Box2
+				srcX = srcRegion.min.x;
+				srcY = srcRegion.min.y;
+				srcWidth = srcRegion.max.x - srcRegion.min.x;
+				srcHeight = srcRegion.max.y - srcRegion.min.y;
+				srcDepth = 1;
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+
+		if ( dstPosition !== null ) {
+
+			dstX = dstPosition.x;
+			dstY = dstPosition.y;
+			dstZ = dstPosition.z || 0;
+
+		}
+
+		_commandEncoderDescriptor.label = 'copyTextureToTexture_' + srcTexture.id + '_' + dstTexture.id;
+		const encoder = this.device.createCommandEncoder( _commandEncoderDescriptor );
+		_commandEncoderDescriptor.reset();
+
+		const sourceGPU = this.get( srcTexture ).texture;
+		const destinationGPU = this.get( dstTexture ).texture;
+
+		_texelCopyTextureInfoSrc.texture = sourceGPU;
+		_texelCopyTextureInfoSrc.mipLevel = srcLevel;
+		_texelCopyTextureInfoSrc.origin.x = srcX;
+		_texelCopyTextureInfoSrc.origin.y = srcY;
+		_texelCopyTextureInfoSrc.origin.z = srcZ;
+
+		_texelCopyTextureInfoDst.texture = destinationGPU;
+		_texelCopyTextureInfoDst.mipLevel = dstLevel;
+		_texelCopyTextureInfoDst.origin.x = dstX;
+		_texelCopyTextureInfoDst.origin.y = dstY;
+		_texelCopyTextureInfoDst.origin.z = dstZ;
+
+		_extent3D.width = srcWidth;
+		_extent3D.height = srcHeight;
+		_extent3D.depthOrArrayLayers = srcDepth;
+
+		encoder.copyTextureToTexture(
+			_texelCopyTextureInfoSrc,
+			_texelCopyTextureInfoDst,
+			_extent3D
+		);
+
+		_texelCopyTextureInfoSrc.reset();
+		_texelCopyTextureInfoDst.reset();
+		_extent3D.reset();
+
+		submit( this.device, encoder.finish() );
+
+		if ( dstLevel === 0 && dstTexture.generateMipmaps === true && dstTexture.mipmapsAutoUpdate === true ) {
+
+			this.textureUtils.generateMipmaps( dstTexture );
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Copies the current bound framebuffer to the given texture.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The destination texture.
+	 * @param {RenderContext} renderContext - The render context.
+	 * @param {Vector4} rectangle - A four dimensional vector defining the origin and dimension of the copy.
+	 */
+	copyFramebufferToTexture( texture, renderContext, rectangle ) {
+
+		const renderContextData = this.get( renderContext );
+
+		let sourceGPU = null;
+
+		if ( renderContext.renderTarget ) {
+
+			if ( texture.isDepthTexture ) {
+
+				sourceGPU = this.get( renderContext.depthTexture ).texture;
+
+			} else {
+
+				sourceGPU = this.get( renderContext.textures[ 0 ] ).texture;
+
+			}
+
+		} else {
+
+			if ( texture.isDepthTexture ) {
+
+				sourceGPU = this.textureUtils.getDepthBuffer( renderContext.depth, renderContext.stencil );
+
+			} else {
+
+				sourceGPU = this.context.getCurrentTexture();
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		const destinationGPU = this.get( texture ).texture;
+
+		if ( sourceGPU.format !== destinationGPU.format ) {
+
+			error( 'WebGPUBackend: copyFramebufferToTexture: Source and destination formats do not match.', sourceGPU.format, destinationGPU.format );
+
+			return;
+
+		}
+
+		const generateMipmaps = texture.generateMipmaps === true && texture.mipmapsAutoUpdate === true && destinationGPU.mipLevelCount > 1;
+
+		if ( renderContextData.encoder && this._isRenderCameraDepthArray( renderContext ) === true ) {
+
+			// Layered draws are only executed in finishRender(), so preserve this copy as a render-stage boundary.
+			const bundles = this._finishArrayCameraBundleEncoders( renderContextData );
+
+			renderContextData.arrayCameraRenderStages.push( {
+				bundles,
+				framebufferCopy: {
+					texture,
+					sourceGPU,
+					destinationGPU,
+					rectangle: { x: rectangle.x, y: rectangle.y, z: rectangle.z, w: rectangle.w },
+					// ViewportTextureNode restores this flag before the deferred copy executes.
+					generateMipmaps
+				}
+			} );
+
+			this._createArrayCameraBundleEncoders( renderContext, renderContextData );
+
+			return;
+
+		}
+
+		let encoder;
+
+		if ( renderContextData.currentPass ) {
+
+			renderContextData.currentPass.end();
+
+			encoder = renderContextData.encoder;
+
+		} else {
+
+			_commandEncoderDescriptor.label = 'copyFramebufferToTexture_' + texture.id;
+			encoder = this.device.createCommandEncoder( _commandEncoderDescriptor );
+			_commandEncoderDescriptor.reset();
+
+		}
+
+		// mipmaps must be genereated with the same encoder otherwise the copied texture data
+		// might be out-of-sync, see #31768
+
+		this._copyFramebufferToTexture( encoder, texture, sourceGPU, destinationGPU, rectangle, 0, generateMipmaps );
+
+		if ( renderContextData.currentPass ) {
+
+			const { descriptor } = renderContextData;
+
+			for ( let i = 0; i < descriptor.colorAttachments.length; i ++ ) {
+
+				descriptor.colorAttachments[ i ].loadOp = GPULoadOp.Load;
+
+			}
+
+			if ( renderContext.depth ) descriptor.depthStencilAttachment.depthLoadOp = GPULoadOp.Load;
+			if ( renderContext.stencil ) descriptor.depthStencilAttachment.stencilLoadOp = GPULoadOp.Load;
+
+			renderContextData.currentPass = encoder.beginRenderPass( descriptor );
+
+			this._resetRenderContextData( renderContextData );
+
+			if ( renderContext.viewport ) {
+
+				this.updateViewport( renderContext );
+
+			}
+
+			if ( renderContext.scissor ) {
+
+				this.updateScissor( renderContext );
+
+			}
+
+		} else {
+
+			submit( this.device, encoder.finish() );
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Encodes a framebuffer copy from a specific texture-array layer.
+	 *
+	 * @param {GPUCommandEncoder} encoder - The command encoder.
+	 * @param {Texture} texture - The destination texture.
+	 * @param {GPUTexture} sourceGPU - The source GPU texture.
+	 * @param {GPUTexture} destinationGPU - The destination GPU texture.
+	 * @param {Object} rectangle - The source rectangle.
+	 * @param {number} [sourceLayer=0] - The source array layer.
+	 * @param {boolean} [generateMipmaps=texture.generateMipmaps] - Whether mipmaps should be generated.
+	 * @private
+	 */
+	_copyFramebufferToTexture( encoder, texture, sourceGPU, destinationGPU, rectangle, sourceLayer = 0, generateMipmaps = texture.generateMipmaps ) {
+
+		_texelCopyTextureInfoSrc.texture = sourceGPU;
+		_texelCopyTextureInfoSrc.origin.x = rectangle.x;
+		_texelCopyTextureInfoSrc.origin.y = rectangle.y;
+		_texelCopyTextureInfoSrc.origin.z = sourceLayer;
+
+		_texelCopyTextureInfoDst.texture = destinationGPU;
+
+		_extent3D.width = rectangle.z;
+		_extent3D.height = rectangle.w;
+
+		encoder.copyTextureToTexture(
+			_texelCopyTextureInfoSrc,
+			_texelCopyTextureInfoDst,
+			_extent3D
+		);
+
+		_texelCopyTextureInfoSrc.reset();
+		_texelCopyTextureInfoDst.reset();
+		_extent3D.reset();
+
+		if ( generateMipmaps === true && destinationGPU.mipLevelCount > 1 ) {
+
+			this.textureUtils.generateMipmaps( texture, encoder );
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks if the given compatibility is supported by the backend.
+	 *
+	 * @param {string} name - The compatibility name.
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether the compatibility is supported or not.
+	 */
+	hasCompatibility( name ) {
+
+		if ( this._compatibility[ name ] !== undefined ) {
+
+			return this._compatibility[ name ];
+
+		}
+
+		return super.hasCompatibility( name );
+
+	}
+
+	async dispose() {
+
+		await super.dispose();
+
+		this.bindingUtils.dispose();
+		this.textureUtils.dispose();
+
+		if ( this.uniformArena ) {
+
+			beforeSubmit( this.device, null );
+			this.uniformArena.dispose();
+
+		}
+
+		if ( this.occludedResolveCache ) {
+
+			for ( const buffer of this.occludedResolveCache.values() ) {
+
+				buffer.destroy();
+
+			}
+
+			this.occludedResolveCache.clear();
+
+		}
+
+		if ( this.parameters.device === undefined && this.device !== null ) {
+
+			this.device.destroy();
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+export default WebGPUBackend;