@sylix/coworker 2.0.11 → 2.0.14

package/dist/skills/defaults/game-development/unity-ecs-patterns.md

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+---
+name: unity-ecs-patterns
+description: Master Unity ECS (Entity Component System) with DOTS, Jobs, and Burst for high-performance game development
+---
+
+# Unity ECS Patterns
+
+Production patterns for Unity's Data-Oriented Technology Stack (DOTS) including Entity Component System, Job System, and Burst Compiler.
+
+## When to Use This Skill
+
+- Building high-performance Unity games
+- Managing thousands of entities efficiently
+- Implementing data-oriented game systems
+- Optimizing CPU-bound game logic
+- Converting OOP game code to ECS
+- Using Jobs and Burst for parallelization
+
+## Core Concepts
+
+### ECS vs OOP
+
+| Aspect      | Traditional OOP   | ECS/DOTS        |
+| ----------- | ----------------- | --------------- |
+| Data layout | Object-oriented   | Data-oriented   |
+| Memory      | Scattered         | Contiguous      |
+| Processing  | Per-object        | Batched         |
+| Scaling     | Poor with count   | Linear scaling  |
+| Best for    | Complex behaviors | Mass simulation |
+
+### DOTS Components
+
+```
+Entity: Lightweight ID (no data)
+Component: Pure data (no behavior)
+System: Logic that processes components
+World: Container for entities
+Archetype: Unique combination of components
+Chunk: Memory block for same-archetype entities
+```
+
+## Patterns
+
+### Pattern 1: Basic ECS Setup
+
+```csharp
+using Unity.Entities;
+using Unity.Mathematics;
+using Unity.Transforms;
+using Unity.Burst;
+using Unity.Collections;
+
+// Component: Pure data, no methods
+public struct Speed : IComponentData
+{
+    public float Value;
+}
+
+public struct Health : IComponentData
+{
+    public float Current;
+    public float Max;
+}
+
+public struct Target : IComponentData
+{
+    public Entity Value;
+}
+
+// Tag component (zero-size marker)
+public struct EnemyTag : IComponentData { }
+public struct PlayerTag : IComponentData { }
+
+// Buffer component (variable-size array)
+[InternalBufferCapacity(8)]
+public struct InventoryItem : IBufferElementData
+{
+    public int ItemId;
+    public int Quantity;
+}
+
+// Shared component (grouped entities)
+public struct TeamId : ISharedComponentData
+{
+    public int Value;
+}
+```
+
+### Pattern 2: Systems with ISystem (Recommended)
+
+```csharp
+using Unity.Entities;
+using Unity.Transforms;
+using Unity.Mathematics;
+using Unity.Burst;
+
+// ISystem: Unmanaged, Burst-compatible, highest performance
+[BurstCompile]
+public partial struct MovementSystem : ISystem
+{
+    [BurstCompile]
+    public void OnCreate(ref SystemState state)
+    {
+        state.RequireForUpdate<Speed>();
+    }
+
+    [BurstCompile]
+    public void OnUpdate(ref SystemState state)
+    {
+        float deltaTime = SystemAPI.Time.DeltaTime;
+
+        foreach (var (transform, speed) in
+            SystemAPI.Query<RefRW<LocalTransform>, RefRO<Speed>>())
+        {
+            transform.ValueRW.Position +=
+                new float3(0, 0, speed.ValueRO.Value * deltaTime);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [BurstCompile]
+    public void OnDestroy(ref SystemState state) { }
+}
+
+// With explicit job for more control
+[BurstCompile]
+public partial struct MovementJobSystem : ISystem
+{
+    [BurstCompile]
+    public void OnUpdate(ref SystemState state)
+    {
+        var job = new MoveJob
+        {
+            DeltaTime = SystemAPI.Time.DeltaTime
+        };
+
+        state.Dependency = job.ScheduleParallel(state.Dependency);
+    }
+}
+
+[BurstCompile]
+public partial struct MoveJob : IJobEntity
+{
+    public float DeltaTime;
+
+    void Execute(ref LocalTransform transform, in Speed speed)
+    {
+        transform.Position += new float3(0, 0, speed.Value * DeltaTime);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Pattern 3: Entity Queries
+
+```csharp
+[BurstCompile]
+public partial struct QueryExamplesSystem : ISystem
+{
+    private EntityQuery _enemyQuery;
+
+    public void OnCreate(ref SystemState state)
+    {
+        _enemyQuery = new EntityQueryBuilder(Allocator.Temp)
+            .WithAll<EnemyTag, Health, LocalTransform>()
+            .WithNone<Dead>()
+            .WithOptions(EntityQueryOptions.FilterWriteGroup)
+            .Build(ref state);
+    }
+
+    [BurstCompile]
+    public void OnUpdate(ref SystemState state)
+    {
+        foreach (var (health, entity) in
+            SystemAPI.Query<RefRW<Health>>()
+                .WithAll<EnemyTag>()
+                .WithEntityAccess())
+        {
+            if (health.ValueRO.Current <= 0)
+            {
+                SystemAPI.GetSingleton<EndSimulationEntityCommandBufferSystem.Singleton>()
+                    .CreateCommandBuffer(state.WorldUnmanaged)
+                    .DestroyEntity(entity);
+            }
+        }
+
+        int enemyCount = _enemyQuery.CalculateEntityCount();
+        var enemies = _enemyQuery.ToEntityArray(Allocator.Temp);
+        var healths = _enemyQuery.ToComponentDataArray<Health>(Allocator.Temp);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Pattern 4: Entity Command Buffers (Structural Changes)
+
+```csharp
+[BurstCompile]
+[UpdateInGroup(typeof(SimulationSystemGroup))]
+public partial struct SpawnSystem : ISystem
+{
+    [BurstCompile]
+    public void OnUpdate(ref SystemState state)
+    {
+        var ecbSingleton = SystemAPI.GetSingleton<BeginSimulationEntityCommandBufferSystem.Singleton>();
+        var ecb = ecbSingleton.CreateCommandBuffer(state.WorldUnmanaged);
+
+        foreach (var (spawner, transform) in
+            SystemAPI.Query<RefRW<Spawner>, RefRO<LocalTransform>>())
+        {
+            spawner.ValueRW.Timer -= SystemAPI.Time.DeltaTime;
+
+            if (spawner.ValueRO.Timer <= 0)
+            {
+                spawner.ValueRW.Timer = spawner.ValueRO.Interval;
+
+                Entity newEntity = ecb.Instantiate(spawner.ValueRO.Prefab);
+
+                ecb.SetComponent(newEntity, new LocalTransform
+                {
+                    Position = transform.ValueRO.Position,
+                    Rotation = quaternion.identity,
+                    Scale = 1f
+                });
+
+                ecb.AddComponent(newEntity, new Speed { Value = 5f });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Parallel ECB usage
+[BurstCompile]
+public partial struct ParallelSpawnJob : IJobEntity
+{
+    public EntityCommandBuffer.ParallelWriter ECB;
+
+    void Execute([EntityIndexInQuery] int index, in Spawner spawner)
+    {
+        Entity e = ECB.Instantiate(index, spawner.Prefab);
+        ECB.AddComponent(index, e, new Speed { Value = 5f });
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Pattern 5: Aspect (Grouping Components)
+
+```csharp
+using Unity.Entities;
+using Unity.Transforms;
+using Unity.Mathematics;
+
+public readonly partial struct CharacterAspect : IAspect
+{
+    public readonly Entity Entity;
+
+    private readonly RefRW<LocalTransform> _transform;
+    private readonly RefRO<Speed> _speed;
+    private readonly RefRW<Health> _health;
+
+    [Optional]
+    private readonly RefRO<Shield> _shield;
+
+    private readonly DynamicBuffer<InventoryItem> _inventory;
+
+    public float3 Position
+    {
+        get => _transform.ValueRO.Position;
+        set => _transform.ValueRW.Position = value;
+    }
+
+    public float CurrentHealth => _health.ValueRO.Current;
+    public float MaxHealth => _health.ValueRO.Max;
+    public float MoveSpeed => _speed.ValueRO.Value;
+
+    public bool HasShield => _shield.IsValid;
+    public float ShieldAmount => HasShield ? _shield.ValueRO.Amount : 0f;
+
+    public void TakeDamage(float amount)
+    {
+        float remaining = amount;
+
+        if (HasShield && _shield.ValueRO.Amount > 0)
+        {
+            remaining = math.max(0, amount - _shield.ValueRO.Amount);
+        }
+
+        _health.ValueRW.Current = math.max(0, _health.ValueRO.Current - remaining);
+    }
+
+    public void Move(float3 direction, float deltaTime)
+    {
+        _transform.ValueRW.Position += direction * _speed.ValueRO.Value * deltaTime;
+    }
+
+    public void AddItem(int itemId, int quantity)
+    {
+        _inventory.Add(new InventoryItem { ItemId = itemId, Quantity = quantity });
+    }
+}
+
+[BurstCompile]
+public partial struct CharacterSystem : ISystem
+{
+    [BurstCompile]
+    public void OnUpdate(ref SystemState state)
+    {
+        float dt = SystemAPI.Time.DeltaTime;
+
+        foreach (var character in SystemAPI.Query<CharacterAspect>())
+        {
+            character.Move(new float3(1, 0, 0), dt);
+
+            if (character.CurrentHealth < character.MaxHealth * 0.5f)
+            {
+                // Low health logic
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Pattern 6: Singleton Components
+
+```csharp
+public struct GameConfig : IComponentData
+{
+    public float DifficultyMultiplier;
+    public int MaxEnemies;
+    public float SpawnRate;
+}
+
+public struct GameState : IComponentData
+{
+    public int Score;
+    public int Wave;
+    public float TimeRemaining;
+}
+
+public partial struct GameInitSystem : ISystem
+{
+    public void OnCreate(ref SystemState state)
+    {
+        var entity = state.EntityManager.CreateEntity();
+        state.EntityManager.AddComponentData(entity, new GameConfig
+        {
+            DifficultyMultiplier = 1.0f,
+            MaxEnemies = 100,
+            SpawnRate = 2.0f
+        });
+        state.EntityManager.AddComponentData(entity, new GameState
+        {
+            Score = 0,
+            Wave = 1,
+            TimeRemaining = 120f
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+[BurstCompile]
+public partial struct ScoreSystem : ISystem
+{
+    [BurstCompile]
+    public void OnUpdate(ref SystemState state)
+    {
+        var config = SystemAPI.GetSingleton<GameConfig>();
+
+        ref var gameState = ref SystemAPI.GetSingletonRW<GameState>().ValueRW;
+        gameState.TimeRemaining -= SystemAPI.Time.DeltaTime;
+
+        if (SystemAPI.HasSingleton<GameConfig>())
+        {
+            // ...
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Pattern 7: Baking (Converting GameObjects)
+
+```csharp
+using Unity.Entities;
+using UnityEngine;
+
+public class EnemyAuthoring : MonoBehaviour
+{
+    public float Speed = 5f;
+    public float Health = 100f;
+    public GameObject ProjectilePrefab;
+
+    class Baker : Baker<EnemyAuthoring>
+    {
+        public override void Bake(EnemyAuthoring authoring)
+        {
+            var entity = GetEntity(TransformUsageFlags.Dynamic);
+
+            AddComponent(entity, new Speed { Value = authoring.Speed });
+            AddComponent(entity, new Health
+            {
+                Current = authoring.Health,
+                Max = authoring.Health
+            });
+            AddComponent(entity, new EnemyTag());
+
+            if (authoring.ProjectilePrefab != null)
+            {
+                AddComponent(entity, new ProjectilePrefab
+                {
+                    Value = GetEntity(authoring.ProjectilePrefab, TransformUsageFlags.Dynamic)
+                });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+public class SpawnerAuthoring : MonoBehaviour
+{
+    public GameObject[] Prefabs;
+    public float Interval = 1f;
+
+    class Baker : Baker<SpawnerAuthoring>
+    {
+        public override void Bake(SpawnerAuthoring authoring)
+        {
+            var entity = GetEntity(TransformUsageFlags.Dynamic);
+
+            AddComponent(entity, new Spawner
+            {
+                Interval = authoring.Interval,
+                Timer = 0f
+            });
+
+            var buffer = AddBuffer<SpawnPrefabElement>(entity);
+            foreach (var prefab in authoring.Prefabs)
+            {
+                buffer.Add(new SpawnPrefabElement
+                {
+                    Prefab = GetEntity(prefab, TransformUsageFlags.Dynamic)
+                });
+            }
+
+            DependsOn(authoring.Prefabs);
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Pattern 8: Jobs with Native Collections
+
+```csharp
+using Unity.Jobs;
+using Unity.Collections;
+using Unity.Burst;
+using Unity.Mathematics;
+
+[BurstCompile]
+public struct SpatialHashJob : IJobParallelFor
+{
+    [ReadOnly]
+    public NativeArray<float3> Positions;
+
+    public NativeParallelMultiHashMap<int, int>.ParallelWriter HashMap;
+
+    public float CellSize;
+
+    public void Execute(int index)
+    {
+        float3 pos = Positions[index];
+        int hash = GetHash(pos);
+        HashMap.Add(hash, index);
+    }
+
+    int GetHash(float3 pos)
+    {
+        int x = (int)math.floor(pos.x / CellSize);
+        int y = (int)math.floor(pos.y / CellSize);
+        int z = (int)math.floor(pos.z / CellSize);
+        return x * 73856093 ^ y * 19349663 ^ z * 83492791;
+    }
+}
+
+[BurstCompile]
+public partial struct SpatialHashSystem : ISystem
+{
+    private NativeParallelMultiHashMap<int, int> _hashMap;
+
+    public void OnCreate(ref SystemState state)
+    {
+        _hashMap = new NativeParallelMultiHashMap<int, int>(10000, Allocator.Persistent);
+    }
+
+    public void OnDestroy(ref SystemState state)
+    {
+        _hashMap.Dispose();
+    }
+
+    [BurstCompile]
+    public void OnUpdate(ref SystemState state)
+    {
+        var query = SystemAPI.QueryBuilder()
+            .WithAll<LocalTransform>()
+            .Build();
+
+        int count = query.CalculateEntityCount();
+
+        if (_hashMap.Capacity < count)
+        {
+            _hashMap.Capacity = count * 2;
+        }
+
+        _hashMap.Clear();
+
+        var positions = query.ToComponentDataArray<LocalTransform>(Allocator.TempJob);
+        var posFloat3 = new NativeArray<float3>(count, Allocator.TempJob);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
+        {
+            posFloat3[i] = positions[i].Position;
+        }
+
+        var hashJob = new SpatialHashJob
+        {
+            Positions = posFloat3,
+            HashMap = _hashMap.AsParallelWriter(),
+            CellSize = 10f
+        };
+
+        state.Dependency = hashJob.Schedule(count, 64, state.Dependency);
+
+        positions.Dispose(state.Dependency);
+        posFloat3.Dispose(state.Dependency);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Performance Tips
+
+```csharp
+// 1. Use Burst everywhere
+[BurstCompile]
+public partial struct MySystem : ISystem { }
+
+// 2. Prefer IJobEntity over manual iteration
+[BurstCompile]
+partial struct OptimizedJob : IJobEntity
+{
+    void Execute(ref LocalTransform transform) { }
+}
+
+// 3. Schedule parallel when possible
+state.Dependency = job.ScheduleParallel(state.Dependency);
+
+// 4. Use ScheduleParallel with chunk iteration
+[BurstCompile]
+partial struct ChunkJob : IJobChunk
+{
+    public ComponentTypeHandle<Health> HealthHandle;
+
+    public void Execute(in ArchetypeChunk chunk, int unfilteredChunkIndex,
+        bool useEnabledMask, in v128 chunkEnabledMask)
+    {
+        var healths = chunk.GetNativeArray(ref HealthHandle);
+        for (int i = 0; i < chunk.Count; i++)
+        {
+            // Process
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// 5. Avoid structural changes in hot paths
+// Use enableable components instead of add/remove
+public struct Disabled : IComponentData, IEnableableComponent { }
+```
+
+## Best Practices
+
+### Do's
+
+- **Use ISystem over SystemBase** - Better performance
+- **Burst compile everything** - Massive speedup
+- **Batch structural changes** - Use ECB
+- **Profile with Profiler** - Identify bottlenecks
+- **Use Aspects** - Clean component grouping
+
+### Don'ts
+
+- **Don't use managed types** - Breaks Burst
+- **Don't structural change in jobs** - Use ECB
+- **Don't over-architect** - Start simple
+- **Don't ignore chunk utilization** - Group similar entities
+- **Don't forget disposal** - Native collections leak
+
+## Resources
+
+- [Unity DOTS Documentation](https://docs.unity3d.com/Packages/com.unity.entities@latest)
+- [Unity DOTS Samples](https://github.com/Unity-Technologies/EntityComponentSystemSamples)
+- [Burst User Guide](https://docs.unity3d.com/Packages/com.unity.burst@latest)