@synsci/cli-darwin-x64 1.1.49

package/bin/skills/moe-training/references/architectures.md

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+# MoE Model Architectures
+
+Comprehensive guide to different Mixture of Experts architectures and their design patterns.
+
+## Table of Contents
+- Mixtral 8x7B (Mistral AI)
+- DeepSeek-V3 (DeepSeek AI)
+- Switch Transformers (Google)
+- GLaM (Google)
+- Comparison Table
+
+## Mixtral 8x7B (Mistral AI - 2024)
+
+### Architecture Overview
+
+**Parameters:**
+- Total: 47B parameters
+- Active per token: 13B (2 experts out of 8)
+- Each expert: ~7B parameters
+
+**Key Features:**
+- **Top-2 routing**: Each token routed to 2 experts
+- **8 experts per layer**: Sparse activation
+- **SMoE architecture**: Sparse Mixture of Experts
+- **Grouped-Query Attention (GQA)**: Efficient attention mechanism
+
+### Layer Structure
+
+```python
+# Mixtral Transformer Block
+class MixtralDecoderLayer(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(self, config):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.hidden_size = config.hidden_size
+
+        # Self-attention
+        self.self_attn = MixtralAttention(config)
+
+        # MoE Feed-Forward
+        self.block_sparse_moe = MixtralSparseMoeBlock(config)
+
+        # Layer norms
+        self.input_layernorm = MixtralRMSNorm(config.hidden_size)
+        self.post_attention_layernorm = MixtralRMSNorm(config.hidden_size)
+
+    def forward(self, hidden_states, attention_mask=None):
+        residual = hidden_states
+
+        # Self-attention
+        hidden_states = self.input_layernorm(hidden_states)
+        hidden_states = self.self_attn(hidden_states, attention_mask)
+        hidden_states = residual + hidden_states
+
+        # MoE FFN
+        residual = hidden_states
+        hidden_states = self.post_attention_layernorm(hidden_states)
+        hidden_states = self.block_sparse_moe(hidden_states)
+        hidden_states = residual + hidden_states
+
+        return hidden_states
+```
+
+### Sparse MoE Block
+
+```python
+class MixtralSparseMoeBlock(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(self, config):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.hidden_dim = config.hidden_size
+        self.ffn_dim = config.intermediate_size
+        self.num_experts = config.num_local_experts  # 8
+        self.top_k = config.num_experts_per_tok       # 2
+
+        # Router (gating network)
+        self.gate = nn.Linear(self.hidden_dim, self.num_experts, bias=False)
+
+        # 8 expert FFNs
+        self.experts = nn.ModuleList([
+            MixtralBlockSparseTop2MLP(config)
+            for _ in range(self.num_experts)
+        ])
+
+    def forward(self, hidden_states):
+        batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_dim = hidden_states.shape
+        hidden_states = hidden_states.view(-1, hidden_dim)
+
+        # Router logits (batch * seq_len, num_experts)
+        router_logits = self.gate(hidden_states)
+
+        # Top-2 routing
+        routing_weights = F.softmax(router_logits, dim=1)
+        routing_weights, selected_experts = torch.topk(
+            routing_weights, self.top_k, dim=-1
+        )
+
+        # Normalize top-2 weights to sum to 1
+        routing_weights /= routing_weights.sum(dim=-1, keepdim=True)
+
+        # Route to experts
+        final_hidden_states = torch.zeros(
+            (batch_size * sequence_length, hidden_dim),
+            dtype=hidden_states.dtype,
+            device=hidden_states.device
+        )
+
+        # Process each expert
+        for expert_idx in range(self.num_experts):
+            expert_layer = self.experts[expert_idx]
+            idx, top_x = torch.where(selected_experts == expert_idx)
+
+            if idx.shape[0] == 0:
+                continue
+
+            # Tokens routed to this expert
+            top_x_list = top_x.tolist()
+            idx_list = idx.tolist()
+
+            # Current expert input
+            current_state = hidden_states[None, idx_list].reshape(-1, hidden_dim)
+            current_hidden_states = expert_layer(current_state)
+
+            # Weight by routing scores
+            current_hidden_states *= routing_weights[idx_list, top_x_list, None]
+
+            # Accumulate
+            final_hidden_states.index_add_(0, idx, current_hidden_states.to(hidden_states.dtype))
+
+        final_hidden_states = final_hidden_states.reshape(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_dim)
+        return final_hidden_states
+```
+
+### Expert FFN
+
+```python
+class MixtralBlockSparseTop2MLP(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(self, config):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.ffn_dim = config.intermediate_size
+        self.hidden_dim = config.hidden_size
+
+        self.w1 = nn.Linear(self.hidden_dim, self.ffn_dim, bias=False)
+        self.w2 = nn.Linear(self.ffn_dim, self.hidden_dim, bias=False)
+        self.w3 = nn.Linear(self.hidden_dim, self.ffn_dim, bias=False)
+
+        self.act_fn = nn.SiLU()
+
+    def forward(self, hidden_states):
+        # SwiGLU activation
+        current_hidden_states = self.act_fn(self.w1(hidden_states)) * self.w3(hidden_states)
+        current_hidden_states = self.w2(current_hidden_states)
+        return current_hidden_states
+```
+
+### Configuration
+
+```json
+{
+  "architectures": ["MixtralForCausalLM"],
+  "hidden_size": 4096,
+  "intermediate_size": 14336,
+  "num_attention_heads": 32,
+  "num_hidden_layers": 32,
+  "num_key_value_heads": 8,
+  "num_local_experts": 8,
+  "num_experts_per_tok": 2,
+  "vocab_size": 32000,
+  "max_position_embeddings": 32768,
+  "rms_norm_eps": 1e-5,
+  "rope_theta": 1000000.0
+}
+```
+
+## DeepSeek-V3 (DeepSeek AI - December 2024)
+
+### Architecture Overview
+
+**Parameters:**
+- Total: 671B parameters
+- Active per token: 37B
+- Model size: Massive-scale MoE
+
+**Key Innovations:**
+1. **DeepSeekMoE**: Finer-grained experts with shared experts
+2. **Multi-Head Latent Attention (MLA)**: Reduced KV cache memory
+3. **Auxiliary-Loss-Free Load Balancing**: No auxiliary loss needed
+4. **Multi-Token Prediction (MTP)**: Predict multiple tokens simultaneously
+
+### DeepSeekMoE Architecture
+
+```python
+class DeepSeekMoE(nn.Module):
+    """Finer-grained experts with shared experts."""
+
+    def __init__(self, config):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.num_experts = config.num_experts  # More fine-grained
+        self.num_shared_experts = config.num_shared_experts  # e.g., 2
+        self.num_routed_experts = self.num_experts - self.num_shared_experts
+        self.top_k = config.top_k
+
+        # Shared experts (always activated)
+        self.shared_experts = nn.ModuleList([
+            FFN(config) for _ in range(self.num_shared_experts)
+        ])
+
+        # Routed experts (top-k activated)
+        self.routed_experts = nn.ModuleList([
+            FFN(config) for _ in range(self.num_routed_experts)
+        ])
+
+        # Router for routed experts only
+        self.gate = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, self.num_routed_experts, bias=False)
+
+    def forward(self, x):
+        # Shared experts (always computed)
+        shared_output = sum(expert(x) for expert in self.shared_experts)
+
+        # Router for top-k routed experts
+        router_logits = self.gate(x)
+        routing_weights = F.softmax(router_logits, dim=-1)
+        routing_weights, selected_experts = torch.topk(routing_weights, self.top_k, dim=-1)
+        routing_weights /= routing_weights.sum(dim=-1, keepdim=True)
+
+        # Routed experts output
+        routed_output = torch.zeros_like(x)
+        for i in range(self.top_k):
+            expert_idx = selected_experts[:, :, i]
+            expert_weight = routing_weights[:, :, i:i+1]
+            for eidx in range(self.num_routed_experts):
+                mask = (expert_idx == eidx)
+                if mask.any():
+                    routed_output[mask] += expert_weight[mask] * self.routed_experts[eidx](x[mask])
+
+        # Combine shared and routed
+        return shared_output + routed_output
+```
+
+### Multi-Head Latent Attention (MLA)
+
+```python
+class MultiHeadLatentAttention(nn.Module):
+    """Compress KV cache with latent vectors."""
+
+    def __init__(self, config):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.hidden_size = config.hidden_size
+        self.num_heads = config.num_attention_heads
+        self.head_dim = self.hidden_size // self.num_heads
+        self.latent_dim = config.latent_dim  # Compressed dimension
+
+        # Project to latent space
+        self.q_proj = nn.Linear(self.hidden_size, self.num_heads * self.head_dim)
+        self.kv_proj = nn.Linear(self.hidden_size, self.latent_dim)  # Compress!
+
+        # Decompress for attention
+        self.k_decompress = nn.Linear(self.latent_dim, self.num_heads * self.head_dim)
+        self.v_decompress = nn.Linear(self.latent_dim, self.num_heads * self.head_dim)
+
+        self.o_proj = nn.Linear(self.num_heads * self.head_dim, self.hidden_size)
+
+    def forward(self, hidden_states, past_key_value=None):
+        batch_size, seq_len, _ = hidden_states.shape
+
+        # Query
+        q = self.q_proj(hidden_states)
+        q = q.view(batch_size, seq_len, self.num_heads, self.head_dim).transpose(1, 2)
+
+        # Compress KV to latent
+        kv_latent = self.kv_proj(hidden_states)  # (batch, seq, latent_dim)
+
+        # Store compressed KV in cache (huge memory savings!)
+        if past_key_value is not None:
+            kv_latent = torch.cat([past_key_value, kv_latent], dim=1)
+
+        # Decompress for attention
+        k = self.k_decompress(kv_latent)
+        v = self.v_decompress(kv_latent)
+        k = k.view(batch_size, -1, self.num_heads, self.head_dim).transpose(1, 2)
+        v = v.view(batch_size, -1, self.num_heads, self.head_dim).transpose(1, 2)
+
+        # Attention
+        attn_output = F.scaled_dot_product_attention(q, k, v)
+        attn_output = attn_output.transpose(1, 2).contiguous()
+        attn_output = attn_output.view(batch_size, seq_len, -1)
+
+        return self.o_proj(attn_output), kv_latent
+```
+
+### Auxiliary-Loss-Free Load Balancing
+
+```python
+# DeepSeek-V3 uses bias terms instead of auxiliary loss
+class DeepSeekRouter(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(self, hidden_size, num_experts):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.weight = nn.Parameter(torch.empty(num_experts, hidden_size))
+        self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(num_experts))  # Load balancing bias!
+
+        # Initialize
+        nn.init.kaiming_uniform_(self.weight, a=math.sqrt(5))
+
+    def forward(self, x):
+        # Router with bias for load balancing
+        logits = F.linear(x, self.weight, self.bias)
+        return logits
+```
+
+## Switch Transformers (Google - 2021)
+
+### Architecture Overview
+
+**Key Innovation**: Simplest MoE - Top-1 routing
+
+**Parameters:**
+- Switch-C: 1.6T parameters
+- Active per token: ~10B
+
+### Top-1 Routing
+
+```python
+class SwitchTransformersTop1Router(nn.Module):
+    """Simplest routing: one expert per token."""
+
+    def __init__(self, config):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.num_experts = config.num_experts
+        self.expert_capacity = config.expert_capacity
+
+        # Router
+        self.classifier = nn.Linear(config.d_model, config.num_experts)
+
+    def forward(self, hidden_states):
+        # Router logits
+        router_logits = self.classifier(hidden_states)
+
+        # Add noise for load balancing (during training)
+        if self.training:
+            router_logits += torch.randn_like(router_logits) * config.router_jitter_noise
+
+        # Top-1: Argmax (hard routing)
+        router_probs = F.softmax(router_logits, dim=-1)
+        expert_index = torch.argmax(router_probs, dim=-1)
+
+        # Expert capacity: drop tokens if expert is full
+        expert_mask = F.one_hot(expert_index, self.num_experts)
+        expert_capacity_mask = self._get_capacity_mask(expert_mask)
+
+        return expert_index, expert_mask, expert_capacity_mask
+
+    def _get_capacity_mask(self, expert_mask):
+        """Enforce expert capacity limits."""
+        # Count tokens per expert
+        tokens_per_expert = expert_mask.sum(dim=0)
+
+        # Mark tokens exceeding capacity
+        capacity_mask = tokens_per_expert < self.expert_capacity
+        return capacity_mask
+```
+
+### Load Balancing Loss
+
+```python
+def switch_load_balancing_loss(router_probs, expert_indices, num_experts):
+    """Auxiliary loss to encourage uniform expert usage."""
+    # Fraction of probability mass assigned to each expert
+    router_prob_per_expert = router_probs.mean(dim=0)  # (num_experts,)
+
+    # Fraction of tokens routed to each expert
+    expert_counts = F.one_hot(expert_indices, num_experts).float().mean(dim=0)
+
+    # Loss: num_experts * sum(prob_mass * token_fraction)
+    # Minimized when both are uniform (1/num_experts)
+    loss = num_experts * (router_prob_per_expert * expert_counts).sum()
+
+    return loss
+```
+
+## Architecture Comparison Table
+
+| Model | Total Params | Active Params | Routing | Experts/Layer | Top-K | Key Innovation |
+|-------|-------------|---------------|---------|---------------|-------|----------------|
+| **Mixtral 8x7B** | 47B | 13B | Top-2 | 8 | 2 | Balanced top-2, GQA |
+| **DeepSeek-V3** | 671B | 37B | Top-K | Many | Variable | MLA, shared experts, no aux loss |
+| **Switch-C** | 1.6T | ~10B | Top-1 | 2048 | 1 | Simplest routing |
+| **GLaM** | 1.2T | ~97B | Top-2 | 64 | 2 | Capacity factor tuning |
+
+## Design Patterns
+
+### Pattern 1: Shared + Routed Experts (DeepSeek)
+
+```python
+# Best for: Ensuring some experts always activated
+output = shared_experts(x) + routed_experts(x)
+```
+
+**Pros:**
+- Guarantees minimum computation
+- Shared experts learn common patterns
+- Routed experts specialize
+
+### Pattern 2: Pure Sparse Routing (Mixtral, Switch)
+
+```python
+# Best for: Maximum sparsity and efficiency
+output = sum(weight_i * expert_i(x) for i in top_k)
+```
+
+**Pros:**
+- Simplest implementation
+- Maximum parameter efficiency
+- Clear expert specialization
+
+### Pattern 3: Expert Choice Routing
+
+```python
+# Experts choose tokens (instead of tokens choosing experts)
+for expert in experts:
+    top_k_tokens = expert.select_top_k_tokens(all_tokens)
+    expert.process(top_k_tokens)
+```
+
+**Pros:**
+- Perfect load balancing
+- No token dropping
+- Variable tokens per expert
+
+## Resources
+
+- **Mixtral Paper**: https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.04088
+- **DeepSeek-V3**: https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.19437
+- **Switch Transformers**: https://arxiv.org/abs/2101.03961
+- **GLaM**: https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.06905