@pencil-agent/nano-pencil 2.0.0 → 2.0.1

package/dist/extensions/builtin/browser/agent-workspace/domain-skills/wayback-machine/scraping.md

@@ -1,306 +1,306 @@
-# Wayback Machine — CDX API & Snapshot Retrieval
-
-`https://web.archive.org` — all public data, no auth or API key required. Everything here is pure `http_get` — no browser needed.
-
-> **NOTE:** A comprehensive Internet Archive skill (covering CDX, item metadata, and search) already exists at `domain-skills/archive-org/scraping.md`. This file is a focused, CDX-first quick-reference for Wayback Machine snapshot work specifically.
-
-## Start here: CDX API
-
-The CDX (Capture/Crawl Index) API is the single fastest way to query the Wayback Machine. It returns structured JSON and supports filtering, collapsing, pagination, and nearest-date lookups.
-
-```python
-import json
-
-# Find all snapshots of a URL — the minimal starting query
-r = http_get(
-    "https://web.archive.org/cdx/search/cdx"
-    "?url=example.com&output=json&limit=10"
-    "&fl=timestamp,original,statuscode,mimetype,length",
-    timeout=40.0   # CDX is slow — never use less than 40s
-)
-rows = json.loads(r)
-# rows[0] is ALWAYS the header row — slice rows[1:] for data
-for ts, orig, status, mime, length in rows[1:]:
-    print(f"https://web.archive.org/web/{ts}/{orig}  [{status}]")
-```
-
-**All CDX values are strings**, even numeric ones (`status='200'`, `length='4821'`). Cast explicitly with `int()` / `float()`.
-
----
-
-## Core CDX patterns
-
-### Nearest snapshot to a target date
-
-```python
-import json
-
-r = http_get(
-    "https://web.archive.org/cdx/search/cdx"
-    "?url=example.com&output=json&limit=1"
-    "&fl=timestamp,original,statuscode"
-    "&closest=20230601120000&sort=closest",
-    timeout=60.0
-)
-rows = json.loads(r)
-ts, orig, status = rows[1]   # rows[0] is header
-snap_url = f"https://web.archive.org/web/{ts}/{orig}"
-# Timestamp format: 14-digit YYYYMMDDHHMMSS
-# Prefix shorthand: '20230601' (day), '202306' (month), '2023' (year)
-```
-
-### One snapshot per month (collapsed)
-
-```python
-import json
-
-r = http_get(
-    "https://web.archive.org/cdx/search/cdx"
-    "?url=example.com&output=json"
-    "&collapse=timestamp:6"   # :6 = one per YYYYMM
-    "&from=20220101&to=20230101"
-    "&fl=timestamp,original,statuscode",
-    timeout=60.0
-)
-rows = json.loads(r)
-for ts, orig, status in rows[1:]:
-    print(f"{ts[:4]}-{ts[4:6]}  https://web.archive.org/web/{ts}/{orig}")
-
-# collapse=timestamp:N — collapse by first N timestamp digits:
-#   :4 = one per year
-#   :6 = one per month   (most common)
-#   :8 = one per day
-#   :10 = one per hour
-# Keeps the FIRST capture of each period — not the last.
-```
-
-### All pages under a domain or path
-
-```python
-import json
-
-# matchType=prefix — all URLs starting with the given path
-r = http_get(
-    "https://web.archive.org/cdx/search/cdx"
-    "?url=example.com/blog/&matchType=prefix&output=json"
-    "&limit=20&fl=timestamp,original,statuscode"
-    "&filter=statuscode:200",   # only successful captures
-    timeout=60.0
-)
-rows = json.loads(r)
-for row in rows[1:]:
-    print(row)
-
-# matchType options:
-#   exact   (default) — this URL only
-#   prefix  — URL + all subpaths
-#   host    — all subdomains of the host
-#   domain  — host + all subdomains (broadest)
-```
-
-### Filter by status code or MIME type
-
-```python
-import json
-
-# Only successful HTML captures — combine multiple filters
-r = http_get(
-    "https://web.archive.org/cdx/search/cdx"
-    "?url=example.com&output=json"
-    "&filter=statuscode:200"
-    "&filter=mimetype:text/html"
-    "&fl=timestamp,original,length"
-    "&limit=10",
-    timeout=40.0
-)
-rows = json.loads(r)
-
-# filter= uses regex. Examples:
-#   &filter=statuscode:200          exact match
-#   &filter=!statuscode:200         negation (all non-200)
-#   &filter=statuscode:[23]..       2xx and 3xx only
-#   &filter=mimetype:text/html      HTML only
-#   &filter=original:.*\\.pdf       URLs ending in .pdf
-# Multiple &filter= params are ANDed together.
-```
-
-### CDX field reference
-
-| Field | Description | Example value |
-|---|---|---|
-| `urlkey` | SURT-format URL (reversed domain) | `com,example)/` |
-| `timestamp` | Capture time, 14-digit `YYYYMMDDHHMMSS` | `20230601114925` |
-| `original` | Original crawled URL (includes port if non-standard) | `https://example.com/` |
-| `mimetype` | Content-Type at crawl time | `text/html` |
-| `statuscode` | HTTP status at crawl time (string) | `200` |
-| `digest` | SHA-1 of body, base32-encoded | `I4YBMQ6PHPWE2TD6TIXNWHZB6MXRNTSR` |
-| `length` | Content-length in bytes (string) | `4821` |
-
-Default `fl=` when omitted: all 7 fields above in that order.
-
----
-
-## Availability API (DO NOT USE as primary)
-
-```python
-import json
-
-# WARNING: This API is BROKEN — returns empty archived_snapshots
-# for URLs that ARE in the archive. Confirmed broken 2026-04-18.
-# Use CDX with ?sort=closest&limit=1 instead (see above).
-
-# Left here for reference only — do not rely on it:
-r = http_get(
-    "https://archive.org/wayback/available"
-    "?url=example.com&timestamp=20240101",
-    timeout=20.0
-)
-data = json.loads(r)
-# Returns: {"url": "example.com", "archived_snapshots": {}}
-# Even for well-archived URLs. Do not trust empty results.
-
-# CORRECT replacement:
-r = http_get(
-    "https://web.archive.org/cdx/search/cdx"
-    "?url=example.com&output=json&limit=1"
-    "&fl=timestamp,original,statuscode"
-    "&closest=20240101000000&sort=closest",
-    timeout=60.0
-)
-rows = json.loads(r)
-if len(rows) > 1:
-    ts, orig, status = rows[1]
-    snap_url = f"https://web.archive.org/web/{ts}/{orig}"
-```
-
----
-
-## Paginate large result sets
-
-```python
-import json
-from urllib.parse import quote
-
-def cdx_all_snapshots(url, fl="timestamp,original,statuscode", page_size=500):
-    """Yield all CDX rows for a URL, page by page."""
-    base = (
-        "https://web.archive.org/cdx/search/cdx"
-        f"?url={quote(url, safe='')}&output=json"
-        f"&fl={fl}&limit={page_size}&showResumeKey=true"
-    )
-    resume_key = None
-    while True:
-        endpoint = base if resume_key is None else f"{base}&resumeKey={quote(resume_key)}"
-        rows = json.loads(http_get(endpoint, timeout=60.0))
-        # With showResumeKey=true, last two rows are [] and ['<key>']
-        has_resume = len(rows) >= 2 and rows[-2] == [] and rows[-1] != []
-        data_rows = rows[1:-2] if has_resume else rows[1:]
-        for row in data_rows:
-            yield row
-        if not has_resume:
-            break
-        resume_key = rows[-1][0]
-
-for ts, orig, status in cdx_all_snapshots("example.com"):
-    snap_url = f"https://web.archive.org/web/{ts}/{orig}"
-    # process...
-```
-
----
-
-## Retrieve the archived page
-
-```python
-# Direct snapshot URL: /web/{14-digit-timestamp}/{original-url}
-snap_url = "https://web.archive.org/web/20230601114925/https://example.com/"
-content = http_get(snap_url, timeout=30.0)
-# Returns archived HTML with Wayback toolbar injected inside:
-# <!-- BEGIN WAYBACK TOOLBAR INSERT --> ... <!-- END WAYBACK TOOLBAR INSERT -->
-# Strip those comments + their contents if you want the original HTML.
-
-# Canonical form for "get latest available" — use 14 zeros:
-latest = "https://web.archive.org/web/20240101000000*/example.com"
-# The * suffix returns a calendar page (HTML), not the archived page itself.
-# Use CDX to find the real timestamp, then fetch the direct URL.
-```
-
----
-
-## Advanced CDX: deduplicate by content digest
-
-```python
-import json
-
-# Find only snapshots where the content CHANGED — dedup by SHA-1 digest
-r = http_get(
-    "https://web.archive.org/cdx/search/cdx"
-    "?url=example.com&output=json"
-    "&collapse=digest"           # one capture per unique body hash
-    "&fl=timestamp,original,digest,length"
-    "&filter=statuscode:200",
-    timeout=60.0
-)
-rows = json.loads(r)
-# rows[1:] are unique content versions across all time
-# Useful for detecting when a page actually changed, vs. being re-crawled identically
-```
-
----
-
-## CDX summary/count query
-
-```python
-import json
-
-# showNumPages=true returns total page count, not records
-# Use for estimating result size before a full fetch
-r = http_get(
-    "https://web.archive.org/cdx/search/cdx"
-    "?url=example.com&matchType=prefix"
-    "&showNumPages=true",
-    timeout=30.0
-)
-page_count = int(r.strip())   # returns plain integer, not JSON
-# 1 page ~ 150,000 records by default
-# Combine with &page=N for manual page-based pagination:
-# ?url=...&output=json&page=0, ?url=...&output=json&page=1, etc.
-```
-
----
-
-## Rate limits & timeouts
-
-| API | Typical latency | Safe timeout | Notes |
-|---|---|---|---|
-| CDX search | 5–40s | 60s | Intermittently slow; retry on timeout |
-| Snapshot fetch (`/web/`) | 2–10s | 30s | Reliable |
-| Metadata (`/metadata/`) | <1s | 20s | Fast, stable |
-| Advanced search | <1s | 20s | Fast, stable |
-
-No API key required. No documented rate limit. Be respectful: add `time.sleep(1)` between CDX calls in loops. 3 rapid sequential CDX calls (~10s) complete fine; 10+ rapid calls produce timeouts.
-
----
-
-## Gotchas
-
-- **CDX is slow — always set `timeout=60.0` for CDX calls.** 40s minimum, 60s recommended. Metadata and search APIs are fine at 20s. CDX slowness is server-side and unpredictable.
-
-- **Availability API (`/wayback/available`) is broken.** Returns `{"archived_snapshots": {}}` even for URLs with thousands of captures. Tested 2026-04-18 — do not use. Replacement: CDX with `?sort=closest&limit=1`.
-
-- **`rows[0]` is always the header when `output=json`.** Always slice `rows[1:]` for data. Forgetting this causes silent type errors because you're destructuring column names, not values.
-
-- **`output=json` must be explicit.** Omitting it returns space-separated text. There is no default JSON mode.
-
-- **All CDX values are strings.** `statuscode='200'` not `200`, `length='4821'` not `4821`. Cast: `int(row[4])`, `int(row[6])`.
-
-- **`original` preserves non-standard ports.** Old crawls captured `http://www.example.com:80/` — the `:80` is part of the `original` field. Build playback URLs verbatim: `f"https://web.archive.org/web/{ts}/{orig}"` works correctly with the port.
-
-- **`from=` / `to=` timestamps are exclusive at the boundary.** `to=20231231` means `to=20231231000000` — it excludes captures from Dec 31 itself. Use `to=20240101` to include all of 2023.
-
-- **`collapse=timestamp:6` keeps the FIRST capture of each period.** Not the most recent. Reverse the result set or filter client-side if you need the last.
-
-- **CDX `matchType=domain` can return millions of rows for popular sites.** Always add `&limit=` or `&showNumPages=true` first to estimate size.
-
-- **`showResumeKey=true` appends two sentinel rows.** The second-to-last row is `[]` (empty separator), the last row is `['<resume_key_string>']`. Slice `rows[1:-2]` for data rows when a resume key is present.
-
-- **Wayback toolbar is injected into every archived HTML page.** The injection is wrapped in `<!-- BEGIN WAYBACK TOOLBAR INSERT -->` / `<!-- END WAYBACK TOOLBAR INSERT -->` comments. Strip them if you need original HTML fidelity.
+# Wayback Machine — CDX API & Snapshot Retrieval
+
+`https://web.archive.org` — all public data, no auth or API key required. Everything here is pure `http_get` — no browser needed.
+
+> **NOTE:** A comprehensive Internet Archive skill (covering CDX, item metadata, and search) already exists at `domain-skills/archive-org/scraping.md`. This file is a focused, CDX-first quick-reference for Wayback Machine snapshot work specifically.
+
+## Start here: CDX API
+
+The CDX (Capture/Crawl Index) API is the single fastest way to query the Wayback Machine. It returns structured JSON and supports filtering, collapsing, pagination, and nearest-date lookups.
+
+```python
+import json
+
+# Find all snapshots of a URL — the minimal starting query
+r = http_get(
+    "https://web.archive.org/cdx/search/cdx"
+    "?url=example.com&output=json&limit=10"
+    "&fl=timestamp,original,statuscode,mimetype,length",
+    timeout=40.0   # CDX is slow — never use less than 40s
+)
+rows = json.loads(r)
+# rows[0] is ALWAYS the header row — slice rows[1:] for data
+for ts, orig, status, mime, length in rows[1:]:
+    print(f"https://web.archive.org/web/{ts}/{orig}  [{status}]")
+```
+
+**All CDX values are strings**, even numeric ones (`status='200'`, `length='4821'`). Cast explicitly with `int()` / `float()`.
+
+---
+
+## Core CDX patterns
+
+### Nearest snapshot to a target date
+
+```python
+import json
+
+r = http_get(
+    "https://web.archive.org/cdx/search/cdx"
+    "?url=example.com&output=json&limit=1"
+    "&fl=timestamp,original,statuscode"
+    "&closest=20230601120000&sort=closest",
+    timeout=60.0
+)
+rows = json.loads(r)
+ts, orig, status = rows[1]   # rows[0] is header
+snap_url = f"https://web.archive.org/web/{ts}/{orig}"
+# Timestamp format: 14-digit YYYYMMDDHHMMSS
+# Prefix shorthand: '20230601' (day), '202306' (month), '2023' (year)
+```
+
+### One snapshot per month (collapsed)
+
+```python
+import json
+
+r = http_get(
+    "https://web.archive.org/cdx/search/cdx"
+    "?url=example.com&output=json"
+    "&collapse=timestamp:6"   # :6 = one per YYYYMM
+    "&from=20220101&to=20230101"
+    "&fl=timestamp,original,statuscode",
+    timeout=60.0
+)
+rows = json.loads(r)
+for ts, orig, status in rows[1:]:
+    print(f"{ts[:4]}-{ts[4:6]}  https://web.archive.org/web/{ts}/{orig}")
+
+# collapse=timestamp:N — collapse by first N timestamp digits:
+#   :4 = one per year
+#   :6 = one per month   (most common)
+#   :8 = one per day
+#   :10 = one per hour
+# Keeps the FIRST capture of each period — not the last.
+```
+
+### All pages under a domain or path
+
+```python
+import json
+
+# matchType=prefix — all URLs starting with the given path
+r = http_get(
+    "https://web.archive.org/cdx/search/cdx"
+    "?url=example.com/blog/&matchType=prefix&output=json"
+    "&limit=20&fl=timestamp,original,statuscode"
+    "&filter=statuscode:200",   # only successful captures
+    timeout=60.0
+)
+rows = json.loads(r)
+for row in rows[1:]:
+    print(row)
+
+# matchType options:
+#   exact   (default) — this URL only
+#   prefix  — URL + all subpaths
+#   host    — all subdomains of the host
+#   domain  — host + all subdomains (broadest)
+```
+
+### Filter by status code or MIME type
+
+```python
+import json
+
+# Only successful HTML captures — combine multiple filters
+r = http_get(
+    "https://web.archive.org/cdx/search/cdx"
+    "?url=example.com&output=json"
+    "&filter=statuscode:200"
+    "&filter=mimetype:text/html"
+    "&fl=timestamp,original,length"
+    "&limit=10",
+    timeout=40.0
+)
+rows = json.loads(r)
+
+# filter= uses regex. Examples:
+#   &filter=statuscode:200          exact match
+#   &filter=!statuscode:200         negation (all non-200)
+#   &filter=statuscode:[23]..       2xx and 3xx only
+#   &filter=mimetype:text/html      HTML only
+#   &filter=original:.*\\.pdf       URLs ending in .pdf
+# Multiple &filter= params are ANDed together.
+```
+
+### CDX field reference
+
+| Field | Description | Example value |
+|---|---|---|
+| `urlkey` | SURT-format URL (reversed domain) | `com,example)/` |
+| `timestamp` | Capture time, 14-digit `YYYYMMDDHHMMSS` | `20230601114925` |
+| `original` | Original crawled URL (includes port if non-standard) | `https://example.com/` |
+| `mimetype` | Content-Type at crawl time | `text/html` |
+| `statuscode` | HTTP status at crawl time (string) | `200` |
+| `digest` | SHA-1 of body, base32-encoded | `I4YBMQ6PHPWE2TD6TIXNWHZB6MXRNTSR` |
+| `length` | Content-length in bytes (string) | `4821` |
+
+Default `fl=` when omitted: all 7 fields above in that order.
+
+---
+
+## Availability API (DO NOT USE as primary)
+
+```python
+import json
+
+# WARNING: This API is BROKEN — returns empty archived_snapshots
+# for URLs that ARE in the archive. Confirmed broken 2026-04-18.
+# Use CDX with ?sort=closest&limit=1 instead (see above).
+
+# Left here for reference only — do not rely on it:
+r = http_get(
+    "https://archive.org/wayback/available"
+    "?url=example.com&timestamp=20240101",
+    timeout=20.0
+)
+data = json.loads(r)
+# Returns: {"url": "example.com", "archived_snapshots": {}}
+# Even for well-archived URLs. Do not trust empty results.
+
+# CORRECT replacement:
+r = http_get(
+    "https://web.archive.org/cdx/search/cdx"
+    "?url=example.com&output=json&limit=1"
+    "&fl=timestamp,original,statuscode"
+    "&closest=20240101000000&sort=closest",
+    timeout=60.0
+)
+rows = json.loads(r)
+if len(rows) > 1:
+    ts, orig, status = rows[1]
+    snap_url = f"https://web.archive.org/web/{ts}/{orig}"
+```
+
+---
+
+## Paginate large result sets
+
+```python
+import json
+from urllib.parse import quote
+
+def cdx_all_snapshots(url, fl="timestamp,original,statuscode", page_size=500):
+    """Yield all CDX rows for a URL, page by page."""
+    base = (
+        "https://web.archive.org/cdx/search/cdx"
+        f"?url={quote(url, safe='')}&output=json"
+        f"&fl={fl}&limit={page_size}&showResumeKey=true"
+    )
+    resume_key = None
+    while True:
+        endpoint = base if resume_key is None else f"{base}&resumeKey={quote(resume_key)}"
+        rows = json.loads(http_get(endpoint, timeout=60.0))
+        # With showResumeKey=true, last two rows are [] and ['<key>']
+        has_resume = len(rows) >= 2 and rows[-2] == [] and rows[-1] != []
+        data_rows = rows[1:-2] if has_resume else rows[1:]
+        for row in data_rows:
+            yield row
+        if not has_resume:
+            break
+        resume_key = rows[-1][0]
+
+for ts, orig, status in cdx_all_snapshots("example.com"):
+    snap_url = f"https://web.archive.org/web/{ts}/{orig}"
+    # process...
+```
+
+---
+
+## Retrieve the archived page
+
+```python
+# Direct snapshot URL: /web/{14-digit-timestamp}/{original-url}
+snap_url = "https://web.archive.org/web/20230601114925/https://example.com/"
+content = http_get(snap_url, timeout=30.0)
+# Returns archived HTML with Wayback toolbar injected inside:
+# <!-- BEGIN WAYBACK TOOLBAR INSERT --> ... <!-- END WAYBACK TOOLBAR INSERT -->
+# Strip those comments + their contents if you want the original HTML.
+
+# Canonical form for "get latest available" — use 14 zeros:
+latest = "https://web.archive.org/web/20240101000000*/example.com"
+# The * suffix returns a calendar page (HTML), not the archived page itself.
+# Use CDX to find the real timestamp, then fetch the direct URL.
+```
+
+---
+
+## Advanced CDX: deduplicate by content digest
+
+```python
+import json
+
+# Find only snapshots where the content CHANGED — dedup by SHA-1 digest
+r = http_get(
+    "https://web.archive.org/cdx/search/cdx"
+    "?url=example.com&output=json"
+    "&collapse=digest"           # one capture per unique body hash
+    "&fl=timestamp,original,digest,length"
+    "&filter=statuscode:200",
+    timeout=60.0
+)
+rows = json.loads(r)
+# rows[1:] are unique content versions across all time
+# Useful for detecting when a page actually changed, vs. being re-crawled identically
+```
+
+---
+
+## CDX summary/count query
+
+```python
+import json
+
+# showNumPages=true returns total page count, not records
+# Use for estimating result size before a full fetch
+r = http_get(
+    "https://web.archive.org/cdx/search/cdx"
+    "?url=example.com&matchType=prefix"
+    "&showNumPages=true",
+    timeout=30.0
+)
+page_count = int(r.strip())   # returns plain integer, not JSON
+# 1 page ~ 150,000 records by default
+# Combine with &page=N for manual page-based pagination:
+# ?url=...&output=json&page=0, ?url=...&output=json&page=1, etc.
+```
+
+---
+
+## Rate limits & timeouts
+
+| API | Typical latency | Safe timeout | Notes |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| CDX search | 5–40s | 60s | Intermittently slow; retry on timeout |
+| Snapshot fetch (`/web/`) | 2–10s | 30s | Reliable |
+| Metadata (`/metadata/`) | <1s | 20s | Fast, stable |
+| Advanced search | <1s | 20s | Fast, stable |
+
+No API key required. No documented rate limit. Be respectful: add `time.sleep(1)` between CDX calls in loops. 3 rapid sequential CDX calls (~10s) complete fine; 10+ rapid calls produce timeouts.
+
+---
+
+## Gotchas
+
+- **CDX is slow — always set `timeout=60.0` for CDX calls.** 40s minimum, 60s recommended. Metadata and search APIs are fine at 20s. CDX slowness is server-side and unpredictable.
+
+- **Availability API (`/wayback/available`) is broken.** Returns `{"archived_snapshots": {}}` even for URLs with thousands of captures. Tested 2026-04-18 — do not use. Replacement: CDX with `?sort=closest&limit=1`.
+
+- **`rows[0]` is always the header when `output=json`.** Always slice `rows[1:]` for data. Forgetting this causes silent type errors because you're destructuring column names, not values.
+
+- **`output=json` must be explicit.** Omitting it returns space-separated text. There is no default JSON mode.
+
+- **All CDX values are strings.** `statuscode='200'` not `200`, `length='4821'` not `4821`. Cast: `int(row[4])`, `int(row[6])`.
+
+- **`original` preserves non-standard ports.** Old crawls captured `http://www.example.com:80/` — the `:80` is part of the `original` field. Build playback URLs verbatim: `f"https://web.archive.org/web/{ts}/{orig}"` works correctly with the port.
+
+- **`from=` / `to=` timestamps are exclusive at the boundary.** `to=20231231` means `to=20231231000000` — it excludes captures from Dec 31 itself. Use `to=20240101` to include all of 2023.
+
+- **`collapse=timestamp:6` keeps the FIRST capture of each period.** Not the most recent. Reverse the result set or filter client-side if you need the last.
+
+- **CDX `matchType=domain` can return millions of rows for popular sites.** Always add `&limit=` or `&showNumPages=true` first to estimate size.
+
+- **`showResumeKey=true` appends two sentinel rows.** The second-to-last row is `[]` (empty separator), the last row is `['<resume_key_string>']`. Slice `rows[1:-2]` for data rows when a resume key is present.
+
+- **Wayback toolbar is injected into every archived HTML page.** The injection is wrapped in `<!-- BEGIN WAYBACK TOOLBAR INSERT -->` / `<!-- END WAYBACK TOOLBAR INSERT -->` comments. Strip them if you need original HTML fidelity.