@mytechtoday/augment-extensions 1.2.2 → 1.3.1

package/augment-extensions/domain-rules/software-architecture/rules/principles.md

@@ -1,556 +1,556 @@
-# Software Architecture Principles
-
-## Overview
-
-This document covers fundamental architectural principles that guide the design of robust, maintainable, and scalable software systems.
-
----
-
-## Knowledge
-
-### Modularity
-
-**Definition**
-- Decomposition of system into discrete, independent modules
-- Each module encapsulates specific functionality
-- Modules interact through well-defined interfaces
-- Enables parallel development and independent deployment
-
-**Benefits**
-- Easier to understand (smaller, focused units)
-- Easier to test (isolated testing)
-- Easier to maintain (localized changes)
-- Enables reuse (modules as building blocks)
-
-**Characteristics of Good Modules**
-- Single, well-defined purpose
-- Clear interface (contract)
-- Information hiding (encapsulation)
-- Minimal dependencies
-
-### Separation of Concerns
-
-**Definition**
-- Distinct features should be managed by distinct components
-- Each component addresses a specific concern
-- Reduces overlap and interdependencies
-- Examples: presentation vs. business logic vs. data access
-
-**Common Separations**
-
-**Horizontal Separation (Layering)**
-- Presentation Layer (UI)
-- Business Logic Layer (domain)
-- Data Access Layer (persistence)
-- Infrastructure Layer (cross-cutting)
-
-**Vertical Separation (Features)**
-- User Management
-- Product Catalog
-- Order Processing
-- Payment Processing
-
-**Cross-Cutting Concerns**
-- Logging
-- Security
-- Caching
-- Error handling
-
-### Loose Coupling
-
-**Definition**
-- Minimize dependencies between components
-- Components can change independently
-- Reduces ripple effects of changes
-- Enables flexibility and adaptability
-
-**Coupling Types (Low to High)**
-
-1. **No Coupling**: Components are independent
-2. **Data Coupling**: Share data through parameters
-3. **Stamp Coupling**: Share composite data structures
-4. **Control Coupling**: One component controls another's flow
-5. **Common Coupling**: Share global data
-6. **Content Coupling**: One component modifies another's internals
-
-**Achieving Loose Coupling**
-- Dependency injection
-- Interface-based programming
-- Event-driven architecture
-- Message queues
-- API contracts
-
-### High Cohesion
-
-**Definition**
-- Degree to which elements within a module belong together
-- Related functionality grouped together
-- Unrelated functionality separated
-- Complements loose coupling
-
-**Cohesion Types (Low to High)**
-
-1. **Coincidental**: Random grouping (worst)
-2. **Logical**: Similar operations grouped
-3. **Temporal**: Operations performed at same time
-4. **Procedural**: Operations in sequence
-5. **Communicational**: Operate on same data
-6. **Sequential**: Output of one is input to another
-7. **Functional**: All elements contribute to single task (best)
-
-**Achieving High Cohesion**
-- Single Responsibility Principle
-- Domain-Driven Design
-- Feature-based organization
-- Clear module boundaries
-
----
-
-## Skills
-
-### Applying Modularity
-
-**Module Identification Process**
-
-1. **Identify Responsibilities**: List system capabilities
-2. **Group Related Responsibilities**: Cluster by domain/function
-3. **Define Module Boundaries**: Establish clear interfaces
-4. **Minimize Dependencies**: Reduce inter-module coupling
-5. **Validate**: Ensure each module has single, clear purpose
-
-**Module Design Checklist**
-
-✅ Does module have single, well-defined purpose?  
-✅ Can module be understood independently?  
-✅ Can module be tested in isolation?  
-✅ Does module hide implementation details?  
-✅ Are module dependencies minimal and explicit?
-
-### Implementing Separation of Concerns
-
-**Layered Architecture Example**
-
-```
-┌─────────────────────────────────┐
-│   Presentation Layer            │  ← UI, Controllers, Views
-├─────────────────────────────────┤
-│   Business Logic Layer          │  ← Domain Models, Services
-├─────────────────────────────────┤
-│   Data Access Layer             │  ← Repositories, ORM
-├─────────────────────────────────┤
-│   Infrastructure Layer          │  ← Logging, Config, Security
-└─────────────────────────────────┘
-```
-
-**Layer Responsibilities**
-
-**Presentation**: User interaction, input validation, display  
-**Business Logic**: Business rules, workflows, domain logic  
-**Data Access**: CRUD operations, queries, persistence  
-**Infrastructure**: Cross-cutting concerns, utilities
-
-**Layer Rules**
-
-✅ Upper layers depend on lower layers  
-✅ Lower layers don't know about upper layers  
-✅ Each layer has clear responsibility  
-❌ Skip layers (presentation → data access directly)  
-❌ Circular dependencies between layers
-
-### Reducing Coupling
-
-**Dependency Injection Pattern**
-
-```typescript
-// ❌ Tight Coupling
-class OrderService {
-  private paymentGateway = new StripePaymentGateway();
-  
-  processOrder(order: Order) {
-    this.paymentGateway.charge(order.total);
-  }
-}
-
-// ✅ Loose Coupling
-interface PaymentGateway {
-  charge(amount: number): Promise<void>;
-}
-
-class OrderService {
-  constructor(private paymentGateway: PaymentGateway) {}
-  
-  processOrder(order: Order) {
-    this.paymentGateway.charge(order.total);
-  }
-}
-```
-
-**Event-Driven Decoupling**
-
-```typescript
-// ❌ Direct Coupling
-class OrderService {
-  constructor(
-    private inventoryService: InventoryService,
-    private emailService: EmailService
-  ) {}
-  
-  createOrder(order: Order) {
-    // ... create order
-    this.inventoryService.decrementStock(order.items);
-    this.emailService.sendConfirmation(order);
-  }
-}
-
-// ✅ Event-Driven Decoupling
-class OrderService {
-  constructor(private eventBus: EventBus) {}
-
-  createOrder(order: Order) {
-    // ... create order
-    this.eventBus.publish('order.created', order);
-  }
-}
-```
-
-### Increasing Cohesion
-
-**Functional Cohesion Example**
-
-```typescript
-// ❌ Low Cohesion (Coincidental)
-class Utilities {
-  formatDate(date: Date): string { }
-  sendEmail(to: string, body: string): void { }
-  calculateTax(amount: number): number { }
-  validatePassword(password: string): boolean { }
-}
-
-// ✅ High Cohesion (Functional)
-class DateFormatter {
-  format(date: Date): string { }
-  parse(dateString: string): Date { }
-  isValid(dateString: string): boolean { }
-}
-
-class EmailService {
-  send(to: string, subject: string, body: string): void { }
-  sendBulk(recipients: string[], subject: string, body: string): void { }
-  validateEmail(email: string): boolean { }
-}
-
-class TaxCalculator {
-  calculate(amount: number, region: string): number { }
-  getRate(region: string): number { }
-  applyExemptions(amount: number, exemptions: string[]): number { }
-}
-```
-
-**Domain-Driven Cohesion**
-
-```typescript
-// ✅ High Cohesion - Order Aggregate
-class Order {
-  private items: OrderItem[] = [];
-  private status: OrderStatus = 'pending';
-
-  addItem(product: Product, quantity: number): void {
-    // Related to order management
-  }
-
-  removeItem(productId: string): void {
-    // Related to order management
-  }
-
-  calculateTotal(): number {
-    // Related to order management
-  }
-
-  submit(): void {
-    // Related to order lifecycle
-  }
-
-  cancel(): void {
-    // Related to order lifecycle
-  }
-}
-```
-
----
-
-## Examples
-
-### Example 1: E-Commerce System Architecture
-
-**Modularity Applied**
-
-```
-Modules:
-├── User Management
-│   ├── Authentication
-│   ├── Authorization
-│   └── Profile Management
-├── Product Catalog
-│   ├── Product Search
-│   ├── Category Management
-│   └── Inventory Tracking
-├── Shopping Cart
-│   ├── Cart Operations
-│   └── Session Management
-└── Order Processing
-    ├── Order Creation
-    ├── Payment Processing
-    └── Order Fulfillment
-```
-
-**Separation of Concerns**
-
-```
-Presentation Layer:
-- Web UI (React)
-- Mobile App (React Native)
-- Admin Dashboard
-
-Business Logic Layer:
-- Order Service
-- Product Service
-- User Service
-- Payment Service
-
-Data Access Layer:
-- Order Repository
-- Product Repository
-- User Repository
-
-Infrastructure:
-- Logging (Winston)
-- Caching (Redis)
-- Authentication (JWT)
-```
-
-**Loose Coupling via Interfaces**
-
-```typescript
-// Payment abstraction
-interface PaymentGateway {
-  charge(amount: number, token: string): Promise<PaymentResult>;
-  refund(transactionId: string): Promise<void>;
-}
-
-// Multiple implementations
-class StripeGateway implements PaymentGateway { }
-class PayPalGateway implements PaymentGateway { }
-class MockGateway implements PaymentGateway { } // for testing
-```
-
-**High Cohesion in Services**
-
-```typescript
-// ✅ Cohesive - All methods relate to order processing
-class OrderService {
-  createOrder(cart: Cart, user: User): Order { }
-  cancelOrder(orderId: string): void { }
-  getOrderStatus(orderId: string): OrderStatus { }
-  getOrderHistory(userId: string): Order[] { }
-}
-
-// ✅ Cohesive - All methods relate to product catalog
-class ProductService {
-  searchProducts(query: string): Product[] { }
-  getProductDetails(productId: string): Product { }
-  updateInventory(productId: string, quantity: number): void { }
-}
-```
-
-### Example 2: Banking Application
-
-**Modularity with Bounded Contexts (DDD)**
-
-```
-Bounded Contexts:
-├── Account Management
-│   ├── Account Creation
-│   ├── Account Closure
-│   └── Balance Inquiry
-├── Transaction Processing
-│   ├── Deposits
-│   ├── Withdrawals
-│   └── Transfers
-├── Loan Management
-│   ├── Loan Application
-│   ├── Loan Approval
-│   └── Payment Scheduling
-└── Customer Service
-    ├── Customer Profile
-    ├── Communication History
-    └── Support Tickets
-```
-
-**Loose Coupling via Events**
-
-```typescript
-// Account service publishes events
-class AccountService {
-  createAccount(customer: Customer): Account {
-    const account = new Account(customer);
-    // ... save account
-    this.eventBus.publish('account.created', {
-      accountId: account.id,
-      customerId: customer.id
-    });
-    return account;
-  }
-}
-
-// Other services subscribe to events
-class NotificationService {
-  @Subscribe('account.created')
-  onAccountCreated(event: AccountCreatedEvent): void {
-    this.sendWelcomeEmail(event.customerId);
-  }
-}
-
-class AuditService {
-  @Subscribe('account.created')
-  onAccountCreated(event: AccountCreatedEvent): void {
-    this.logAccountCreation(event);
-  }
-}
-```
-
----
-
-## Understanding
-
-### Why Modularity Matters
-
-**Cognitive Load Reduction**
-- Humans can only hold 7±2 items in working memory
-- Modules reduce complexity by hiding details
-- Easier to reason about smaller, focused units
-
-**Parallel Development**
-- Teams can work on different modules independently
-- Reduces coordination overhead
-- Faster development cycles
-
-**Technology Diversity**
-- Different modules can use different technologies
-- Choose best tool for each job
-- Easier to adopt new technologies incrementally
-
-### The Coupling-Cohesion Balance
-
-**Ideal State**
-- Low coupling between modules
-- High cohesion within modules
-- Modules are independent but internally focused
-
-**Trade-offs**
-- Too much decoupling: excessive indirection, complexity
-- Too much coupling: rigid, hard to change
-- Balance depends on context and requirements
-
-**Metrics**
-- Coupling: count of dependencies between modules
-- Cohesion: LCOM (Lack of Cohesion of Methods)
-- Tools: SonarQube, NDepend, Structure101
-
-### Principles in Practice
-
-**Microservices Architecture**
-- Modularity: Each service is independent module
-- Separation: Services separated by business capability
-- Loose Coupling: Services communicate via APIs/events
-- High Cohesion: Each service has single responsibility
-
-**Monolithic Architecture**
-- Modularity: Packages/namespaces as modules
-- Separation: Layers separate concerns
-- Loose Coupling: Dependency injection, interfaces
-- High Cohesion: Classes grouped by feature
-
-**Serverless Architecture**
-- Modularity: Functions as modules
-- Separation: Functions separated by trigger/purpose
-- Loose Coupling: Event-driven, stateless
-- High Cohesion: Each function does one thing
-
----
-
-## Best Practices
-
-### Modularity
-
-✅ **Define Clear Boundaries**: Explicit module interfaces
-✅ **Minimize Public API**: Expose only what's necessary
-✅ **Version Interfaces**: Support backward compatibility
-✅ **Document Dependencies**: Make dependencies explicit
-❌ **God Modules**: Avoid modules that do everything
-❌ **Circular Dependencies**: Prevent module cycles
-
-### Separation of Concerns
-
-✅ **Layer Isolation**: Each layer has distinct responsibility
-✅ **Cross-Cutting Concerns**: Use AOP or middleware
-✅ **Feature Slicing**: Organize by business capability
-❌ **Layer Skipping**: Don't bypass layers
-❌ **Leaky Abstractions**: Don't expose implementation details
-
-### Coupling and Cohesion
-
-✅ **Depend on Abstractions**: Use interfaces, not implementations
-✅ **Event-Driven**: Decouple via events when appropriate
-✅ **Single Responsibility**: One reason to change
-✅ **Feature Envy**: Keep related data and behavior together
-❌ **Tight Coupling**: Avoid direct dependencies
-❌ **Low Cohesion**: Don't mix unrelated functionality
-
----
-
-## Common Pitfalls
-
-### Over-Modularization
-
-**Problem**: Too many small modules
-**Impact**: Excessive complexity, hard to navigate
-**Solution**: Balance granularity with understandability
-
-### Under-Modularization
-
-**Problem**: Too few large modules
-**Impact**: Hard to maintain, test, and understand
-**Solution**: Apply Single Responsibility Principle
-
-### Premature Abstraction
-
-**Problem**: Creating abstractions before understanding needs
-**Impact**: Wrong abstractions, unnecessary complexity
-**Solution**: Wait for patterns to emerge (Rule of Three)
-
-### Leaky Abstractions
-
-**Problem**: Implementation details leak through interfaces
-**Impact**: Tight coupling, hard to change implementations
-**Solution**: Design interfaces based on client needs, not implementation
-
----
-
-## References
-
-- **Clean Architecture** (Robert C. Martin) - Separation of concerns, dependency rule
-- **Domain-Driven Design** (Eric Evans) - Bounded contexts, modularity
-- **Software Architecture in Practice** (Bass, Clements, Kazman) - Quality attributes
-- **Structured Design** (Stevens, Myers, Constantine) - Coupling and cohesion
-
----
-
-## Related Topics
-
-- [Fundamentals](./fundamentals.md) - Core architectural elements
-- [Definitions and Terminology](./definitions-terminology.md) - Key concepts
-- [Design Principles](./design-principles.md) - SOLID, DRY, KISS
-- [Microservices Architecture](./microservices.md) - Modularity in practice
-- [Layered Architecture](./layered.md) - Separation of concerns pattern
-
-
+# Software Architecture Principles
+
+## Overview
+
+This document covers fundamental architectural principles that guide the design of robust, maintainable, and scalable software systems.
+
+---
+
+## Knowledge
+
+### Modularity
+
+**Definition**
+- Decomposition of system into discrete, independent modules
+- Each module encapsulates specific functionality
+- Modules interact through well-defined interfaces
+- Enables parallel development and independent deployment
+
+**Benefits**
+- Easier to understand (smaller, focused units)
+- Easier to test (isolated testing)
+- Easier to maintain (localized changes)
+- Enables reuse (modules as building blocks)
+
+**Characteristics of Good Modules**
+- Single, well-defined purpose
+- Clear interface (contract)
+- Information hiding (encapsulation)
+- Minimal dependencies
+
+### Separation of Concerns
+
+**Definition**
+- Distinct features should be managed by distinct components
+- Each component addresses a specific concern
+- Reduces overlap and interdependencies
+- Examples: presentation vs. business logic vs. data access
+
+**Common Separations**
+
+**Horizontal Separation (Layering)**
+- Presentation Layer (UI)
+- Business Logic Layer (domain)
+- Data Access Layer (persistence)
+- Infrastructure Layer (cross-cutting)
+
+**Vertical Separation (Features)**
+- User Management
+- Product Catalog
+- Order Processing
+- Payment Processing
+
+**Cross-Cutting Concerns**
+- Logging
+- Security
+- Caching
+- Error handling
+
+### Loose Coupling
+
+**Definition**
+- Minimize dependencies between components
+- Components can change independently
+- Reduces ripple effects of changes
+- Enables flexibility and adaptability
+
+**Coupling Types (Low to High)**
+
+1. **No Coupling**: Components are independent
+2. **Data Coupling**: Share data through parameters
+3. **Stamp Coupling**: Share composite data structures
+4. **Control Coupling**: One component controls another's flow
+5. **Common Coupling**: Share global data
+6. **Content Coupling**: One component modifies another's internals
+
+**Achieving Loose Coupling**
+- Dependency injection
+- Interface-based programming
+- Event-driven architecture
+- Message queues
+- API contracts
+
+### High Cohesion
+
+**Definition**
+- Degree to which elements within a module belong together
+- Related functionality grouped together
+- Unrelated functionality separated
+- Complements loose coupling
+
+**Cohesion Types (Low to High)**
+
+1. **Coincidental**: Random grouping (worst)
+2. **Logical**: Similar operations grouped
+3. **Temporal**: Operations performed at same time
+4. **Procedural**: Operations in sequence
+5. **Communicational**: Operate on same data
+6. **Sequential**: Output of one is input to another
+7. **Functional**: All elements contribute to single task (best)
+
+**Achieving High Cohesion**
+- Single Responsibility Principle
+- Domain-Driven Design
+- Feature-based organization
+- Clear module boundaries
+
+---
+
+## Skills
+
+### Applying Modularity
+
+**Module Identification Process**
+
+1. **Identify Responsibilities**: List system capabilities
+2. **Group Related Responsibilities**: Cluster by domain/function
+3. **Define Module Boundaries**: Establish clear interfaces
+4. **Minimize Dependencies**: Reduce inter-module coupling
+5. **Validate**: Ensure each module has single, clear purpose
+
+**Module Design Checklist**
+
+✅ Does module have single, well-defined purpose?  
+✅ Can module be understood independently?  
+✅ Can module be tested in isolation?  
+✅ Does module hide implementation details?  
+✅ Are module dependencies minimal and explicit?
+
+### Implementing Separation of Concerns
+
+**Layered Architecture Example**
+
+```
+┌─────────────────────────────────┐
+│   Presentation Layer            │  ← UI, Controllers, Views
+├─────────────────────────────────┤
+│   Business Logic Layer          │  ← Domain Models, Services
+├─────────────────────────────────┤
+│   Data Access Layer             │  ← Repositories, ORM
+├─────────────────────────────────┤
+│   Infrastructure Layer          │  ← Logging, Config, Security
+└─────────────────────────────────┘
+```
+
+**Layer Responsibilities**
+
+**Presentation**: User interaction, input validation, display  
+**Business Logic**: Business rules, workflows, domain logic  
+**Data Access**: CRUD operations, queries, persistence  
+**Infrastructure**: Cross-cutting concerns, utilities
+
+**Layer Rules**
+
+✅ Upper layers depend on lower layers  
+✅ Lower layers don't know about upper layers  
+✅ Each layer has clear responsibility  
+❌ Skip layers (presentation → data access directly)  
+❌ Circular dependencies between layers
+
+### Reducing Coupling
+
+**Dependency Injection Pattern**
+
+```typescript
+// ❌ Tight Coupling
+class OrderService {
+  private paymentGateway = new StripePaymentGateway();
+  
+  processOrder(order: Order) {
+    this.paymentGateway.charge(order.total);
+  }
+}
+
+// ✅ Loose Coupling
+interface PaymentGateway {
+  charge(amount: number): Promise<void>;
+}
+
+class OrderService {
+  constructor(private paymentGateway: PaymentGateway) {}
+  
+  processOrder(order: Order) {
+    this.paymentGateway.charge(order.total);
+  }
+}
+```
+
+**Event-Driven Decoupling**
+
+```typescript
+// ❌ Direct Coupling
+class OrderService {
+  constructor(
+    private inventoryService: InventoryService,
+    private emailService: EmailService
+  ) {}
+  
+  createOrder(order: Order) {
+    // ... create order
+    this.inventoryService.decrementStock(order.items);
+    this.emailService.sendConfirmation(order);
+  }
+}
+
+// ✅ Event-Driven Decoupling
+class OrderService {
+  constructor(private eventBus: EventBus) {}
+
+  createOrder(order: Order) {
+    // ... create order
+    this.eventBus.publish('order.created', order);
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Increasing Cohesion
+
+**Functional Cohesion Example**
+
+```typescript
+// ❌ Low Cohesion (Coincidental)
+class Utilities {
+  formatDate(date: Date): string { }
+  sendEmail(to: string, body: string): void { }
+  calculateTax(amount: number): number { }
+  validatePassword(password: string): boolean { }
+}
+
+// ✅ High Cohesion (Functional)
+class DateFormatter {
+  format(date: Date): string { }
+  parse(dateString: string): Date { }
+  isValid(dateString: string): boolean { }
+}
+
+class EmailService {
+  send(to: string, subject: string, body: string): void { }
+  sendBulk(recipients: string[], subject: string, body: string): void { }
+  validateEmail(email: string): boolean { }
+}
+
+class TaxCalculator {
+  calculate(amount: number, region: string): number { }
+  getRate(region: string): number { }
+  applyExemptions(amount: number, exemptions: string[]): number { }
+}
+```
+
+**Domain-Driven Cohesion**
+
+```typescript
+// ✅ High Cohesion - Order Aggregate
+class Order {
+  private items: OrderItem[] = [];
+  private status: OrderStatus = 'pending';
+
+  addItem(product: Product, quantity: number): void {
+    // Related to order management
+  }
+
+  removeItem(productId: string): void {
+    // Related to order management
+  }
+
+  calculateTotal(): number {
+    // Related to order management
+  }
+
+  submit(): void {
+    // Related to order lifecycle
+  }
+
+  cancel(): void {
+    // Related to order lifecycle
+  }
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## Examples
+
+### Example 1: E-Commerce System Architecture
+
+**Modularity Applied**
+
+```
+Modules:
+├── User Management
+│   ├── Authentication
+│   ├── Authorization
+│   └── Profile Management
+├── Product Catalog
+│   ├── Product Search
+│   ├── Category Management
+│   └── Inventory Tracking
+├── Shopping Cart
+│   ├── Cart Operations
+│   └── Session Management
+└── Order Processing
+    ├── Order Creation
+    ├── Payment Processing
+    └── Order Fulfillment
+```
+
+**Separation of Concerns**
+
+```
+Presentation Layer:
+- Web UI (React)
+- Mobile App (React Native)
+- Admin Dashboard
+
+Business Logic Layer:
+- Order Service
+- Product Service
+- User Service
+- Payment Service
+
+Data Access Layer:
+- Order Repository
+- Product Repository
+- User Repository
+
+Infrastructure:
+- Logging (Winston)
+- Caching (Redis)
+- Authentication (JWT)
+```
+
+**Loose Coupling via Interfaces**
+
+```typescript
+// Payment abstraction
+interface PaymentGateway {
+  charge(amount: number, token: string): Promise<PaymentResult>;
+  refund(transactionId: string): Promise<void>;
+}
+
+// Multiple implementations
+class StripeGateway implements PaymentGateway { }
+class PayPalGateway implements PaymentGateway { }
+class MockGateway implements PaymentGateway { } // for testing
+```
+
+**High Cohesion in Services**
+
+```typescript
+// ✅ Cohesive - All methods relate to order processing
+class OrderService {
+  createOrder(cart: Cart, user: User): Order { }
+  cancelOrder(orderId: string): void { }
+  getOrderStatus(orderId: string): OrderStatus { }
+  getOrderHistory(userId: string): Order[] { }
+}
+
+// ✅ Cohesive - All methods relate to product catalog
+class ProductService {
+  searchProducts(query: string): Product[] { }
+  getProductDetails(productId: string): Product { }
+  updateInventory(productId: string, quantity: number): void { }
+}
+```
+
+### Example 2: Banking Application
+
+**Modularity with Bounded Contexts (DDD)**
+
+```
+Bounded Contexts:
+├── Account Management
+│   ├── Account Creation
+│   ├── Account Closure
+│   └── Balance Inquiry
+├── Transaction Processing
+│   ├── Deposits
+│   ├── Withdrawals
+│   └── Transfers
+├── Loan Management
+│   ├── Loan Application
+│   ├── Loan Approval
+│   └── Payment Scheduling
+└── Customer Service
+    ├── Customer Profile
+    ├── Communication History
+    └── Support Tickets
+```
+
+**Loose Coupling via Events**
+
+```typescript
+// Account service publishes events
+class AccountService {
+  createAccount(customer: Customer): Account {
+    const account = new Account(customer);
+    // ... save account
+    this.eventBus.publish('account.created', {
+      accountId: account.id,
+      customerId: customer.id
+    });
+    return account;
+  }
+}
+
+// Other services subscribe to events
+class NotificationService {
+  @Subscribe('account.created')
+  onAccountCreated(event: AccountCreatedEvent): void {
+    this.sendWelcomeEmail(event.customerId);
+  }
+}
+
+class AuditService {
+  @Subscribe('account.created')
+  onAccountCreated(event: AccountCreatedEvent): void {
+    this.logAccountCreation(event);
+  }
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## Understanding
+
+### Why Modularity Matters
+
+**Cognitive Load Reduction**
+- Humans can only hold 7±2 items in working memory
+- Modules reduce complexity by hiding details
+- Easier to reason about smaller, focused units
+
+**Parallel Development**
+- Teams can work on different modules independently
+- Reduces coordination overhead
+- Faster development cycles
+
+**Technology Diversity**
+- Different modules can use different technologies
+- Choose best tool for each job
+- Easier to adopt new technologies incrementally
+
+### The Coupling-Cohesion Balance
+
+**Ideal State**
+- Low coupling between modules
+- High cohesion within modules
+- Modules are independent but internally focused
+
+**Trade-offs**
+- Too much decoupling: excessive indirection, complexity
+- Too much coupling: rigid, hard to change
+- Balance depends on context and requirements
+
+**Metrics**
+- Coupling: count of dependencies between modules
+- Cohesion: LCOM (Lack of Cohesion of Methods)
+- Tools: SonarQube, NDepend, Structure101
+
+### Principles in Practice
+
+**Microservices Architecture**
+- Modularity: Each service is independent module
+- Separation: Services separated by business capability
+- Loose Coupling: Services communicate via APIs/events
+- High Cohesion: Each service has single responsibility
+
+**Monolithic Architecture**
+- Modularity: Packages/namespaces as modules
+- Separation: Layers separate concerns
+- Loose Coupling: Dependency injection, interfaces
+- High Cohesion: Classes grouped by feature
+
+**Serverless Architecture**
+- Modularity: Functions as modules
+- Separation: Functions separated by trigger/purpose
+- Loose Coupling: Event-driven, stateless
+- High Cohesion: Each function does one thing
+
+---
+
+## Best Practices
+
+### Modularity
+
+✅ **Define Clear Boundaries**: Explicit module interfaces
+✅ **Minimize Public API**: Expose only what's necessary
+✅ **Version Interfaces**: Support backward compatibility
+✅ **Document Dependencies**: Make dependencies explicit
+❌ **God Modules**: Avoid modules that do everything
+❌ **Circular Dependencies**: Prevent module cycles
+
+### Separation of Concerns
+
+✅ **Layer Isolation**: Each layer has distinct responsibility
+✅ **Cross-Cutting Concerns**: Use AOP or middleware
+✅ **Feature Slicing**: Organize by business capability
+❌ **Layer Skipping**: Don't bypass layers
+❌ **Leaky Abstractions**: Don't expose implementation details
+
+### Coupling and Cohesion
+
+✅ **Depend on Abstractions**: Use interfaces, not implementations
+✅ **Event-Driven**: Decouple via events when appropriate
+✅ **Single Responsibility**: One reason to change
+✅ **Feature Envy**: Keep related data and behavior together
+❌ **Tight Coupling**: Avoid direct dependencies
+❌ **Low Cohesion**: Don't mix unrelated functionality
+
+---
+
+## Common Pitfalls
+
+### Over-Modularization
+
+**Problem**: Too many small modules
+**Impact**: Excessive complexity, hard to navigate
+**Solution**: Balance granularity with understandability
+
+### Under-Modularization
+
+**Problem**: Too few large modules
+**Impact**: Hard to maintain, test, and understand
+**Solution**: Apply Single Responsibility Principle
+
+### Premature Abstraction
+
+**Problem**: Creating abstractions before understanding needs
+**Impact**: Wrong abstractions, unnecessary complexity
+**Solution**: Wait for patterns to emerge (Rule of Three)
+
+### Leaky Abstractions
+
+**Problem**: Implementation details leak through interfaces
+**Impact**: Tight coupling, hard to change implementations
+**Solution**: Design interfaces based on client needs, not implementation
+
+---
+
+## References
+
+- **Clean Architecture** (Robert C. Martin) - Separation of concerns, dependency rule
+- **Domain-Driven Design** (Eric Evans) - Bounded contexts, modularity
+- **Software Architecture in Practice** (Bass, Clements, Kazman) - Quality attributes
+- **Structured Design** (Stevens, Myers, Constantine) - Coupling and cohesion
+
+---
+
+## Related Topics
+
+- [Fundamentals](./fundamentals.md) - Core architectural elements
+- [Definitions and Terminology](./definitions-terminology.md) - Key concepts
+- [Design Principles](./design-principles.md) - SOLID, DRY, KISS
+- [Microservices Architecture](./microservices.md) - Modularity in practice
+- [Layered Architecture](./layered.md) - Separation of concerns pattern
+
+