@mytechtoday/augment-extensions 1.2.0 → 1.2.2

package/augment-extensions/domain-rules/software-architecture/rules/microservices-architecture.md

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+# Microservices Architecture
+
+## Overview
+
+This document covers microservices architecture patterns, service discovery, API gateways, and best practices for building distributed systems.
+
+---
+
+## Knowledge
+
+### What is Microservices Architecture?
+
+**Definition**
+- Collection of small, autonomous services
+- Each service runs in its own process
+- Communicates via lightweight protocols (HTTP, messaging)
+- Independently deployable and scalable
+- Organized around business capabilities
+
+**Core Principles**
+- Single Responsibility: Each service does one thing well
+- Autonomy: Services are independent
+- Decentralization: Distributed governance and data
+- Resilience: Failure isolation
+- Observable: Comprehensive monitoring
+
+**Characteristics**
+- Polyglot persistence (different databases per service)
+- Technology diversity (different tech stacks)
+- Decentralized data management
+- Infrastructure automation
+- Design for failure
+
+### When to Use Microservices
+
+**Good Fit**
+- Large, complex domains
+- Multiple teams (> 15 developers)
+- Need for independent scaling
+- Frequent deployments
+- Technology diversity requirements
+- High availability requirements
+
+**Poor Fit**
+- Small applications
+- Simple domains
+- Small teams (< 5 developers)
+- Limited DevOps maturity
+- Tight latency requirements
+- Strong consistency needs
+
+---
+
+## Skills
+
+### Service Decomposition
+
+**Decomposition Strategies**
+
+1. **By Business Capability**
+   - User Management Service
+   - Order Service
+   - Payment Service
+   - Inventory Service
+   - Notification Service
+
+2. **By Subdomain (DDD)**
+   - Core Domain: Order Processing
+   - Supporting: User Authentication
+   - Generic: Email Notifications
+
+3. **By Use Case**
+   - Place Order Service
+   - Track Shipment Service
+   - Process Return Service
+
+**Service Boundaries**
+- Bounded contexts from Domain-Driven Design
+- High cohesion within service
+- Low coupling between services
+- Independent data ownership
+
+**Service Size Guidelines**
+- Team can maintain 5-10 services
+- Service can be rewritten in 2 weeks
+- Single business capability
+- 100-1000 lines of code (guideline, not rule)
+
+### API Gateway Pattern
+
+**Purpose**
+- Single entry point for clients
+- Request routing to services
+- Authentication and authorization
+- Rate limiting and throttling
+- Request/response transformation
+- Protocol translation
+
+**Implementation**
+```
+Client → API Gateway → [Service A, Service B, Service C]
+```
+
+**Features**
+- Reverse proxy
+- Load balancing
+- Caching
+- Request aggregation
+- Circuit breaking
+
+**Popular Tools**
+- Kong
+- AWS API Gateway
+- Azure API Management
+- Nginx
+- Traefik
+
+### Service Discovery
+
+**Purpose**
+- Dynamic service location
+- Health checking
+- Load balancing
+- Failover
+
+**Client-Side Discovery**
+```
+Client → Service Registry → Service Instance
+```
+- Client queries registry
+- Client selects instance
+- Client makes request
+- Examples: Netflix Eureka, Consul
+
+**Server-Side Discovery**
+```
+Client → Load Balancer → Service Registry → Service Instance
+```
+- Load balancer queries registry
+- Load balancer routes request
+- Examples: AWS ELB, Kubernetes Service
+
+**Service Registry**
+- Maintains service locations
+- Health checks
+- Dynamic updates
+- Examples: Consul, etcd, ZooKeeper
+
+### Inter-Service Communication
+
+**Synchronous Communication**
+
+**REST APIs**
+```http
+GET /api/orders/123
+POST /api/orders
+PUT /api/orders/123
+DELETE /api/orders/123
+```
+
+**gRPC**
+```protobuf
+service OrderService {
+  rpc GetOrder(OrderRequest) returns (OrderResponse);
+  rpc CreateOrder(CreateOrderRequest) returns (OrderResponse);
+}
+```
+
+**Asynchronous Communication**
+
+**Message Queues**
+- Point-to-point communication
+- Guaranteed delivery
+- Examples: RabbitMQ, AWS SQS
+
+**Event Streaming**
+- Pub/sub pattern
+- Event sourcing
+- Examples: Apache Kafka, AWS Kinesis
+
+**Message Patterns**
+- Command: Request action
+- Event: Notify of occurrence
+- Query: Request data
+
+### Data Management
+
+**Database per Service**
+- Each service owns its data
+- No direct database access between services
+- Data duplication acceptable
+- Eventual consistency
+
+**Data Consistency Patterns**
+
+**Saga Pattern**
+- Distributed transaction alternative
+- Sequence of local transactions
+- Compensating transactions for rollback
+
+**Event Sourcing**
+- Store events, not state
+- Rebuild state from events
+- Complete audit trail
+
+**CQRS (Command Query Responsibility Segregation)**
+- Separate read and write models
+- Optimize each independently
+- Event-driven synchronization
+
+---
+
+## Examples
+
+### E-Commerce Microservices Architecture
+
+**Service Inventory**
+```
+┌─────────────────┐
+│   API Gateway   │
+└────────┬────────┘
+         │
+    ┌────┴────┬────────┬─────────┬──────────┐
+    │         │        │         │          │
+┌───▼───┐ ┌──▼──┐ ┌───▼────┐ ┌──▼─────┐ ┌─▼────────┐
+│ User  │ │Order│ │Product │ │Payment │ │Inventory │
+│Service│ │Svc  │ │Service │ │Service │ │ Service  │
+└───┬───┘ └──┬──┘ └───┬────┘ └──┬─────┘ └─┬────────┘
+    │        │        │         │          │
+┌───▼────────▼────────▼─────────▼──────────▼───┐
+│            Message Bus (Kafka)                │
+└───────────────────────────────────────────────┘
+```
+
+**Order Service Example**
+```java
+@RestController
+@RequestMapping("/api/orders")
+public class OrderController {
+    private final OrderService orderService;
+    private final EventPublisher eventPublisher;
+
+    @PostMapping
+    public ResponseEntity<OrderResponse> createOrder(
+        @RequestBody CreateOrderRequest request
+    ) {
+        // Create order
+        Order order = orderService.createOrder(request);
+
+        // Publish event
+        eventPublisher.publish(new OrderCreatedEvent(
+            order.getId(),
+            order.getCustomerId(),
+            order.getItems(),
+            order.getTotal()
+        ));
+
+        return ResponseEntity.ok(
+            OrderResponse.from(order)
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+@Service
+public class OrderService {
+    private final OrderRepository orderRepository;
+    private final ProductServiceClient productClient;
+    private final InventoryServiceClient inventoryClient;
+
+    @Transactional
+    public Order createOrder(CreateOrderRequest request) {
+        // Validate products via Product Service
+        List<Product> products = productClient.getProducts(
+            request.getProductIds()
+        );
+
+        // Check inventory via Inventory Service
+        boolean available = inventoryClient.checkAvailability(
+            request.getProductIds(),
+            request.getQuantities()
+        );
+
+        if (!available) {
+            throw new InsufficientInventoryException();
+        }
+
+        // Create order
+        Order order = new Order();
+        order.setCustomerId(request.getCustomerId());
+        order.setItems(createOrderItems(products, request));
+        order.setTotal(calculateTotal(order.getItems()));
+        order.setStatus(OrderStatus.PENDING);
+
+        return orderRepository.save(order);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+**Service Client with Circuit Breaker**
+```java
+@Component
+public class ProductServiceClient {
+    private final RestTemplate restTemplate;
+    private final CircuitBreaker circuitBreaker;
+
+    public List<Product> getProducts(List<String> productIds) {
+        return circuitBreaker.executeSupplier(() -> {
+            String url = "http://product-service/api/products";
+            return restTemplate.postForObject(
+                url,
+                productIds,
+                ProductListResponse.class
+            ).getProducts();
+        });
+    }
+}
+```
+
+**Event Handler Example**
+```java
+@Component
+public class OrderEventHandler {
+    private final InventoryService inventoryService;
+    private final NotificationService notificationService;
+
+    @KafkaListener(topics = "order-created")
+    public void handleOrderCreated(OrderCreatedEvent event) {
+        // Reserve inventory
+        inventoryService.reserveItems(
+            event.getOrderId(),
+            event.getItems()
+        );
+
+        // Send notification
+        notificationService.sendOrderConfirmation(
+            event.getCustomerId(),
+            event.getOrderId()
+        );
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### API Gateway Configuration
+
+**Kong Gateway Example**
+```yaml
+services:
+  - name: order-service
+    url: http://order-service:8080
+    routes:
+      - name: orders
+        paths:
+          - /api/orders
+        methods:
+          - GET
+          - POST
+          - PUT
+          - DELETE
+    plugins:
+      - name: rate-limiting
+        config:
+          minute: 100
+      - name: jwt
+      - name: cors
+
+  - name: product-service
+    url: http://product-service:8080
+    routes:
+      - name: products
+        paths:
+          - /api/products
+```
+
+---
+
+## Understanding
+
+### Advantages of Microservices
+
+**Independent Deployment**
+- Deploy services independently
+- Faster release cycles
+- Reduced deployment risk
+- Parallel development
+
+**Independent Scaling**
+- Scale services based on demand
+- Resource optimization
+- Cost efficiency
+- Performance tuning per service
+
+**Technology Diversity**
+- Choose best tool for each service
+- Experiment with new technologies
+- Gradual technology migration
+- Polyglot programming
+
+**Fault Isolation**
+- Service failures don't cascade
+- Graceful degradation
+- Higher availability
+- Resilience patterns
+
+**Team Autonomy**
+- Teams own services end-to-end
+- Faster decision making
+- Clear ownership
+- Reduced coordination
+
+### Challenges and Disadvantages
+
+**Distributed System Complexity**
+- Network latency
+- Partial failures
+- Distributed transactions
+- Data consistency
+
+**Operational Overhead**
+- More services to deploy
+- More infrastructure to manage
+- Complex monitoring
+- Debugging difficulties
+
+**Data Management**
+- No ACID transactions across services
+- Eventual consistency
+- Data duplication
+- Complex queries
+
+**Testing Complexity**
+- Integration testing harder
+- End-to-end testing complex
+- Test environment management
+- Contract testing needed
+
+**Network Overhead**
+- Inter-service communication cost
+- Serialization/deserialization
+- Higher latency
+- Bandwidth consumption
+
+### Best Practices
+
+**Design Principles**
+- Design for failure (circuit breakers, retries, timeouts)
+- Decentralize everything (data, governance, decisions)
+- Automate everything (deployment, testing, monitoring)
+- Isolate failures (bulkheads, rate limiting)
+- Keep services small and focused
+
+**Communication**
+- Use asynchronous messaging when possible
+- Implement circuit breakers
+- Set timeouts on all calls
+- Use idempotent operations
+- Version APIs
+
+**Data Management**
+- Database per service
+- Use sagas for distributed transactions
+- Implement event sourcing for audit trails
+- Use CQRS for read/write optimization
+- Accept eventual consistency
+
+**Observability**
+- Distributed tracing (Jaeger, Zipkin)
+- Centralized logging (ELK, Splunk)
+- Metrics and monitoring (Prometheus, Grafana)
+- Health checks
+- Service mesh (Istio, Linkerd)
+
+**Security**
+- API Gateway for authentication
+- Service-to-service authentication (mTLS)
+- Secrets management (Vault, AWS Secrets Manager)
+- Network segmentation
+- Rate limiting and throttling
+
+---
+
+## References
+
+- **Books**
+  - "Building Microservices" by Sam Newman
+  - "Microservices Patterns" by Chris Richardson
+  - "Release It!" by Michael Nygard
+
+- **Patterns**
+  - API Gateway Pattern
+  - Service Discovery Pattern
+  - Circuit Breaker Pattern
+  - Saga Pattern
+  - CQRS Pattern
+  - Event Sourcing Pattern
+
+- **Tools**
+  - Service Mesh: Istio, Linkerd, Consul Connect
+  - API Gateway: Kong, AWS API Gateway, Traefik
+  - Service Discovery: Consul, etcd, Eureka
+  - Messaging: Kafka, RabbitMQ, AWS SQS/SNS
+  - Monitoring: Prometheus, Grafana, Datadog
+
+