@mytechtoday/augment-extensions 1.2.0 → 1.2.2

package/augment-extensions/domain-rules/software-architecture/rules/quality-attributes.md

@@ -0,0 +1,797 @@
+# Quality Attributes
+
+## Overview
+
+This document covers non-functional requirements (quality attributes) that define how a system performs its functions. Quality attributes are critical architectural drivers that shape system design and implementation.
+
+---
+
+## Knowledge
+
+### Performance
+
+**Definition**
+- System's responsiveness and throughput under specific workload
+- Measured in response time, latency, throughput, resource utilization
+- Critical for user experience and system efficiency
+- Often involves trade-offs with other attributes
+
+**Key Metrics**
+- **Response Time**: Time to respond to a request
+- **Latency**: Delay before transfer begins
+- **Throughput**: Requests processed per unit time
+- **Resource Utilization**: CPU, memory, network, disk usage
+
+**Performance Tactics**
+- Caching (in-memory, distributed, CDN)
+- Load balancing (horizontal scaling)
+- Asynchronous processing (queues, workers)
+- Database optimization (indexing, query optimization)
+- Code optimization (algorithms, data structures)
+- Resource pooling (connection pools, thread pools)
+
+**Performance Patterns**
+- Cache-Aside Pattern
+- Read-Through/Write-Through Cache
+- Circuit Breaker (prevent cascading failures)
+- Bulkhead (isolate resources)
+- CQRS (separate read/write paths)
+
+### Reliability
+
+**Definition**
+- System's ability to function correctly over time
+- Measured in uptime, MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures), MTTR (Mean Time To Recovery)
+- Includes fault tolerance and error handling
+- Critical for mission-critical systems
+
+**Key Metrics**
+- **Availability**: Percentage of time system is operational (e.g., 99.9% = "three nines")
+- **MTBF**: Average time between failures
+- **MTTR**: Average time to recover from failure
+- **Error Rate**: Percentage of failed requests
+
+**Reliability Tactics**
+- Redundancy (active-active, active-passive)
+- Health checks and monitoring
+- Graceful degradation
+- Retry mechanisms (exponential backoff)
+- Timeouts and circuit breakers
+- Data replication and backup
+
+**Reliability Patterns**
+- Retry Pattern
+- Circuit Breaker Pattern
+- Bulkhead Pattern
+- Health Endpoint Monitoring
+- Compensating Transaction
+
+### Maintainability
+
+**Definition**
+- Ease with which system can be modified, extended, and debugged
+- Measured in time to fix bugs, add features, or refactor
+- Includes code quality, documentation, and testability
+- Critical for long-term system evolution
+
+**Key Aspects**
+- **Modularity**: Well-defined, independent modules
+- **Readability**: Clear, self-documenting code
+- **Testability**: Easy to write and run tests
+- **Documentation**: Comprehensive, up-to-date docs
+- **Debuggability**: Easy to diagnose and fix issues
+
+**Maintainability Tactics**
+- Clear separation of concerns
+- Consistent coding standards
+- Comprehensive testing (unit, integration, e2e)
+- Automated builds and deployments
+- Version control and code reviews
+- Refactoring and technical debt management
+
+**Maintainability Patterns**
+- Dependency Injection
+- Repository Pattern
+- Factory Pattern
+- Strategy Pattern
+- Observer Pattern
+
+### Scalability
+
+**Definition**
+- System's ability to handle increased load
+- Measured in concurrent users, requests per second, data volume
+- Includes horizontal (add servers) and vertical (add resources) scaling
+- Critical for growing systems
+
+**Scaling Dimensions**
+- **Horizontal Scaling**: Add more servers/instances
+- **Vertical Scaling**: Add more resources (CPU, RAM) to existing servers
+- **Data Scaling**: Partition data across multiple databases
+- **Functional Scaling**: Decompose into microservices
+
+**Scalability Tactics**
+- Stateless services (enable horizontal scaling)
+- Database sharding and partitioning
+- Caching layers (reduce database load)
+- Asynchronous processing (decouple components)
+- Load balancing (distribute traffic)
+- Auto-scaling (dynamic resource allocation)
+
+**Scalability Patterns**
+- Sharding Pattern
+- CQRS (Command Query Responsibility Segregation)
+- Event Sourcing
+- Saga Pattern (distributed transactions)
+- Strangler Fig (incremental migration)
+
+### Security
+
+**Definition**
+- System's ability to protect data and resist attacks
+- Measured in vulnerabilities, incidents, compliance
+- Includes authentication, authorization, encryption, auditing
+- Critical for all systems handling sensitive data
+
+**Security Principles**
+- **Confidentiality**: Protect data from unauthorized access
+- **Integrity**: Ensure data is not tampered with
+- **Availability**: Ensure authorized access when needed
+- **Non-repudiation**: Prove actions occurred
+- **Authentication**: Verify identity
+- **Authorization**: Control access to resources
+
+**Security Tactics**
+- Authentication (OAuth, JWT, SAML)
+- Authorization (RBAC, ABAC)
+- Encryption (at rest, in transit)
+- Input validation and sanitization
+- Security headers (CORS, CSP, HSTS)
+- Rate limiting and throttling
+- Audit logging
+
+**Security Patterns**
+- Zero Trust Architecture
+- Defense in Depth
+- Least Privilege
+- Secure by Default
+- Fail Securely
+
+### Usability
+
+**Definition**
+- Ease with which users can accomplish tasks
+- Measured in task completion time, error rate, user satisfaction
+- Includes UI/UX design, accessibility, learnability
+- Critical for user-facing systems
+
+**Usability Aspects**
+- **Learnability**: How quickly users learn the system
+- **Efficiency**: How quickly users perform tasks
+- **Memorability**: How easily users remember how to use it
+- **Error Prevention**: How well system prevents errors
+- **Satisfaction**: How pleasant the experience is
+
+**Usability Tactics**
+- Consistent UI patterns
+- Clear feedback and error messages
+- Progressive disclosure (show complexity gradually)
+- Accessibility (WCAG compliance)
+- Responsive design (mobile, tablet, desktop)
+- User testing and feedback
+
+### Testability
+
+**Definition**
+- Ease with which system can be tested
+- Measured in test coverage, test execution time, test maintainability
+- Includes unit, integration, and end-to-end testing
+- Critical for quality assurance
+
+**Testability Tactics**
+- Dependency injection (mock dependencies)
+- Interface-based design (test doubles)
+- Separation of concerns (isolated testing)
+- Test automation (CI/CD pipelines)
+- Test data management
+- Observability (logging, metrics, tracing)
+
+### Interoperability
+
+**Definition**
+- System's ability to work with other systems
+- Measured in integration points, data exchange formats, API compatibility
+- Includes standards compliance and protocol support
+- Critical for enterprise systems
+
+**Interoperability Tactics**
+- Standard protocols (HTTP, gRPC, AMQP)
+- Standard data formats (JSON, XML, Protocol Buffers)
+- API versioning and backward compatibility
+- Service contracts and schemas
+- Integration patterns (ESB, API Gateway)
+
+### Portability
+
+**Definition**
+- Ease with which system can be moved to different environments
+- Measured in deployment time, configuration complexity
+- Includes platform independence and containerization
+- Critical for cloud-native systems
+
+**Portability Tactics**
+- Containerization (Docker, Kubernetes)
+- Infrastructure as Code (Terraform, CloudFormation)
+- Environment-specific configuration
+- Platform abstraction layers
+- Cloud-agnostic design
+
+---
+
+## Skills
+
+### Specifying Quality Attributes
+
+**Quality Attribute Scenarios**
+
+A quality attribute scenario consists of:
+1. **Source**: Entity generating the stimulus
+2. **Stimulus**: Condition affecting the system
+3. **Environment**: System state when stimulus occurs
+4. **Artifact**: Part of system affected
+5. **Response**: Activity resulting from stimulus
+6. **Response Measure**: Measurable outcome
+
+**Example: Performance Scenario**
+- **Source**: User
+- **Stimulus**: Initiates transaction
+- **Environment**: Normal operation
+- **Artifact**: System
+- **Response**: Process transaction
+- **Response Measure**: Within 2 seconds for 95% of requests
+
+**Example: Availability Scenario**
+- **Source**: Internal fault
+- **Stimulus**: Server crashes
+- **Environment**: Normal operation
+- **Artifact**: System
+- **Response**: Failover to backup server
+- **Response Measure**: Within 30 seconds, no data loss
+
+### Measuring Quality Attributes
+
+**Performance Metrics**
+- Response time percentiles (p50, p95, p99)
+- Throughput (requests/second)
+- Resource utilization (CPU, memory, network)
+- Apdex score (Application Performance Index)
+
+**Reliability Metrics**
+- Uptime percentage (99.9%, 99.99%, 99.999%)
+- MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures)
+- MTTR (Mean Time To Recovery)
+- Error rate (errors per 1000 requests)
+
+**Maintainability Metrics**
+- Code coverage (unit, integration tests)
+- Cyclomatic complexity
+- Technical debt ratio
+- Time to fix bugs
+
+**Security Metrics**
+- Vulnerability count (critical, high, medium, low)
+- Time to patch vulnerabilities
+- Failed authentication attempts
+- Security incidents
+
+### Trade-offs Between Quality Attributes
+
+**Common Trade-offs**
+
+**Performance vs. Security**
+- Encryption adds latency
+- Authentication/authorization adds overhead
+- Balance: Use efficient algorithms, cache auth tokens
+
+**Performance vs. Maintainability**
+- Optimized code may be harder to read
+- Caching adds complexity
+- Balance: Optimize only bottlenecks, document optimizations
+
+**Scalability vs. Consistency**
+- Distributed systems face CAP theorem constraints
+- Eventual consistency improves scalability
+- Balance: Choose consistency model based on requirements
+
+**Flexibility vs. Performance**
+- Abstraction layers add overhead
+- Dynamic dispatch slower than static
+- Balance: Abstract only where needed, measure impact
+
+**Security vs. Usability**
+- Strong authentication may frustrate users
+- Strict validation may reject valid input
+- Balance: Risk-based authentication, clear error messages
+
+---
+
+## Examples
+
+### Performance Optimization
+
+**Caching Strategy**
+```typescript
+interface CacheService {
+  get<T>(key: string): Promise<T | null>;
+  set<T>(key: string, value: T, ttl?: number): Promise<void>;
+  delete(key: string): Promise<void>;
+}
+
+class UserService {
+  constructor(
+    private userRepository: UserRepository,
+    private cache: CacheService
+  ) {}
+
+  async getUser(id: string): Promise<User> {
+    // Try cache first
+    const cached = await this.cache.get<User>(`user:${id}`);
+    if (cached) {
+      return cached;
+    }
+
+    // Cache miss - fetch from database
+    const user = await this.userRepository.findById(id);
+    if (user) {
+      // Cache for 5 minutes
+      await this.cache.set(`user:${id}`, user, 300);
+    }
+
+    return user;
+  }
+
+  async updateUser(id: string, data: Partial<User>): Promise<User> {
+    const user = await this.userRepository.update(id, data);
+
+    // Invalidate cache
+    await this.cache.delete(`user:${id}`);
+
+    return user;
+  }
+}
+```
+
+**Database Query Optimization**
+```typescript
+// Bad: N+1 query problem
+async function getOrdersWithItems(userId: string): Promise<Order[]> {
+  const orders = await db.query('SELECT * FROM orders WHERE user_id = ?', [userId]);
+
+  for (const order of orders) {
+    // N additional queries!
+    order.items = await db.query('SELECT * FROM order_items WHERE order_id = ?', [order.id]);
+  }
+
+  return orders;
+}
+
+// Good: Single query with JOIN
+async function getOrdersWithItems(userId: string): Promise<Order[]> {
+  const rows = await db.query(`
+    SELECT
+      o.*,
+      oi.id as item_id,
+      oi.product_id,
+      oi.quantity,
+      oi.price
+    FROM orders o
+    LEFT JOIN order_items oi ON o.id = oi.order_id
+    WHERE o.user_id = ?
+  `, [userId]);
+
+  // Group items by order
+  const ordersMap = new Map<string, Order>();
+  for (const row of rows) {
+    if (!ordersMap.has(row.id)) {
+      ordersMap.set(row.id, {
+        id: row.id,
+        userId: row.user_id,
+        items: []
+      });
+    }
+
+    if (row.item_id) {
+      ordersMap.get(row.id)!.items.push({
+        id: row.item_id,
+        productId: row.product_id,
+        quantity: row.quantity,
+        price: row.price
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  return Array.from(ordersMap.values());
+}
+```
+
+### Reliability Patterns
+
+**Circuit Breaker**
+```typescript
+enum CircuitState {
+  CLOSED,  // Normal operation
+  OPEN,    // Failing, reject requests
+  HALF_OPEN // Testing if service recovered
+}
+
+class CircuitBreaker {
+  private state: CircuitState = CircuitState.CLOSED;
+  private failureCount = 0;
+  private lastFailureTime?: Date;
+
+  constructor(
+    private failureThreshold: number = 5,
+    private timeout: number = 60000, // 1 minute
+    private successThreshold: number = 2
+  ) {}
+
+  async execute<T>(operation: () => Promise<T>): Promise<T> {
+    if (this.state === CircuitState.OPEN) {
+      if (this.shouldAttemptReset()) {
+        this.state = CircuitState.HALF_OPEN;
+      } else {
+        throw new Error('Circuit breaker is OPEN');
+      }
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const result = await operation();
+      this.onSuccess();
+      return result;
+    } catch (error) {
+      this.onFailure();
+      throw error;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private onSuccess(): void {
+    this.failureCount = 0;
+    this.state = CircuitState.CLOSED;
+  }
+
+  private onFailure(): void {
+    this.failureCount++;
+    this.lastFailureTime = new Date();
+
+    if (this.failureCount >= this.failureThreshold) {
+      this.state = CircuitState.OPEN;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private shouldAttemptReset(): boolean {
+    return this.lastFailureTime &&
+      Date.now() - this.lastFailureTime.getTime() >= this.timeout;
+  }
+}
+
+// Usage
+const breaker = new CircuitBreaker();
+const paymentService = {
+  async processPayment(amount: number): Promise<PaymentResult> {
+    return breaker.execute(async () => {
+      // Call external payment API
+      const response = await fetch('https://api.payment.com/charge', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        body: JSON.stringify({ amount })
+      });
+      return response.json();
+    });
+  }
+};
+```
+
+**Retry with Exponential Backoff**
+```typescript
+async function retryWithBackoff<T>(
+  operation: () => Promise<T>,
+  maxRetries: number = 3,
+  baseDelay: number = 1000
+): Promise<T> {
+  let lastError: Error;
+
+  for (let attempt = 0; attempt <= maxRetries; attempt++) {
+    try {
+      return await operation();
+    } catch (error) {
+      lastError = error as Error;
+
+      if (attempt < maxRetries) {
+        // Exponential backoff: 1s, 2s, 4s, 8s...
+        const delay = baseDelay * Math.pow(2, attempt);
+        // Add jitter to prevent thundering herd
+        const jitter = Math.random() * 1000;
+        await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, delay + jitter));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  throw lastError!;
+}
+
+// Usage
+const data = await retryWithBackoff(
+  () => fetch('https://api.example.com/data').then(r => r.json()),
+  3,
+  1000
+);
+```
+
+### Security Implementation
+
+**Authentication and Authorization**
+```typescript
+interface User {
+  id: string;
+  email: string;
+  roles: string[];
+}
+
+interface AuthService {
+  authenticate(email: string, password: string): Promise<string>; // Returns JWT
+  verifyToken(token: string): Promise<User>;
+}
+
+// Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)
+function requireRole(...roles: string[]) {
+  return function (target: any, propertyKey: string, descriptor: PropertyDescriptor) {
+    const originalMethod = descriptor.value;
+
+    descriptor.value = async function (...args: any[]) {
+      const user = (this as any).currentUser as User;
+
+      if (!user) {
+        throw new Error('Unauthorized');
+      }
+
+      const hasRole = roles.some(role => user.roles.includes(role));
+      if (!hasRole) {
+        throw new Error('Forbidden');
+      }
+
+      return originalMethod.apply(this, args);
+    };
+
+    return descriptor;
+  };
+}
+
+class OrderController {
+  constructor(private currentUser: User) {}
+
+  @requireRole('admin', 'manager')
+  async deleteOrder(orderId: string): Promise<void> {
+    // Only admins and managers can delete orders
+  }
+
+  @requireRole('user')
+  async viewOrder(orderId: string): Promise<Order> {
+    // Any authenticated user can view orders
+  }
+}
+```
+
+**Input Validation and Sanitization**
+```typescript
+import { z } from 'zod';
+
+// Define schema
+const CreateUserSchema = z.object({
+  email: z.string().email(),
+  password: z.string().min(8).max(100),
+  name: z.string().min(1).max(100),
+  age: z.number().int().min(18).max(120).optional()
+});
+
+type CreateUserInput = z.infer<typeof CreateUserSchema>;
+
+class UserController {
+  async createUser(input: unknown): Promise<User> {
+    // Validate and sanitize input
+    const validatedInput = CreateUserSchema.parse(input);
+
+    // Hash password
+    const hashedPassword = await bcrypt.hash(validatedInput.password, 10);
+
+    // Create user
+    return this.userRepository.create({
+      ...validatedInput,
+      password: hashedPassword
+    });
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Maintainability Practices
+
+**Dependency Injection for Testability**
+```typescript
+// Bad: Hard to test
+class OrderService {
+  async createOrder(data: OrderData): Promise<Order> {
+    const db = new Database(); // Hard-coded dependency
+    const emailService = new EmailService(); // Hard-coded dependency
+
+    const order = await db.insert('orders', data);
+    await emailService.sendOrderConfirmation(order);
+
+    return order;
+  }
+}
+
+// Good: Easy to test
+interface OrderRepository {
+  create(data: OrderData): Promise<Order>;
+}
+
+interface EmailService {
+  sendOrderConfirmation(order: Order): Promise<void>;
+}
+
+class OrderService {
+  constructor(
+    private orderRepository: OrderRepository,
+    private emailService: EmailService
+  ) {}
+
+  async createOrder(data: OrderData): Promise<Order> {
+    const order = await this.orderRepository.create(data);
+    await this.emailService.sendOrderConfirmation(order);
+    return order;
+  }
+}
+
+// Test with mocks
+describe('OrderService', () => {
+  it('should send confirmation email after creating order', async () => {
+    const mockRepository: OrderRepository = {
+      create: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({ id: '123', ...orderData })
+    };
+
+    const mockEmailService: EmailService = {
+      sendOrderConfirmation: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined)
+    };
+
+    const service = new OrderService(mockRepository, mockEmailService);
+    await service.createOrder(orderData);
+
+    expect(mockEmailService.sendOrderConfirmation).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({ id: '123' })
+    );
+  });
+});
+```
+
+---
+
+## Understanding
+
+### Quality Attribute Workshops
+
+**Steps to Identify Quality Attributes**
+
+1. **Stakeholder Identification**
+   - Business stakeholders
+   - End users
+   - Developers and operators
+   - Security and compliance teams
+
+2. **Scenario Elicitation**
+   - Brainstorm quality attribute scenarios
+   - Prioritize scenarios by importance
+   - Define measurable response measures
+
+3. **Architecture Analysis**
+   - Identify architectural tactics for each scenario
+   - Analyze trade-offs
+   - Document decisions and rationale
+
+4. **Validation**
+   - Prototype critical scenarios
+   - Performance testing
+   - Security audits
+   - Usability testing
+
+### Architectural Tactics for Quality Attributes
+
+**Performance Tactics**
+- Resource management (pooling, caching)
+- Concurrency (parallelism, async processing)
+- Resource arbitration (scheduling, load balancing)
+
+**Availability Tactics**
+- Fault detection (ping/echo, heartbeat, monitoring)
+- Fault recovery (retry, failover, rollback)
+- Fault prevention (removal from service, transactions)
+
+**Modifiability Tactics**
+- Reduce coupling (encapsulation, intermediaries)
+- Increase cohesion (split modules, abstract common services)
+- Defer binding (configuration files, plugins, discovery)
+
+**Security Tactics**
+- Resist attacks (authentication, authorization, encryption)
+- Detect attacks (intrusion detection, audit trails)
+- Recover from attacks (backup, restore, incident response)
+
+### Best Practices
+
+1. **Define Quality Attributes Early**
+   - Include in requirements gathering
+   - Prioritize based on business value
+   - Make them measurable and testable
+
+2. **Use Quality Attribute Scenarios**
+   - Concrete, testable scenarios
+   - Include source, stimulus, response, measure
+   - Prioritize and track throughout development
+
+3. **Monitor and Measure**
+   - Implement observability (logging, metrics, tracing)
+   - Set up alerts for quality attribute violations
+   - Regular performance and security testing
+
+4. **Document Trade-offs**
+   - Explicitly document quality attribute trade-offs
+   - Explain architectural decisions
+   - Revisit decisions as requirements change
+
+5. **Automate Testing**
+   - Performance testing in CI/CD
+   - Security scanning (SAST, DAST)
+   - Accessibility testing
+   - Load testing
+
+6. **Continuous Improvement**
+   - Regular architecture reviews
+   - Refactor to improve quality attributes
+   - Learn from incidents and outages
+   - Update quality attribute scenarios
+
+### Common Pitfalls
+
+1. **Ignoring Quality Attributes**
+   - Focusing only on functional requirements
+   - Discovering quality issues late in development
+   - Costly rework and refactoring
+
+2. **Premature Optimization**
+   - Optimizing before measuring
+   - Adding complexity without justification
+   - Sacrificing maintainability for performance
+
+3. **One-Size-Fits-All**
+   - Applying same quality attributes to all systems
+   - Not considering context and requirements
+   - Over-engineering simple systems
+
+4. **Lack of Measurement**
+   - No metrics or monitoring
+   - Subjective quality assessments
+   - Unable to validate improvements
+
+5. **Ignoring Trade-offs**
+   - Trying to maximize all quality attributes
+   - Not prioritizing based on business value
+   - Creating conflicting requirements
+
+---
+
+## References
+
+- **ISO/IEC 25010**: Systems and software Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE)
+- **Software Architecture in Practice**: Len Bass, Paul Clements, Rick Kazman
+- **Designing Data-Intensive Applications**: Martin Kleppmann
+- **Site Reliability Engineering**: Google
+- **OWASP Top 10**: Open Web Application Security Project
+- **WCAG**: Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
+