@syllst/ka 0.3.7 → 0.3.11

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Files changed (131) hide show
  1. package/dist/index.d.ts +15 -80
  2. package/dist/index.d.ts.map +1 -0
  3. package/dist/index.js +67 -41
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  7. package/dist/syllabi/alphabet/index.d.ts +2 -5
  8. package/dist/syllabi/alphabet/index.d.ts.map +1 -0
  9. package/dist/syllabi/dialogue/index.d.ts +2 -5
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  11. package/dist/syllabi/essentials/index.d.ts +2 -5
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  13. package/dist/syllabi/grammar/index.d.ts +2 -5
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  15. package/dist/syllabi/numbers/index.d.ts +2 -5
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  17. package/dist/syllabi/reading/index.d.ts +2 -5
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  120. package/dist/syllabi/alphabet/index.js +0 -10
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  122. package/dist/syllabi/dialogue/index.js +0 -10
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@@ -1,242 +0,0 @@
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- const n = `---
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- type: lesson
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- id: georgian-numbers-lesson-02
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- title: "გაკვეთილი 2 — ათეულები და ოცეულები"
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- description: "Counting 10-100: Georgian's unique vigesimal system"
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- order: 2
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- parentId: georgian-numbers
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- difficulty: beginner
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- cefrLevel: A1
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- categories:
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- - numbers
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- - counting
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- - grammar
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- metadata:
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- estimatedTime: 25
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- prerequisites:
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- - georgian-numbers-lesson-01
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- learningObjectives:
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- - id: obj-count-10-20
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- description: "Count from 10 to 20 in Georgian"
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- skill: word-pronunciation
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- references: []
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- - id: obj-vigesimal-system
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- description: "Understand Georgian's vigesimal (base-20) counting system"
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- skill: pattern-recognition
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- references: []
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- - id: obj-build-tens
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- description: "Form numbers 20-100 using the vigesimal pattern"
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- skill: word-production
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- references: []
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- ---
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-
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- # გაკვეთილი 2 (Lesson 2) — Teens and Tens
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-
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- ## Introduction
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-
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- Georgian has a fascinating counting system that differs from English. While English uses a base-10 system, Georgian traditionally uses a **vigesimal (base-20) system** for numbers above 20. This is similar to French (quatre-vingts for 80 = "four twenties") and the ancient Mayan system.
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-
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- Don't worry — it's more logical than it sounds once you understand the pattern!
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-
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- ## The Teens (11-19)
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-
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- For numbers 11-19, Georgian follows a simple additive pattern:
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-
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- **Formula: 10 + [digit] = ათ + [number word]**
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-
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- But there's a twist: the words combine into single words with slight modifications.
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-
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- :::vocabulary-set{id="georgian-numbers-11-19" title="Numbers 11-19"}
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-
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- ::vocab{id="num-ten" word="ათი" transliteration="ati" translation="ten" category="number"}
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-
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- ::vocab{id="num-eleven" word="თერთმეტი" transliteration="tertmeti" translation="eleven" category="number"}
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-
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- ::vocab{id="num-twelve" word="თორმეტი" transliteration="tormeti" translation="twelve" category="number"}
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-
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- ::vocab{id="num-thirteen" word="ცამეტი" transliteration="tsameti" translation="thirteen" category="number"}
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-
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- ::vocab{id="num-fourteen" word="თოთხმეტი" transliteration="totkhmetі" translation="fourteen" category="number"}
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-
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- ::vocab{id="num-fifteen" word="თხუთმეტი" transliteration="tkhutmeti" translation="fifteen" category="number"}
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-
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- ::vocab{id="num-sixteen" word="თექვსმეტი" transliteration="tekvsmeti" translation="sixteen" category="number"}
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-
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- ::vocab{id="num-seventeen" word="ჩვიდმეტი" transliteration="chvidmeti" translation="seventeen" category="number"}
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-
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- ::vocab{id="num-eighteen" word="თვრამეტი" transliteration="tvrameti" translation="eighteen" category="number"}
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-
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- ::vocab{id="num-nineteen" word="ცხრამეტი" transliteration="tskhrameti" translation="nineteen" category="number"}
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-
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- :::
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-
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- ## Breaking Down the Teens
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-
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- All numbers 11-19 end in **-მეტი** (meti), which comes from "ათი" (ten). The first part is a modified form of the base digit:
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-
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- | Number | Base | Modified Form | Full Word | Meaning |
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- |--------|------|---------------|-----------|---------|
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- | 11 | ერთი | თერთ- | თერთმეტი | "one-ten-ed" |
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- | 12 | ორი | თორ- | თორმეტი | "two-ten-ed" |
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- | 13 | სამი | ცა- | ცამეტი | "three-ten-ed" |
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- | 14 | ოთხი | თოთხ- | თოთხმეტი | "four-ten-ed" |
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- | 15 | ხუთი | თხუთ- | თხუთმეტი | "five-ten-ed" |
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- | 16 | ექვსი | თექვს- | თექვსმეტი | "six-ten-ed" |
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- | 17 | შვიდი | ჩვიდ- | ჩვიდმეტი | "seven-ten-ed" |
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- | 18 | რვა | თვრა- | თვრამეტი | "eight-ten-ed" |
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- | 19 | ცხრა | ცხრა- | ცხრამეტი | "nine-ten-ed" |
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-
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- ## Twenty and the Vigesimal System
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-
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- Here's where Georgian gets unique:
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-
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- **20 = ოცი (otsi)**
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-
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- This is a special word, not derived from "two." From here, Georgian counts in twenties!
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-
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- :::vocabulary-set{id="georgian-numbers-20-100" title="Key Numbers 20-100"}
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-
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- ::vocab{id="num-twenty" word="ოცი" transliteration="otsi" translation="twenty" category="number"}
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-
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- ::vocab{id="num-thirty" word="ოცდაათი" transliteration="otsdaati" translation="thirty" category="number"}
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-
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- ::vocab{id="num-forty" word="ორმოცი" transliteration="ormotsi" translation="forty" category="number"}
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-
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- ::vocab{id="num-fifty" word="ორმოცდაათი" transliteration="ormotsdaati" translation="fifty" category="number"}
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-
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- ::vocab{id="num-sixty" word="სამოცი" transliteration="samotsi" translation="sixty" category="number"}
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-
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- ::vocab{id="num-seventy" word="სამოცდაათი" transliteration="samotsdaati" translation="seventy" category="number"}
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-
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- ::vocab{id="num-eighty" word="ოთხმოცი" transliteration="otkhmotsi" translation="eighty" category="number"}
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-
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- ::vocab{id="num-ninety" word="ოთხმოცდაათი" transliteration="otkhmotsaati" translation="ninety" category="number"}
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-
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- ::vocab{id="num-hundred" word="ასი" transliteration="asi" translation="one hundred" category="number"}
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-
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- :::
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-
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- ## The Vigesimal Pattern Explained
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-
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- Georgian counts by twenties using this logic:
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-
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- | Number | Literal Meaning | Georgian Word |
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- |--------|----------------|---------------|
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- | 20 | twenty | ოცი (otsi) |
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- | 30 | twenty-and-ten | ოცდაათი (otsdaati) |
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- | 40 | two-twenty | ორმოცი (ormotsi) |
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- | 50 | two-twenty-and-ten | ორმოცდაათი (ormotsdaati) |
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- | 60 | three-twenty | სამოცი (samotsi) |
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- | 70 | three-twenty-and-ten | სამოცდაათი (samotsdaati) |
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- | 80 | four-twenty | ოთხმოცი (otkhmotsi) |
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- | 90 | four-twenty-and-ten | ოთხმოცდაათი (otkhmotsaati) |
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- | 100 | hundred | ასი (asi) |
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-
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- **Key insight:** Notice the connector **-და-** (da) meaning "and" that appears in 30, 50, 70, 90.
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-
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- ## Building Numbers 21-99
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-
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- To make any number in between:
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-
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- **Formula: [base] + და + [digit]**
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-
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- Examples:
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- - 21 = ოცდაერთი (otsdaerti) = "twenty-and-one"
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- - 25 = ოცდახუთი (otsdakhuti) = "twenty-and-five"
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- - 37 = ოცდაჩვიდმეტი (otsdachvidmeti) = "thirty-and-seven" (note: 17 = ჩვიდმეტი)
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- - 48 = ორმოცდარვა (ormosdarva) = "forty-and-eight"
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- - 99 = ოთხმოცდაცხრამეტი (otkhmosdatskhrameti) = "ninety-and-nineteen"
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-
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- ## Why Vigesimal?
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-
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- Many ancient cultures counted on both fingers and toes, creating base-20 systems:
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- - **French**: 80 = quatre-vingts ("four twenties")
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- - **Mayan**: Complete vigesimal system
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- - **Georgian**: Preserved this ancient counting method
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-
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- Modern Georgian still uses this system in everyday speech!
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-
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- ## Key Points
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-
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- 1. **Teens end in -მეტი**: All numbers 11-19 follow this pattern
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- 2. **Twenty is special**: ოცი is the foundation of the vigesimal system
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- 3. **Count by twenties**: 40 = "two twenties," 60 = "three twenties," etc.
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- 4. **Use -და-**: Connector means "and" in compound numbers
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- 5. **Pattern is consistent**: Once you know it, it's logical and predictable
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-
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- ## Common Numbers in Daily Life
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-
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- | Number | Georgian | Where You'll Use It |
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- |--------|----------|---------------------|
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- | 10 | ათი | Prices, quantities |
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- | 15 | თხუთმეტი | Minutes (quarter hour) |
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- | 20 | ოცი | Currency (20 lari bills) |
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- | 30 | ოცდაათი | Ages, temperatures |
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- | 50 | ორმოცდაათი | Prices, ages |
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- | 100 | ასი | Prices, distances |
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-
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- ## Practice Exercises
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-
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- :::exercise{id="ka-num-02-teens" type="matching" title="Match Teens" skill="word-recognition" tests="" objectiveId="obj-count-10-20"}
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-
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- **Question:** Match each number to its Georgian word
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- - 11
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- - 15
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- - 17
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- - 19
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-
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- **Answer:**
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- - 11 = თერთმეტი (tertmeti)
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- - 15 = თხუთმეტი (tkhutmeti)
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- - 17 = ჩვიდმეტი (chvidmeti)
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- - 19 = ცხრამეტი (tskhrameti)
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- **Explanation:** All teen numbers end in -მეტი (meti), which relates to ათი (ten). The first part is a modified form of the base digit (1-9).
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- :::
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- :::exercise{id="ka-num-02-vigesimal" type="fill-in-blank" title="Vigesimal System" skill="pattern-recognition" tests="" objectiveId="obj-vigesimal-system"}
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- **Question:** Complete the pattern:
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- - 20 = ოცი (one twenty)
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- - 40 = ___ (two twenties)
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- - 60 = ___ (three twenties)
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- - 80 = ___ (four twenties)
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- **Answer:**
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- - 40 = ორმოცი (ormotsi) — ორ (two) + მოცი (twenty)
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- - 60 = სამოცი (samotsi) — სა (three) + მოცი (twenty)
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- - 80 = ოთხმოცი (otkhmotsi) — ოთხ (four) + მოცი (twenty)
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- **Explanation:** Georgian uses a vigesimal (base-20) counting system. Numbers 40, 60, 80 are literally "two-twenty," "three-twenty," and "four-twenty."
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- :::
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- :::exercise{id="ka-num-02-building" type="multiple-choice" title="Building Numbers" skill="word-production" tests="" objectiveId="obj-build-tens"}
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- **Question:** How would you say 35 in Georgian?
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- **Options:**
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- - ოცდათხუთმეტი
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- - სამოცდახუთი
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- - ოცდაათდახუთი
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- - სამოცი
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-
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- **Answer:** 1
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- **Explanation:** 35 = ოცდათხუთმეტი (otsdatkhutmeti). This breaks down as: ოცდაათი (30 = "twenty-and-ten") + და + ხუთი (5). In numbers above 20, you add the ones digit to the base using -და-.
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- :::
234
-
235
- ## What's Next
236
-
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- In Lesson 3, you'll learn practical applications of Georgian numbers: prices, phone numbers, and dates. You'll also practice real-world scenarios like shopping and giving your contact information.
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- `;
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- export {
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- n as default
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- };
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- //# sourceMappingURL=lesson-02-CW2iIZWk.js.map
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
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- {"version":3,"file":"lesson-02-CW2iIZWk.js","sources":["../src/syllabi/numbers/lessons/lesson-02.mdx?raw"],"sourcesContent":["export default \"---\\ntype: lesson\\nid: georgian-numbers-lesson-02\\ntitle: \\\"გაკვეთილი 2 — ათეულები და ოცეულები\\\"\\ndescription: \\\"Counting 10-100: Georgian's unique vigesimal system\\\"\\norder: 2\\nparentId: georgian-numbers\\ndifficulty: beginner\\ncefrLevel: A1\\ncategories:\\n - numbers\\n - counting\\n - grammar\\nmetadata:\\n estimatedTime: 25\\n prerequisites:\\n - georgian-numbers-lesson-01\\n learningObjectives:\\n - id: obj-count-10-20\\n description: \\\"Count from 10 to 20 in Georgian\\\"\\n skill: word-pronunciation\\n references: []\\n - id: obj-vigesimal-system\\n description: \\\"Understand Georgian's vigesimal (base-20) counting system\\\"\\n skill: pattern-recognition\\n references: []\\n - id: obj-build-tens\\n description: \\\"Form numbers 20-100 using the vigesimal pattern\\\"\\n skill: word-production\\n references: []\\n---\\n\\n# გაკვეთილი 2 (Lesson 2) — Teens and Tens\\n\\n## Introduction\\n\\nGeorgian has a fascinating counting system that differs from English. While English uses a base-10 system, Georgian traditionally uses a **vigesimal (base-20) system** for numbers above 20. This is similar to French (quatre-vingts for 80 = \\\"four twenties\\\") and the ancient Mayan system.\\n\\nDon't worry — it's more logical than it sounds once you understand the pattern!\\n\\n## The Teens (11-19)\\n\\nFor numbers 11-19, Georgian follows a simple additive pattern:\\n\\n**Formula: 10 + [digit] = ათ + [number word]**\\n\\nBut there's a twist: the words combine into single words with slight modifications.\\n\\n:::vocabulary-set{id=\\\"georgian-numbers-11-19\\\" title=\\\"Numbers 11-19\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab{id=\\\"num-ten\\\" word=\\\"ათი\\\" transliteration=\\\"ati\\\" translation=\\\"ten\\\" category=\\\"number\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab{id=\\\"num-eleven\\\" word=\\\"თერთმეტი\\\" transliteration=\\\"tertmeti\\\" translation=\\\"eleven\\\" category=\\\"number\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab{id=\\\"num-twelve\\\" word=\\\"თორმეტი\\\" transliteration=\\\"tormeti\\\" translation=\\\"twelve\\\" category=\\\"number\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab{id=\\\"num-thirteen\\\" word=\\\"ცამეტი\\\" transliteration=\\\"tsameti\\\" translation=\\\"thirteen\\\" category=\\\"number\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab{id=\\\"num-fourteen\\\" word=\\\"თოთხმეტი\\\" transliteration=\\\"totkhmetі\\\" translation=\\\"fourteen\\\" category=\\\"number\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab{id=\\\"num-fifteen\\\" word=\\\"თხუთმეტი\\\" transliteration=\\\"tkhutmeti\\\" translation=\\\"fifteen\\\" category=\\\"number\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab{id=\\\"num-sixteen\\\" word=\\\"თექვსმეტი\\\" transliteration=\\\"tekvsmeti\\\" translation=\\\"sixteen\\\" category=\\\"number\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab{id=\\\"num-seventeen\\\" word=\\\"ჩვიდმეტი\\\" transliteration=\\\"chvidmeti\\\" translation=\\\"seventeen\\\" category=\\\"number\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab{id=\\\"num-eighteen\\\" word=\\\"თვრამეტი\\\" transliteration=\\\"tvrameti\\\" translation=\\\"eighteen\\\" category=\\\"number\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab{id=\\\"num-nineteen\\\" word=\\\"ცხრამეტი\\\" transliteration=\\\"tskhrameti\\\" translation=\\\"nineteen\\\" category=\\\"number\\\"}\\n\\n:::\\n\\n## Breaking Down the Teens\\n\\nAll numbers 11-19 end in **-მეტი** (meti), which comes from \\\"ათი\\\" (ten). The first part is a modified form of the base digit:\\n\\n| Number | Base | Modified Form | Full Word | Meaning |\\n|--------|------|---------------|-----------|---------|\\n| 11 | ერთი | თერთ- | თერთმეტი | \\\"one-ten-ed\\\" |\\n| 12 | ორი | თორ- | თორმეტი | \\\"two-ten-ed\\\" |\\n| 13 | სამი | ცა- | ცამეტი | \\\"three-ten-ed\\\" |\\n| 14 | ოთხი | თოთხ- | თოთხმეტი | \\\"four-ten-ed\\\" |\\n| 15 | ხუთი | თხუთ- | თხუთმეტი | \\\"five-ten-ed\\\" |\\n| 16 | ექვსი | თექვს- | თექვსმეტი | \\\"six-ten-ed\\\" |\\n| 17 | შვიდი | ჩვიდ- | ჩვიდმეტი | \\\"seven-ten-ed\\\" |\\n| 18 | რვა | თვრა- | თვრამეტი | \\\"eight-ten-ed\\\" |\\n| 19 | ცხრა | ცხრა- | ცხრამეტი | \\\"nine-ten-ed\\\" |\\n\\n## Twenty and the Vigesimal System\\n\\nHere's where Georgian gets unique:\\n\\n**20 = ოცი (otsi)**\\n\\nThis is a special word, not derived from \\\"two.\\\" From here, Georgian counts in twenties!\\n\\n:::vocabulary-set{id=\\\"georgian-numbers-20-100\\\" title=\\\"Key Numbers 20-100\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab{id=\\\"num-twenty\\\" word=\\\"ოცი\\\" transliteration=\\\"otsi\\\" translation=\\\"twenty\\\" category=\\\"number\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab{id=\\\"num-thirty\\\" word=\\\"ოცდაათი\\\" transliteration=\\\"otsdaati\\\" translation=\\\"thirty\\\" category=\\\"number\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab{id=\\\"num-forty\\\" word=\\\"ორმოცი\\\" transliteration=\\\"ormotsi\\\" translation=\\\"forty\\\" category=\\\"number\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab{id=\\\"num-fifty\\\" word=\\\"ორმოცდაათი\\\" transliteration=\\\"ormotsdaati\\\" translation=\\\"fifty\\\" category=\\\"number\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab{id=\\\"num-sixty\\\" word=\\\"სამოცი\\\" transliteration=\\\"samotsi\\\" translation=\\\"sixty\\\" category=\\\"number\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab{id=\\\"num-seventy\\\" word=\\\"სამოცდაათი\\\" transliteration=\\\"samotsdaati\\\" translation=\\\"seventy\\\" category=\\\"number\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab{id=\\\"num-eighty\\\" word=\\\"ოთხმოცი\\\" transliteration=\\\"otkhmotsi\\\" translation=\\\"eighty\\\" category=\\\"number\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab{id=\\\"num-ninety\\\" word=\\\"ოთხმოცდაათი\\\" transliteration=\\\"otkhmotsaati\\\" translation=\\\"ninety\\\" category=\\\"number\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab{id=\\\"num-hundred\\\" word=\\\"ასი\\\" transliteration=\\\"asi\\\" translation=\\\"one hundred\\\" category=\\\"number\\\"}\\n\\n:::\\n\\n## The Vigesimal Pattern Explained\\n\\nGeorgian counts by twenties using this logic:\\n\\n| Number | Literal Meaning | Georgian Word |\\n|--------|----------------|---------------|\\n| 20 | twenty | ოცი (otsi) |\\n| 30 | twenty-and-ten | ოცდაათი (otsdaati) |\\n| 40 | two-twenty | ორმოცი (ormotsi) |\\n| 50 | two-twenty-and-ten | ორმოცდაათი (ormotsdaati) |\\n| 60 | three-twenty | სამოცი (samotsi) |\\n| 70 | three-twenty-and-ten | სამოცდაათი (samotsdaati) |\\n| 80 | four-twenty | ოთხმოცი (otkhmotsi) |\\n| 90 | four-twenty-and-ten | ოთხმოცდაათი (otkhmotsaati) |\\n| 100 | hundred | ასი (asi) |\\n\\n**Key insight:** Notice the connector **-და-** (da) meaning \\\"and\\\" that appears in 30, 50, 70, 90.\\n\\n## Building Numbers 21-99\\n\\nTo make any number in between:\\n\\n**Formula: [base] + და + [digit]**\\n\\nExamples:\\n- 21 = ოცდაერთი (otsdaerti) = \\\"twenty-and-one\\\"\\n- 25 = ოცდახუთი (otsdakhuti) = \\\"twenty-and-five\\\"\\n- 37 = ოცდაჩვიდმეტი (otsdachvidmeti) = \\\"thirty-and-seven\\\" (note: 17 = ჩვიდმეტი)\\n- 48 = ორმოცდარვა (ormosdarva) = \\\"forty-and-eight\\\"\\n- 99 = ოთხმოცდაცხრამეტი (otkhmosdatskhrameti) = \\\"ninety-and-nineteen\\\"\\n\\n## Why Vigesimal?\\n\\nMany ancient cultures counted on both fingers and toes, creating base-20 systems:\\n- **French**: 80 = quatre-vingts (\\\"four twenties\\\")\\n- **Mayan**: Complete vigesimal system\\n- **Georgian**: Preserved this ancient counting method\\n\\nModern Georgian still uses this system in everyday speech!\\n\\n## Key Points\\n\\n1. **Teens end in -მეტი**: All numbers 11-19 follow this pattern\\n2. **Twenty is special**: ოცი is the foundation of the vigesimal system\\n3. **Count by twenties**: 40 = \\\"two twenties,\\\" 60 = \\\"three twenties,\\\" etc.\\n4. **Use -და-**: Connector means \\\"and\\\" in compound numbers\\n5. **Pattern is consistent**: Once you know it, it's logical and predictable\\n\\n## Common Numbers in Daily Life\\n\\n| Number | Georgian | Where You'll Use It |\\n|--------|----------|---------------------|\\n| 10 | ათი | Prices, quantities |\\n| 15 | თხუთმეტი | Minutes (quarter hour) |\\n| 20 | ოცი | Currency (20 lari bills) |\\n| 30 | ოცდაათი | Ages, temperatures |\\n| 50 | ორმოცდაათი | Prices, ages |\\n| 100 | ასი | Prices, distances |\\n\\n## Practice Exercises\\n\\n:::exercise{id=\\\"ka-num-02-teens\\\" type=\\\"matching\\\" title=\\\"Match Teens\\\" skill=\\\"word-recognition\\\" tests=\\\"\\\" objectiveId=\\\"obj-count-10-20\\\"}\\n\\n**Question:** Match each number to its Georgian word\\n\\n- 11\\n- 15\\n- 17\\n- 19\\n\\n**Answer:**\\n\\n- 11 = თერთმეტი (tertmeti)\\n- 15 = თხუთმეტი (tkhutmeti)\\n- 17 = ჩვიდმეტი (chvidmeti)\\n- 19 = ცხრამეტი (tskhrameti)\\n\\n**Explanation:** All teen numbers end in -მეტი (meti), which relates to ათი (ten). The first part is a modified form of the base digit (1-9).\\n\\n:::\\n\\n:::exercise{id=\\\"ka-num-02-vigesimal\\\" type=\\\"fill-in-blank\\\" title=\\\"Vigesimal System\\\" skill=\\\"pattern-recognition\\\" tests=\\\"\\\" objectiveId=\\\"obj-vigesimal-system\\\"}\\n\\n**Question:** Complete the pattern:\\n\\n- 20 = ოცი (one twenty)\\n- 40 = ___ (two twenties)\\n- 60 = ___ (three twenties)\\n- 80 = ___ (four twenties)\\n\\n**Answer:**\\n\\n- 40 = ორმოცი (ormotsi) — ორ (two) + მოცი (twenty)\\n- 60 = სამოცი (samotsi) — სა (three) + მოცი (twenty)\\n- 80 = ოთხმოცი (otkhmotsi) — ოთხ (four) + მოცი (twenty)\\n\\n**Explanation:** Georgian uses a vigesimal (base-20) counting system. Numbers 40, 60, 80 are literally \\\"two-twenty,\\\" \\\"three-twenty,\\\" and \\\"four-twenty.\\\"\\n\\n:::\\n\\n:::exercise{id=\\\"ka-num-02-building\\\" type=\\\"multiple-choice\\\" title=\\\"Building Numbers\\\" skill=\\\"word-production\\\" tests=\\\"\\\" objectiveId=\\\"obj-build-tens\\\"}\\n\\n**Question:** How would you say 35 in Georgian?\\n\\n**Options:**\\n- ოცდათხუთმეტი\\n- სამოცდახუთი\\n- ოცდაათდახუთი\\n- სამოცი\\n\\n**Answer:** 1\\n\\n**Explanation:** 35 = ოცდათხუთმეტი (otsdatkhutmeti). This breaks down as: ოცდაათი (30 = \\\"twenty-and-ten\\\") + და + ხუთი (5). In numbers above 20, you add the ones digit to the base using -და-.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n## What's Next\\n\\nIn Lesson 3, you'll learn practical applications of Georgian numbers: prices, phone numbers, and dates. You'll also practice real-world scenarios like shopping and giving your contact information.\\n\""],"names":["lesson02"],"mappings":"AAAA,MAAAA,IAAe;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;"}
@@ -1,159 +0,0 @@
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- const n = `---
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- type: lesson
3
- id: georgian-grammar-lesson-02
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- title: "გაკვეთილი 2 — პირადი ნაცვალსახელები და ზმნა 'ვარ'"
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- description: "Personal pronouns and the verb to be in Georgian"
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- order: 2
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- parentId: georgian-grammar
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- difficulty: intermediate
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- cefrLevel: A2
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- categories:
11
- - grammar
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- - pronouns
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- metadata:
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- estimatedTime: 30
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- prerequisites:
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- - georgian-grammar-lesson-01
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- learningObjectives:
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- - id: obj-02-pronouns-recognize
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- description: "Recognize all six Georgian personal pronouns"
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- skill: word-recognition
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- - id: obj-02-tobe-apply
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- description: "Form sentences using the verb to be"
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- skill: pattern-application
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- - id: obj-02-tobe-produce
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- description: "Produce simple predicate sentences with pronouns and to-be"
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- skill: word-production
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- ---
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-
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- # გაკვეთილი 2 (Lesson 2) — Personal Pronouns and To Be
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-
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- ## Introduction
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-
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- Georgian has six personal pronouns, one for each person and number. Unlike many European languages, Georgian does not distinguish grammatical gender — there is no he/she distinction in the third person singular. The pronoun **ის** (is) means both "he" and "she."
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-
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- The verb "to be" in Georgian is irregular and essential. It works differently from English in one important way: in the third person, it can be omitted entirely or appear as a suffix **-ა** (-a).
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-
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- ## Personal Pronouns
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-
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- | Pronoun | Georgian | Transliteration | Meaning |
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- |---------|----------|-----------------|---------|
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- | 1st sg | მე | me | I |
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- | 2nd sg | შენ | shen | you (singular) |
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- | 3rd sg | ის | is | he / she / it |
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- | 1st pl | ჩვენ | chven | we |
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- | 2nd pl | თქვენ | tkven | you (plural / formal) |
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- | 3rd pl | ისინი | isini | they |
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-
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- Note: **თქვენ** (tkven) is also used as a polite singular "you," similar to French *vous* or German *Sie*. Addressing an elder or a stranger with თქვენ shows respect.
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-
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- ## The Verb "To Be" — Present Tense
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-
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- :::vocabulary-set{id="ka-gram-02-tobe" title="To Be — Present Tense Forms"}
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-
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- ::vocab-item{id="var" word="ვარ" pronunciation="var" meaning="I am (მე ვარ)"}
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-
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- ::vocab-item{id="xar" word="ხარ" pronunciation="khar" meaning="You are (შენ ხარ)"}
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-
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- ::vocab-item{id="aris" word="არის" pronunciation="a-ris" meaning="He/she/it is (ის არის)"}
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-
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- ::vocab-item{id="vart" word="ვართ" pronunciation="vart" meaning="We are (ჩვენ ვართ)"}
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-
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- ::vocab-item{id="xart" word="ხართ" pronunciation="khart" meaning="You are plural/formal (თქვენ ხართ)"}
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-
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- ::vocab-item{id="arian" word="არიან" pronunciation="a-ri-an" meaning="They are (ისინი არიან)"}
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-
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- :::
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-
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- ## A Georgian Shortcut: Dropping the Verb
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-
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- In the third person, Georgians frequently drop **არის** entirely or replace it with the short suffix **-ა** attached directly to the predicate:
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-
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- | Full form | Short form | Meaning |
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- |-----------|------------|---------|
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- | ის სტუდენტია არის | ის სტუდენტია | He/she is a student |
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- | ის კარგი ადამიანი არის | ის კარგი ადამიანია | He/she is a good person |
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-
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- The **-ა** ending on the noun or adjective carries the meaning of "is." This is very common in spoken and written Georgian.
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-
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- ## Simple Predicate Sentences
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-
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- | Georgian | Transliteration | Meaning |
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- |----------|-----------------|---------|
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- | მე სტუდენტი ვარ | me studenti var | I am a student |
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- | შენ ქართველი ხარ | shen kartveli khar | You are Georgian |
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- | ის მასწავლებელია | is matsavlebelia | He/she is a teacher |
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- | ჩვენ მეგობრები ვართ | chven megobrebi vart | We are friends |
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- | თქვენ ექიმები ხართ | tkven ekimebi khart | You are doctors |
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- | ისინი სტუდენტები არიან | isini studentebi arian | They are students |
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-
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- ## Practice Exercises
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-
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- :::exercise{id="ka-gram-02-pronouns-recognize" type="matching" title="Match Pronouns" skill="word-recognition" objectiveId="obj-02-pronouns-recognize"}
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-
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- **Question:** Match each Georgian pronoun to its English meaning
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-
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- - მე
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- - შენ
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- - ის
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- - ჩვენ
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- - თქვენ
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- - ისინი
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-
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- **Answer:**
104
-
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- - მე → I
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- - შენ → you (singular)
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- - ის → he / she / it
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- - ჩვენ → we
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- - თქვენ → you (plural or formal)
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- - ისინი → they
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-
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- **Explanation:** Georgian has no gender distinction in the third person singular — ის covers both he and she. თქვენ serves as both plural you and polite formal you.
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-
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- :::
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-
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- :::exercise{id="ka-gram-02-tobe-apply" type="fill-in-blank" title="Complete with To Be" skill="pattern-application" objectiveId="obj-02-tobe-apply"}
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-
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- **Question:** Fill in the correct form of "to be"
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-
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- 1. მე სტუდენტი ___ (I am a student)
121
- 2. შენ ქართველი ___ (you are Georgian)
122
- 3. ჩვენ მეგობრები ___ (we are friends)
123
- 4. ისინი ექიმები ___ (they are doctors)
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-
125
- **Answer:**
126
-
127
- 1. მე სტუდენტი **ვარ**
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- 2. შენ ქართველი **ხარ**
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- 3. ჩვენ მეგობრები **ვართ**
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- 4. ისინი ექიმები **არიან**
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-
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- **Explanation:** The verb "to be" in Georgian changes with each person and number. Note the pattern: ვ- prefix for first person (ვარ, ვართ), and the distinct plural forms with -ან for third person plural.
133
-
134
- :::
135
-
136
- :::exercise{id="ka-gram-02-tobe-produce" type="multiple-choice" title="Say Who You Are" skill="word-production" objectiveId="obj-02-tobe-produce"}
137
-
138
- **Question:** You are introducing yourself as a student. Which sentence is correct?
139
-
140
- **Options:**
141
- - მე სტუდენტი ხარ
142
- - მე სტუდენტი ვარ
143
- - ის სტუდენტი ვარ
144
- - ჩვენ სტუდენტი ვართ
145
-
146
- **Answer:** 2
147
-
148
- **Explanation:** For first person singular "I am," use **ვარ**. The subject pronoun is **მე** (I). Using ხარ would mean "you are" and ის refers to a third person. ჩვენ ვართ means "we are" — the noun would also need to be plural.
149
-
150
- :::
151
-
152
- ## What's Next
153
-
154
- In Lesson 3, you will explore the Georgian case system — specifically the nominative and ergative cases, which control how subjects are marked depending on the verb type.
155
- `;
156
- export {
157
- n as default
158
- };
159
- //# sourceMappingURL=lesson-02-CjWc8Ndm.js.map
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- {"version":3,"file":"lesson-02-CjWc8Ndm.js","sources":["../src/syllabi/grammar/lessons/lesson-02.mdx?raw"],"sourcesContent":["export default \"---\\ntype: lesson\\nid: georgian-grammar-lesson-02\\ntitle: \\\"გაკვეთილი 2 — პირადი ნაცვალსახელები და ზმნა 'ვარ'\\\"\\ndescription: \\\"Personal pronouns and the verb to be in Georgian\\\"\\norder: 2\\nparentId: georgian-grammar\\ndifficulty: intermediate\\ncefrLevel: A2\\ncategories:\\n - grammar\\n - pronouns\\nmetadata:\\n estimatedTime: 30\\n prerequisites:\\n - georgian-grammar-lesson-01\\n learningObjectives:\\n - id: obj-02-pronouns-recognize\\n description: \\\"Recognize all six Georgian personal pronouns\\\"\\n skill: word-recognition\\n - id: obj-02-tobe-apply\\n description: \\\"Form sentences using the verb to be\\\"\\n skill: pattern-application\\n - id: obj-02-tobe-produce\\n description: \\\"Produce simple predicate sentences with pronouns and to-be\\\"\\n skill: word-production\\n---\\n\\n# გაკვეთილი 2 (Lesson 2) — Personal Pronouns and To Be\\n\\n## Introduction\\n\\nGeorgian has six personal pronouns, one for each person and number. Unlike many European languages, Georgian does not distinguish grammatical gender — there is no he/she distinction in the third person singular. The pronoun **ის** (is) means both \\\"he\\\" and \\\"she.\\\"\\n\\nThe verb \\\"to be\\\" in Georgian is irregular and essential. It works differently from English in one important way: in the third person, it can be omitted entirely or appear as a suffix **-ა** (-a).\\n\\n## Personal Pronouns\\n\\n| Pronoun | Georgian | Transliteration | Meaning |\\n|---------|----------|-----------------|---------|\\n| 1st sg | მე | me | I |\\n| 2nd sg | შენ | shen | you (singular) |\\n| 3rd sg | ის | is | he / she / it |\\n| 1st pl | ჩვენ | chven | we |\\n| 2nd pl | თქვენ | tkven | you (plural / formal) |\\n| 3rd pl | ისინი | isini | they |\\n\\nNote: **თქვენ** (tkven) is also used as a polite singular \\\"you,\\\" similar to French *vous* or German *Sie*. Addressing an elder or a stranger with თქვენ shows respect.\\n\\n## The Verb \\\"To Be\\\" — Present Tense\\n\\n:::vocabulary-set{id=\\\"ka-gram-02-tobe\\\" title=\\\"To Be — Present Tense Forms\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"var\\\" word=\\\"ვარ\\\" pronunciation=\\\"var\\\" meaning=\\\"I am (მე ვარ)\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"xar\\\" word=\\\"ხარ\\\" pronunciation=\\\"khar\\\" meaning=\\\"You are (შენ ხარ)\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"aris\\\" word=\\\"არის\\\" pronunciation=\\\"a-ris\\\" meaning=\\\"He/she/it is (ის არის)\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"vart\\\" word=\\\"ვართ\\\" pronunciation=\\\"vart\\\" meaning=\\\"We are (ჩვენ ვართ)\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"xart\\\" word=\\\"ხართ\\\" pronunciation=\\\"khart\\\" meaning=\\\"You are plural/formal (თქვენ ხართ)\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"arian\\\" word=\\\"არიან\\\" pronunciation=\\\"a-ri-an\\\" meaning=\\\"They are (ისინი არიან)\\\"}\\n\\n:::\\n\\n## A Georgian Shortcut: Dropping the Verb\\n\\nIn the third person, Georgians frequently drop **არის** entirely or replace it with the short suffix **-ა** attached directly to the predicate:\\n\\n| Full form | Short form | Meaning |\\n|-----------|------------|---------|\\n| ის სტუდენტია არის | ის სტუდენტია | He/she is a student |\\n| ის კარგი ადამიანი არის | ის კარგი ადამიანია | He/she is a good person |\\n\\nThe **-ა** ending on the noun or adjective carries the meaning of \\\"is.\\\" This is very common in spoken and written Georgian.\\n\\n## Simple Predicate Sentences\\n\\n| Georgian | Transliteration | Meaning |\\n|----------|-----------------|---------|\\n| მე სტუდენტი ვარ | me studenti var | I am a student |\\n| შენ ქართველი ხარ | shen kartveli khar | You are Georgian |\\n| ის მასწავლებელია | is matsavlebelia | He/she is a teacher |\\n| ჩვენ მეგობრები ვართ | chven megobrebi vart | We are friends |\\n| თქვენ ექიმები ხართ | tkven ekimebi khart | You are doctors |\\n| ისინი სტუდენტები არიან | isini studentebi arian | They are students |\\n\\n## Practice Exercises\\n\\n:::exercise{id=\\\"ka-gram-02-pronouns-recognize\\\" type=\\\"matching\\\" title=\\\"Match Pronouns\\\" skill=\\\"word-recognition\\\" objectiveId=\\\"obj-02-pronouns-recognize\\\"}\\n\\n**Question:** Match each Georgian pronoun to its English meaning\\n\\n- მე\\n- შენ\\n- ის\\n- ჩვენ\\n- თქვენ\\n- ისინი\\n\\n**Answer:**\\n\\n- მე → I\\n- შენ → you (singular)\\n- ის → he / she / it\\n- ჩვენ → we\\n- თქვენ → you (plural or formal)\\n- ისინი → they\\n\\n**Explanation:** Georgian has no gender distinction in the third person singular — ის covers both he and she. თქვენ serves as both plural you and polite formal you.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n:::exercise{id=\\\"ka-gram-02-tobe-apply\\\" type=\\\"fill-in-blank\\\" title=\\\"Complete with To Be\\\" skill=\\\"pattern-application\\\" objectiveId=\\\"obj-02-tobe-apply\\\"}\\n\\n**Question:** Fill in the correct form of \\\"to be\\\"\\n\\n1. მე სტუდენტი ___ (I am a student)\\n2. შენ ქართველი ___ (you are Georgian)\\n3. ჩვენ მეგობრები ___ (we are friends)\\n4. ისინი ექიმები ___ (they are doctors)\\n\\n**Answer:**\\n\\n1. მე სტუდენტი **ვარ**\\n2. შენ ქართველი **ხარ**\\n3. ჩვენ მეგობრები **ვართ**\\n4. ისინი ექიმები **არიან**\\n\\n**Explanation:** The verb \\\"to be\\\" in Georgian changes with each person and number. Note the pattern: ვ- prefix for first person (ვარ, ვართ), and the distinct plural forms with -ან for third person plural.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n:::exercise{id=\\\"ka-gram-02-tobe-produce\\\" type=\\\"multiple-choice\\\" title=\\\"Say Who You Are\\\" skill=\\\"word-production\\\" objectiveId=\\\"obj-02-tobe-produce\\\"}\\n\\n**Question:** You are introducing yourself as a student. Which sentence is correct?\\n\\n**Options:**\\n- მე სტუდენტი ხარ\\n- მე სტუდენტი ვარ\\n- ის სტუდენტი ვარ\\n- ჩვენ სტუდენტი ვართ\\n\\n**Answer:** 2\\n\\n**Explanation:** For first person singular \\\"I am,\\\" use **ვარ**. The subject pronoun is **მე** (I). Using ხარ would mean \\\"you are\\\" and ის refers to a third person. ჩვენ ვართ means \\\"we are\\\" — the noun would also need to be plural.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n## What's Next\\n\\nIn Lesson 3, you will explore the Georgian case system — specifically the nominative and ergative cases, which control how subjects are marked depending on the verb type.\\n\""],"names":["lesson02"],"mappings":"AAAA,MAAAA,IAAe;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;"}
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- const n = `---
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- type: lesson
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- id: georgian-reading-lesson-02
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- title: "გაკვეთილი 2 — ნიშნების კითხვა (Reading Signs)"
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- description: "Reading Georgian signs — exit, entrance, open, closed, and everyday public text"
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- order: 2
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- parentId: georgian-reading
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- difficulty: intermediate
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- cefrLevel: A2
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- categories:
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- - reading
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- - signs
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- - vocabulary
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- metadata:
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- estimatedTime: 30
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- prerequisites:
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- - georgian-reading-lesson-01
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- learningObjectives:
19
- - id: obj-read-02-read-signs
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- description: "Read and understand common Georgian public signs"
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- skill: text-decoding
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- - id: obj-read-02-sign-vocab
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- description: "Recognize key Georgian sign vocabulary on sight"
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- skill: word-recognition
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- - id: obj-read-02-context-reading
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- description: "Use context to understand unfamiliar signs"
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- skill: reading-comprehension
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- ---
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-
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- # გაკვეთილი 2 (Lesson 2) — Reading Signs
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-
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- ## Introduction
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-
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- Signs are the first reading challenge you encounter in any new country. In Georgia, signs are written in Mkhedruli script, and recognizing them is immediately practical. This lesson covers the most common Georgian signs you will encounter in daily life.
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-
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- ## Essential Public Signs
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-
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- :::vocabulary-set{id="ka-read-02-signs" title="Essential Signs"}
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-
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- ::vocab-item{id="gamosvla" word="გამოსვლა" pronunciation="ga-mos-vla" meaning="Exit"}
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-
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- ::vocab-item{id="sesasvleli" word="შესასვლელი" pronunciation="she-sas-vle-li" meaning="Entrance"}
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-
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- ::vocab-item{id="ghia" word="ღია" pronunciation="ghi-a" meaning="Open"}
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-
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- ::vocab-item{id="dakhuruli" word="დახურული" pronunciation="da-khu-ru-li" meaning="Closed"}
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-
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- ::vocab-item{id="dakhmara" word="გაფრთხილება" pronunciation="ga-frt-khi-le-ba" meaning="Warning / Caution"}
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-
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- ::vocab-item{id="akrdzaluli" word="აკრძალულია" pronunciation="ak-rdza-lu-li-a" meaning="Prohibited / Forbidden"}
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-
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- ::vocab-item{id="upiratesi" word="უფასო" pronunciation="u-fa-so" meaning="Free (no charge)"}
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-
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- :::
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-
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- ## Shop and Commercial Signs
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-
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- :::vocabulary-set{id="ka-read-02-shops" title="Shop Signs"}
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-
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- ::vocab-item{id="maghazia" word="მაღაზია" pronunciation="ma-gha-zi-a" meaning="shop / store"}
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-
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- ::vocab-item{id="gaqidva" word="გაყიდვა" pronunciation="ga-yid-va" meaning="sale / for sale"}
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-
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- ::vocab-item{id="fasebi" word="ფასები" pronunciation="fa-se-bi" meaning="prices"}
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-
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- ::vocab-item{id="angarisheba" word="სალარო" pronunciation="sa-la-ro" meaning="cashier / checkout"}
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-
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- ::vocab-item{id="chemi-konti" word="სასაქონლო სია" pronunciation="sa-saq-on-lo si-a" meaning="price list / inventory"}
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-
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- :::
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-
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- ## Transport Signs
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-
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- :::vocabulary-set{id="ka-read-02-transport" title="Transport Signs"}
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-
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- ::vocab-item{id="sadguri" word="სადგური" pronunciation="sad-gu-ri" meaning="station"}
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-
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- ::vocab-item{id="gachareba" word="გაჩერება" pronunciation="ga-che-re-ba" meaning="stop (bus stop)"}
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-
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- ::vocab-item{id="bileti-sign" word="ბილეთი" pronunciation="bi-let-i" meaning="ticket"}
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-
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- ::vocab-item{id="gasasvleli" word="გასასვლელი" pronunciation="ga-sas-vle-li" meaning="exit / way out (transport context)"}
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-
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- :::
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-
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- ## Reading Sign Practice
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-
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- The following signs appear commonly in Tbilisi. Read each one aloud:
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-
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- **ღია** (ghi-a) — Open
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-
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- **დახურული** (da-khu-ru-li) — Closed
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-
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- **გამოსვლა** (ga-mos-vla) — Exit
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-
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- **შესასვლელი** (she-sas-vle-li) — Entrance
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-
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- **სალარო** (sa-la-ro) — Cashier
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-
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- **სადგური** (sad-gu-ri) — Station
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-
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- Notice that Georgian signs often use single words or short compound words. The agglutinative nature of Georgian means that one long word can carry the meaning of a full English phrase.
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-
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- ## Analyzing a Long Sign Word
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-
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- Take the word **შესასვლელი** (entrance):
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-
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- | Part | Meaning |
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- |------|---------|
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- | შე- | prefix: entering direction |
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- | -სა- | purpose marker |
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- | -სვლ- | root: going / movement |
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- | -ელი | nominal suffix |
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-
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- Together: "the place for entering" = entrance. Georgian is highly systematic — once you recognize word-building patterns, long words become easier to decode.
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-
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- ## Cultural Note: Bilingual Signage
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-
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- In major Georgian cities and tourist areas, signs are increasingly bilingual: Georgian and English. However, in smaller towns, markets, and residential areas, signs are Georgian-only. Knowing how to read the script means you can navigate independently anywhere in the country.
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-
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- ## Practice Exercises
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-
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- :::exercise{id="ka-read-02-sign-decode" type="matching" title="Match Signs to Meanings" skill="text-decoding" objectiveId="obj-read-02-read-signs"}
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-
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- **Question:** Match each Georgian sign to its English meaning
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-
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- - ღია
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- - დახურული
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- - გამოსვლა
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- - შესასვლელი
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- - უფასო
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-
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- **Answer:**
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-
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- - ღია → Open
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- - დახურული → Closed
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- - გამოსვლა → Exit
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- - შესასვლელი → Entrance
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- - უფასო → Free (no charge)
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-
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- **Explanation:** These five signs appear on doors and storefronts everywhere in Georgia. ღია and დახურული are the most critical — they tell you instantly if a shop or office is open for business.
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-
143
- :::
144
-
145
- :::exercise{id="ka-read-02-sign-recognition" type="multiple-choice" title="Which Sign?" skill="word-recognition" objectiveId="obj-read-02-sign-vocab"}
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-
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- **Question:** You are at a train station and need to buy a ticket. Which sign do you look for?
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-
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- **Options:**
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- - სადგური
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- - გამოსვლა
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- - ბილეთი
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- - გაჩერება
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-
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- **Answer:** 3
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-
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- **Explanation:** ბილეთი means "ticket" — look for this sign at a ticket window or machine. სადგური is the station itself. გამოსვლა is exit. გაჩერება is a bus or tram stop.
158
-
159
- :::
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-
161
- :::exercise{id="ka-read-02-context" type="fill-in-blank" title="Context Reading" skill="reading-comprehension" objectiveId="obj-read-02-context-reading"}
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-
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- **Question:** You see a sign on a café door. What does each sign tell you?
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-
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- 1. ღია: The café is ___
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- 2. დახურული: The café is ___
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- 3. სალარო: This is where you ___
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-
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- **Answer:**
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-
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- 1. open
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- 2. closed
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- 3. pay (cashier)
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-
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- **Explanation:** Context makes these signs immediately practical. ღია and დახურული are the most important signs for any business. სალარო identifies the payment point — look for this when you need to pay.
176
-
177
- :::
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-
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- ## What's Next
180
-
181
- In Lesson 3, you will move from single words to short phrases and simple sentences in Georgian.
182
- `;
183
- export {
184
- n as default
185
- };
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- //# sourceMappingURL=lesson-02-D6EZkoTX.js.map
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
1
- {"version":3,"file":"lesson-02-D6EZkoTX.js","sources":["../src/syllabi/reading/lessons/lesson-02.mdx?raw"],"sourcesContent":["export default \"---\\ntype: lesson\\nid: georgian-reading-lesson-02\\ntitle: \\\"გაკვეთილი 2 — ნიშნების კითხვა (Reading Signs)\\\"\\ndescription: \\\"Reading Georgian signs — exit, entrance, open, closed, and everyday public text\\\"\\norder: 2\\nparentId: georgian-reading\\ndifficulty: intermediate\\ncefrLevel: A2\\ncategories:\\n - reading\\n - signs\\n - vocabulary\\nmetadata:\\n estimatedTime: 30\\n prerequisites:\\n - georgian-reading-lesson-01\\n learningObjectives:\\n - id: obj-read-02-read-signs\\n description: \\\"Read and understand common Georgian public signs\\\"\\n skill: text-decoding\\n - id: obj-read-02-sign-vocab\\n description: \\\"Recognize key Georgian sign vocabulary on sight\\\"\\n skill: word-recognition\\n - id: obj-read-02-context-reading\\n description: \\\"Use context to understand unfamiliar signs\\\"\\n skill: reading-comprehension\\n---\\n\\n# გაკვეთილი 2 (Lesson 2) — Reading Signs\\n\\n## Introduction\\n\\nSigns are the first reading challenge you encounter in any new country. In Georgia, signs are written in Mkhedruli script, and recognizing them is immediately practical. This lesson covers the most common Georgian signs you will encounter in daily life.\\n\\n## Essential Public Signs\\n\\n:::vocabulary-set{id=\\\"ka-read-02-signs\\\" title=\\\"Essential Signs\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"gamosvla\\\" word=\\\"გამოსვლა\\\" pronunciation=\\\"ga-mos-vla\\\" meaning=\\\"Exit\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"sesasvleli\\\" word=\\\"შესასვლელი\\\" pronunciation=\\\"she-sas-vle-li\\\" meaning=\\\"Entrance\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"ghia\\\" word=\\\"ღია\\\" pronunciation=\\\"ghi-a\\\" meaning=\\\"Open\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"dakhuruli\\\" word=\\\"დახურული\\\" pronunciation=\\\"da-khu-ru-li\\\" meaning=\\\"Closed\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"dakhmara\\\" word=\\\"გაფრთხილება\\\" pronunciation=\\\"ga-frt-khi-le-ba\\\" meaning=\\\"Warning / Caution\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"akrdzaluli\\\" word=\\\"აკრძალულია\\\" pronunciation=\\\"ak-rdza-lu-li-a\\\" meaning=\\\"Prohibited / Forbidden\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"upiratesi\\\" word=\\\"უფასო\\\" pronunciation=\\\"u-fa-so\\\" meaning=\\\"Free (no charge)\\\"}\\n\\n:::\\n\\n## Shop and Commercial Signs\\n\\n:::vocabulary-set{id=\\\"ka-read-02-shops\\\" title=\\\"Shop Signs\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"maghazia\\\" word=\\\"მაღაზია\\\" pronunciation=\\\"ma-gha-zi-a\\\" meaning=\\\"shop / store\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"gaqidva\\\" word=\\\"გაყიდვა\\\" pronunciation=\\\"ga-yid-va\\\" meaning=\\\"sale / for sale\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"fasebi\\\" word=\\\"ფასები\\\" pronunciation=\\\"fa-se-bi\\\" meaning=\\\"prices\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"angarisheba\\\" word=\\\"სალარო\\\" pronunciation=\\\"sa-la-ro\\\" meaning=\\\"cashier / checkout\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"chemi-konti\\\" word=\\\"სასაქონლო სია\\\" pronunciation=\\\"sa-saq-on-lo si-a\\\" meaning=\\\"price list / inventory\\\"}\\n\\n:::\\n\\n## Transport Signs\\n\\n:::vocabulary-set{id=\\\"ka-read-02-transport\\\" title=\\\"Transport Signs\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"sadguri\\\" word=\\\"სადგური\\\" pronunciation=\\\"sad-gu-ri\\\" meaning=\\\"station\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"gachareba\\\" word=\\\"გაჩერება\\\" pronunciation=\\\"ga-che-re-ba\\\" meaning=\\\"stop (bus stop)\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"bileti-sign\\\" word=\\\"ბილეთი\\\" pronunciation=\\\"bi-let-i\\\" meaning=\\\"ticket\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"gasasvleli\\\" word=\\\"გასასვლელი\\\" pronunciation=\\\"ga-sas-vle-li\\\" meaning=\\\"exit / way out (transport context)\\\"}\\n\\n:::\\n\\n## Reading Sign Practice\\n\\nThe following signs appear commonly in Tbilisi. Read each one aloud:\\n\\n**ღია** (ghi-a) — Open\\n\\n**დახურული** (da-khu-ru-li) — Closed\\n\\n**გამოსვლა** (ga-mos-vla) — Exit\\n\\n**შესასვლელი** (she-sas-vle-li) — Entrance\\n\\n**სალარო** (sa-la-ro) — Cashier\\n\\n**სადგური** (sad-gu-ri) — Station\\n\\nNotice that Georgian signs often use single words or short compound words. The agglutinative nature of Georgian means that one long word can carry the meaning of a full English phrase.\\n\\n## Analyzing a Long Sign Word\\n\\nTake the word **შესასვლელი** (entrance):\\n\\n| Part | Meaning |\\n|------|---------|\\n| შე- | prefix: entering direction |\\n| -სა- | purpose marker |\\n| -სვლ- | root: going / movement |\\n| -ელი | nominal suffix |\\n\\nTogether: \\\"the place for entering\\\" = entrance. Georgian is highly systematic — once you recognize word-building patterns, long words become easier to decode.\\n\\n## Cultural Note: Bilingual Signage\\n\\nIn major Georgian cities and tourist areas, signs are increasingly bilingual: Georgian and English. However, in smaller towns, markets, and residential areas, signs are Georgian-only. Knowing how to read the script means you can navigate independently anywhere in the country.\\n\\n## Practice Exercises\\n\\n:::exercise{id=\\\"ka-read-02-sign-decode\\\" type=\\\"matching\\\" title=\\\"Match Signs to Meanings\\\" skill=\\\"text-decoding\\\" objectiveId=\\\"obj-read-02-read-signs\\\"}\\n\\n**Question:** Match each Georgian sign to its English meaning\\n\\n- ღია\\n- დახურული\\n- გამოსვლა\\n- შესასვლელი\\n- უფასო\\n\\n**Answer:**\\n\\n- ღია → Open\\n- დახურული → Closed\\n- გამოსვლა → Exit\\n- შესასვლელი → Entrance\\n- უფასო → Free (no charge)\\n\\n**Explanation:** These five signs appear on doors and storefronts everywhere in Georgia. ღია and დახურული are the most critical — they tell you instantly if a shop or office is open for business.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n:::exercise{id=\\\"ka-read-02-sign-recognition\\\" type=\\\"multiple-choice\\\" title=\\\"Which Sign?\\\" skill=\\\"word-recognition\\\" objectiveId=\\\"obj-read-02-sign-vocab\\\"}\\n\\n**Question:** You are at a train station and need to buy a ticket. Which sign do you look for?\\n\\n**Options:**\\n- სადგური\\n- გამოსვლა\\n- ბილეთი\\n- გაჩერება\\n\\n**Answer:** 3\\n\\n**Explanation:** ბილეთი means \\\"ticket\\\" — look for this sign at a ticket window or machine. სადგური is the station itself. გამოსვლა is exit. გაჩერება is a bus or tram stop.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n:::exercise{id=\\\"ka-read-02-context\\\" type=\\\"fill-in-blank\\\" title=\\\"Context Reading\\\" skill=\\\"reading-comprehension\\\" objectiveId=\\\"obj-read-02-context-reading\\\"}\\n\\n**Question:** You see a sign on a café door. What does each sign tell you?\\n\\n1. ღია: The café is ___\\n2. დახურული: The café is ___\\n3. სალარო: This is where you ___\\n\\n**Answer:**\\n\\n1. open\\n2. closed\\n3. pay (cashier)\\n\\n**Explanation:** Context makes these signs immediately practical. ღია and დახურული are the most important signs for any business. სალარო identifies the payment point — look for this when you need to pay.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n## What's Next\\n\\nIn Lesson 3, you will move from single words to short phrases and simple sentences in Georgian.\\n\""],"names":["lesson02"],"mappings":"AAAA,MAAAA,IAAe;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;"}