@theerapat-s28/ts-structural-eng-tools 2.3.0 → 3.1.0

package/dist/fea/frame/elements/shell/flat-shell.js

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+"use strict";
+Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });
+exports.flatShellElement = exports.shellGlobalStiffness = exports.shellNodeTransforms = exports.flatShellLocalStiffness = void 0;
+const matrix_1 = require("../../../../utils/matrix");
+const dkq_plate_1 = require("./dkq-plate");
+const membrane_quad_1 = require("./membrane-quad");
+const shell_axes_1 = require("./shell-axes");
+/** Positions of the membrane DOFs [u, v, θz] and the plate DOFs [w, θx, θy] among a node's six. */
+const MEMBRANE_DOFS = [0, 1, 5];
+const PLATE_DOFS = [2, 3, 4];
+/**
+ * Local stiffness of a flat four-node shell: the drilling membrane (`membraneQuadStiffness`) on
+ * u₁, u₂, r₃ and the DKQ plate (`dkqPlateStiffness`) on u₃, r₁, r₂ of every corner. For a flat
+ * element of uniform section the two do not couple. `"membrane"` and `"plate"` keep only their
+ * own part, leaving the other DOFs without stiffness.
+ *
+ * @param corners - The four corners in the element plane (mm), counter-clockwise
+ * @param properties - Material, thickness, type and stiffness modifiers
+ * @returns The 24×24 stiffness over `[u₁ u₂ u₃ r₁ r₂ r₃]` per corner (N and mm)
+ */
+const flatShellLocalStiffness = (corners, properties) => {
+    const { E, nu, t, type } = properties;
+    const k = (0, matrix_1.zeros)(24, 24);
+    const scatter = (part, dofs) => {
+        for (let a = 0; a < 12; a++) {
+            const i = 6 * Math.floor(a / 3) + dofs[a % 3];
+            for (let b = 0; b < 12; b++)
+                k[i][6 * Math.floor(b / 3) + dofs[b % 3]] += part[a][b];
+        }
+    };
+    if (type !== "plate") {
+        const membrane = { E, nu, t, modifiers: properties.membraneModifiers };
+        scatter((0, membrane_quad_1.membraneQuadStiffness)(corners, membrane), MEMBRANE_DOFS);
+    }
+    if (type !== "membrane") {
+        const plate = { E, nu, t, modifiers: properties.bendingModifiers };
+        scatter((0, dkq_plate_1.dkqPlateStiffness)(corners, plate), PLATE_DOFS);
+    }
+    return k;
+};
+exports.flatShellLocalStiffness = flatShellLocalStiffness;
+/**
+ * Per corner, the 6×6 transformation from the global DOFs at the real node to the local DOFs at
+ * its projection on the mean plane: the direction cosines λ on translations and rotations, plus
+ * a rigid link across the offset h along local 3, `u_proj = u + θ × (−h·e₃)`, which adds
+ * `−h·r₂` to u₁ and `+h·r₁` to u₂. For a flat element it is just λ.
+ */
+const shellNodeTransforms = ({ lambda, offsets }) => offsets.map((h) => {
+    const T = (0, matrix_1.zeros)(6, 6);
+    for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+        for (let j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
+            T[i][j] = lambda[i][j];
+            T[3 + i][3 + j] = lambda[i][j];
+        }
+    }
+    for (let j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
+        T[0][3 + j] = -h * lambda[1][j];
+        T[1][3 + j] = h * lambda[0][j];
+    }
+    return T;
+});
+exports.shellNodeTransforms = shellNodeTransforms;
+/**
+ * Transforms a 24×24 local shell stiffness to global DOFs block by block,
+ * `k_ab = T_aᵀ·k_local,ab·T_b`, without forming the 24×24 transformation.
+ *
+ * @param kLocal - Stiffness over the local DOFs of the projected corners
+ * @param transforms - The four corner transformations from `shellNodeTransforms`
+ */
+const shellGlobalStiffness = (kLocal, transforms) => {
+    const k = (0, matrix_1.zeros)(24, 24);
+    for (let a = 0; a < 4; a++) {
+        for (let b = 0; b < 4; b++) {
+            const Ta = transforms[a];
+            const Tb = transforms[b];
+            // block·T_b
+            const right = (0, matrix_1.zeros)(6, 6);
+            for (let i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
+                for (let m = 0; m < 6; m++) {
+                    const v = kLocal[6 * a + i][6 * b + m];
+                    if (v === 0)
+                        continue;
+                    for (let j = 0; j < 6; j++)
+                        right[i][j] += v * Tb[m][j];
+                }
+            }
+            // T_aᵀ·(block·T_b)
+            for (let i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
+                for (let m = 0; m < 6; m++) {
+                    const v = Ta[m][i];
+                    if (v === 0)
+                        continue;
+                    for (let j = 0; j < 6; j++)
+                        k[6 * a + i][6 * b + j] += v * right[m][j];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return k;
+};
+exports.shellGlobalStiffness = shellGlobalStiffness;
+/**
+ * A flat four-node shell element (drilling membrane plus DKQ plate) built on the mean plane of
+ * its corners, linked rigidly to the real corners when they are not coplanar.
+ *
+ * @param points - The four corners in global axes (mm), in order around the element; local 3
+ *   follows the right-hand rule around them
+ * @param properties - Material, thickness, type and stiffness modifiers
+ * @param angle - Rotation of local 1 and 2 about local 3 in rad (default 0)
+ */
+const flatShellElement = (points, properties, angle = 0) => {
+    const axes = (0, shell_axes_1.shellAxes)(points, angle);
+    const transforms = (0, exports.shellNodeTransforms)(axes);
+    const kLocal = (0, exports.flatShellLocalStiffness)(axes.corners, properties);
+    return { axes, transforms, kLocal, kGlobal: (0, exports.shellGlobalStiffness)(kLocal, transforms) };
+};
+exports.flatShellElement = flatShellElement;
+//# sourceMappingURL=flat-shell.js.map

package/dist/fea/frame/elements/shell/flat-shell.js.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/fea/frame/elements/shell/membrane-quad.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+import { type Matrix } from "../../../../utils/matrix";
+import { type Vec2 } from "./quad-geometry";
+import { type RigidityModifiers } from "./rigidity";
+/** Material and thickness of a membrane: E in MPa, ν, t in mm. */
+export interface MembraneProperties {
+    E: number;
+    nu: number;
+    t: number;
+    /** Stiffness modifiers on the 11, 22 and 12 components of the rigidity (default all 1). */
+    modifiers?: RigidityModifiers;
+}
+/** Strain rows of the drilling membrane at one point, over the 12 DOFs `[u₁ v₁ θ₁ … u₄ v₄ θ₄]`. */
+export interface MembraneStrainRows {
+    /** Rows of εx, εy and γxy (1/mm, or 1/mm per rad for the θ columns). */
+    B: Matrix;
+    /** Row of θ − ω, the drilling rotation minus the material rotation ω = ½(v,x − u,y). */
+    rotation: number[];
+    detJ: number;
+}
+/**
+ * Strain–displacement rows of the four-node membrane with drilling rotations at (ξ, η).
+ *
+ * Displacements are bilinear plus Allman-type edge terms: for the edge from corner i to corner
+ * j (counter-clockwise) with mid-side function N_k,
+ * `u += N_k·(y_j − y_i)/8·(θ_j − θ_i)` and `v += N_k·(x_i − x_j)/8·(θ_j − θ_i)`, a quadratic
+ * bulge along the edge's outward normal that matches the difference of the corner rotations.
+ *
+ * @param corners - The four corners in the element plane (mm), counter-clockwise
+ * @param xi - Natural coordinate ξ
+ * @param eta - Natural coordinate η
+ */
+export declare const membraneStrainRows: (corners: readonly Vec2[], xi: number, eta: number) => MembraneStrainRows;
+/**
+ * Plane-stress membrane rigidity `E·t/(1 − ν²)·[[1, ν, 0], [ν, 1, 0], [0, 0, (1 − ν)/2]]`
+ * (N/mm), with the stiffness modifiers applied (see `isotropicRigidity`).
+ */
+export declare const membraneRigidity: ({ E, nu, t, modifiers }: MembraneProperties) => Matrix;
+/**
+ * Local stiffness of the four-node membrane with drilling rotations (after Ibrahimbegovic,
+ * Taylor & Wilson 1990): bilinear displacements plus Allman-type edge terms, and the
+ * Hughes–Brezzi penalty `½·γ·t·∫(θ − ω)² dA` with `γ = penaltyRatio · G`.
+ *
+ * - The strain energy is integrated with 3×3 Gauss points. With 2×2 the edge terms leave a
+ *   spurious zero-energy mode in rectangular elements (alternating corner rotations whose
+ *   normal strains vanish exactly at the 2×2 points).
+ * - The penalty is integrated at the centre (one point). With 2×2 it over-constrains distorted
+ *   elements and they lock as γ grows; at the centre it only ties the element's mean rotation
+ *   to the material, so results hardly change with γ.
+ * - Stiffness modifiers scale the rigidity only; the penalty keeps the unmodified G.
+ *
+ * The DOFs are `[u₁ v₁ θ₁ … u₄ v₄ θ₄]`: in-plane displacements along the element's x and y and
+ * the rotation about its normal, right-handed, at corners listed counter-clockwise about that
+ * normal. The quad must be convex (det J > 0 throughout), which validation guarantees.
+ *
+ * @param corners - The four corners in the element plane (mm)
+ * @param properties - E (MPa), ν and thickness t (mm)
+ * @param penaltyRatio - γ / G (default `DRILLING_PENALTY_RATIO`)
+ * @returns The symmetric 12×12 stiffness in N and mm (N/mm, N, N·mm/rad); exactly three
+ *   zero-energy modes, the in-plane rigid-body motions
+ */
+export declare const membraneQuadStiffness: (corners: readonly Vec2[], properties: MembraneProperties, penaltyRatio?: number) => Matrix;

package/dist/fea/frame/elements/shell/membrane-quad.js

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+"use strict";
+Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });
+exports.membraneQuadStiffness = exports.membraneRigidity = exports.membraneStrainRows = void 0;
+const frame_constant_1 = require("../../../../core/constants/frame.constant");
+const matrix_1 = require("../../../../utils/matrix");
+const quad_geometry_1 = require("./quad-geometry");
+const rigidity_1 = require("./rigidity");
+/**
+ * Strain–displacement rows of the four-node membrane with drilling rotations at (ξ, η).
+ *
+ * Displacements are bilinear plus Allman-type edge terms: for the edge from corner i to corner
+ * j (counter-clockwise) with mid-side function N_k,
+ * `u += N_k·(y_j − y_i)/8·(θ_j − θ_i)` and `v += N_k·(x_i − x_j)/8·(θ_j − θ_i)`, a quadratic
+ * bulge along the edge's outward normal that matches the difference of the corner rotations.
+ *
+ * @param corners - The four corners in the element plane (mm), counter-clockwise
+ * @param xi - Natural coordinate ξ
+ * @param eta - Natural coordinate η
+ */
+const membraneStrainRows = (corners, xi, eta) => {
+    const jacobian = (0, quad_geometry_1.quadJacobian)(corners, xi, eta);
+    const corner = (0, quad_geometry_1.bilinearShape)(xi, eta);
+    const cornerD = (0, quad_geometry_1.cartesianDerivatives)(jacobian, corner);
+    const edgeD = (0, quad_geometry_1.cartesianDerivatives)(jacobian, (0, quad_geometry_1.midsideShape)(xi, eta));
+    // u,x  u,y  v,x  v,y over the 12 DOFs
+    const ux = new Array(12).fill(0);
+    const uy = new Array(12).fill(0);
+    const vx = new Array(12).fill(0);
+    const vy = new Array(12).fill(0);
+    const rotation = new Array(12).fill(0);
+    for (let i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+        ux[3 * i] = cornerD.dX[i];
+        uy[3 * i] = cornerD.dY[i];
+        vx[3 * i + 1] = cornerD.dX[i];
+        vy[3 * i + 1] = cornerD.dY[i];
+        rotation[3 * i + 2] = corner.N[i];
+    }
+    for (let k = 0; k < 4; k++) {
+        const i = k;
+        const j = (k + 1) % 4;
+        // (y_j − y_i, x_i − x_j) is the edge length times its outward normal
+        const cu = (corners[j][1] - corners[i][1]) / 8;
+        const cv = (corners[i][0] - corners[j][0]) / 8;
+        for (const [node, sign] of [
+            [j, 1],
+            [i, -1],
+        ]) {
+            const theta = 3 * node + 2;
+            ux[theta] += sign * cu * edgeD.dX[k];
+            uy[theta] += sign * cu * edgeD.dY[k];
+            vx[theta] += sign * cv * edgeD.dX[k];
+            vy[theta] += sign * cv * edgeD.dY[k];
+        }
+    }
+    for (let a = 0; a < 12; a++)
+        rotation[a] -= 0.5 * (vx[a] - uy[a]);
+    return { B: [ux, vy, uy.map((v, a) => v + vx[a])], rotation, detJ: jacobian.detJ };
+};
+exports.membraneStrainRows = membraneStrainRows;
+/**
+ * Plane-stress membrane rigidity `E·t/(1 − ν²)·[[1, ν, 0], [ν, 1, 0], [0, 0, (1 − ν)/2]]`
+ * (N/mm), with the stiffness modifiers applied (see `isotropicRigidity`).
+ */
+const membraneRigidity = ({ E, nu, t, modifiers }) => (0, rigidity_1.isotropicRigidity)((E * t) / (1 - nu * nu), nu, modifiers);
+exports.membraneRigidity = membraneRigidity;
+/**
+ * Local stiffness of the four-node membrane with drilling rotations (after Ibrahimbegovic,
+ * Taylor & Wilson 1990): bilinear displacements plus Allman-type edge terms, and the
+ * Hughes–Brezzi penalty `½·γ·t·∫(θ − ω)² dA` with `γ = penaltyRatio · G`.
+ *
+ * - The strain energy is integrated with 3×3 Gauss points. With 2×2 the edge terms leave a
+ *   spurious zero-energy mode in rectangular elements (alternating corner rotations whose
+ *   normal strains vanish exactly at the 2×2 points).
+ * - The penalty is integrated at the centre (one point). With 2×2 it over-constrains distorted
+ *   elements and they lock as γ grows; at the centre it only ties the element's mean rotation
+ *   to the material, so results hardly change with γ.
+ * - Stiffness modifiers scale the rigidity only; the penalty keeps the unmodified G.
+ *
+ * The DOFs are `[u₁ v₁ θ₁ … u₄ v₄ θ₄]`: in-plane displacements along the element's x and y and
+ * the rotation about its normal, right-handed, at corners listed counter-clockwise about that
+ * normal. The quad must be convex (det J > 0 throughout), which validation guarantees.
+ *
+ * @param corners - The four corners in the element plane (mm)
+ * @param properties - E (MPa), ν and thickness t (mm)
+ * @param penaltyRatio - γ / G (default `DRILLING_PENALTY_RATIO`)
+ * @returns The symmetric 12×12 stiffness in N and mm (N/mm, N, N·mm/rad); exactly three
+ *   zero-energy modes, the in-plane rigid-body motions
+ */
+const membraneQuadStiffness = (corners, properties, penaltyRatio = frame_constant_1.DRILLING_PENALTY_RATIO) => {
+    const D = (0, exports.membraneRigidity)(properties);
+    const k = (0, matrix_1.zeros)(12, 12);
+    for (const { xi, eta, weight } of quad_geometry_1.GAUSS_3X3) {
+        const { B, detJ } = (0, exports.membraneStrainRows)(corners, xi, eta);
+        const scale = detJ * weight;
+        // Bᵀ·D·B via D·B
+        const DB = D.map((row) => B[0].map((_, a) => row[0] * B[0][a] + row[1] * B[1][a] + row[2] * B[2][a]));
+        for (let a = 0; a < 12; a++) {
+            for (let b = 0; b < 12; b++) {
+                k[a][b] += (B[0][a] * DB[0][b] + B[1][a] * DB[1][b] + B[2][a] * DB[2][b]) * scale;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    // one-point rule at the centre: weight 4
+    const { rotation, detJ } = (0, exports.membraneStrainRows)(corners, 0, 0);
+    const penalty = ((penaltyRatio * properties.E * properties.t) / (2 * (1 + properties.nu))) * detJ * 4;
+    for (let a = 0; a < 12; a++) {
+        for (let b = 0; b < 12; b++)
+            k[a][b] += penalty * rotation[a] * rotation[b];
+    }
+    return k;
+};
+exports.membraneQuadStiffness = membraneQuadStiffness;
+//# sourceMappingURL=membrane-quad.js.map

package/dist/fea/frame/elements/shell/membrane-quad.js.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/fea/frame/elements/shell/quad-geometry.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+/** A point in an element's own plane: local x, y in mm. */
+export type Vec2 = [number, number];
+/**
+ * 2×2 Gauss rule over the parent square −1 ≤ ξ, η ≤ 1: points (±1/√3, ±1/√3), weight 1 each.
+ * Exact for polynomials up to cubic in each of ξ and η.
+ */
+export declare const GAUSS_2X2: readonly {
+    xi: number;
+    eta: number;
+    weight: number;
+}[];
+/**
+ * 3×3 Gauss rule over the parent square: points 0 and ±√0.6 in each direction, weights the
+ * products of 5/9, 8/9, 5/9. Exact for polynomials up to quintic in each of ξ and η.
+ */
+export declare const GAUSS_3X3: readonly {
+    xi: number;
+    eta: number;
+    weight: number;
+}[];
+/** Shape-function values and their derivatives with respect to ξ and η at one point. */
+export interface ShapeValues {
+    N: number[];
+    dXi: number[];
+    dEta: number[];
+}
+/** Bilinear corner functions `Nᵢ = ¼(1 + ξᵢξ)(1 + ηᵢη)`, i = 1…4. */
+export declare const bilinearShape: (xi: number, eta: number) => ShapeValues;
+/**
+ * Mid-side functions N₅…N₈, one per edge 1→2, 2→3, 3→4, 4→1 (index k = edge from corner k to
+ * corner k + 1): 1 at the edge's midpoint and 0 at every corner and every other midpoint.
+ */
+export declare const midsideShape: (xi: number, eta: number) => ShapeValues;
+/**
+ * 8-node serendipity functions: the corner functions
+ * `Nᵢ = ¼(1 + ξᵢξ)(1 + ηᵢη)(ξᵢξ + ηᵢη − 1)`, i = 1…4, followed by the mid-side functions
+ * N₅…N₈ of `midsideShape`. Each is 1 at its own node and 0 at the other seven.
+ */
+export declare const serendipityShape: (xi: number, eta: number) => ShapeValues;
+/** The bilinear map's Jacobian at one point, as needed to turn ξ, η derivatives into x, y ones. */
+export interface QuadJacobian {
+    detJ: number;
+    inverse: [Vec2, Vec2];
+}
+/**
+ * Jacobian of the bilinear map from the parent square to a quadrilateral.
+ *
+ * @param corners - The four corners in the element plane (mm), counter-clockwise
+ * @param xi - Natural coordinate ξ
+ * @param eta - Natural coordinate η
+ * @returns `det J` and `J⁻¹`; `det J > 0` everywhere for a convex, counter-clockwise quad
+ */
+export declare const quadJacobian: (corners: readonly Vec2[], xi: number, eta: number) => QuadJacobian;
+/**
+ * Converts ξ, η derivatives of shape functions to x, y derivatives: `[N,x; N,y] = J⁻¹·[N,ξ; N,η]`.
+ *
+ * @returns `dX[i]` and `dY[i]` for every function i of `shape`
+ */
+export declare const cartesianDerivatives: ({ inverse }: QuadJacobian, shape: Pick<ShapeValues, "dXi" | "dEta">) => {
+    dX: number[];
+    dY: number[];
+};
+/**
+ * Integrals `∫ Nᵢ dA` of the bilinear corner functions over a quad (2×2 Gauss, exact): the
+ * share of a uniform surface load each corner takes. They sum to the quad's area; each is
+ * A/4 for a parallelogram.
+ *
+ * @param corners - The four corners in the element plane (mm), counter-clockwise
+ * @returns Four areas in mm²
+ */
+export declare const cornerAreas: (corners: readonly Vec2[]) => number[];

package/dist/fea/frame/elements/shell/quad-geometry.js

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+"use strict";
+Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });
+exports.cornerAreas = exports.cartesianDerivatives = exports.quadJacobian = exports.serendipityShape = exports.midsideShape = exports.bilinearShape = exports.GAUSS_3X3 = exports.GAUSS_2X2 = void 0;
+/** Natural coordinates (ξ, η) of the four corners, counter-clockwise about the normal. */
+const CORNER_XI = [-1, 1, 1, -1];
+const CORNER_ETA = [-1, -1, 1, 1];
+const GAUSS = 1 / Math.sqrt(3);
+/**
+ * 2×2 Gauss rule over the parent square −1 ≤ ξ, η ≤ 1: points (±1/√3, ±1/√3), weight 1 each.
+ * Exact for polynomials up to cubic in each of ξ and η.
+ */
+exports.GAUSS_2X2 = [
+    { xi: -GAUSS, eta: -GAUSS, weight: 1 },
+    { xi: GAUSS, eta: -GAUSS, weight: 1 },
+    { xi: GAUSS, eta: GAUSS, weight: 1 },
+    { xi: -GAUSS, eta: GAUSS, weight: 1 },
+];
+const GAUSS_3 = Math.sqrt(0.6);
+const GAUSS_3_POINTS = [
+    { at: -GAUSS_3, weight: 5 / 9 },
+    { at: 0, weight: 8 / 9 },
+    { at: GAUSS_3, weight: 5 / 9 },
+];
+/**
+ * 3×3 Gauss rule over the parent square: points 0 and ±√0.6 in each direction, weights the
+ * products of 5/9, 8/9, 5/9. Exact for polynomials up to quintic in each of ξ and η.
+ */
+exports.GAUSS_3X3 = GAUSS_3_POINTS.flatMap((p) => GAUSS_3_POINTS.map((q) => ({ xi: p.at, eta: q.at, weight: p.weight * q.weight })));
+/** Bilinear corner functions `Nᵢ = ¼(1 + ξᵢξ)(1 + ηᵢη)`, i = 1…4. */
+const bilinearShape = (xi, eta) => {
+    const N = [];
+    const dXi = [];
+    const dEta = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+        const a = CORNER_XI[i];
+        const b = CORNER_ETA[i];
+        N.push(0.25 * (1 + a * xi) * (1 + b * eta));
+        dXi.push(0.25 * a * (1 + b * eta));
+        dEta.push(0.25 * b * (1 + a * xi));
+    }
+    return { N, dXi, dEta };
+};
+exports.bilinearShape = bilinearShape;
+/**
+ * Mid-side functions N₅…N₈, one per edge 1→2, 2→3, 3→4, 4→1 (index k = edge from corner k to
+ * corner k + 1): 1 at the edge's midpoint and 0 at every corner and every other midpoint.
+ */
+const midsideShape = (xi, eta) => ({
+    N: [
+        0.5 * (1 - xi * xi) * (1 - eta),
+        0.5 * (1 + xi) * (1 - eta * eta),
+        0.5 * (1 - xi * xi) * (1 + eta),
+        0.5 * (1 - xi) * (1 - eta * eta),
+    ],
+    dXi: [-xi * (1 - eta), 0.5 * (1 - eta * eta), -xi * (1 + eta), -0.5 * (1 - eta * eta)],
+    dEta: [-0.5 * (1 - xi * xi), -(1 + xi) * eta, 0.5 * (1 - xi * xi), -(1 - xi) * eta],
+});
+exports.midsideShape = midsideShape;
+/**
+ * 8-node serendipity functions: the corner functions
+ * `Nᵢ = ¼(1 + ξᵢξ)(1 + ηᵢη)(ξᵢξ + ηᵢη − 1)`, i = 1…4, followed by the mid-side functions
+ * N₅…N₈ of `midsideShape`. Each is 1 at its own node and 0 at the other seven.
+ */
+const serendipityShape = (xi, eta) => {
+    const N = [];
+    const dXi = [];
+    const dEta = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+        const a = CORNER_XI[i];
+        const b = CORNER_ETA[i];
+        N.push(0.25 * (1 + a * xi) * (1 + b * eta) * (a * xi + b * eta - 1));
+        dXi.push(0.25 * a * (1 + b * eta) * (2 * a * xi + b * eta));
+        dEta.push(0.25 * b * (1 + a * xi) * (a * xi + 2 * b * eta));
+    }
+    const mid = (0, exports.midsideShape)(xi, eta);
+    return { N: [...N, ...mid.N], dXi: [...dXi, ...mid.dXi], dEta: [...dEta, ...mid.dEta] };
+};
+exports.serendipityShape = serendipityShape;
+/**
+ * Jacobian of the bilinear map from the parent square to a quadrilateral.
+ *
+ * @param corners - The four corners in the element plane (mm), counter-clockwise
+ * @param xi - Natural coordinate ξ
+ * @param eta - Natural coordinate η
+ * @returns `det J` and `J⁻¹`; `det J > 0` everywhere for a convex, counter-clockwise quad
+ */
+const quadJacobian = (corners, xi, eta) => {
+    const { dXi, dEta } = (0, exports.bilinearShape)(xi, eta);
+    let xXi = 0;
+    let yXi = 0;
+    let xEta = 0;
+    let yEta = 0;
+    for (let i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+        xXi += dXi[i] * corners[i][0];
+        yXi += dXi[i] * corners[i][1];
+        xEta += dEta[i] * corners[i][0];
+        yEta += dEta[i] * corners[i][1];
+    }
+    const detJ = xXi * yEta - yXi * xEta;
+    return {
+        detJ,
+        inverse: [
+            [yEta / detJ, -yXi / detJ],
+            [-xEta / detJ, xXi / detJ],
+        ],
+    };
+};
+exports.quadJacobian = quadJacobian;
+/**
+ * Converts ξ, η derivatives of shape functions to x, y derivatives: `[N,x; N,y] = J⁻¹·[N,ξ; N,η]`.
+ *
+ * @returns `dX[i]` and `dY[i]` for every function i of `shape`
+ */
+const cartesianDerivatives = ({ inverse }, shape) => ({
+    dX: shape.dXi.map((d, i) => inverse[0][0] * d + inverse[0][1] * shape.dEta[i]),
+    dY: shape.dXi.map((d, i) => inverse[1][0] * d + inverse[1][1] * shape.dEta[i]),
+});
+exports.cartesianDerivatives = cartesianDerivatives;
+/**
+ * Integrals `∫ Nᵢ dA` of the bilinear corner functions over a quad (2×2 Gauss, exact): the
+ * share of a uniform surface load each corner takes. They sum to the quad's area; each is
+ * A/4 for a parallelogram.
+ *
+ * @param corners - The four corners in the element plane (mm), counter-clockwise
+ * @returns Four areas in mm²
+ */
+const cornerAreas = (corners) => {
+    const areas = [0, 0, 0, 0];
+    for (const { xi, eta, weight } of exports.GAUSS_2X2) {
+        const { detJ } = (0, exports.quadJacobian)(corners, xi, eta);
+        (0, exports.bilinearShape)(xi, eta).N.forEach((n, i) => (areas[i] += n * detJ * weight));
+    }
+    return areas;
+};
+exports.cornerAreas = cornerAreas;
+//# sourceMappingURL=quad-geometry.js.map

package/dist/fea/frame/elements/shell/quad-geometry.js.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/fea/frame/elements/shell/rigidity.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import type { Matrix } from "../../../../utils/matrix";
+/** Stiffness modifiers on the components 11, 22 and 12 of a rigidity matrix (1 = unmodified). */
+export type RigidityModifiers = readonly [number, number, number];
+/**
+ * Isotropic rigidity `c·[[1, ν, 0], [ν, 1, 0], [0, 0, (1 − ν)/2]]` with stiffness modifiers applied
+ * as `S·D·S`, `S = diag(√f₁₁, √f₂₂, √f₁₂)`: D₁₁, D₂₂ and D₃₃ scale by their own modifier and the
+ * coupling D₁₂ by √(f₁₁·f₂₂), so D stays symmetric and positive definite and equal modifiers
+ * scale it uniformly.
+ *
+ * @param c - E·t/(1 − ν²) for a membrane, E·t³/(12(1 − ν²)) for a plate
+ * @param nu - Poisson's ratio
+ * @param modifiers - Positive modifiers [f₁₁, f₂₂, f₁₂] (default all 1)
+ */
+export declare const isotropicRigidity: (c: number, nu: number, modifiers?: RigidityModifiers) => Matrix;

package/dist/fea/frame/elements/shell/rigidity.js

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+"use strict";
+Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });
+exports.isotropicRigidity = void 0;
+/**
+ * Isotropic rigidity `c·[[1, ν, 0], [ν, 1, 0], [0, 0, (1 − ν)/2]]` with stiffness modifiers applied
+ * as `S·D·S`, `S = diag(√f₁₁, √f₂₂, √f₁₂)`: D₁₁, D₂₂ and D₃₃ scale by their own modifier and the
+ * coupling D₁₂ by √(f₁₁·f₂₂), so D stays symmetric and positive definite and equal modifiers
+ * scale it uniformly.
+ *
+ * @param c - E·t/(1 − ν²) for a membrane, E·t³/(12(1 − ν²)) for a plate
+ * @param nu - Poisson's ratio
+ * @param modifiers - Positive modifiers [f₁₁, f₂₂, f₁₂] (default all 1)
+ */
+const isotropicRigidity = (c, nu, modifiers = [1, 1, 1]) => {
+    const [f11, f22, f12] = modifiers;
+    return [
+        [c * f11, c * nu * Math.sqrt(f11 * f22), 0],
+        [c * nu * Math.sqrt(f11 * f22), c * f22, 0],
+        [0, 0, ((c * (1 - nu)) / 2) * f12],
+    ];
+};
+exports.isotropicRigidity = isotropicRigidity;
+//# sourceMappingURL=rigidity.js.map

package/dist/fea/frame/elements/shell/rigidity.js.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/fea/frame/elements/shell/shell-axes.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import type { Matrix } from "../../../../utils/matrix";
+import { type Vec2 } from "./quad-geometry";
+/** A point or vector in global axes: X, Y, Z in mm. */
+export type Vec3 = [number, number, number];
+/** A four-node shell element's local axes and its corners on the mean plane. */
+export interface ShellAxes {
+    /** Direction cosines, rows = local 1, 2, 3 in global components. */
+    lambda: Matrix;
+    /** Centroid of the four corners (mm), the origin of the local coordinates. */
+    origin: Vec3;
+    /** Corners projected onto the mean plane, as local 1–2 coordinates (mm). */
+    corners: Vec2[];
+    /**
+     * Distance of each corner from the mean plane along local 3 (mm): +h, −h, +h, −h, with
+     * h = ¼(x₁ − x₂ + x₃ − x₄)·n. All zero for a flat element.
+     */
+    offsets: number[];
+}
+/**
+ * Local axes of a four-node shell element, ETABS-style, and its corners on the mean plane.
+ *
+ * - Local 3 is the unit normal `n ∥ d₁ × d₂` of the diagonals `d₁ = x₃ − x₁`, `d₂ = x₄ − x₂`: the
+ *   right-hand rule around the nodes, as for null areas (for four nodes Newell's vector area is
+ *   exactly `½ d₁ × d₂`).
+ * - Non-horizontal element: local 2 is +Z projected onto the plane (upward on a wall) and
+ *   local 1 = 2 × 3 is horizontal.
+ * - Horizontal element (the normal's horizontal part below the vertical-member tolerance):
+ *   local 1 = +X and local 2 = 3 × 1, so local 2 = +Y when local 3 = +Z.
+ * - `angle` then rotates local 1 and 2 about local 3 by the right-hand rule.
+ *
+ * The mean plane passes through the centroid with normal n; a warped element's corners lie
+ * alternately h above and below it.
+ *
+ * @param points - The four corners in global axes (mm), in order around the element
+ * @param angle - Rotation of local 1 and 2 about local 3 in rad (default 0)
+ */
+export declare const shellAxes: (points: readonly Vec3[], angle?: number) => ShellAxes;
+/**
+ * Whether four corners make a valid shell element: no repeated corner, a non-degenerate
+ * convex quadrilateral in order around it (det J > 0 at every corner of the bilinear map), and
+ * no corner farther than `SHELL_WARPING_LIMIT · √A` from the mean plane.
+ */
+export declare const isValidShellQuad: (points: readonly Vec3[]) => boolean;