@mytechtoday/augment-extensions 1.2.2 → 1.3.1

package/augment-extensions/domain-rules/software-architecture/rules/quality-attributes.md

@@ -1,797 +1,797 @@
-# Quality Attributes
-
-## Overview
-
-This document covers non-functional requirements (quality attributes) that define how a system performs its functions. Quality attributes are critical architectural drivers that shape system design and implementation.
-
----
-
-## Knowledge
-
-### Performance
-
-**Definition**
-- System's responsiveness and throughput under specific workload
-- Measured in response time, latency, throughput, resource utilization
-- Critical for user experience and system efficiency
-- Often involves trade-offs with other attributes
-
-**Key Metrics**
-- **Response Time**: Time to respond to a request
-- **Latency**: Delay before transfer begins
-- **Throughput**: Requests processed per unit time
-- **Resource Utilization**: CPU, memory, network, disk usage
-
-**Performance Tactics**
-- Caching (in-memory, distributed, CDN)
-- Load balancing (horizontal scaling)
-- Asynchronous processing (queues, workers)
-- Database optimization (indexing, query optimization)
-- Code optimization (algorithms, data structures)
-- Resource pooling (connection pools, thread pools)
-
-**Performance Patterns**
-- Cache-Aside Pattern
-- Read-Through/Write-Through Cache
-- Circuit Breaker (prevent cascading failures)
-- Bulkhead (isolate resources)
-- CQRS (separate read/write paths)
-
-### Reliability
-
-**Definition**
-- System's ability to function correctly over time
-- Measured in uptime, MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures), MTTR (Mean Time To Recovery)
-- Includes fault tolerance and error handling
-- Critical for mission-critical systems
-
-**Key Metrics**
-- **Availability**: Percentage of time system is operational (e.g., 99.9% = "three nines")
-- **MTBF**: Average time between failures
-- **MTTR**: Average time to recover from failure
-- **Error Rate**: Percentage of failed requests
-
-**Reliability Tactics**
-- Redundancy (active-active, active-passive)
-- Health checks and monitoring
-- Graceful degradation
-- Retry mechanisms (exponential backoff)
-- Timeouts and circuit breakers
-- Data replication and backup
-
-**Reliability Patterns**
-- Retry Pattern
-- Circuit Breaker Pattern
-- Bulkhead Pattern
-- Health Endpoint Monitoring
-- Compensating Transaction
-
-### Maintainability
-
-**Definition**
-- Ease with which system can be modified, extended, and debugged
-- Measured in time to fix bugs, add features, or refactor
-- Includes code quality, documentation, and testability
-- Critical for long-term system evolution
-
-**Key Aspects**
-- **Modularity**: Well-defined, independent modules
-- **Readability**: Clear, self-documenting code
-- **Testability**: Easy to write and run tests
-- **Documentation**: Comprehensive, up-to-date docs
-- **Debuggability**: Easy to diagnose and fix issues
-
-**Maintainability Tactics**
-- Clear separation of concerns
-- Consistent coding standards
-- Comprehensive testing (unit, integration, e2e)
-- Automated builds and deployments
-- Version control and code reviews
-- Refactoring and technical debt management
-
-**Maintainability Patterns**
-- Dependency Injection
-- Repository Pattern
-- Factory Pattern
-- Strategy Pattern
-- Observer Pattern
-
-### Scalability
-
-**Definition**
-- System's ability to handle increased load
-- Measured in concurrent users, requests per second, data volume
-- Includes horizontal (add servers) and vertical (add resources) scaling
-- Critical for growing systems
-
-**Scaling Dimensions**
-- **Horizontal Scaling**: Add more servers/instances
-- **Vertical Scaling**: Add more resources (CPU, RAM) to existing servers
-- **Data Scaling**: Partition data across multiple databases
-- **Functional Scaling**: Decompose into microservices
-
-**Scalability Tactics**
-- Stateless services (enable horizontal scaling)
-- Database sharding and partitioning
-- Caching layers (reduce database load)
-- Asynchronous processing (decouple components)
-- Load balancing (distribute traffic)
-- Auto-scaling (dynamic resource allocation)
-
-**Scalability Patterns**
-- Sharding Pattern
-- CQRS (Command Query Responsibility Segregation)
-- Event Sourcing
-- Saga Pattern (distributed transactions)
-- Strangler Fig (incremental migration)
-
-### Security
-
-**Definition**
-- System's ability to protect data and resist attacks
-- Measured in vulnerabilities, incidents, compliance
-- Includes authentication, authorization, encryption, auditing
-- Critical for all systems handling sensitive data
-
-**Security Principles**
-- **Confidentiality**: Protect data from unauthorized access
-- **Integrity**: Ensure data is not tampered with
-- **Availability**: Ensure authorized access when needed
-- **Non-repudiation**: Prove actions occurred
-- **Authentication**: Verify identity
-- **Authorization**: Control access to resources
-
-**Security Tactics**
-- Authentication (OAuth, JWT, SAML)
-- Authorization (RBAC, ABAC)
-- Encryption (at rest, in transit)
-- Input validation and sanitization
-- Security headers (CORS, CSP, HSTS)
-- Rate limiting and throttling
-- Audit logging
-
-**Security Patterns**
-- Zero Trust Architecture
-- Defense in Depth
-- Least Privilege
-- Secure by Default
-- Fail Securely
-
-### Usability
-
-**Definition**
-- Ease with which users can accomplish tasks
-- Measured in task completion time, error rate, user satisfaction
-- Includes UI/UX design, accessibility, learnability
-- Critical for user-facing systems
-
-**Usability Aspects**
-- **Learnability**: How quickly users learn the system
-- **Efficiency**: How quickly users perform tasks
-- **Memorability**: How easily users remember how to use it
-- **Error Prevention**: How well system prevents errors
-- **Satisfaction**: How pleasant the experience is
-
-**Usability Tactics**
-- Consistent UI patterns
-- Clear feedback and error messages
-- Progressive disclosure (show complexity gradually)
-- Accessibility (WCAG compliance)
-- Responsive design (mobile, tablet, desktop)
-- User testing and feedback
-
-### Testability
-
-**Definition**
-- Ease with which system can be tested
-- Measured in test coverage, test execution time, test maintainability
-- Includes unit, integration, and end-to-end testing
-- Critical for quality assurance
-
-**Testability Tactics**
-- Dependency injection (mock dependencies)
-- Interface-based design (test doubles)
-- Separation of concerns (isolated testing)
-- Test automation (CI/CD pipelines)
-- Test data management
-- Observability (logging, metrics, tracing)
-
-### Interoperability
-
-**Definition**
-- System's ability to work with other systems
-- Measured in integration points, data exchange formats, API compatibility
-- Includes standards compliance and protocol support
-- Critical for enterprise systems
-
-**Interoperability Tactics**
-- Standard protocols (HTTP, gRPC, AMQP)
-- Standard data formats (JSON, XML, Protocol Buffers)
-- API versioning and backward compatibility
-- Service contracts and schemas
-- Integration patterns (ESB, API Gateway)
-
-### Portability
-
-**Definition**
-- Ease with which system can be moved to different environments
-- Measured in deployment time, configuration complexity
-- Includes platform independence and containerization
-- Critical for cloud-native systems
-
-**Portability Tactics**
-- Containerization (Docker, Kubernetes)
-- Infrastructure as Code (Terraform, CloudFormation)
-- Environment-specific configuration
-- Platform abstraction layers
-- Cloud-agnostic design
-
----
-
-## Skills
-
-### Specifying Quality Attributes
-
-**Quality Attribute Scenarios**
-
-A quality attribute scenario consists of:
-1. **Source**: Entity generating the stimulus
-2. **Stimulus**: Condition affecting the system
-3. **Environment**: System state when stimulus occurs
-4. **Artifact**: Part of system affected
-5. **Response**: Activity resulting from stimulus
-6. **Response Measure**: Measurable outcome
-
-**Example: Performance Scenario**
-- **Source**: User
-- **Stimulus**: Initiates transaction
-- **Environment**: Normal operation
-- **Artifact**: System
-- **Response**: Process transaction
-- **Response Measure**: Within 2 seconds for 95% of requests
-
-**Example: Availability Scenario**
-- **Source**: Internal fault
-- **Stimulus**: Server crashes
-- **Environment**: Normal operation
-- **Artifact**: System
-- **Response**: Failover to backup server
-- **Response Measure**: Within 30 seconds, no data loss
-
-### Measuring Quality Attributes
-
-**Performance Metrics**
-- Response time percentiles (p50, p95, p99)
-- Throughput (requests/second)
-- Resource utilization (CPU, memory, network)
-- Apdex score (Application Performance Index)
-
-**Reliability Metrics**
-- Uptime percentage (99.9%, 99.99%, 99.999%)
-- MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures)
-- MTTR (Mean Time To Recovery)
-- Error rate (errors per 1000 requests)
-
-**Maintainability Metrics**
-- Code coverage (unit, integration tests)
-- Cyclomatic complexity
-- Technical debt ratio
-- Time to fix bugs
-
-**Security Metrics**
-- Vulnerability count (critical, high, medium, low)
-- Time to patch vulnerabilities
-- Failed authentication attempts
-- Security incidents
-
-### Trade-offs Between Quality Attributes
-
-**Common Trade-offs**
-
-**Performance vs. Security**
-- Encryption adds latency
-- Authentication/authorization adds overhead
-- Balance: Use efficient algorithms, cache auth tokens
-
-**Performance vs. Maintainability**
-- Optimized code may be harder to read
-- Caching adds complexity
-- Balance: Optimize only bottlenecks, document optimizations
-
-**Scalability vs. Consistency**
-- Distributed systems face CAP theorem constraints
-- Eventual consistency improves scalability
-- Balance: Choose consistency model based on requirements
-
-**Flexibility vs. Performance**
-- Abstraction layers add overhead
-- Dynamic dispatch slower than static
-- Balance: Abstract only where needed, measure impact
-
-**Security vs. Usability**
-- Strong authentication may frustrate users
-- Strict validation may reject valid input
-- Balance: Risk-based authentication, clear error messages
-
----
-
-## Examples
-
-### Performance Optimization
-
-**Caching Strategy**
-```typescript
-interface CacheService {
-  get<T>(key: string): Promise<T | null>;
-  set<T>(key: string, value: T, ttl?: number): Promise<void>;
-  delete(key: string): Promise<void>;
-}
-
-class UserService {
-  constructor(
-    private userRepository: UserRepository,
-    private cache: CacheService
-  ) {}
-
-  async getUser(id: string): Promise<User> {
-    // Try cache first
-    const cached = await this.cache.get<User>(`user:${id}`);
-    if (cached) {
-      return cached;
-    }
-
-    // Cache miss - fetch from database
-    const user = await this.userRepository.findById(id);
-    if (user) {
-      // Cache for 5 minutes
-      await this.cache.set(`user:${id}`, user, 300);
-    }
-
-    return user;
-  }
-
-  async updateUser(id: string, data: Partial<User>): Promise<User> {
-    const user = await this.userRepository.update(id, data);
-
-    // Invalidate cache
-    await this.cache.delete(`user:${id}`);
-
-    return user;
-  }
-}
-```
-
-**Database Query Optimization**
-```typescript
-// Bad: N+1 query problem
-async function getOrdersWithItems(userId: string): Promise<Order[]> {
-  const orders = await db.query('SELECT * FROM orders WHERE user_id = ?', [userId]);
-
-  for (const order of orders) {
-    // N additional queries!
-    order.items = await db.query('SELECT * FROM order_items WHERE order_id = ?', [order.id]);
-  }
-
-  return orders;
-}
-
-// Good: Single query with JOIN
-async function getOrdersWithItems(userId: string): Promise<Order[]> {
-  const rows = await db.query(`
-    SELECT
-      o.*,
-      oi.id as item_id,
-      oi.product_id,
-      oi.quantity,
-      oi.price
-    FROM orders o
-    LEFT JOIN order_items oi ON o.id = oi.order_id
-    WHERE o.user_id = ?
-  `, [userId]);
-
-  // Group items by order
-  const ordersMap = new Map<string, Order>();
-  for (const row of rows) {
-    if (!ordersMap.has(row.id)) {
-      ordersMap.set(row.id, {
-        id: row.id,
-        userId: row.user_id,
-        items: []
-      });
-    }
-
-    if (row.item_id) {
-      ordersMap.get(row.id)!.items.push({
-        id: row.item_id,
-        productId: row.product_id,
-        quantity: row.quantity,
-        price: row.price
-      });
-    }
-  }
-
-  return Array.from(ordersMap.values());
-}
-```
-
-### Reliability Patterns
-
-**Circuit Breaker**
-```typescript
-enum CircuitState {
-  CLOSED,  // Normal operation
-  OPEN,    // Failing, reject requests
-  HALF_OPEN // Testing if service recovered
-}
-
-class CircuitBreaker {
-  private state: CircuitState = CircuitState.CLOSED;
-  private failureCount = 0;
-  private lastFailureTime?: Date;
-
-  constructor(
-    private failureThreshold: number = 5,
-    private timeout: number = 60000, // 1 minute
-    private successThreshold: number = 2
-  ) {}
-
-  async execute<T>(operation: () => Promise<T>): Promise<T> {
-    if (this.state === CircuitState.OPEN) {
-      if (this.shouldAttemptReset()) {
-        this.state = CircuitState.HALF_OPEN;
-      } else {
-        throw new Error('Circuit breaker is OPEN');
-      }
-    }
-
-    try {
-      const result = await operation();
-      this.onSuccess();
-      return result;
-    } catch (error) {
-      this.onFailure();
-      throw error;
-    }
-  }
-
-  private onSuccess(): void {
-    this.failureCount = 0;
-    this.state = CircuitState.CLOSED;
-  }
-
-  private onFailure(): void {
-    this.failureCount++;
-    this.lastFailureTime = new Date();
-
-    if (this.failureCount >= this.failureThreshold) {
-      this.state = CircuitState.OPEN;
-    }
-  }
-
-  private shouldAttemptReset(): boolean {
-    return this.lastFailureTime &&
-      Date.now() - this.lastFailureTime.getTime() >= this.timeout;
-  }
-}
-
-// Usage
-const breaker = new CircuitBreaker();
-const paymentService = {
-  async processPayment(amount: number): Promise<PaymentResult> {
-    return breaker.execute(async () => {
-      // Call external payment API
-      const response = await fetch('https://api.payment.com/charge', {
-        method: 'POST',
-        body: JSON.stringify({ amount })
-      });
-      return response.json();
-    });
-  }
-};
-```
-
-**Retry with Exponential Backoff**
-```typescript
-async function retryWithBackoff<T>(
-  operation: () => Promise<T>,
-  maxRetries: number = 3,
-  baseDelay: number = 1000
-): Promise<T> {
-  let lastError: Error;
-
-  for (let attempt = 0; attempt <= maxRetries; attempt++) {
-    try {
-      return await operation();
-    } catch (error) {
-      lastError = error as Error;
-
-      if (attempt < maxRetries) {
-        // Exponential backoff: 1s, 2s, 4s, 8s...
-        const delay = baseDelay * Math.pow(2, attempt);
-        // Add jitter to prevent thundering herd
-        const jitter = Math.random() * 1000;
-        await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, delay + jitter));
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  throw lastError!;
-}
-
-// Usage
-const data = await retryWithBackoff(
-  () => fetch('https://api.example.com/data').then(r => r.json()),
-  3,
-  1000
-);
-```
-
-### Security Implementation
-
-**Authentication and Authorization**
-```typescript
-interface User {
-  id: string;
-  email: string;
-  roles: string[];
-}
-
-interface AuthService {
-  authenticate(email: string, password: string): Promise<string>; // Returns JWT
-  verifyToken(token: string): Promise<User>;
-}
-
-// Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)
-function requireRole(...roles: string[]) {
-  return function (target: any, propertyKey: string, descriptor: PropertyDescriptor) {
-    const originalMethod = descriptor.value;
-
-    descriptor.value = async function (...args: any[]) {
-      const user = (this as any).currentUser as User;
-
-      if (!user) {
-        throw new Error('Unauthorized');
-      }
-
-      const hasRole = roles.some(role => user.roles.includes(role));
-      if (!hasRole) {
-        throw new Error('Forbidden');
-      }
-
-      return originalMethod.apply(this, args);
-    };
-
-    return descriptor;
-  };
-}
-
-class OrderController {
-  constructor(private currentUser: User) {}
-
-  @requireRole('admin', 'manager')
-  async deleteOrder(orderId: string): Promise<void> {
-    // Only admins and managers can delete orders
-  }
-
-  @requireRole('user')
-  async viewOrder(orderId: string): Promise<Order> {
-    // Any authenticated user can view orders
-  }
-}
-```
-
-**Input Validation and Sanitization**
-```typescript
-import { z } from 'zod';
-
-// Define schema
-const CreateUserSchema = z.object({
-  email: z.string().email(),
-  password: z.string().min(8).max(100),
-  name: z.string().min(1).max(100),
-  age: z.number().int().min(18).max(120).optional()
-});
-
-type CreateUserInput = z.infer<typeof CreateUserSchema>;
-
-class UserController {
-  async createUser(input: unknown): Promise<User> {
-    // Validate and sanitize input
-    const validatedInput = CreateUserSchema.parse(input);
-
-    // Hash password
-    const hashedPassword = await bcrypt.hash(validatedInput.password, 10);
-
-    // Create user
-    return this.userRepository.create({
-      ...validatedInput,
-      password: hashedPassword
-    });
-  }
-}
-```
-
-### Maintainability Practices
-
-**Dependency Injection for Testability**
-```typescript
-// Bad: Hard to test
-class OrderService {
-  async createOrder(data: OrderData): Promise<Order> {
-    const db = new Database(); // Hard-coded dependency
-    const emailService = new EmailService(); // Hard-coded dependency
-
-    const order = await db.insert('orders', data);
-    await emailService.sendOrderConfirmation(order);
-
-    return order;
-  }
-}
-
-// Good: Easy to test
-interface OrderRepository {
-  create(data: OrderData): Promise<Order>;
-}
-
-interface EmailService {
-  sendOrderConfirmation(order: Order): Promise<void>;
-}
-
-class OrderService {
-  constructor(
-    private orderRepository: OrderRepository,
-    private emailService: EmailService
-  ) {}
-
-  async createOrder(data: OrderData): Promise<Order> {
-    const order = await this.orderRepository.create(data);
-    await this.emailService.sendOrderConfirmation(order);
-    return order;
-  }
-}
-
-// Test with mocks
-describe('OrderService', () => {
-  it('should send confirmation email after creating order', async () => {
-    const mockRepository: OrderRepository = {
-      create: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({ id: '123', ...orderData })
-    };
-
-    const mockEmailService: EmailService = {
-      sendOrderConfirmation: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined)
-    };
-
-    const service = new OrderService(mockRepository, mockEmailService);
-    await service.createOrder(orderData);
-
-    expect(mockEmailService.sendOrderConfirmation).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
-      expect.objectContaining({ id: '123' })
-    );
-  });
-});
-```
-
----
-
-## Understanding
-
-### Quality Attribute Workshops
-
-**Steps to Identify Quality Attributes**
-
-1. **Stakeholder Identification**
-   - Business stakeholders
-   - End users
-   - Developers and operators
-   - Security and compliance teams
-
-2. **Scenario Elicitation**
-   - Brainstorm quality attribute scenarios
-   - Prioritize scenarios by importance
-   - Define measurable response measures
-
-3. **Architecture Analysis**
-   - Identify architectural tactics for each scenario
-   - Analyze trade-offs
-   - Document decisions and rationale
-
-4. **Validation**
-   - Prototype critical scenarios
-   - Performance testing
-   - Security audits
-   - Usability testing
-
-### Architectural Tactics for Quality Attributes
-
-**Performance Tactics**
-- Resource management (pooling, caching)
-- Concurrency (parallelism, async processing)
-- Resource arbitration (scheduling, load balancing)
-
-**Availability Tactics**
-- Fault detection (ping/echo, heartbeat, monitoring)
-- Fault recovery (retry, failover, rollback)
-- Fault prevention (removal from service, transactions)
-
-**Modifiability Tactics**
-- Reduce coupling (encapsulation, intermediaries)
-- Increase cohesion (split modules, abstract common services)
-- Defer binding (configuration files, plugins, discovery)
-
-**Security Tactics**
-- Resist attacks (authentication, authorization, encryption)
-- Detect attacks (intrusion detection, audit trails)
-- Recover from attacks (backup, restore, incident response)
-
-### Best Practices
-
-1. **Define Quality Attributes Early**
-   - Include in requirements gathering
-   - Prioritize based on business value
-   - Make them measurable and testable
-
-2. **Use Quality Attribute Scenarios**
-   - Concrete, testable scenarios
-   - Include source, stimulus, response, measure
-   - Prioritize and track throughout development
-
-3. **Monitor and Measure**
-   - Implement observability (logging, metrics, tracing)
-   - Set up alerts for quality attribute violations
-   - Regular performance and security testing
-
-4. **Document Trade-offs**
-   - Explicitly document quality attribute trade-offs
-   - Explain architectural decisions
-   - Revisit decisions as requirements change
-
-5. **Automate Testing**
-   - Performance testing in CI/CD
-   - Security scanning (SAST, DAST)
-   - Accessibility testing
-   - Load testing
-
-6. **Continuous Improvement**
-   - Regular architecture reviews
-   - Refactor to improve quality attributes
-   - Learn from incidents and outages
-   - Update quality attribute scenarios
-
-### Common Pitfalls
-
-1. **Ignoring Quality Attributes**
-   - Focusing only on functional requirements
-   - Discovering quality issues late in development
-   - Costly rework and refactoring
-
-2. **Premature Optimization**
-   - Optimizing before measuring
-   - Adding complexity without justification
-   - Sacrificing maintainability for performance
-
-3. **One-Size-Fits-All**
-   - Applying same quality attributes to all systems
-   - Not considering context and requirements
-   - Over-engineering simple systems
-
-4. **Lack of Measurement**
-   - No metrics or monitoring
-   - Subjective quality assessments
-   - Unable to validate improvements
-
-5. **Ignoring Trade-offs**
-   - Trying to maximize all quality attributes
-   - Not prioritizing based on business value
-   - Creating conflicting requirements
-
----
-
-## References
-
-- **ISO/IEC 25010**: Systems and software Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE)
-- **Software Architecture in Practice**: Len Bass, Paul Clements, Rick Kazman
-- **Designing Data-Intensive Applications**: Martin Kleppmann
-- **Site Reliability Engineering**: Google
-- **OWASP Top 10**: Open Web Application Security Project
-- **WCAG**: Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
-
+# Quality Attributes
+
+## Overview
+
+This document covers non-functional requirements (quality attributes) that define how a system performs its functions. Quality attributes are critical architectural drivers that shape system design and implementation.
+
+---
+
+## Knowledge
+
+### Performance
+
+**Definition**
+- System's responsiveness and throughput under specific workload
+- Measured in response time, latency, throughput, resource utilization
+- Critical for user experience and system efficiency
+- Often involves trade-offs with other attributes
+
+**Key Metrics**
+- **Response Time**: Time to respond to a request
+- **Latency**: Delay before transfer begins
+- **Throughput**: Requests processed per unit time
+- **Resource Utilization**: CPU, memory, network, disk usage
+
+**Performance Tactics**
+- Caching (in-memory, distributed, CDN)
+- Load balancing (horizontal scaling)
+- Asynchronous processing (queues, workers)
+- Database optimization (indexing, query optimization)
+- Code optimization (algorithms, data structures)
+- Resource pooling (connection pools, thread pools)
+
+**Performance Patterns**
+- Cache-Aside Pattern
+- Read-Through/Write-Through Cache
+- Circuit Breaker (prevent cascading failures)
+- Bulkhead (isolate resources)
+- CQRS (separate read/write paths)
+
+### Reliability
+
+**Definition**
+- System's ability to function correctly over time
+- Measured in uptime, MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures), MTTR (Mean Time To Recovery)
+- Includes fault tolerance and error handling
+- Critical for mission-critical systems
+
+**Key Metrics**
+- **Availability**: Percentage of time system is operational (e.g., 99.9% = "three nines")
+- **MTBF**: Average time between failures
+- **MTTR**: Average time to recover from failure
+- **Error Rate**: Percentage of failed requests
+
+**Reliability Tactics**
+- Redundancy (active-active, active-passive)
+- Health checks and monitoring
+- Graceful degradation
+- Retry mechanisms (exponential backoff)
+- Timeouts and circuit breakers
+- Data replication and backup
+
+**Reliability Patterns**
+- Retry Pattern
+- Circuit Breaker Pattern
+- Bulkhead Pattern
+- Health Endpoint Monitoring
+- Compensating Transaction
+
+### Maintainability
+
+**Definition**
+- Ease with which system can be modified, extended, and debugged
+- Measured in time to fix bugs, add features, or refactor
+- Includes code quality, documentation, and testability
+- Critical for long-term system evolution
+
+**Key Aspects**
+- **Modularity**: Well-defined, independent modules
+- **Readability**: Clear, self-documenting code
+- **Testability**: Easy to write and run tests
+- **Documentation**: Comprehensive, up-to-date docs
+- **Debuggability**: Easy to diagnose and fix issues
+
+**Maintainability Tactics**
+- Clear separation of concerns
+- Consistent coding standards
+- Comprehensive testing (unit, integration, e2e)
+- Automated builds and deployments
+- Version control and code reviews
+- Refactoring and technical debt management
+
+**Maintainability Patterns**
+- Dependency Injection
+- Repository Pattern
+- Factory Pattern
+- Strategy Pattern
+- Observer Pattern
+
+### Scalability
+
+**Definition**
+- System's ability to handle increased load
+- Measured in concurrent users, requests per second, data volume
+- Includes horizontal (add servers) and vertical (add resources) scaling
+- Critical for growing systems
+
+**Scaling Dimensions**
+- **Horizontal Scaling**: Add more servers/instances
+- **Vertical Scaling**: Add more resources (CPU, RAM) to existing servers
+- **Data Scaling**: Partition data across multiple databases
+- **Functional Scaling**: Decompose into microservices
+
+**Scalability Tactics**
+- Stateless services (enable horizontal scaling)
+- Database sharding and partitioning
+- Caching layers (reduce database load)
+- Asynchronous processing (decouple components)
+- Load balancing (distribute traffic)
+- Auto-scaling (dynamic resource allocation)
+
+**Scalability Patterns**
+- Sharding Pattern
+- CQRS (Command Query Responsibility Segregation)
+- Event Sourcing
+- Saga Pattern (distributed transactions)
+- Strangler Fig (incremental migration)
+
+### Security
+
+**Definition**
+- System's ability to protect data and resist attacks
+- Measured in vulnerabilities, incidents, compliance
+- Includes authentication, authorization, encryption, auditing
+- Critical for all systems handling sensitive data
+
+**Security Principles**
+- **Confidentiality**: Protect data from unauthorized access
+- **Integrity**: Ensure data is not tampered with
+- **Availability**: Ensure authorized access when needed
+- **Non-repudiation**: Prove actions occurred
+- **Authentication**: Verify identity
+- **Authorization**: Control access to resources
+
+**Security Tactics**
+- Authentication (OAuth, JWT, SAML)
+- Authorization (RBAC, ABAC)
+- Encryption (at rest, in transit)
+- Input validation and sanitization
+- Security headers (CORS, CSP, HSTS)
+- Rate limiting and throttling
+- Audit logging
+
+**Security Patterns**
+- Zero Trust Architecture
+- Defense in Depth
+- Least Privilege
+- Secure by Default
+- Fail Securely
+
+### Usability
+
+**Definition**
+- Ease with which users can accomplish tasks
+- Measured in task completion time, error rate, user satisfaction
+- Includes UI/UX design, accessibility, learnability
+- Critical for user-facing systems
+
+**Usability Aspects**
+- **Learnability**: How quickly users learn the system
+- **Efficiency**: How quickly users perform tasks
+- **Memorability**: How easily users remember how to use it
+- **Error Prevention**: How well system prevents errors
+- **Satisfaction**: How pleasant the experience is
+
+**Usability Tactics**
+- Consistent UI patterns
+- Clear feedback and error messages
+- Progressive disclosure (show complexity gradually)
+- Accessibility (WCAG compliance)
+- Responsive design (mobile, tablet, desktop)
+- User testing and feedback
+
+### Testability
+
+**Definition**
+- Ease with which system can be tested
+- Measured in test coverage, test execution time, test maintainability
+- Includes unit, integration, and end-to-end testing
+- Critical for quality assurance
+
+**Testability Tactics**
+- Dependency injection (mock dependencies)
+- Interface-based design (test doubles)
+- Separation of concerns (isolated testing)
+- Test automation (CI/CD pipelines)
+- Test data management
+- Observability (logging, metrics, tracing)
+
+### Interoperability
+
+**Definition**
+- System's ability to work with other systems
+- Measured in integration points, data exchange formats, API compatibility
+- Includes standards compliance and protocol support
+- Critical for enterprise systems
+
+**Interoperability Tactics**
+- Standard protocols (HTTP, gRPC, AMQP)
+- Standard data formats (JSON, XML, Protocol Buffers)
+- API versioning and backward compatibility
+- Service contracts and schemas
+- Integration patterns (ESB, API Gateway)
+
+### Portability
+
+**Definition**
+- Ease with which system can be moved to different environments
+- Measured in deployment time, configuration complexity
+- Includes platform independence and containerization
+- Critical for cloud-native systems
+
+**Portability Tactics**
+- Containerization (Docker, Kubernetes)
+- Infrastructure as Code (Terraform, CloudFormation)
+- Environment-specific configuration
+- Platform abstraction layers
+- Cloud-agnostic design
+
+---
+
+## Skills
+
+### Specifying Quality Attributes
+
+**Quality Attribute Scenarios**
+
+A quality attribute scenario consists of:
+1. **Source**: Entity generating the stimulus
+2. **Stimulus**: Condition affecting the system
+3. **Environment**: System state when stimulus occurs
+4. **Artifact**: Part of system affected
+5. **Response**: Activity resulting from stimulus
+6. **Response Measure**: Measurable outcome
+
+**Example: Performance Scenario**
+- **Source**: User
+- **Stimulus**: Initiates transaction
+- **Environment**: Normal operation
+- **Artifact**: System
+- **Response**: Process transaction
+- **Response Measure**: Within 2 seconds for 95% of requests
+
+**Example: Availability Scenario**
+- **Source**: Internal fault
+- **Stimulus**: Server crashes
+- **Environment**: Normal operation
+- **Artifact**: System
+- **Response**: Failover to backup server
+- **Response Measure**: Within 30 seconds, no data loss
+
+### Measuring Quality Attributes
+
+**Performance Metrics**
+- Response time percentiles (p50, p95, p99)
+- Throughput (requests/second)
+- Resource utilization (CPU, memory, network)
+- Apdex score (Application Performance Index)
+
+**Reliability Metrics**
+- Uptime percentage (99.9%, 99.99%, 99.999%)
+- MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures)
+- MTTR (Mean Time To Recovery)
+- Error rate (errors per 1000 requests)
+
+**Maintainability Metrics**
+- Code coverage (unit, integration tests)
+- Cyclomatic complexity
+- Technical debt ratio
+- Time to fix bugs
+
+**Security Metrics**
+- Vulnerability count (critical, high, medium, low)
+- Time to patch vulnerabilities
+- Failed authentication attempts
+- Security incidents
+
+### Trade-offs Between Quality Attributes
+
+**Common Trade-offs**
+
+**Performance vs. Security**
+- Encryption adds latency
+- Authentication/authorization adds overhead
+- Balance: Use efficient algorithms, cache auth tokens
+
+**Performance vs. Maintainability**
+- Optimized code may be harder to read
+- Caching adds complexity
+- Balance: Optimize only bottlenecks, document optimizations
+
+**Scalability vs. Consistency**
+- Distributed systems face CAP theorem constraints
+- Eventual consistency improves scalability
+- Balance: Choose consistency model based on requirements
+
+**Flexibility vs. Performance**
+- Abstraction layers add overhead
+- Dynamic dispatch slower than static
+- Balance: Abstract only where needed, measure impact
+
+**Security vs. Usability**
+- Strong authentication may frustrate users
+- Strict validation may reject valid input
+- Balance: Risk-based authentication, clear error messages
+
+---
+
+## Examples
+
+### Performance Optimization
+
+**Caching Strategy**
+```typescript
+interface CacheService {
+  get<T>(key: string): Promise<T | null>;
+  set<T>(key: string, value: T, ttl?: number): Promise<void>;
+  delete(key: string): Promise<void>;
+}
+
+class UserService {
+  constructor(
+    private userRepository: UserRepository,
+    private cache: CacheService
+  ) {}
+
+  async getUser(id: string): Promise<User> {
+    // Try cache first
+    const cached = await this.cache.get<User>(`user:${id}`);
+    if (cached) {
+      return cached;
+    }
+
+    // Cache miss - fetch from database
+    const user = await this.userRepository.findById(id);
+    if (user) {
+      // Cache for 5 minutes
+      await this.cache.set(`user:${id}`, user, 300);
+    }
+
+    return user;
+  }
+
+  async updateUser(id: string, data: Partial<User>): Promise<User> {
+    const user = await this.userRepository.update(id, data);
+
+    // Invalidate cache
+    await this.cache.delete(`user:${id}`);
+
+    return user;
+  }
+}
+```
+
+**Database Query Optimization**
+```typescript
+// Bad: N+1 query problem
+async function getOrdersWithItems(userId: string): Promise<Order[]> {
+  const orders = await db.query('SELECT * FROM orders WHERE user_id = ?', [userId]);
+
+  for (const order of orders) {
+    // N additional queries!
+    order.items = await db.query('SELECT * FROM order_items WHERE order_id = ?', [order.id]);
+  }
+
+  return orders;
+}
+
+// Good: Single query with JOIN
+async function getOrdersWithItems(userId: string): Promise<Order[]> {
+  const rows = await db.query(`
+    SELECT
+      o.*,
+      oi.id as item_id,
+      oi.product_id,
+      oi.quantity,
+      oi.price
+    FROM orders o
+    LEFT JOIN order_items oi ON o.id = oi.order_id
+    WHERE o.user_id = ?
+  `, [userId]);
+
+  // Group items by order
+  const ordersMap = new Map<string, Order>();
+  for (const row of rows) {
+    if (!ordersMap.has(row.id)) {
+      ordersMap.set(row.id, {
+        id: row.id,
+        userId: row.user_id,
+        items: []
+      });
+    }
+
+    if (row.item_id) {
+      ordersMap.get(row.id)!.items.push({
+        id: row.item_id,
+        productId: row.product_id,
+        quantity: row.quantity,
+        price: row.price
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  return Array.from(ordersMap.values());
+}
+```
+
+### Reliability Patterns
+
+**Circuit Breaker**
+```typescript
+enum CircuitState {
+  CLOSED,  // Normal operation
+  OPEN,    // Failing, reject requests
+  HALF_OPEN // Testing if service recovered
+}
+
+class CircuitBreaker {
+  private state: CircuitState = CircuitState.CLOSED;
+  private failureCount = 0;
+  private lastFailureTime?: Date;
+
+  constructor(
+    private failureThreshold: number = 5,
+    private timeout: number = 60000, // 1 minute
+    private successThreshold: number = 2
+  ) {}
+
+  async execute<T>(operation: () => Promise<T>): Promise<T> {
+    if (this.state === CircuitState.OPEN) {
+      if (this.shouldAttemptReset()) {
+        this.state = CircuitState.HALF_OPEN;
+      } else {
+        throw new Error('Circuit breaker is OPEN');
+      }
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const result = await operation();
+      this.onSuccess();
+      return result;
+    } catch (error) {
+      this.onFailure();
+      throw error;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private onSuccess(): void {
+    this.failureCount = 0;
+    this.state = CircuitState.CLOSED;
+  }
+
+  private onFailure(): void {
+    this.failureCount++;
+    this.lastFailureTime = new Date();
+
+    if (this.failureCount >= this.failureThreshold) {
+      this.state = CircuitState.OPEN;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private shouldAttemptReset(): boolean {
+    return this.lastFailureTime &&
+      Date.now() - this.lastFailureTime.getTime() >= this.timeout;
+  }
+}
+
+// Usage
+const breaker = new CircuitBreaker();
+const paymentService = {
+  async processPayment(amount: number): Promise<PaymentResult> {
+    return breaker.execute(async () => {
+      // Call external payment API
+      const response = await fetch('https://api.payment.com/charge', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        body: JSON.stringify({ amount })
+      });
+      return response.json();
+    });
+  }
+};
+```
+
+**Retry with Exponential Backoff**
+```typescript
+async function retryWithBackoff<T>(
+  operation: () => Promise<T>,
+  maxRetries: number = 3,
+  baseDelay: number = 1000
+): Promise<T> {
+  let lastError: Error;
+
+  for (let attempt = 0; attempt <= maxRetries; attempt++) {
+    try {
+      return await operation();
+    } catch (error) {
+      lastError = error as Error;
+
+      if (attempt < maxRetries) {
+        // Exponential backoff: 1s, 2s, 4s, 8s...
+        const delay = baseDelay * Math.pow(2, attempt);
+        // Add jitter to prevent thundering herd
+        const jitter = Math.random() * 1000;
+        await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, delay + jitter));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  throw lastError!;
+}
+
+// Usage
+const data = await retryWithBackoff(
+  () => fetch('https://api.example.com/data').then(r => r.json()),
+  3,
+  1000
+);
+```
+
+### Security Implementation
+
+**Authentication and Authorization**
+```typescript
+interface User {
+  id: string;
+  email: string;
+  roles: string[];
+}
+
+interface AuthService {
+  authenticate(email: string, password: string): Promise<string>; // Returns JWT
+  verifyToken(token: string): Promise<User>;
+}
+
+// Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)
+function requireRole(...roles: string[]) {
+  return function (target: any, propertyKey: string, descriptor: PropertyDescriptor) {
+    const originalMethod = descriptor.value;
+
+    descriptor.value = async function (...args: any[]) {
+      const user = (this as any).currentUser as User;
+
+      if (!user) {
+        throw new Error('Unauthorized');
+      }
+
+      const hasRole = roles.some(role => user.roles.includes(role));
+      if (!hasRole) {
+        throw new Error('Forbidden');
+      }
+
+      return originalMethod.apply(this, args);
+    };
+
+    return descriptor;
+  };
+}
+
+class OrderController {
+  constructor(private currentUser: User) {}
+
+  @requireRole('admin', 'manager')
+  async deleteOrder(orderId: string): Promise<void> {
+    // Only admins and managers can delete orders
+  }
+
+  @requireRole('user')
+  async viewOrder(orderId: string): Promise<Order> {
+    // Any authenticated user can view orders
+  }
+}
+```
+
+**Input Validation and Sanitization**
+```typescript
+import { z } from 'zod';
+
+// Define schema
+const CreateUserSchema = z.object({
+  email: z.string().email(),
+  password: z.string().min(8).max(100),
+  name: z.string().min(1).max(100),
+  age: z.number().int().min(18).max(120).optional()
+});
+
+type CreateUserInput = z.infer<typeof CreateUserSchema>;
+
+class UserController {
+  async createUser(input: unknown): Promise<User> {
+    // Validate and sanitize input
+    const validatedInput = CreateUserSchema.parse(input);
+
+    // Hash password
+    const hashedPassword = await bcrypt.hash(validatedInput.password, 10);
+
+    // Create user
+    return this.userRepository.create({
+      ...validatedInput,
+      password: hashedPassword
+    });
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Maintainability Practices
+
+**Dependency Injection for Testability**
+```typescript
+// Bad: Hard to test
+class OrderService {
+  async createOrder(data: OrderData): Promise<Order> {
+    const db = new Database(); // Hard-coded dependency
+    const emailService = new EmailService(); // Hard-coded dependency
+
+    const order = await db.insert('orders', data);
+    await emailService.sendOrderConfirmation(order);
+
+    return order;
+  }
+}
+
+// Good: Easy to test
+interface OrderRepository {
+  create(data: OrderData): Promise<Order>;
+}
+
+interface EmailService {
+  sendOrderConfirmation(order: Order): Promise<void>;
+}
+
+class OrderService {
+  constructor(
+    private orderRepository: OrderRepository,
+    private emailService: EmailService
+  ) {}
+
+  async createOrder(data: OrderData): Promise<Order> {
+    const order = await this.orderRepository.create(data);
+    await this.emailService.sendOrderConfirmation(order);
+    return order;
+  }
+}
+
+// Test with mocks
+describe('OrderService', () => {
+  it('should send confirmation email after creating order', async () => {
+    const mockRepository: OrderRepository = {
+      create: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({ id: '123', ...orderData })
+    };
+
+    const mockEmailService: EmailService = {
+      sendOrderConfirmation: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined)
+    };
+
+    const service = new OrderService(mockRepository, mockEmailService);
+    await service.createOrder(orderData);
+
+    expect(mockEmailService.sendOrderConfirmation).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({ id: '123' })
+    );
+  });
+});
+```
+
+---
+
+## Understanding
+
+### Quality Attribute Workshops
+
+**Steps to Identify Quality Attributes**
+
+1. **Stakeholder Identification**
+   - Business stakeholders
+   - End users
+   - Developers and operators
+   - Security and compliance teams
+
+2. **Scenario Elicitation**
+   - Brainstorm quality attribute scenarios
+   - Prioritize scenarios by importance
+   - Define measurable response measures
+
+3. **Architecture Analysis**
+   - Identify architectural tactics for each scenario
+   - Analyze trade-offs
+   - Document decisions and rationale
+
+4. **Validation**
+   - Prototype critical scenarios
+   - Performance testing
+   - Security audits
+   - Usability testing
+
+### Architectural Tactics for Quality Attributes
+
+**Performance Tactics**
+- Resource management (pooling, caching)
+- Concurrency (parallelism, async processing)
+- Resource arbitration (scheduling, load balancing)
+
+**Availability Tactics**
+- Fault detection (ping/echo, heartbeat, monitoring)
+- Fault recovery (retry, failover, rollback)
+- Fault prevention (removal from service, transactions)
+
+**Modifiability Tactics**
+- Reduce coupling (encapsulation, intermediaries)
+- Increase cohesion (split modules, abstract common services)
+- Defer binding (configuration files, plugins, discovery)
+
+**Security Tactics**
+- Resist attacks (authentication, authorization, encryption)
+- Detect attacks (intrusion detection, audit trails)
+- Recover from attacks (backup, restore, incident response)
+
+### Best Practices
+
+1. **Define Quality Attributes Early**
+   - Include in requirements gathering
+   - Prioritize based on business value
+   - Make them measurable and testable
+
+2. **Use Quality Attribute Scenarios**
+   - Concrete, testable scenarios
+   - Include source, stimulus, response, measure
+   - Prioritize and track throughout development
+
+3. **Monitor and Measure**
+   - Implement observability (logging, metrics, tracing)
+   - Set up alerts for quality attribute violations
+   - Regular performance and security testing
+
+4. **Document Trade-offs**
+   - Explicitly document quality attribute trade-offs
+   - Explain architectural decisions
+   - Revisit decisions as requirements change
+
+5. **Automate Testing**
+   - Performance testing in CI/CD
+   - Security scanning (SAST, DAST)
+   - Accessibility testing
+   - Load testing
+
+6. **Continuous Improvement**
+   - Regular architecture reviews
+   - Refactor to improve quality attributes
+   - Learn from incidents and outages
+   - Update quality attribute scenarios
+
+### Common Pitfalls
+
+1. **Ignoring Quality Attributes**
+   - Focusing only on functional requirements
+   - Discovering quality issues late in development
+   - Costly rework and refactoring
+
+2. **Premature Optimization**
+   - Optimizing before measuring
+   - Adding complexity without justification
+   - Sacrificing maintainability for performance
+
+3. **One-Size-Fits-All**
+   - Applying same quality attributes to all systems
+   - Not considering context and requirements
+   - Over-engineering simple systems
+
+4. **Lack of Measurement**
+   - No metrics or monitoring
+   - Subjective quality assessments
+   - Unable to validate improvements
+
+5. **Ignoring Trade-offs**
+   - Trying to maximize all quality attributes
+   - Not prioritizing based on business value
+   - Creating conflicting requirements
+
+---
+
+## References
+
+- **ISO/IEC 25010**: Systems and software Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE)
+- **Software Architecture in Practice**: Len Bass, Paul Clements, Rick Kazman
+- **Designing Data-Intensive Applications**: Martin Kleppmann
+- **Site Reliability Engineering**: Google
+- **OWASP Top 10**: Open Web Application Security Project
+- **WCAG**: Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
+