@mytechtoday/augment-extensions 1.2.0 → 1.2.2

package/augment-extensions/domain-rules/software-architecture/rules/definitions-terminology.md

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+# Software Architecture Definitions and Terminology
+
+## Overview
+
+This document defines key architectural concepts and terminology based on ISO/IEC 42010 standard, establishing a common vocabulary for architectural discussions.
+
+---
+
+## Knowledge
+
+### Architecture vs. Design
+
+**Software Architecture**
+- High-level structure of software system
+- Fundamental organization of components and relationships
+- Strategic decisions with long-term impact
+- Difficult and costly to change
+- Examples: microservices vs. monolithic, event-driven vs. request-response
+
+**Software Design**
+- Detailed specification of components
+- Implementation-level decisions
+- Tactical decisions with localized impact
+- Easier to change and refactor
+- Examples: class design, algorithm selection, data structures
+
+**Key Differences**
+
+| Aspect | Architecture | Design |
+|--------|-------------|--------|
+| **Scope** | System-wide | Component-level |
+| **Abstraction** | High-level | Low-level |
+| **Impact** | Strategic, long-term | Tactical, short-term |
+| **Change Cost** | High | Low to moderate |
+| **Stakeholders** | Business + technical | Primarily technical |
+| **Decisions** | What and why | How |
+
+### Architectural Views (ISO/IEC 42010)
+
+**Architecture View**
+- Representation of system from perspective of related concerns
+- Uses specific viewpoint conventions
+- Addresses stakeholder concerns
+- Multiple views provide complete picture
+
+**Common Viewpoints**
+
+**Logical View**
+- Functional requirements
+- Object-oriented decomposition
+- Class diagrams, sequence diagrams
+- Stakeholders: developers, architects
+
+**Process View**
+- Runtime behavior
+- Concurrency, synchronization
+- Activity diagrams, state machines
+- Stakeholders: system engineers, performance analysts
+
+**Development View**
+- Code organization
+- Module structure, dependencies
+- Package diagrams, component diagrams
+- Stakeholders: developers, build engineers
+
+**Physical View**
+- Deployment topology
+- Hardware, network configuration
+- Deployment diagrams
+- Stakeholders: system engineers, operators
+
+**Scenarios (Use Case View)**
+- System behavior from user perspective
+- Use cases, user stories
+- Validates other views
+- Stakeholders: end users, business analysts
+
+### Quality Attributes
+
+**Definition**
+- Non-functional requirements
+- System properties beyond functionality
+- Measurable characteristics
+- Drive architectural decisions
+
+**Categories**
+
+**Runtime Quality Attributes**
+- Performance (throughput, latency, response time)
+- Scalability (horizontal, vertical)
+- Availability (uptime, fault tolerance)
+- Reliability (MTBF, MTTR)
+- Security (confidentiality, integrity, availability)
+
+**Design-Time Quality Attributes**
+- Maintainability (ease of modification)
+- Testability (ease of testing)
+- Modularity (separation of concerns)
+- Reusability (component reuse)
+- Portability (platform independence)
+
+**Business Quality Attributes**
+- Cost (development, operational)
+- Time to market
+- Lifetime (expected system lifespan)
+- Targeted market (user base)
+
+---
+
+## Skills
+
+### Distinguishing Architecture from Design
+
+**Architectural Decisions (Strategic)**
+```
+✅ Choosing microservices vs. monolithic
+✅ Selecting database type (SQL vs. NoSQL)
+✅ Defining service boundaries
+✅ Choosing communication patterns (sync vs. async)
+✅ Selecting deployment model (cloud vs. on-premise)
+```
+
+**Design Decisions (Tactical)**
+```
+✅ Implementing specific algorithm
+✅ Choosing data structure (list vs. set)
+✅ Designing class hierarchy
+✅ Selecting design pattern (factory, observer)
+✅ Naming conventions and code style
+```
+
+### Creating Architectural Views
+
+**4+1 View Model Process**
+
+1. **Identify Stakeholders**: Determine who needs what information
+2. **Select Viewpoints**: Choose relevant views (logical, process, development, physical)
+3. **Create Views**: Document using appropriate notation (UML, C4)
+4. **Validate with Scenarios**: Ensure views address use cases
+5. **Maintain Consistency**: Keep views synchronized
+
+**View Selection Criteria**
+- Stakeholder concerns
+- System complexity
+- Project phase (design, implementation, deployment)
+- Regulatory requirements
+
+### Defining Quality Attributes
+
+**SMART Quality Attributes**
+
+**Specific**: Clearly defined, unambiguous  
+**Measurable**: Quantifiable metrics  
+**Achievable**: Realistic given constraints  
+**Relevant**: Aligned with business goals  
+**Time-bound**: Defined timeframe
+
+**Examples**
+
+❌ **Vague**: "System should be fast"  
+✅ **SMART**: "API response time < 200ms for 95th percentile under 1000 req/s"
+
+❌ **Vague**: "System should be secure"  
+✅ **SMART**: "Zero critical vulnerabilities in OWASP Top 10, penetration test annually"
+
+❌ **Vague**: "System should be available"  
+✅ **SMART**: "99.9% uptime (< 8.76 hours downtime/year), measured monthly"
+
+---
+
+## Examples
+
+### Example 1: E-Commerce Platform Views
+
+**Logical View**
+```
+Components:
+- Product Catalog
+- Shopping Cart
+- Order Management
+- Payment Processing
+- User Authentication
+
+Relationships:
+- Cart depends on Catalog
+- Order depends on Cart and Payment
+- All depend on Authentication
+```
+
+**Process View**
+```
+Processes:
+- Web Server (stateless, multiple instances)
+- Background Job Processor (order fulfillment)
+- Cache Server (Redis)
+- Database (master-slave replication)
+
+Concurrency:
+- Load balancer distributes requests
+- Job queue for async processing
+```
+
+**Development View**
+```
+Modules:
+- frontend/ (React SPA)
+- backend/
+  - api/ (REST endpoints)
+  - services/ (business logic)
+  - models/ (data models)
+- shared/ (common utilities)
+
+Dependencies:
+- Frontend → Backend API
+- Services → Models
+- All → Shared
+```
+
+**Physical View**
+```
+Deployment:
+- CDN (static assets)
+- Load Balancer (AWS ALB)
+- Application Servers (EC2 Auto Scaling Group)
+- Database (RDS Multi-AZ)
+- Cache (ElastiCache)
+- Object Storage (S3)
+```
+
+### Example 2: Quality Attribute Specifications
+
+**Performance**
+```
+Attribute: Response Time
+Metric: 95th percentile API response time
+Target: < 200ms
+Measurement: Application Performance Monitoring (APM)
+Validation: Load testing with 1000 concurrent users
+```
+
+**Scalability**
+```
+Attribute: Horizontal Scalability
+Metric: Requests per second (RPS)
+Target: Support 10,000 RPS with linear scaling
+Measurement: Load testing, auto-scaling metrics
+Validation: Stress testing with gradual load increase
+```
+
+**Availability**
+```
+Attribute: System Uptime
+Metric: Percentage uptime
+Target: 99.9% (three nines)
+Measurement: Uptime monitoring, incident tracking
+Validation: Monthly uptime reports, SLA compliance
+```
+
+**Security**
+```
+Attribute: Authentication Security
+Metric: Zero unauthorized access incidents
+Target: No breaches, OWASP Top 10 compliance
+Measurement: Security audits, penetration testing
+Validation: Quarterly security assessments
+```
+
+---
+
+## Understanding
+
+### Why Distinguish Architecture from Design?
+
+**Communication Clarity**
+- Different stakeholders care about different levels
+- Business stakeholders: architecture (strategic)
+- Developers: design (tactical)
+- Clear separation prevents confusion
+
+**Decision Impact**
+- Architectural decisions are expensive to change
+- Design decisions are easier to refactor
+- Understanding impact guides decision-making process
+
+**Skill Specialization**
+- Architects focus on system-wide concerns
+- Designers focus on component implementation
+- Both roles require different expertise
+
+### The Value of Multiple Views
+
+**No Single View is Sufficient**
+- Each view addresses specific concerns
+- Complete understanding requires multiple perspectives
+- Views must be consistent and synchronized
+
+**View Selection Trade-offs**
+- More views = more documentation overhead
+- Fewer views = incomplete understanding
+- Balance: create views that add value
+
+**View Maintenance**
+- Views must evolve with system
+- Outdated views are worse than no views
+- Automation helps (code → diagrams)
+
+### Quality Attributes Drive Architecture
+
+**Architecture is About Trade-offs**
+- Cannot optimize all quality attributes simultaneously
+- Performance vs. maintainability
+- Security vs. usability
+- Cost vs. scalability
+
+**Quality Attribute Scenarios**
+- Concrete scenarios make attributes testable
+- Example: "System handles 1000 concurrent users with < 200ms response time"
+- Scenarios validate architectural decisions
+
+**Measurability is Critical**
+- "Fast" is not measurable
+- "< 200ms for 95th percentile" is measurable
+- Metrics enable validation and improvement
+
+---
+
+## Best Practices
+
+### Architectural Documentation
+
+✅ **Use Standard Notations**: UML, C4 model, ArchiMate
+✅ **Keep Views Synchronized**: Ensure consistency across views
+✅ **Automate Where Possible**: Generate diagrams from code
+✅ **Version Control**: Track architectural changes
+✅ **Review Regularly**: Update as system evolves
+❌ **Over-Document**: Avoid excessive detail
+❌ **Stale Documentation**: Outdated docs are harmful
+
+### Quality Attribute Definition
+
+✅ **Quantify Attributes**: Use measurable metrics
+✅ **Prioritize Attributes**: Not all are equally important
+✅ **Validate Early**: Test attributes in prototypes
+✅ **Monitor Continuously**: Track metrics in production
+❌ **Vague Requirements**: "Fast", "secure", "scalable"
+❌ **Ignore Trade-offs**: Acknowledge conflicts
+
+### Stakeholder Communication
+
+✅ **Tailor Views**: Different views for different stakeholders
+✅ **Use Scenarios**: Concrete examples aid understanding
+✅ **Visualize**: Diagrams over text
+✅ **Iterate**: Refine based on feedback
+❌ **Technical Jargon**: Avoid with non-technical stakeholders
+❌ **One-Size-Fits-All**: Different audiences need different information
+
+---
+
+## Common Pitfalls
+
+### Architecture vs. Design Confusion
+
+**Problem**: Treating all decisions as architectural
+**Impact**: Over-engineering, analysis paralysis
+**Solution**: Apply decision impact test (strategic vs. tactical)
+
+**Problem**: Ignoring architectural decisions
+**Impact**: Technical debt, costly refactoring
+**Solution**: Identify and document architectural decisions (ADRs)
+
+### View Inconsistencies
+
+**Problem**: Views contradict each other
+**Impact**: Confusion, implementation errors
+**Solution**: Regular consistency checks, automated validation
+
+**Problem**: Views become outdated
+**Impact**: Documentation doesn't match reality
+**Solution**: Continuous documentation, code-to-diagram tools
+
+### Quality Attribute Neglect
+
+**Problem**: Focus only on functional requirements
+**Impact**: System doesn't meet performance, security, scalability needs
+**Solution**: Define quality attributes early, validate continuously
+
+**Problem**: Unmeasurable quality attributes
+**Impact**: Cannot validate if requirements are met
+**Solution**: Use SMART criteria for all quality attributes
+
+---
+
+## References
+
+- **ISO/IEC 42010:2011** - Systems and software engineering — Architecture description
+- **Software Architecture in Practice** (Bass, Clements, Kazman) - Quality attributes
+- **Documenting Software Architectures** (Clements et al.) - Views and viewpoints
+- **The 4+1 View Model** (Philippe Kruchten) - Architectural views
+
+---
+
+## Related Topics
+
+- [Fundamentals](./fundamentals.md) - Core architectural elements
+- [Principles](./principles.md) - Architectural principles
+- [Quality Attributes](./quality-attributes.md) - Detailed quality attribute guidance
+- [Modeling and Documentation](./modeling-documentation.md) - Documentation techniques
+
+