@mytechtoday/augment-extensions 1.2.2 → 1.3.1

package/augment-extensions/domain-rules/software-architecture/rules/challenges-solutions.md

@@ -1,763 +1,763 @@
-# Architecture Challenges and Solutions
-
-## Overview
-
-This document covers common architectural challenges, migration strategies, technical debt management, and the Strangler Fig Pattern for legacy system modernization.
-
----
-
-## Knowledge
-
-### Common Architecture Challenges
-
-**Scalability Challenges**
-- Vertical scaling limits (single server capacity)
-- Database bottlenecks (single point of failure)
-- Stateful services (session affinity issues)
-- Monolithic deployments (all-or-nothing scaling)
-
-**Performance Challenges**
-- Network latency (distributed systems)
-- Database query performance (N+1 queries)
-- Inefficient caching strategies
-- Synchronous blocking operations
-
-**Reliability Challenges**
-- Single points of failure
-- Cascading failures
-- Lack of circuit breakers
-- Insufficient monitoring and alerting
-
-**Maintainability Challenges**
-- Tight coupling between components
-- Lack of documentation
-- Inconsistent coding standards
-- Technical debt accumulation
-
-**Security Challenges**
-- Authentication and authorization complexity
-- Data encryption (at rest and in transit)
-- API security (rate limiting, input validation)
-- Compliance requirements (GDPR, HIPAA, PCI-DSS)
-
-### Technical Debt
-
-**Types of Technical Debt**
-
-1. **Deliberate Debt**
-   - Conscious decision to ship faster
-   - Documented and planned for payback
-   - Example: Skip optimization to meet deadline
-
-2. **Accidental Debt**
-   - Unintentional poor design
-   - Lack of knowledge or experience
-   - Example: Not understanding design patterns
-
-3. **Bit Rot**
-   - Code becomes outdated over time
-   - Dependencies become obsolete
-   - Example: Unsupported library versions
-
-4. **Infrastructure Debt**
-   - Outdated deployment processes
-   - Manual operations
-   - Example: No CI/CD pipeline
-
-**Measuring Technical Debt**
-- Code complexity metrics (cyclomatic complexity)
-- Code duplication percentage
-- Test coverage gaps
-- Outdated dependencies count
-- Time to onboard new developers
-- Deployment frequency and failure rate
-
-**Managing Technical Debt**
-- Track debt in backlog (debt stories)
-- Allocate time for debt reduction (20% rule)
-- Refactor incrementally (boy scout rule)
-- Prevent new debt (code reviews, standards)
-- Measure and communicate impact
-
-### Migration Strategies
-
-**Big Bang Migration**
-- Replace entire system at once
-- High risk, high reward
-- Requires extensive testing
-- Minimal dual-running period
-
-**Strangler Fig Pattern**
-- Gradually replace old system
-- New and old systems coexist
-- Incremental migration
-- Lower risk, longer timeline
-
-**Parallel Run**
-- Run old and new systems simultaneously
-- Compare outputs for validation
-- Gradual traffic shift
-- Fallback to old system if issues
-
-**Database Migration Strategies**
-- Dual writes (write to both old and new)
-- Change Data Capture (CDC)
-- Database replication
-- ETL processes
-
----
-
-## Skills
-
-### Implementing Strangler Fig Pattern
-
-**Pattern Overview**
-The Strangler Fig Pattern is named after the strangler fig tree, which grows around an existing tree and eventually replaces it. In software, new functionality gradually replaces old functionality until the legacy system can be retired.
-
-**Implementation Steps**
-
-1. **Identify Boundaries**
-   - Break monolith into logical domains
-   - Find seams in the codebase
-   - Prioritize by business value and risk
-
-2. **Create Facade/Proxy**
-   - Route requests to old or new system
-   - Implement feature flags
-   - Monitor traffic distribution
-
-3. **Implement New Service**
-   - Build new service with modern stack
-   - Ensure feature parity
-   - Add comprehensive tests
-
-4. **Migrate Data**
-   - Dual-write to old and new databases
-   - Backfill historical data
-   - Validate data consistency
-
-5. **Route Traffic**
-   - Gradually shift traffic to new service
-   - Monitor metrics and errors
-   - Rollback capability
-
-6. **Retire Old System**
-   - Remove old code
-   - Decommission infrastructure
-   - Archive documentation
-
-**Example: Strangler Fig Implementation**
-
-```typescript
-// Step 1: Create routing facade
-class OrderServiceFacade {
-  private legacyService: LegacyOrderService;
-  private newService: NewOrderService;
-  private featureFlags: FeatureFlagService;
-  
-  async createOrder(orderData: OrderRequest): Promise<Order> {
-    // Check feature flag to determine routing
-    const useNewService = await this.featureFlags.isEnabled(
-      'new-order-service',
-      { userId: orderData.userId }
-    );
-    
-    if (useNewService) {
-      try {
-        // Route to new service
-        const order = await this.newService.createOrder(orderData);
-        
-        // Dual-write to legacy for validation (temporary)
-        await this.legacyService.createOrder(orderData);
-        
-        return order;
-      } catch (error) {
-        // Fallback to legacy on error
-        console.error('New service failed, falling back to legacy', error);
-        return await this.legacyService.createOrder(orderData);
-      }
-    } else {
-      // Route to legacy service
-      return await this.legacyService.createOrder(orderData);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-// Step 2: Feature flag configuration
-interface FeatureFlagConfig {
-  name: string;
-  enabled: boolean;
-  rolloutPercentage: number;  // 0-100
-  userWhitelist?: string[];
-  userBlacklist?: string[];
-}
-
-class FeatureFlagService {
-  async isEnabled(flagName: string, context: { userId: string }): Promise<boolean> {
-    const flag = await this.getFlag(flagName);
-
-    // Check whitelist
-    if (flag.userWhitelist?.includes(context.userId)) {
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    // Check blacklist
-    if (flag.userBlacklist?.includes(context.userId)) {
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    // Percentage rollout (consistent hashing)
-    const hash = this.hashUserId(context.userId);
-    return (hash % 100) < flag.rolloutPercentage;
-  }
-}
-
-// Step 3: Data migration
-class DataMigrationService {
-  async migrateOrders(batchSize: number = 1000) {
-    let offset = 0;
-    let hasMore = true;
-
-    while (hasMore) {
-      // Fetch batch from legacy database
-      const orders = await this.legacyDb.query(
-        'SELECT * FROM orders LIMIT ? OFFSET ?',
-        [batchSize, offset]
-      );
-
-      if (orders.length === 0) {
-        hasMore = false;
-        break;
-      }
-
-      // Transform and insert into new database
-      for (const order of orders) {
-        const transformed = this.transformOrder(order);
-        await this.newDb.insert('orders', transformed);
-      }
-
-      // Validate migration
-      await this.validateBatch(orders);
-
-      offset += batchSize;
-      console.log(`Migrated ${offset} orders`);
-    }
-  }
-
-  private async validateBatch(orders: any[]) {
-    for (const order of orders) {
-      const newOrder = await this.newDb.findById('orders', order.id);
-      if (!this.ordersMatch(order, newOrder)) {
-        throw new Error(`Order ${order.id} migration validation failed`);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-```
-
-### Addressing Scalability Challenges
-
-**Horizontal Scaling Pattern**
-
-```typescript
-// Load balancer configuration
-interface LoadBalancerConfig {
-  algorithm: 'round-robin' | 'least-connections' | 'ip-hash';
-  healthCheck: {
-    path: string;
-    interval: number;
-    timeout: number;
-    unhealthyThreshold: number;
-  };
-  instances: ServiceInstance[];
-}
-
-class LoadBalancer {
-  private currentIndex = 0;
-
-  async route(request: Request): Promise<Response> {
-    const healthyInstances = await this.getHealthyInstances();
-
-    if (healthyInstances.length === 0) {
-      throw new Error('No healthy instances available');
-    }
-
-    const instance = this.selectInstance(healthyInstances);
-
-    try {
-      return await this.forwardRequest(instance, request);
-    } catch (error) {
-      // Mark instance as unhealthy
-      await this.markUnhealthy(instance);
-
-      // Retry with another instance
-      return await this.route(request);
-    }
-  }
-
-  private selectInstance(instances: ServiceInstance[]): ServiceInstance {
-    // Round-robin algorithm
-    const instance = instances[this.currentIndex % instances.length];
-    this.currentIndex++;
-    return instance;
-  }
-}
-```
-
-**Database Sharding**
-
-```typescript
-// Shard key selection and routing
-class ShardedDatabase {
-  private shards: DatabaseConnection[];
-
-  async insert(table: string, data: any) {
-    const shardKey = this.extractShardKey(data);
-    const shard = this.selectShard(shardKey);
-    return await shard.insert(table, data);
-  }
-
-  async query(table: string, shardKey: string) {
-    const shard = this.selectShard(shardKey);
-    return await shard.query(table, { shardKey });
-  }
-
-  private selectShard(shardKey: string): DatabaseConnection {
-    // Consistent hashing
-    const hash = this.hashShardKey(shardKey);
-    const shardIndex = hash % this.shards.length;
-    return this.shards[shardIndex];
-  }
-
-  private extractShardKey(data: any): string {
-    // Use user_id as shard key for user data
-    return data.user_id || data.userId;
-  }
-}
-```
-
-### Managing Technical Debt
-
-**Debt Tracking System**
-
-```typescript
-interface TechnicalDebt {
-  id: string;
-  title: string;
-  description: string;
-  location: string;  // File path or component
-  severity: 'low' | 'medium' | 'high' | 'critical';
-  effort: number;    // Story points
-  impact: number;    // Business impact score
-  createdAt: Date;
-  resolvedAt?: Date;
-}
-
-class TechnicalDebtTracker {
-  async addDebt(debt: TechnicalDebt) {
-    // Track in backlog
-    await this.backlog.createStory({
-      title: `[TECH DEBT] ${debt.title}`,
-      description: debt.description,
-      labels: ['technical-debt', `severity-${debt.severity}`],
-      estimate: debt.effort
-    });
-
-    // Track in metrics
-    await this.metrics.recordDebt(debt);
-  }
-
-  async calculateDebtRatio(): Promise<number> {
-    const totalEffort = await this.backlog.getTotalEffort();
-    const debtEffort = await this.backlog.getDebtEffort();
-    return (debtEffort / totalEffort) * 100;
-  }
-
-  async prioritizeDebt(): Promise<TechnicalDebt[]> {
-    const debts = await this.getAllDebt();
-
-    // Prioritize by impact/effort ratio
-    return debts.sort((a, b) => {
-      const scoreA = a.impact / a.effort;
-      const scoreB = b.impact / b.effort;
-      return scoreB - scoreA;
-    });
-  }
-}
-```
-
-**Refactoring Strategy**
-
-```typescript
-// Boy Scout Rule: Leave code better than you found it
-class RefactoringStrategy {
-  async applyBoyScoutRule(file: string, changes: CodeChange[]) {
-    // Make required changes
-    await this.applyChanges(file, changes);
-
-    // Opportunistic refactoring
-    const improvements = await this.identifyImprovements(file);
-
-    for (const improvement of improvements) {
-      if (improvement.effort < 30) {  // 30 minutes threshold
-        await this.applyImprovement(file, improvement);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  private async identifyImprovements(file: string): Promise<Improvement[]> {
-    return [
-      await this.checkForDuplication(file),
-      await this.checkComplexity(file),
-      await this.checkNaming(file),
-      await this.checkTestCoverage(file)
-    ].flat();
-  }
-}
-```
-
----
-
-## Examples
-
-### Example 1: Monolith to Microservices Migration
-
-**Scenario**: E-commerce monolith with 500K lines of code, 50 developers, deployment takes 2 hours
-
-**Challenge**:
-- Tight coupling between modules
-- Shared database
-- Long deployment cycles
-- Difficult to scale individual components
-
-**Solution: Strangler Fig Pattern**
-
-**Phase 1: Assessment (Month 1-2)**
-```
-1. Identify bounded contexts:
-   - User Management
-   - Product Catalog
-   - Order Processing
-   - Payment
-   - Inventory
-   - Shipping
-
-2. Analyze dependencies:
-   - Create dependency graph
-   - Identify shared data
-   - Find circular dependencies
-
-3. Prioritize migration:
-   Priority 1: Product Catalog (read-heavy, low coupling)
-   Priority 2: User Management (authentication needed by all)
-   Priority 3: Order Processing (complex, high value)
-```
-
-**Phase 2: Infrastructure (Month 3)**
-```
-1. Set up API Gateway (Kong/AWS API Gateway)
-2. Implement service mesh (Istio/Linkerd)
-3. Set up monitoring (Prometheus, Grafana)
-4. Create CI/CD pipelines
-5. Establish logging (ELK stack)
-```
-
-**Phase 3: Extract First Service - Product Catalog (Month 4-5)**
-
-```typescript
-// Step 1: Create new microservice
-class ProductCatalogService {
-  async getProduct(productId: string): Promise<Product> {
-    // New implementation with caching
-    const cached = await this.cache.get(`product:${productId}`);
-    if (cached) return cached;
-
-    const product = await this.db.findById(productId);
-    await this.cache.set(`product:${productId}`, product, 3600);
-    return product;
-  }
-}
-
-// Step 2: Create facade in monolith
-class ProductFacade {
-  async getProduct(productId: string): Promise<Product> {
-    if (await this.featureFlags.isEnabled('new-product-service')) {
-      return await this.newService.getProduct(productId);
-    } else {
-      return await this.legacyService.getProduct(productId);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-// Step 3: Gradual rollout
-// Week 1: 5% traffic
-// Week 2: 25% traffic
-// Week 3: 50% traffic
-// Week 4: 100% traffic
-```
-
-**Phase 4: Data Migration**
-
-```sql
--- Dual-write strategy
-BEGIN TRANSACTION;
-
--- Write to legacy database
-INSERT INTO products (id, name, price) VALUES (?, ?, ?);
-
--- Write to new database (async)
-PUBLISH 'product.created' {
-  "id": "...",
-  "name": "...",
-  "price": ...
-}
-
-COMMIT;
-```
-
-**Phase 5: Iterate (Month 6-12)**
-- Extract User Management service
-- Extract Order Processing service
-- Extract Payment service
-- Decommission monolith modules
-
-**Results**:
-- Deployment time: 2 hours → 15 minutes
-- Independent scaling of services
-- Team autonomy (each team owns a service)
-- Faster feature delivery
-
-### Example 2: Technical Debt Reduction Program
-
-**Scenario**: Legacy codebase with 40% test coverage, outdated dependencies, high complexity
-
-**6-Month Debt Reduction Plan**
-
-**Month 1: Assessment**
-```
-1. Run static analysis tools:
-   - SonarQube for code quality
-   - npm audit / Snyk for dependencies
-   - Code coverage reports
-
-2. Metrics collected:
-   - 40% test coverage (target: 80%)
-   - 15 critical security vulnerabilities
-   - 200+ code smells
-   - Cyclomatic complexity avg: 25 (target: <10)
-
-3. Prioritize by impact:
-   Priority 1: Security vulnerabilities
-   Priority 2: Critical bugs
-   Priority 3: Test coverage
-   Priority 4: Code complexity
-```
-
-**Month 2-3: Security and Stability**
-```
-Week 1-2: Fix critical security vulnerabilities
-- Update dependencies with known CVEs
-- Implement input validation
-- Add authentication/authorization checks
-
-Week 3-4: Fix critical bugs
-- Address production incidents
-- Fix data corruption issues
-- Improve error handling
-
-Week 5-6: Improve test coverage (40% → 60%)
-- Add unit tests for critical paths
-- Add integration tests for APIs
-- Set up CI to enforce coverage
-```
-
-**Month 4-5: Code Quality**
-```
-Week 1-2: Reduce complexity
-- Extract methods from large functions
-- Break down god classes
-- Simplify conditional logic
-
-Week 3-4: Eliminate code smells
-- Remove duplicated code
-- Improve naming
-- Refactor long parameter lists
-
-Week 5-6: Improve test coverage (60% → 75%)
-- Add tests for edge cases
-- Add tests for error scenarios
-```
-
-**Month 6: Documentation and Standards**
-```
-Week 1-2: Documentation
-- API documentation
-- Architecture diagrams
-- Runbooks
-
-Week 3-4: Establish standards
-- Coding guidelines
-- Code review checklist
-- Definition of done
-
-Final metrics:
-- 75% test coverage ✓
-- 0 critical vulnerabilities ✓
-- 50 code smells (from 200) ✓
-- Cyclomatic complexity avg: 12 (improving)
-```
-
-### Example 3: Database Migration Strategy
-
-**Scenario**: Migrate from MySQL to PostgreSQL with zero downtime
-
-**Migration Plan**
-
-**Phase 1: Preparation**
-```
-1. Schema conversion:
-   - Convert MySQL DDL to PostgreSQL
-   - Handle data type differences
-   - Migrate stored procedures to functions
-
-2. Set up replication:
-   - MySQL → PostgreSQL using Debezium (CDC)
-   - Validate data consistency
-
-3. Application changes:
-   - Abstract database layer
-   - Support both MySQL and PostgreSQL
-   - Feature flag for database selection
-```
-
-**Phase 2: Dual-Write**
-
-```typescript
-class DualWriteRepository {
-  async createUser(user: User): Promise<User> {
-    // Write to primary (MySQL)
-    const mysqlResult = await this.mysqlDb.insert('users', user);
-
-    // Async write to secondary (PostgreSQL)
-    this.postgresDb.insert('users', user).catch(error => {
-      console.error('PostgreSQL write failed', error);
-      // Alert but don't fail the request
-    });
-
-    return mysqlResult;
-  }
-
-  async getUser(userId: string): Promise<User> {
-    // Read from primary (MySQL)
-    return await this.mysqlDb.findById('users', userId);
-  }
-}
-```
-
-**Phase 3: Validation**
-```
-1. Data consistency checks:
-   - Compare row counts
-   - Validate sample data
-   - Check for data drift
-
-2. Performance testing:
-   - Run load tests against PostgreSQL
-   - Compare query performance
-   - Optimize slow queries
-
-3. Application testing:
-   - Run integration tests
-   - Perform UAT
-   - Canary deployment
-```
-
-**Phase 4: Cutover**
-```
-1. Switch reads to PostgreSQL (gradual):
-   Week 1: 10% reads
-   Week 2: 50% reads
-   Week 3: 100% reads
-
-2. Switch writes to PostgreSQL:
-   - Stop dual-write
-   - PostgreSQL becomes primary
-   - MySQL becomes backup
-
-3. Decommission MySQL:
-   - Archive data
-   - Remove MySQL code
-   - Update documentation
-```
-
----
-
-## Understanding
-
-### When to Use Strangler Fig Pattern
-
-**✅ Use When:**
-- Large legacy system with high risk
-- Need to maintain business continuity
-- Team lacks full system knowledge
-- Incremental value delivery preferred
-- Budget for extended timeline
-
-**❌ Avoid When:**
-- Small system (rewrite faster)
-- System is well-documented and understood
-- Tight deadline (big bang might be faster)
-- Legacy system is stable and low-maintenance
-
-### Migration Risk Mitigation
-
-**Technical Risks**
-- Data loss → Dual-write, backups, validation
-- Performance degradation → Load testing, monitoring
-- Integration failures → Contract testing, mocks
-- Rollback complexity → Feature flags, blue-green deployment
-
-**Organizational Risks**
-- Team resistance → Communication, training, involvement
-- Knowledge loss → Documentation, pair programming
-- Scope creep → Clear boundaries, phased approach
-- Budget overrun → Incremental delivery, value tracking
-
-### Best Practices
-
-**Strangler Fig Pattern**
-1. Start with low-risk, high-value components
-2. Maintain feature parity before switching
-3. Use feature flags for gradual rollout
-4. Monitor everything (metrics, logs, traces)
-5. Plan for rollback at every step
-6. Communicate progress to stakeholders
-7. Celebrate small wins
-
-**Technical Debt Management**
-1. Make debt visible (track in backlog)
-2. Allocate time for debt reduction (20% rule)
-3. Prevent new debt (code reviews, standards)
-4. Prioritize by impact/effort ratio
-5. Measure and communicate progress
-6. Automate detection (static analysis)
-
-**Migration Strategies**
-1. Assess before migrating (dependencies, risks)
-2. Start with infrastructure (CI/CD, monitoring)
-3. Migrate incrementally (one service at a time)
-4. Validate continuously (data, performance, functionality)
-5. Plan for rollback (feature flags, blue-green)
-6. Document everything (decisions, runbooks)
-
----
-
-## References
-
-- **Strangler Fig Pattern**: Martin Fowler's blog
-- **Technical Debt**: "Managing Technical Debt" by Philippe Kruchten
-- **Migration Strategies**: "Monolith to Microservices" by Sam Newman
-- **Refactoring**: "Refactoring" by Martin Fowler
-- **Database Migration**: "Database Reliability Engineering" by Laine Campbell
-
-
+# Architecture Challenges and Solutions
+
+## Overview
+
+This document covers common architectural challenges, migration strategies, technical debt management, and the Strangler Fig Pattern for legacy system modernization.
+
+---
+
+## Knowledge
+
+### Common Architecture Challenges
+
+**Scalability Challenges**
+- Vertical scaling limits (single server capacity)
+- Database bottlenecks (single point of failure)
+- Stateful services (session affinity issues)
+- Monolithic deployments (all-or-nothing scaling)
+
+**Performance Challenges**
+- Network latency (distributed systems)
+- Database query performance (N+1 queries)
+- Inefficient caching strategies
+- Synchronous blocking operations
+
+**Reliability Challenges**
+- Single points of failure
+- Cascading failures
+- Lack of circuit breakers
+- Insufficient monitoring and alerting
+
+**Maintainability Challenges**
+- Tight coupling between components
+- Lack of documentation
+- Inconsistent coding standards
+- Technical debt accumulation
+
+**Security Challenges**
+- Authentication and authorization complexity
+- Data encryption (at rest and in transit)
+- API security (rate limiting, input validation)
+- Compliance requirements (GDPR, HIPAA, PCI-DSS)
+
+### Technical Debt
+
+**Types of Technical Debt**
+
+1. **Deliberate Debt**
+   - Conscious decision to ship faster
+   - Documented and planned for payback
+   - Example: Skip optimization to meet deadline
+
+2. **Accidental Debt**
+   - Unintentional poor design
+   - Lack of knowledge or experience
+   - Example: Not understanding design patterns
+
+3. **Bit Rot**
+   - Code becomes outdated over time
+   - Dependencies become obsolete
+   - Example: Unsupported library versions
+
+4. **Infrastructure Debt**
+   - Outdated deployment processes
+   - Manual operations
+   - Example: No CI/CD pipeline
+
+**Measuring Technical Debt**
+- Code complexity metrics (cyclomatic complexity)
+- Code duplication percentage
+- Test coverage gaps
+- Outdated dependencies count
+- Time to onboard new developers
+- Deployment frequency and failure rate
+
+**Managing Technical Debt**
+- Track debt in backlog (debt stories)
+- Allocate time for debt reduction (20% rule)
+- Refactor incrementally (boy scout rule)
+- Prevent new debt (code reviews, standards)
+- Measure and communicate impact
+
+### Migration Strategies
+
+**Big Bang Migration**
+- Replace entire system at once
+- High risk, high reward
+- Requires extensive testing
+- Minimal dual-running period
+
+**Strangler Fig Pattern**
+- Gradually replace old system
+- New and old systems coexist
+- Incremental migration
+- Lower risk, longer timeline
+
+**Parallel Run**
+- Run old and new systems simultaneously
+- Compare outputs for validation
+- Gradual traffic shift
+- Fallback to old system if issues
+
+**Database Migration Strategies**
+- Dual writes (write to both old and new)
+- Change Data Capture (CDC)
+- Database replication
+- ETL processes
+
+---
+
+## Skills
+
+### Implementing Strangler Fig Pattern
+
+**Pattern Overview**
+The Strangler Fig Pattern is named after the strangler fig tree, which grows around an existing tree and eventually replaces it. In software, new functionality gradually replaces old functionality until the legacy system can be retired.
+
+**Implementation Steps**
+
+1. **Identify Boundaries**
+   - Break monolith into logical domains
+   - Find seams in the codebase
+   - Prioritize by business value and risk
+
+2. **Create Facade/Proxy**
+   - Route requests to old or new system
+   - Implement feature flags
+   - Monitor traffic distribution
+
+3. **Implement New Service**
+   - Build new service with modern stack
+   - Ensure feature parity
+   - Add comprehensive tests
+
+4. **Migrate Data**
+   - Dual-write to old and new databases
+   - Backfill historical data
+   - Validate data consistency
+
+5. **Route Traffic**
+   - Gradually shift traffic to new service
+   - Monitor metrics and errors
+   - Rollback capability
+
+6. **Retire Old System**
+   - Remove old code
+   - Decommission infrastructure
+   - Archive documentation
+
+**Example: Strangler Fig Implementation**
+
+```typescript
+// Step 1: Create routing facade
+class OrderServiceFacade {
+  private legacyService: LegacyOrderService;
+  private newService: NewOrderService;
+  private featureFlags: FeatureFlagService;
+  
+  async createOrder(orderData: OrderRequest): Promise<Order> {
+    // Check feature flag to determine routing
+    const useNewService = await this.featureFlags.isEnabled(
+      'new-order-service',
+      { userId: orderData.userId }
+    );
+    
+    if (useNewService) {
+      try {
+        // Route to new service
+        const order = await this.newService.createOrder(orderData);
+        
+        // Dual-write to legacy for validation (temporary)
+        await this.legacyService.createOrder(orderData);
+        
+        return order;
+      } catch (error) {
+        // Fallback to legacy on error
+        console.error('New service failed, falling back to legacy', error);
+        return await this.legacyService.createOrder(orderData);
+      }
+    } else {
+      // Route to legacy service
+      return await this.legacyService.createOrder(orderData);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Step 2: Feature flag configuration
+interface FeatureFlagConfig {
+  name: string;
+  enabled: boolean;
+  rolloutPercentage: number;  // 0-100
+  userWhitelist?: string[];
+  userBlacklist?: string[];
+}
+
+class FeatureFlagService {
+  async isEnabled(flagName: string, context: { userId: string }): Promise<boolean> {
+    const flag = await this.getFlag(flagName);
+
+    // Check whitelist
+    if (flag.userWhitelist?.includes(context.userId)) {
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    // Check blacklist
+    if (flag.userBlacklist?.includes(context.userId)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    // Percentage rollout (consistent hashing)
+    const hash = this.hashUserId(context.userId);
+    return (hash % 100) < flag.rolloutPercentage;
+  }
+}
+
+// Step 3: Data migration
+class DataMigrationService {
+  async migrateOrders(batchSize: number = 1000) {
+    let offset = 0;
+    let hasMore = true;
+
+    while (hasMore) {
+      // Fetch batch from legacy database
+      const orders = await this.legacyDb.query(
+        'SELECT * FROM orders LIMIT ? OFFSET ?',
+        [batchSize, offset]
+      );
+
+      if (orders.length === 0) {
+        hasMore = false;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      // Transform and insert into new database
+      for (const order of orders) {
+        const transformed = this.transformOrder(order);
+        await this.newDb.insert('orders', transformed);
+      }
+
+      // Validate migration
+      await this.validateBatch(orders);
+
+      offset += batchSize;
+      console.log(`Migrated ${offset} orders`);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private async validateBatch(orders: any[]) {
+    for (const order of orders) {
+      const newOrder = await this.newDb.findById('orders', order.id);
+      if (!this.ordersMatch(order, newOrder)) {
+        throw new Error(`Order ${order.id} migration validation failed`);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Addressing Scalability Challenges
+
+**Horizontal Scaling Pattern**
+
+```typescript
+// Load balancer configuration
+interface LoadBalancerConfig {
+  algorithm: 'round-robin' | 'least-connections' | 'ip-hash';
+  healthCheck: {
+    path: string;
+    interval: number;
+    timeout: number;
+    unhealthyThreshold: number;
+  };
+  instances: ServiceInstance[];
+}
+
+class LoadBalancer {
+  private currentIndex = 0;
+
+  async route(request: Request): Promise<Response> {
+    const healthyInstances = await this.getHealthyInstances();
+
+    if (healthyInstances.length === 0) {
+      throw new Error('No healthy instances available');
+    }
+
+    const instance = this.selectInstance(healthyInstances);
+
+    try {
+      return await this.forwardRequest(instance, request);
+    } catch (error) {
+      // Mark instance as unhealthy
+      await this.markUnhealthy(instance);
+
+      // Retry with another instance
+      return await this.route(request);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private selectInstance(instances: ServiceInstance[]): ServiceInstance {
+    // Round-robin algorithm
+    const instance = instances[this.currentIndex % instances.length];
+    this.currentIndex++;
+    return instance;
+  }
+}
+```
+
+**Database Sharding**
+
+```typescript
+// Shard key selection and routing
+class ShardedDatabase {
+  private shards: DatabaseConnection[];
+
+  async insert(table: string, data: any) {
+    const shardKey = this.extractShardKey(data);
+    const shard = this.selectShard(shardKey);
+    return await shard.insert(table, data);
+  }
+
+  async query(table: string, shardKey: string) {
+    const shard = this.selectShard(shardKey);
+    return await shard.query(table, { shardKey });
+  }
+
+  private selectShard(shardKey: string): DatabaseConnection {
+    // Consistent hashing
+    const hash = this.hashShardKey(shardKey);
+    const shardIndex = hash % this.shards.length;
+    return this.shards[shardIndex];
+  }
+
+  private extractShardKey(data: any): string {
+    // Use user_id as shard key for user data
+    return data.user_id || data.userId;
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Managing Technical Debt
+
+**Debt Tracking System**
+
+```typescript
+interface TechnicalDebt {
+  id: string;
+  title: string;
+  description: string;
+  location: string;  // File path or component
+  severity: 'low' | 'medium' | 'high' | 'critical';
+  effort: number;    // Story points
+  impact: number;    // Business impact score
+  createdAt: Date;
+  resolvedAt?: Date;
+}
+
+class TechnicalDebtTracker {
+  async addDebt(debt: TechnicalDebt) {
+    // Track in backlog
+    await this.backlog.createStory({
+      title: `[TECH DEBT] ${debt.title}`,
+      description: debt.description,
+      labels: ['technical-debt', `severity-${debt.severity}`],
+      estimate: debt.effort
+    });
+
+    // Track in metrics
+    await this.metrics.recordDebt(debt);
+  }
+
+  async calculateDebtRatio(): Promise<number> {
+    const totalEffort = await this.backlog.getTotalEffort();
+    const debtEffort = await this.backlog.getDebtEffort();
+    return (debtEffort / totalEffort) * 100;
+  }
+
+  async prioritizeDebt(): Promise<TechnicalDebt[]> {
+    const debts = await this.getAllDebt();
+
+    // Prioritize by impact/effort ratio
+    return debts.sort((a, b) => {
+      const scoreA = a.impact / a.effort;
+      const scoreB = b.impact / b.effort;
+      return scoreB - scoreA;
+    });
+  }
+}
+```
+
+**Refactoring Strategy**
+
+```typescript
+// Boy Scout Rule: Leave code better than you found it
+class RefactoringStrategy {
+  async applyBoyScoutRule(file: string, changes: CodeChange[]) {
+    // Make required changes
+    await this.applyChanges(file, changes);
+
+    // Opportunistic refactoring
+    const improvements = await this.identifyImprovements(file);
+
+    for (const improvement of improvements) {
+      if (improvement.effort < 30) {  // 30 minutes threshold
+        await this.applyImprovement(file, improvement);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private async identifyImprovements(file: string): Promise<Improvement[]> {
+    return [
+      await this.checkForDuplication(file),
+      await this.checkComplexity(file),
+      await this.checkNaming(file),
+      await this.checkTestCoverage(file)
+    ].flat();
+  }
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## Examples
+
+### Example 1: Monolith to Microservices Migration
+
+**Scenario**: E-commerce monolith with 500K lines of code, 50 developers, deployment takes 2 hours
+
+**Challenge**:
+- Tight coupling between modules
+- Shared database
+- Long deployment cycles
+- Difficult to scale individual components
+
+**Solution: Strangler Fig Pattern**
+
+**Phase 1: Assessment (Month 1-2)**
+```
+1. Identify bounded contexts:
+   - User Management
+   - Product Catalog
+   - Order Processing
+   - Payment
+   - Inventory
+   - Shipping
+
+2. Analyze dependencies:
+   - Create dependency graph
+   - Identify shared data
+   - Find circular dependencies
+
+3. Prioritize migration:
+   Priority 1: Product Catalog (read-heavy, low coupling)
+   Priority 2: User Management (authentication needed by all)
+   Priority 3: Order Processing (complex, high value)
+```
+
+**Phase 2: Infrastructure (Month 3)**
+```
+1. Set up API Gateway (Kong/AWS API Gateway)
+2. Implement service mesh (Istio/Linkerd)
+3. Set up monitoring (Prometheus, Grafana)
+4. Create CI/CD pipelines
+5. Establish logging (ELK stack)
+```
+
+**Phase 3: Extract First Service - Product Catalog (Month 4-5)**
+
+```typescript
+// Step 1: Create new microservice
+class ProductCatalogService {
+  async getProduct(productId: string): Promise<Product> {
+    // New implementation with caching
+    const cached = await this.cache.get(`product:${productId}`);
+    if (cached) return cached;
+
+    const product = await this.db.findById(productId);
+    await this.cache.set(`product:${productId}`, product, 3600);
+    return product;
+  }
+}
+
+// Step 2: Create facade in monolith
+class ProductFacade {
+  async getProduct(productId: string): Promise<Product> {
+    if (await this.featureFlags.isEnabled('new-product-service')) {
+      return await this.newService.getProduct(productId);
+    } else {
+      return await this.legacyService.getProduct(productId);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Step 3: Gradual rollout
+// Week 1: 5% traffic
+// Week 2: 25% traffic
+// Week 3: 50% traffic
+// Week 4: 100% traffic
+```
+
+**Phase 4: Data Migration**
+
+```sql
+-- Dual-write strategy
+BEGIN TRANSACTION;
+
+-- Write to legacy database
+INSERT INTO products (id, name, price) VALUES (?, ?, ?);
+
+-- Write to new database (async)
+PUBLISH 'product.created' {
+  "id": "...",
+  "name": "...",
+  "price": ...
+}
+
+COMMIT;
+```
+
+**Phase 5: Iterate (Month 6-12)**
+- Extract User Management service
+- Extract Order Processing service
+- Extract Payment service
+- Decommission monolith modules
+
+**Results**:
+- Deployment time: 2 hours → 15 minutes
+- Independent scaling of services
+- Team autonomy (each team owns a service)
+- Faster feature delivery
+
+### Example 2: Technical Debt Reduction Program
+
+**Scenario**: Legacy codebase with 40% test coverage, outdated dependencies, high complexity
+
+**6-Month Debt Reduction Plan**
+
+**Month 1: Assessment**
+```
+1. Run static analysis tools:
+   - SonarQube for code quality
+   - npm audit / Snyk for dependencies
+   - Code coverage reports
+
+2. Metrics collected:
+   - 40% test coverage (target: 80%)
+   - 15 critical security vulnerabilities
+   - 200+ code smells
+   - Cyclomatic complexity avg: 25 (target: <10)
+
+3. Prioritize by impact:
+   Priority 1: Security vulnerabilities
+   Priority 2: Critical bugs
+   Priority 3: Test coverage
+   Priority 4: Code complexity
+```
+
+**Month 2-3: Security and Stability**
+```
+Week 1-2: Fix critical security vulnerabilities
+- Update dependencies with known CVEs
+- Implement input validation
+- Add authentication/authorization checks
+
+Week 3-4: Fix critical bugs
+- Address production incidents
+- Fix data corruption issues
+- Improve error handling
+
+Week 5-6: Improve test coverage (40% → 60%)
+- Add unit tests for critical paths
+- Add integration tests for APIs
+- Set up CI to enforce coverage
+```
+
+**Month 4-5: Code Quality**
+```
+Week 1-2: Reduce complexity
+- Extract methods from large functions
+- Break down god classes
+- Simplify conditional logic
+
+Week 3-4: Eliminate code smells
+- Remove duplicated code
+- Improve naming
+- Refactor long parameter lists
+
+Week 5-6: Improve test coverage (60% → 75%)
+- Add tests for edge cases
+- Add tests for error scenarios
+```
+
+**Month 6: Documentation and Standards**
+```
+Week 1-2: Documentation
+- API documentation
+- Architecture diagrams
+- Runbooks
+
+Week 3-4: Establish standards
+- Coding guidelines
+- Code review checklist
+- Definition of done
+
+Final metrics:
+- 75% test coverage ✓
+- 0 critical vulnerabilities ✓
+- 50 code smells (from 200) ✓
+- Cyclomatic complexity avg: 12 (improving)
+```
+
+### Example 3: Database Migration Strategy
+
+**Scenario**: Migrate from MySQL to PostgreSQL with zero downtime
+
+**Migration Plan**
+
+**Phase 1: Preparation**
+```
+1. Schema conversion:
+   - Convert MySQL DDL to PostgreSQL
+   - Handle data type differences
+   - Migrate stored procedures to functions
+
+2. Set up replication:
+   - MySQL → PostgreSQL using Debezium (CDC)
+   - Validate data consistency
+
+3. Application changes:
+   - Abstract database layer
+   - Support both MySQL and PostgreSQL
+   - Feature flag for database selection
+```
+
+**Phase 2: Dual-Write**
+
+```typescript
+class DualWriteRepository {
+  async createUser(user: User): Promise<User> {
+    // Write to primary (MySQL)
+    const mysqlResult = await this.mysqlDb.insert('users', user);
+
+    // Async write to secondary (PostgreSQL)
+    this.postgresDb.insert('users', user).catch(error => {
+      console.error('PostgreSQL write failed', error);
+      // Alert but don't fail the request
+    });
+
+    return mysqlResult;
+  }
+
+  async getUser(userId: string): Promise<User> {
+    // Read from primary (MySQL)
+    return await this.mysqlDb.findById('users', userId);
+  }
+}
+```
+
+**Phase 3: Validation**
+```
+1. Data consistency checks:
+   - Compare row counts
+   - Validate sample data
+   - Check for data drift
+
+2. Performance testing:
+   - Run load tests against PostgreSQL
+   - Compare query performance
+   - Optimize slow queries
+
+3. Application testing:
+   - Run integration tests
+   - Perform UAT
+   - Canary deployment
+```
+
+**Phase 4: Cutover**
+```
+1. Switch reads to PostgreSQL (gradual):
+   Week 1: 10% reads
+   Week 2: 50% reads
+   Week 3: 100% reads
+
+2. Switch writes to PostgreSQL:
+   - Stop dual-write
+   - PostgreSQL becomes primary
+   - MySQL becomes backup
+
+3. Decommission MySQL:
+   - Archive data
+   - Remove MySQL code
+   - Update documentation
+```
+
+---
+
+## Understanding
+
+### When to Use Strangler Fig Pattern
+
+**✅ Use When:**
+- Large legacy system with high risk
+- Need to maintain business continuity
+- Team lacks full system knowledge
+- Incremental value delivery preferred
+- Budget for extended timeline
+
+**❌ Avoid When:**
+- Small system (rewrite faster)
+- System is well-documented and understood
+- Tight deadline (big bang might be faster)
+- Legacy system is stable and low-maintenance
+
+### Migration Risk Mitigation
+
+**Technical Risks**
+- Data loss → Dual-write, backups, validation
+- Performance degradation → Load testing, monitoring
+- Integration failures → Contract testing, mocks
+- Rollback complexity → Feature flags, blue-green deployment
+
+**Organizational Risks**
+- Team resistance → Communication, training, involvement
+- Knowledge loss → Documentation, pair programming
+- Scope creep → Clear boundaries, phased approach
+- Budget overrun → Incremental delivery, value tracking
+
+### Best Practices
+
+**Strangler Fig Pattern**
+1. Start with low-risk, high-value components
+2. Maintain feature parity before switching
+3. Use feature flags for gradual rollout
+4. Monitor everything (metrics, logs, traces)
+5. Plan for rollback at every step
+6. Communicate progress to stakeholders
+7. Celebrate small wins
+
+**Technical Debt Management**
+1. Make debt visible (track in backlog)
+2. Allocate time for debt reduction (20% rule)
+3. Prevent new debt (code reviews, standards)
+4. Prioritize by impact/effort ratio
+5. Measure and communicate progress
+6. Automate detection (static analysis)
+
+**Migration Strategies**
+1. Assess before migrating (dependencies, risks)
+2. Start with infrastructure (CI/CD, monitoring)
+3. Migrate incrementally (one service at a time)
+4. Validate continuously (data, performance, functionality)
+5. Plan for rollback (feature flags, blue-green)
+6. Document everything (decisions, runbooks)
+
+---
+
+## References
+
+- **Strangler Fig Pattern**: Martin Fowler's blog
+- **Technical Debt**: "Managing Technical Debt" by Philippe Kruchten
+- **Migration Strategies**: "Monolith to Microservices" by Sam Newman
+- **Refactoring**: "Refactoring" by Martin Fowler
+- **Database Migration**: "Database Reliability Engineering" by Laine Campbell
+
+